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BIOLOGY SUMMARY
02 B ANIMAL TISSUES 2019 – 20.

➢ Tissues:
o Definition: A tissue is a group of similar cells which performs same specific function.
o Referred to cells as a “Team of workers”.
o Matrix: Tissues are held together by a cementing substance called matrix.
o Tissues join to form tissue system.
➢ An Organ: A collection of tissue system performing some same specific function
inside the body, is an organ. Ex. tongue, liver, stomach etc.
➢ Organ system: Several organs acting together to perform a specific life process
constitutes an organ system. Ex. Digestive system.
➢ Organism: Several organ system working together makes an organism. Ex. Plant, animal.
➢ Cell: Cell is the smallest, basic functional and structural unit of life.
➢ Organelle: Membrane bound parts of a cell, which have definite shape, definite
structure and definite functions are called organelles.

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ANIMAL TISSUES

ANIMAL TISSUES SUMMARY CHART:

NAME LOCATION FUNCTION

1) Epithelial It covers entire surface of the body
tissues: and lines the body cavities and
internal organs and blood vessels.
▪ Absorption (villi),
▪ Protection (skin),
▪ Secretion (alimentary canal),
▪ Excretion (kidney tubules)
▪ Sensory perception (sense organs).
▪ Gamete formation (testes and ovary)

a) Squamous Inner lining of the mouth, nasal Protects underlying parts from mechanical injury,
epithelium cavities, alveoli, blood vessels, germs, harmful chemicals, and drying up.
(pavement renal tubules, epidermis of skin of
epithilium) frog, etc.
b) Cuboidal In kidney tubules They help in protection, secretion, absorption,
epithelium In glandular ducts (salivary glands). and gamete formation.
Thyroid glands,
Germinal epithelium of gonads.
c) Columnar Inner lining of the stomach and Performs variety of function like sensory,
epithelium intestines, pharynx, larynx, oviduct. absorption, secretion and protection.
Sweat glands,
Sebaceous glands.
i) Ciliated columnar Inner lining of the trachea The cilia help the substances to move.
epithelium (windpipe), nasal passage, oviducal In trachea: Drives food particles and water
funnel. droplets out of the trachea.

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ii) Glandular Inner lining of the stomach and the Its chief function is secretion.
epithelium intestine. Goblet secretes mucin (forms mucus with water).
Sweat glands,
Tear glands
Liver.
ii) Sensory Found in sense organs: Readily picks up external stimuli to conduct to
epithelium: Tongue: Taste buds, the brain.
Nose: Olfactory sac,
Ear: Auditory epithelium.
d) Stratified Skin, Oral cavity, Cornea. It protects and gives rigidity.
epithelium
2) Connective All around the organs and at bone This tissue binds various tissues with each other
tissue: (Packing joints. and with organs in the body.
tissue)
a)Connective tissue Skin, around organs, tendons and It serves for packing and binding the organs.
proper ligaments.
i) Areolar (packing) Under the epidermis of skin. Makes the skin elastic and help to withstand
tissue In kidney and testes pulling strain.
In blood vessels, Around muscles. Fibroblast: Secretes fibers.
Histiocyte: Protects by phagocytosis.
Mast cell: Secretes matrix and heparin.
Lymphoid: Responsible for immune response.
ii) Adipose (fat) It is present around kidneys, heart, Acts as an insulation for retaining the body heat.
tissue eyeballs. Stores reserve fats.
Below the skin, Acts as shock absorber around vital organs.
Brain etc.
iii) Fibrous Present in tendons, Ligaments: Connects bone to bone.
connective tissue ligaments and fascia. Tendons: Connect muscles to bone.
Fascia: Binds skin with under lying tissue.
b) Skeletal - Gives strength and support.
(Supportive)
connective tissue.
i) Cartilage Nasal septum, Aids free movements of bone joints and gives
Ear pinna, flexibility to ears, nose etc.
Rings of trachea and bronchial
tubes, Between vertebrae end of
long bones.
ii) Bone Forms the endoskeleton system of Gives structural framework to the body.
the body. Protects internal organs.
Produce blood cells.
Helps in locomotion
c) Fluid connective - It transport nutrients, oxygen, vitamins,
tissue (blood and hormones, etc to cells and removes CO2,
lymph) nitrogenous and other wastes, form the cells.

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i) Blood It is present in the blood vessels
which run in the entire body.
ii) Lymph It is the fluid surrounding1 the
body cells.
3) Muscle tissue: In the whole body
(contractile tissue)
a) Straited muscles Muscles of the arms, legs, body
wall, face, neck, etc.
b) Unstriated Iris of eye, Skin,
(smooth) muscles Lining of blood vessel, Uterus,
Urinary bladder,
Intestinal walls.
c) Cardiac muscles Found only in the heart.
4). Neural tissue Connects every body cells with the
brain and spinal cord.
➢ Diagrams for Drawing:
o Ciliated epithelium.
o Red blood cells.
o White blood cells.
o Unstraited muscle tissue and
o Neural tissue.
➢ Differences between:
o Striated and unstriated muscle fibers:
Striated muscle fibers
1. Muscles work under our control.
2. Location – Arms, hands, body walls,
on the face.
3. They have alternate band of dark
and light colour.
4. They constitute 50% of body
weight.
5. They are voluntary (under the
control of the will of an individual).
6. They are skeletal (attached to
bones).
7. Contract rapidly and get fatigued.
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It helps in transportation (nutrients, waste, gases,
etc)
Gives immunity (protection against diseases).
Blood clotting.
Transportation - exchange of substance between
blood and body tissue.
They bring movements of body parts by
relaxation and contraction.
Helps in locomotion
Helps in all voluntary movements.
Movements of passage of food in the intestine is
caused by the contraction of the unstriated
muscles in the intestinal walls.
Contracts without external stimulation and
pumps blood into the blood vessels.
Concerned with perception and response.
Conduction of nerve impulse from the sense
organs to the brain and from the brain to the
glands and organs.
Unstriated muscle fibers
1. Muscles which do not work under our
control.
2. Location – Intestine, urinary bladder,
stomach etc.
3. They do not have light and dark band.
4. They are composed of slender, tapering
cells.
5. They are Involuntary (NOT under the
direct control of one’s will).
6. They are visceral muscles (found in
viscera ie body organs).
7. Remains contracted for a long time
without getting fatigued.
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o Tendon and ligament:
Tendon Ligament
1. Connects muscles to bones. 1. Connects bones to bones.
2. Has white fibers formed of collagen 2. Has yellow fibers formed of protein
proteins. elastin.
3. Fibers are long and occur in parallel 3. Fibers are small and are found scattered
bundles. in the matrix.
4. Formed of strong and non-elastic tissue. 4. Formed of strong but elastic tissue.

o Supportive Connective Tissue:

Cartilage Bone
1. Non porous tissue. 1. Hard, porous tissue.
2. No blood vessels or nerves. 2. Good supply of blood and nerves.
3. Lamellae absent. 3. Lamellae present.
4. Firm but elastic. 4. Firm and brittle.
5. It lacks blood supply. 5. It has its own blood supply.
6. Matrix formed of organic 6. Matrix deposited with inorganic salt in
material, called chondrin. the form of calcium phosphate crystals.
7. Chondrocytes occur in groups of 7. Osteocytes occur singly in lacuna and
two and four in lacuna. are arranged in lamellae.
8. Location: Nose, ears, rings of 8. Location: Makes up the skeleton
trachea, end of long bones. system.

o Nervous tissue and nervous system:

Nervous tissue Nervous system
It is made up of elongated nerve Collection of such nervous tissues
cells called neurons. constitutes the nervous system.

o Blood and lymph:

Blood Lymph
1. RBCs are present. 1. RBCs are absent.
2. Red in colour. 2. Normally colourless.
3. Contains more quantity of digested 3. Contains less quantity of digested food
food and waste. and waste.
4. Protein contents are high. 4. Protein contents are low.
5. Contains more fibrinogen. 5. Contains less fibrinogen.

o Areolar and adipose tissue:

Areolar tissue
1. Withstands pulling strain and gives
elasticity.
2. It is present under the epidermis of
skin, kidney, testes, in blood vessels
and around the muscles.
Adipose tissue
1. Specialized to store fats, thus provides
padding under the skin and helps in
insulation.
2. It is present around kidneys, heart,
eyeballs, below the skin, and brain etc.

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o Unstriped, striped and cardiac muscles:

Characteristics Unstriped muscles Striped muscles Cardiac muscles
1. Location a. Walls of viscera, a. Attached to bone a. In the wall of
stomach, intestine, in limbs, etc. Heart.
blood vessels, etc. b. Form bundles.
b. Form sheet or occur as b. Form a network.
sphincter.
2. Ability to remain Greatest can remain Least, get fatigued Intermediate,
contracted contracted for long. very soon. contract,
rhythmically, never
get tired.
3. Shape of muscles Long and spindle-shaped. Long, cylindrical with Short, cylindrical
fibres blunt ends. with branched ends.
4. No. of nuclei Uninucleate Multinucleate Uni or multinucleate
5. Type of control Involuntary Voluntary Involuntary
6. Position of nuclei Central Peripheral Central
7. Speed of contraction Slowest Most rapid Intermediate
8. Intercalated disc Absent Absent Present
9. Cross striations or Not found Dark and light Dark and light
bands
10. Sarcolemma Absent Present Present

o Cells of involuntary and voluntary muscle:

Cells of involuntary Cells of voluntary muscle
They are spindle shaped/slender tapering cells They are nucleated and striated (light and
which are uni nucleated. dark bands).

o Fibers of voluntary muscle and cardiac muscle:

Fibers of voluntary muscle Fibers of cardiac muscle
They are long fibers with stripes. They are smooth fibers without stripes.

o Cuboidal and Columnar epithelium:

Cuboidal
1. It is like a cube, its height and breath are
same, and arranged tightly with each other.
2. It is found in some parts of kidney tubules and
in some glandular ducts such as those of
salivary glands.
3. They help in protection and secretion.
Columnar
1. It contains vertically arranged
cylindrical or brick-like cells. These cells
are usually tall in size.
2. Columnar epithelium is found in the
inner lining of the stomach and
intestines.
3. They are specialized to perform variety
of function like sensory, absorption,
secretion and protection.

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