/,*%F!IADUDW6!@.%!(19!(01!/(&)5:/2!Io!,5-!U2!,&%!31*6)5%-!)5(1!,!/)5:8%!/(&)5:!C6!

@.)/! 0,'! 14! (.)5;)5:! 3,5! 6%! &%$%&/%-! 6'! 7/2! *1-%&5! 6,//)/(/2! 31*)5:! 4&1*! 17&!
(75)5:!)5!417&(./F!(.)5;!14!(.%!/)5:8%!CC/(&)5:!14!17&!*1-%&5!6,//2!6%)5:!/98)(2!)5!
Q)%55%/%!@75)5:2!)5(1!(01!(19!/(&)5:/F!Io!,5-!U6!
!
V()882! /7&9&)/)5:8'! 9%&.,9/! )5! 8):.(! 14! 0.,(! M)5-8%! ,-$13,(%/! )5! .)/! >%(.1-2! )5!
N,(%+!I,0$)A/!%D3%88%5(!611;!"W%-![*%/%-!g,/)-'K'((7!0%!&%,-!,617(!.)*F!!
!
"W*%!)*%+()%!T'*)%!()*EE)%!%-!'1+!bA!%*/!,4%-!B%-`*0$)%)%!.s/`5*0$!4'-'1+7!!
=!T1"5%.13"561"/+)1&5"&5,'.-"5+"O?"+,"61"(+87/151/0",14,*'.13"4,+8"%&'.-"'5F>2!!
!
67(! .%&%! .%! *,'! 6%! (,8;)5:! ,617(! M)5-8%A/! 4)4(.! /(&)5:! )5! Y*%//%(%!#1/*/.! J! (.%!
(75)5:! M)5-8%! .)*/%84! 41&! .)/! 105! /181! 9%&41&*,53%/2! (.%! 8,/(! 14! 0.)3.!
9&%/7*,68'! (11;! 98,3%! )5! "^]Z2! ,(! ,! ()*%! 0.%5! (.%! Q)%55%/%! @75)5:! .,-! :15%!
%5()&%8'!17(!14!4,/.)15<!
!
V7&%8'!(75)5:!(.%!810!/(&)5:!(1!IA>!)5/(%,-!14!.,$)5:!,!75)41&*!(75)5:!)5!417&(./!
-105! (1! 810! bA2! *7/(! .,$%! 31*%! 5,(7&,88'! (1! ,5'15%! 0.1! .,-! 6%%5! 7/%-! (1!
(&,-)()15,8! Q)%55%/%! @75)5:! 6%41&%F! 15%! 14! (.%! :&%,(! (%3.5)3,8! ,-$,5(,:%/! 14!
Q)%55%/%!@75)5:!)/!9&%3)/%8'!(.%!4,3(!(.,(!91/)()15!3.,5:%/!3,5!6%!*)5)*,82!,5-!
*,5'!/3,8%/2!3.1&-/2!,5-!4):7&%/!3,5!6%!98,'%-!)5!,!/)5:8%!91/)()15!0)(.17(!(.%!
5%%-!(1!/.)4(<!
!
Which brings Beethoven to mind… A minute ago, we read about the low F
as the lower limit in the composer’s earlier works (Stephen G. Buckley:
“Beethoven, the Viennese Violone, and the Problem of Lower Compass”, in The Online
Journal of Bass Research.) But even without considering musicological
evidence, purely for practical reasons, it’s a good idea to be flexible about
the tuning of our lowest string. No matter if you play the Viennese bass or
the modern instrument in fourths.

A little bit of historical insight, in this case the fact that musicians (not only
bass players) sometimes adapted their instruments to the music and
escaped the rigid confines of a fixed “standard” tuning – like they did in
Viennese Tuning by changing the tuning of the lowest string according to
what was convenient for the left hand – can give us the inspiration and the
justification (if needed) to find clever solutions to technical problems today.

On the modern bass, apart from the traditional E-tuning, both the F- and
the D- variants are sometimes extremely useful. (I never saw the need for
an Eb- tuning, by the way, but there might be some piece out there where it
would be justified.)

In Beethoven’s 6th Symphony we find a perfect example of a passage where

tuning the 4th string (of the modern bass) to F instead of E is such an
evident solution. There are in fact many works in which a flexible approach
to tuning makes life much easier, thereby improving our rendition of the music.

! Z"!
 !
!
!
!
P7(! 8%(A/! &%(7&5! (1! (.%! Q)%55%/%! Q)1815%<! @.%&%! /()88! /%%*/! (1! 6%! /1*%! -176(! )5!
/1*%! 9%198%A/! *)5-/! 3153%&5)5:! (.%! 57*6%&! 14! /(&)5:/! ,5-! (.%! (75)5:! 14! (.%!
Q)%55%/%! 6,//<! =.%&%,/! *1/(! /3.18,&/! ,:&%%! 15! (.%! 6,/)3! (75)5:! 14! (.%!
)5/(&7*%5(2! )5! (.%! 3,/%! 14! M)5-8%! 0%! 4)5-! /1*%! )5(%&%/()5:! 315(&,-)3()15/<!
8*5,(5'B!C'G4,(>!Q)%55%/%!Q)1815%!98,'%&!,5-!/3.18,&2!)5!,5!,&()38%!)5!(.%!N,1-/'5!
,+!)$%!Z/)%-/')*,/'5!T,0*%)2!,+!<'((*()(!;ZT<H2!*,5'!'%,&/!,:1!H.%!*,'!.,$%!31*%!
(1!,!-)44%&%5(!315387/)15!6'!510O2!/7991/%-!(.,(!M)5-8%!7/%-!,!-)44%&%5(!;)5-!14!
4)$%C/(&)5:! (75)5:2! 5,*%8'! UADWDIoDUD>Y! +5! 1(.%&! 01&-/2! (.%! T6,/)3U! Q)%55%/%!
@75)5:!UADWDIoDU!0)(.17(!(.%!810!Q(.!/(&)5:2!67(!0)(.!,!$*.$!"47!,/!(.%!(19!/(&)5:!
)5/(%,-<!M10%$%&2!)5!,!/7&$)$)5:!18-!8%((%&!4&1*!M)5-8%A/!105!()*%2!*%5()15%-!)5!
(.%!/,*%!,&()38%2!0%!&%,-!(.,(!"8-6!9t/45%!$*E(%5+!&5'2(!'!+,1-!()-*/.!K'((!,/5267!
>'! :7%//! )/! (.,(! (.)/! 0,/! ,! Q)%55%/%C(75%-! 417&C/(&)5:%&! ;UDWDIoDUH2! )4! 158'!
6%3,7/%! ,! 810%&! T1&3.%/(&,UC('9%! 14! (75)5:! )5! 417&(./! H0)(.! :7(! /(&)5:/! 14!
317&/%O2! 8);%! (.%! 15%! 41&! 0.)3.! .%! 0&1(%! .)/! >%(.1-2! 0178-! .,$%! /175-%-!
)5,-%X7,(%!41&!/181!98,')5:<!
!
+5! ,5'! 3,/%2! ,! T.):.U! Q)%55%/%! @75)5:! 0)(.! ,! (19! T-UC/(&)5:! /%%*/! 7((%&8'!
)*9&,3()3,8! (1! *%<! @.%! %D%37()15! 14! (.%! *,5'! -1768%C/(19/! 0.)3.! 8)%! /1!
315$%5)%5(8'! 15! (.%! T&%:78,&U! (19! (01! /(&)5:/! aoC?! 0178-! 6%! 315/)-%&,68'!
.)5-%&%-!)4!(.%&%!0,/!,51(.%&!/(&)5:!T15!(19U!14!!(.%*<!L8,')5:!(.%*!15!,!/(&)5:!
9,)&! T?C-U! H417&(./O! 0178-! -%/(&1'! (.%! %,/%! (.,(! (.%'! .,$%! 15! ,! /(&)5:! 9,)&! )5!
(.)&-/<!
!
!
!

ZS! !
Y'-*'K5%!)1/*/.!,+!)$%!+*+)$!()-*/.!*/!Y*%//%(%!#1/*/.!
!
?!B'-*'K5%!(75)5:!14!(.%!4)4(.!/(&)5:!)/c0,/!14(%5!)5-)3,(%-!)5!3.1&-,8!4):7&,()15/!
)5! 0.)3.! (.%! 8%4(! .,5-! )/! 38,*9%-! -105! )5! T:7)(,&C3.1&-U! 4,/.)15<! @.%! %D,3(!
(75)5:!14!(.%!4)4(.!/(&)5:!)5!(.%/%!3,/%/!3,5!7/7,88'!6%!-%-73%-!4&1*!(.%!/9%3)4)3!
3.1&-/! (.%! 31*91/%&! 0,5(/F! )4! '17! 3,5! 41&*! ,! 3.1&-! /.,9%! 0)(.17(! /(&%(3.)5:!
(.%!8%4(!.,5-!(11!4,&!17(!14!/.,9%2!(.,(!)/!9&16,68'!(.%!(75)5:!'17!5%%-!41&!(.%!Q(.!
/(&)5:<! E4(%5! (.%! 810! IA! )/! ,! :11-! 3.1)3%2! 67(! /1*%()*%/! '17! 5%%-! (1! ,-B7/(! (.%!
(75)5:!(1!,331**1-,(%!(.%!8%4(!.,5-<!
!
@.%!(01!(75)5:/!+!9%&/15,88'!9&%4%&!41&!(.%!4)4(.!/(&)5:!,&%!IoA!,5-!810!WA2!,5-!+!
7/7,88'! .,$%! (01! -)44%&%5(! /(&)5:/! 41&! (.,(! 97&91/%2! 1&! (01! 6,//%/! (1! ,$1)-! &%C
/(&)5:)5:<!+5!(.%!&,&%/(!14!3,/%/2!0.%5!+!5%%-!61(.!(75)5:/!0)(.)5!15%!&%3)(,8!1&!
3153%&(2!+!0)88!7/%!,!/(&)5:!(.,(!.,/!,!:,7:%!41&!bA!1&!IA!/')1-'52!/1!(.,(!+!3,5!(75%!
79!1&!-105!0)(.17(!.,$)5:!%)(.%&!(11!*73.!1&!(11!8)((8%!(%5/)15!15!(.%!/(&)5:<!!
!
@75)5:! (.%! /,*%! /(&)5:! 79! 1&! -105! 1$%&! /73.! ,! 8,&:%! )5(%&$,8! H,! *,B1&! (.)&-!
6%(0%%5!61(.!%D(&%*%/O!)/!8%//!(.,5!)-%,82!67(!15%!.,/!(1!6%,&!)5!*)5-!(.,(!(.%!
Q)%55%/%! 6,//! 98,'%&/! 14(%5! .,-! (1! 98,'! )5! -)44%&%5(! 9)(3.%/! ;g*-0$%/),/>! '5(,!
0'55%4!V-.%5),/!,-!^$,-),/!')!jPQ!h!jrl!9`e!,5-!g'EE%-),/!')!jjl!h!jnQ!9`H!(.,(2!
,/!0%!3,5!/%%2!3178-!6%!,/!4,&!,/!5%,&8'!,!0.18%!/(%9!,9,&(<!M%53%!(.%!/7991/)()15!
(.,(!,!5*.$)!.'1.%!()-*/.!0,/!7/%-!41&!(.)/!('9%!14!Q)1815%2!,5-!,8(.17:.!,!*,B1&!
(.)&-!H4&1*!810!h!(1!810!aoO!)/!,5!%$%5!6)::%&!:,92!,(!8%,/(!0%!;510!(.,(!(75)5:!
79!,5-!-105!6%(0%%5!9)(3.%/!6%815:%-!(1!(.%!B16<!+5!(.%!5%D(!3.,9(%&/!0%A88!(,8;!
*1&%! )5! -%9(.! ,617(! (.%! X7%/()15! 14! /(&)5:! 8%5:(./2! :,7:%/2! ,5-! /31&-,(7&,! )5!
Q)%55%/%!@75)5:<!!
!
`G( 345( WZ74( K5*7B20@( ,8(.17:.! (.%&%! ,&%! (&,3%/! 14! 6,//! (75)5:/! )5! (.)&-/! ,5-!
417&(./!815:!6%41&%!(.%!"^(.!3%5(7&'2!(.%!T/(,5-,&-U!Q)%55%/%!@75)5:!6%3,*%!(.%!
*,)5! 6,//! (75)5:! H)5! (.%! Q)%55%/%! 4)%8-! 14! )5487%53%O! ,&175-! (.%! "db_/<!
E&):)5,88'!,!4DE*/,-!(75)5:!/%%*/!(1!.,$%!6%%5!7/%-F!;IAHDUADWDIDU>!67(!,51(.%&!
9&%37&/1&!(75)5:!.,-!,!<D/')1-'5!,/!(.%!(19!/(&)5:2!&,(.%&!(.,5!,5!U!;IADUADWDIoD
<H6!!
!
<'((! */()-1E%/)(>! K,)$! */! cD+,,)! '/4! */! RnD+,,)! -%.*()%-(>! $*(),-*0'552! %a*()%4! */!
E'/2!4*++%-%/)!)1/*/.(6!i(1'552!'!E*a)1-%!,+!)$*-4(!'/4!+,1-)$(!='(!1(%46!#$%!,/%(!
=*)$! E,-%! +,1-)$(! )$'/! )$*-4(! '-%! 0'55%4! "+,1-)$D)$*-47! )1/*/.(! ;%6.6! )$%! C'EK'!
+'E*52H6!#$%!,/%(!=$%-%!)$*-4(!'-%!*/!)$%!E'G,-*)2!'-%!0'55%4!")$*-4D+,1-)$7!)1/*/.(6!
T10$!*(!)$%!0'(%!,+!Y*%//%(%!#1/*/.6!
!
?/!(.%!'%,&/!9&1:&%//%-2!,5-!,/!(.%!8%$%8!14!9&14)3)%53'!14!/1*%!98,'%&/!&%,3.%-!
,*,N)5:! 8%$%8/! 14! $)&(71/)('! (.%! 8);%/! 14! 0.)3.! 0%&%! 158'! /%%5! ,:,)5! 0.%5!
W-'.,/%))*!,5-!<,))%(*/*!%*%&:%-2!,5-!(.%5!153%!*1&%!)5!(.%!/%315-!.,84!14!(.%!
S_(.!3%5(7&'2!,5!%$187()15!4&1*!(.%!4)$%C/(&)5:!)5/(&7*%5(!(10,&-/!(.%!7/%!14!,!
+,1-D()-*/.! Q)%55%/%! P,//! 3178-! 6%! /7&*)/%-<! V1*%! 9%198%! (.)5;! (.,(! T&%-.%-!
7/%-! /73.! ,5! )5/(&7*%5(! 41&! .)/! /181! 98,')5:2! 6,/%-! 15! (.%! 4,3(! (.,(! )5! .)/! /181!
01&;/! .%! 41&0%5(! (.%! 4)4(.! /(&)5:! ,8(1:%(.%&2! ,5-! 15! ,! /7&$)$)5:! -137*%5(! )5!
0.)3.!/(&)5:/!41&! .)/!)5/(&7*%5(/!,&%!1&-%&%-<!a&1*!V9%&:%&A/!01&;/!0%!;510!
.%!9&%4%&&%-!(.%!.):.!&%:)/(%&!14!(.%!6,//2!,5-!,/!,!/181)/(!.%!.,-!51!7/%!41&!,!810!

! ZZ!
4)4(.! /(&)5:<! P7(! *,'6%! V9%&:%&! 0,/! (.%! 158'! 98,'%&! (1! .,$%! 7/%-! ,! 417&C/(&)5:!
6,//<! ?88! 14! (.%! /7&$)$)5:! ,53)%5(! Q)%55%/%! 6,//%/! 0%&%! 1&):)5,88'! 38%,&8'! 4)$%C
/(&)5:! )5/(&7*%5(/<! @.)/! 3,5! 6%! /%%5! ,(! (.%! .%,-/(13;<! @.%'! ,8/1! -)-5A(! .,$%!
(75)5:! :%,&/2! 0.)3.! *,;%/! 7/! &%,8)N%! .10! .,&-! )(! *7/(! .,$%! 6%%5! (1! ;%%9! (.%!
(75)5:!/(%,-'<!V)53%!(.%!(75)5:!9%:/!0%&%!/1!6):2!,5-!(.%!/(&)5:/!/1!(.)3;2!98,'%&/!
5%%-%-!,!011-%5!T/9115U!0)(.!,!.,5-8%<!@.%!/9115!9,&(!4)((%-!1$%&!(.%!9%:F!
!

!
!
+5!,5'!3,/%2!,(!,!3%&(,)5!91)5(!(.%!4)$%C/(&)5:!Q)1815%!4%88!17(!14!4,$1&2!)(!/8)-!)5(1!
16/37&)('!,5-!0,/!&%98,3%-!6'!(.%!417&C/(&)5:!-1768%!6,//!)1/%4!*/!+,1-)$(!'/4!
=*)$,1)!+-%)(<!=,/!(.)/!,!/810!,5-!:&,-7,8!%$187()152!1&!0,/!)(!,!/7--%5!6&%,;[!
?331&-)5:!(1!T)%&$%/!C6!<10F5%2A(!&%/%,&3.!)5(1!P%%(.1$%5A/!7/%!14!(.%!6,//!H/%%!
,61$%O2! (.%! T,53)%5(U! Q)%55%/%! P,//! 0,/! /()88! )5! 7/%! 0%88! ,4(%&! "^__2! ,5-! N,(%+!
I,0$)!/(,(%/!(.,(!(.)/!('9%!14!)5/(&7*%5(2!(.%!Q)%55%/%!Q)1815%2!0,/!/()88!7/%-!6'!
,*,(%7&! 98,'%&/! 815:! ,4(%&! 9&14%//)15,8! 6,//)/(/! .,-! ,-19(%-! (.%! *1-%&5!
4&%(8%//!)5/(&7*%5(F!
!
T#)5! +5-)N! 4p&! -%5! 7*! 75-! 5,3.! "^Z_! /9q(%5! i%6&,73.! -%&! hCh7&! V()**75:!
$%&*7(8)3.!)5!=)%5%&!h)8%((,5(%5;&%/)%5!)/(!-)%!h&73;,7/:,6%!%)5%/!k7)5(%((%/!$15!
i%1&:%/! E5/810! H"d^\C"^]ZO2! )5! -%//%5! j15(&,6,//CV()**%! a)5:%&/q(N%!
.,5-/3.&)4(8)3.!%)5:%(&,:%5!/)5-2!-)%!p6%&!-)%!+5/(&7*%5(%5/()**75:!N0%)4%8/4&%)!
?74/3.87//!:%6%5<U!
&&&&&&&&&&&&&UA-<58(D-K471(FS52(:;5*52(a-*72+T+<<HV(
!
+(!0,/!158'!8,(%&2!,4(%&!(.%!*/)%--%./1E!14!(.%!417&C/(&)5:!6,//!)5!417&(./2!(.,(!(.%!
4)$%C/(&)5:! 6,//! 0,/! T&%C)5$%5(%-U! ,/! (.%! &1*,5()3! ,5-! *1-%&5! 1&3.%/(&,!
)5/(&7*%5(! (.,(! 0%! /()88! 98,'! (1-,'2! ,5-! (.,(! .,-! 8)((8%! 1&! 51(.)5:! )5! 31**15!
0)(.!)(/!Q)%55%/%!9&%-%3%//1&<!
!
!
bG(FC;5**5<5(M+<<H@!=.,(A/!)5!,!5,*%[!@.%!"bC411(!/(&)5:!6,//!!)5/(&7*%5(!0,/!
3,88%-! "<'((,7>! "Y*,5,/%7>! "^,/)-'! Y*,5,/%7>! "^,/)-'KK'((,72! "Y*,5,/%! @-*/0*&'5%72!
%(3<2!14(%5!6'!(.%!/,*%!31*91/%&<!+5!@5'/2'B(F*!0%!&%,-F!!
!
T?8/!6%*%&;%5/0%&(%/!h%(,)8!N7&!@%&*)5181:)%!-%/!j15(&,6,//%/!/%)!%&0q.5(2!-,//!
V3.76%&(! -)%! P%N%)3.575:! Y*,5,/! )*! @)(%8! -7&3.:%/(&)3.%5! 75-! -7&3.! ^,/)-'K'((!

Z\! !
 %&/%(N(! .,(<! +55%&.,86! -%&! L,&()(7&! 68)%6! -%&! j1*915)/(! 6%)! -%5! %&/(%5! 6%)-%5!
Vq(N%5!6%)*!?7/-&73;!Q)1815%2!$1*!Z<!V,(N!,5!0%3./%8(%!%&!N7!<'((,U<!
!
9%-%! =%! (%%! )$')! T0$1K%-)! 1(%4! )$-%%! ='2(! ),! 4%(0-*K%! )$%! */()-1E%/)6! ^'/! =%!
'((1E%!)$')!*/!%'0$!0'(%!)$%!%a'0)!('E%!*/()-1E%/)!='(!E%'/)>!,-!($,154!,/%!)-2!
),! &-,B%! )$')! =*)$! )$%! 0$'/.%! ,+! /'E%>! '! 0$'/.%! ,+! */()-1E%/)! ='(! *E&5*%4O!
T$,154! =%! (1&&,(%! )$')! $%! E'4%! )$%! 4*()*/0)*,/! K%)=%%/! )$%! )2&*0'5! Y*%//%(%!
Y*,5,/%!'/4!)$%!bDUDWDC!K'((!)$')!$'4!K%.1/!),!-%&5'0%!*)O!Z)A(!&,((*K5%>!(*/0%!)$*(!
='(!)$%!E,E%/)!=$%/!)$%!Y*%//%(%!Y*,5,/%!='(!;.-'41'552OH!K%*/.!-%&5'0%4!K2!*)(!
E,4%-/!0,1/)%-&'-)>!K1)!=%A-%!/,)!(1-%6!
!
j8,7/! @&7*94>! )$%! %E*/%/)! T&%-.%-D(0$,5'->! */! '/! '-)*05%! */! ,/%! *((1%! ,+! )$%! ZT<!
;Z/)%-/')*,/'5! T,0*%)2! ,+! <'((*()(H>! =-*)*/.! 'K,1)! )$%! )*)5%! &'.%! ,+! T&%-.%-A(! +*-()!
W,1K5%!<'((!0,/0%-),!;RkkkH>!('2(3!!
!
TM%!HV9%&:%&O!3&1//%-!17(!(.%!1&):)5,8!)5/(&7*%5(,()152!0.)3.!&%,-!^,/0%-),!&%-!*5!
Y*,5,/%2! ,5-! &%98,3%-! g$)1815%A! 0)(.! g315(&,6,//1A<! @.)/! *,'! 6%! 75-%&/(11-! ,/!
)*98')5:!(.,(!(.%!4&%(/!0%&%!(1!6%!1*)((%-<U!
!
+!.,$%!*'!-176(/!,/!(1!(.)/!,//7*9()15<!
!
!
=.,(!*,'!6%!%$%5!*1&%!)5(%&%/()5:!)5!(.)/!&%:,&-!)/!(.)/F!
!
!

!
!
345(7;7.5(,+/5(-8(M-775<;*;\<(F)..5/2577-YI+,,2;KK;-H@(
F,52(C;-.-*5Hc(
!
!
@.%!31547/)15!1$%&!)5/(&7*%5(!5,*%/!)/5A(!8)*)(%-!(1!-1768%!6,//%/2!6'!(.%!0,'<!
P7(!)5!(.%!3,/%!14!(.%!-1768%!6,//!)(!.,/!/1*%()*%/!6%31*%!,5!,8*1/(!T918)()3,8U!
/(&7::8%2!,5-!(.%!8,5:7,:%!7/%-!)5!,&()38%/!1&!611;/!-)/37//)5:!(.%/%!*,((%&/!)/!
14(%5!918%*)3,8!)5!3.,&,3(%&<!@.%!4755'!(.)5:!)/!(.,(!7/7,88'!(.%!$13,678,&'!,5-!
/('8%!,&%!,!:)$%,0,'!,/!(1!0.%(.%&!(.%!,&()38%A/!,7(.1&!)/!,!6,//!98,'%&!1&!,!3%88)/(<!
`%88)/(c*7/)3181:)/(!T)%&$%/!<,/)'2!)5!,!6,&6%-!&%*,&;!)5!(.%!)5(&1-73()15!14!.)/!
"I-,E!Y*,5,/%!),!Y*,5,/0%55,3!U!e1%()*,/!,+!T)-*/.(O72!7/%/!(.%!01&-/!"=%*-47!,5-!
"1.527! )5! &%4%&%53%! (1! (.%! "bC411(! 6,//2! ,5-! 6,//)/(c*7/)3181:)/(! U5+-%4!
@5'/2'B(F*! 3178-! 6%! 4)%&3%! ,5-! 9&1$13,()$%2! )5! .)/! 105! )5)*)(,68%! /('8%2! )5! .)/!
-%4%5/%!14!(.%!6,//!,:,)5/(!/73.!3.7&8)/.!8,3;!14!&,5*)%((%6!
!
@.%/%! /9)&)(%-! -)/37//)15/! ,&%! 51(! ,80,'/! $%&'! -):5)4)%-2! 67(! (.%'! *,;%! 41&!
)5(%&%/()5:!,5-!,*7/)5:!&%,-)5:<!K73;)8'2!)5!(.%!3,/%!14!(.%!Q)%55%/%!P,//!(.%&%!

! Z]!
/%%*/!(1!6%!8)((8%!-176(!(.,(!(.%!$,&)17/!5,*%/!(.,(!0%&%!7/%-!,88!-%/):5,(%!(.%!
/,*%!)5/(&7*%5(<!=.%5!V9%&:%&!3.,5:%-!4&1*!"Y*,5,/%7!(1!"^,/)-'K'((,72!8);%!.%!
-)-! 15! (.%! ()(8%! 9,:%! 14! .)/! 4)&/(! 6,//! 3153%&(12! 0%! 3,5! 6%! X7)(%! /7&%! .%! .,-5A(!
/7--%58'!/0)(3.%-!)5/(&7*%5(/<!!
!
E&!3,5!0%[!
!
(
dG(6,5K;8;K;70(-8(745(C;5**5<5(C;-.-*5(
(
@.%! Q)%55%/%! Q)1815%! )/! )5/(,5(8'! &%31:5)N,68%F! 315(&,&'! (1! 6,//%/! 4&1*! 1(.%&!
&%:)15/2! (.%! )5/(&7*%5(! 0,/! /(,5-,&-)N%-! (1! ,! .):.! -%:&%%<! =%! 3,5! -)/()5:7)/.!
/%$%&,8!3.,&,3(%&)/()3/F!(.%!%815:,(%-!:,*6,!/.,9%!0)(.17(!$)18)5!31&5%&/2!,!48,(!
6,3;!0)(.!,!;5)3;!)5!(.%!799%&!.,842!51!1$%&.,5:!,(!(.%!%-:%/!H(.%!(19!,5-!6,3;!
,&%!487/.!0)(.!(.%!/)-%/O2!(.%!$%&'!('9)3,8!9%:C61D!0)(.!)(/!(012!/1*%()*%/!(.&%%!
9&1(&7-)5:!/9);%/!,(!(.%!(19!,5-!(.%!6,3;2!987/!(.%!,6/%53%!14!,!9&151753%-!5%3;!
.%%8<! @.%! 1&):)5,8! 315/(&73()15! *%(.1-! )5! )(/%84! 0,/! X7)(%! -)44%&%5(! (1! (.%! 6,//!
67)8-)5:! *%(.1-/! 7/%-! %8/%0.%&%! HN,(%+! I,0$)! 0&)(%/! ,617(! (.)/! )5! .)/! "W%-!
[*%/%-!g,/)-'K'((7O2! 67(! ,8/1! 4&1*! (.%! $)18)5! *,;)5:! *%(.1-/! 7/%-! )5! Q)%55,<!
@.)/! )/! ,! 4,/3)5,()5:! /76B%3(2! 67(! 7541&(75,(%8'! +! 3,5A(! :1! )5(1! (.%! -%(,)8/! .%&%<!
a13.(A/!611;!)/!,!:18-*)5%!14!)541&*,()15!H,(!8%,/(!41&!(.1/%!0.1!&%,-!i%&*,5<!
+A*!51(!,0,&%!14!,5!#5:8)/.!(&,5/8,()15O<!
!
a1&*! ,5-! 4753()15! 68%5-! /%,*8%//8'! )5! (.)/! )5/(&7*%5(F! 15%! 3,5A(! )*,:)5%! (.,(!
)(/!98,'%&/!0178-!.,$%!-%$%819%-!(.%!/,*%!-%D(%&)('!)5!(.%!.):.%/(!91/)()15/!15!
,! .):.C/.178-%&%-! $)18)5C/.,9%-! )5/(&7*%5(<! @.%! 4,88)5:! /.178-%&/! 14! (.%!
Q)%55%/%! Q)1815%! *,;%! )(! 9&%-%/()5%-! 41&! $)&(71/)('<! +4! )(! *,'! /%%*! /(&,5:%2! ,(!
4)&/(! /):.(2! (.,(! (.%! Q)%55%/%! 6,//! *,;%&/! -15A(! /%%*! (1! .,$%! 6%%5! $%&'!
,-$%5(7&17/! )5! (.%! 3&%,()15! 14! *1&%! $,&),()15! )5! (.%)&! 17(97(2! +! ,*! (%*9(%-! (1!
6%8)%$%!(.,(!(.)/!*,'!.,$%!.,-!*1&%!(1!-1!0)(.!(.%!)5/)/(%53%!14!(.%!98,'%&/!(.,5!
0)(.!,!8)*)(%-!)*,:)5,()15!4&1*!(.%!/)-%!14!(.%!*,;%&/F!153%!,!98,'%&!)/!7/%-!(1!
,5! 75.)5-%&%-! ,33%//! (1! (.%! .):.%/(! &%:)/(%&! 15! .)/! 6,//2! .%! 015A(! 6%! %,:%&! (1!
(&,-%! (.,(! 31*41&(! 41&! (.%! X7%/()15,68%! ,-$,5(,:%/! 14! ,! 6)::%&! )5/(&7*%5(<! +5!
1(.%&!01&-/2!,!*1&%!$187*)517/!6,//!*):.(2!91//)68'2!.,$%!9&1-73%-!,!6)::%&!1&!
TK'((*%-7! /175-2! 67(! )(! 0178-! .,$%! *,-%! $)&(71/1! 98,')5:! *73.! 8%//! %$)-%5(<!
V9%&:%&!-%/3&)6%/!.)*/%84!,/!,!9.'/)3,88'!0%,;!*,5F!!
!
"f! +t-! E%*/%/! gq-&%->! 4%-! /*0$! .%/1.! .%='0$(%/! *()>! .%.%/! 4%E! Z/()-1E%/)>! =%50$%(!
*0$!E*-!.%=s$5%)7!,-3!"f+,-!E2!K,42>!=$*0$!*(!/,)!()-,/.!%/,1.$!+,-!)$%!*/()-1E%/)!Z!
$'B%!0$,(%/7!
!
+*,:)5%!(.%52!(.,(!.%!.,-!6%%5!168):%-!(1!0)%8-!,5!%$%5!6)::%&2!.%,$)%&!-1768%!
6,//Y!!
!
Z!)$*/F!*)A(!('+%!),!('2!)$')!=*)$,1)!)$%!(&%0*+*0!Y*%//%(%!Y*,5,/%>!)$%-%!E*.$)!/%B%-!
%B%/!$'B%!K%%/!'!Y*%//%(%!(0$,,5!,+!&5'2*/.6!
!
P%/)-%/2! (.%! Q)%55%/%! /175-! ,%/(.%()3! 0,/5A(! 1&)%5(%-! (10,&-/! ,! 6):2! 611*'!
/175-F!(.%!3153%&()!14!Y'/$'5>!T&%-.%-!%!)1))*!L1'/)*!-15A(!,/;!41&2!,5-!-15A(!5%%-2!
,! "K'((,! &-,+1/4,7! ;)5-! 14! ()*6&%<! E5! (.%! 315(&,&'2! (.%! /8):.(8'! 5,/,82! &%%-'2!

Zb! !
&%/15,5(! ,5-! /)8$%&'! /175-! 14! (.%! Q)%55%/%! P,//2! *1&%! (%51&! 1&! 6,&)(15%! (.,5!
6,//2!3178-5A(!6%!/%&$%-!6%((%&!(.,5!6'!(.)/!)5/(&7*%5(<!!
!
+!(.)5;!15%!%8%*%5(!&%)541&3%-!(.%!1(.%&F!153%!(.%!0.%%8/!0%&%!)5!*1()152!/1!(1!
/9%,;2! (.%! )5/(&7*%5(! 9&1*1(%-! $)&(71/)('! ,5-! (.%! 98,'%&/! .,-! (.%! 9%&4%3(!
$%.)38%! 41&! (.%)&! /175-! )-%,8! ,5-! (.%)&! $)&(71/)('<! G161-'! ,/;%-! 41&! ,5'(.)5:!
%8/%<! E58'! 0.%5! (.%! &78)5:! *7/)3,8! ,%/(.%()3! 3.,5:%-2! 0)(.! (.%! ,-$%5(! 14! (.%!
m1*,5()3!9%&)1-2!-)-!(.%!Q)%55%/%!6,//!*,;%!98,3%!41&!1(.%&!*1-%8/<!
!
W,%(!)$')!E%'/!=%!'55!/%%4!'/!'1)$%/)*0!Y*%//%(%!Y*,5,/%!*/!,-4%-!),!4,!G1()*0%!),!
)$%! E1(*0! +-,E! )$')! )*E%O! Z! 4,/A)! )$*/F! (,6! 8,-%! *E&,-)'/)! )$'/! )$%! "$'-4='-%7!
'-%!)$%!E1(*0'5!(F*55(!,+!)$%!&5'2%->!'/4!$*(),-*0'5!'='-%/%((!,+!=$')!)$%!E1(*0!='(!
&-,K'K52!E%'/)!),!(,1/4!5*F%6!V+!0,1-(%!=%!=*55!-%&-,410%!)$')!F*/4!,+!(,1/4!E,-%!
%'(*52!,/!'!K'((!)$')!*(!%'(2!),!&5'2!)$'/!,/!'!K'((!=$*0$!='(!E%'/)!),!&-,410%!)$%!
K*.>! ='-E>! -,1/4! (,1/4! ,+! 5')%-! &%-*,4(6! i(*/.! 5*.$)! .1)! ()-*/.(! '/4! +-%)(>! '/4!
&5'2*/.! =*)$! '! 5*.$)%-! K,=>! =*55! .-%')52! $%5&! 1(! */! '0$*%B*/.! '! E,-%! 0,/B*/0*/.!
"'1)$%/)*07!(,1/4!0,5,-6!<1)!'.'*/>!F/,=5%4.%!'/4!(%/(*)*B*)2!'-%!E,-%!*E&,-)'/)!
)$'/!)$%!),,5(!=%!1(%6!#$%!),,5(!0'/!G1()!E'F%!*)!%'(*%-!K%0'1(%!)$%2!0'/!.1*4%!1(>!*+!
=%A-%!=*55*/.!),!K%!.1*4%4!K2!)$%E6!
!
(
345(M.+K?(:;>-E@(
(9-B2*;*/(=+<(M2-?5*(
!
E5!,!-)44%&%5(!(19)32!15%!14!(.%!(.)5:/!(.,(!/(&);%/!7/!,617(!(.%!Q)%55%/%!Q)1815%2!
)/! (.,(! /1! *,5'! 14! (.%/%! )5/(&7*%5(/! .,$%! ,! -,&;2! /1*%()*%/! ,8*1/(! 68,3;!
$,&5)/.<!+5!4,3(2!/1!-1!*,5'!Q)%55%/%!$)18)5/!,5-!3%88)<!E5%!$)18)5!*,;%&!(18-!*%!
(.,(! (.%/%! 0%&%! 1&):)5,88'! &%--)/.! )5! 3181&2! 67(! (.,(! (.&17:.! 3%&(,)5! 3.%*)3,8!
9&13%//%/!(.%!$,&5)/.!.,-!(7&5%-!68,3;!1$%&!(.%!'%,&/<!
!
M10%$%&2!+!&%3%5(8'!3,*%!,3&1//!,!-)44%&%5(!,5-!*1&%!)5(&):7)5:!%D98,5,()15!41&!
(.)/!"0,15%1-!5,0'5%73!(.%!)5/(&7*%5(/!0%&%!1&):)5,88'!3181&%-!H&%-2!:18-%5!'%8810!
1&!6&105O!67(!0%&%!$,&5)/.%-!)5!68,3;2!,/!,!(1;%5!14!:&)%42!,4(%&!bE&-%((!8'-*'!
#$%-%('A(!-%,(.<!@.%!#*9&%//!-)%-!)5!"d^_<!!
!
@.)/!/175-/!8);%!/1*%(.)5:!17(!14!,!4,)&'!(,8%F!!
!
“When the beloved Queen died, it was decreed that mourning would last
for twenty-five years, and that all the instruments in the whole realm
were to be painted black”.
!
+5!,5'!3,/%2!(.)/!(.%1&'!/%%*%-!)5(%&%/()5:!%517:.!(1!.,$%!,!381/%&!811;2!,5-!(1!
(&'!(1!9&1$%!1&!-)/9&1$%!)(<!
!
+5! ,5! ,&()38%! 6'! J14,5+! 9,&+/%-! %5()(8%-! "#$%! Y*%//'! T0$,,572! 9768)/.%-! 15! (.%!
#'-*(*,D(*)%! ;)'-*(*,60,EH2! +! 4175-! /%$%&,8! *%5()15/! 14! (.%! $,&5)/.! 3181&/! )5!
Q)%55%/%! /(&)5:! )5/(&7*%5(/<! >,'6%! (.%/%! -%/3&)9()15/! 3178-! .%89! /.%-! /1*%!
8):.(!15!(.%!X7%/()15[!

! Zd!
!
D!U/),/!@,(0$!;RnkkDRkjPH3!!
")-'/(&'-%/)>!51E*/,1(!B'-/*($7!
HV1!4,&2!/1!:11-F!(.)/!)/!815:!6%41&%!"d^_2!/1!3181&/!0%&%!/()88!,8810%-<O!
!
D!W'/*%5!U0$')*1(!T)'45E'//!;RncQDRkjjH3!!
"5*.$)>!.,54%/!B'-/*($7!
HV,*%!&%*,&;!,/!,61$%<O!
!
D!N,$'//!N,(%&$!T)'45E'//!;RkPQDRkcRH3!!
"1/5*F%! $*(! +')$%-! $%! E'*/52! 1(%4! '! -')$%-! 4'-F! '/4! ,&'L1%! B'-/*($>! )2&*0'5! +,-!
Y*%//%(%!*/()-1E%/)(!,+!)$%!(%0,/4!$'5+!,+!)$*(!0%/)1-27!
H+5(%&%/()5:!(.,(!.%!7/%-!-,&;%&!3181&/!(.,5!.)/!4,(.%&!J!67(!.%!-)%-!)5!"d^"2!158'!
15%!'%,&!,(!(.%!*1/(!,4(%&!(.%!#*9&%//!0.1!-)%-!)5!G1$%*6%&!"d^_<O!
!
D!8*0$'%5!Z./'`!T)'45E'//!;RkjSDRcRrH3!!
"8,()!,+!$*(!*/()-1E%/)(!4*(&5'2!'!4'-F!B'-/*($7!
H`178-!6%2!)4!.%!*,-%!T*1/(!14!.)/!)5/(&7*%5(/U!,4(%&!"d^_<O!
!
D!N,$'//!^$-*(),&$!?%*4,5++!;K%)=%%/!Rnkr!'/4!RkkjH3!!
"4'-F!'/4!,&'L1%!+*/*($7!
H@11!%,&8'!41&!-,&;!$,&5)/.2!/1&&'!I1.,55!`.&)/(19.<O!
!
D!8'-)*/!8')$*'(!I*0$)5!;'0)*B%!)*55!RkncH3!!
"'))-'0)*B%!'/4!5*.$)!B'-/*($7!
H@.)/!0178-!31&&%/915-!(1!(.%!(.%1&'F!8):.(!$,&5)/.!6%41&%!"d^_<O!
!
D!N,$'//!C%,-.!#$*-!;RkQcDRkkSH3!
!"9*(!B'-/*($!4*(&5'2(!B'-*,1(!($'4%(!,+!K-,=/>!+-,E!4'-F!'/4!-')$%-!,&'L1%!0,5,-(!
),!K%'1)*+15!-%44*($!$1%(7!
H@.)&!-)%-!,!'%,&!6%41&%!>,&),!@.%&%/,2!/1!.%&!-%,(.!3,5A(!.,$%!6%%5!(.%!&%,/15!
41&!,5'!-,&;!$,&5)/.<!@.%!T6%,7()478!&%--)/.!.7%/U!-1!31&&%/915-2!.10%$%&<O!
!
D!I-'/`!C%*((%/$,+!;RklrDRcPRH3!!
"?*F%!E,()!Rc)$!h!0%/)1-2!Y*%//%(%!E'F%-(!$%!*/*)*'552!1(%4!'!4'-F>!,&'L1%!B'-/*($>!
K1)! '+)%-! RcQQ! $%! &-%+%--%4! K-*.$)%->! )-'/(&'-%/)! ),/%(! =*)$! -%44*($! ,-! 5*.$)!
K-,=/!($'4*/.(7!
!
H@.)/!3178-!4)(F!)5!.)/!'175:%&!'%,&/!.%!7/%-!,!-,&;!$,&5)/.!J!(.%!#*9&%//!-)%-!
0.%5! .%! 0,/! Sd<! ?4(%&! (.%! 9%&)1-! 14! *17&5)5:! .%! /0)(3.%-! (1! &%--)/.! 1&! 8):.(!
6&105<O!
!
HN,(%+! I,0$)! 8)/(/! *,5'! *1&%! Q)%55%/%! *,;%&/! 14! -1768%! 6,//%/2! 7541&(75,(%8'!
0)(.17(! )541&*,()15! ,/! (1! (.%! $,&5)/.! 3181&/! (.%'! 7/%-O<! K11;)5:! ,(! (.%! C
,-*)((%-8'! 8)*)(%-C! 57*6%&! 14! -,(%/! ,5-! -%/3&)9()15/! )5! M1945%&A/! ,&()38%2! (.%!
%$)-%53%!)/!*)D%-!,5-!(.%&%!)/!51!75%X7)$13,8!9&114!(1!31&&161&,(%!(.%!(.%1&'<!
P7(! +! 0,/5A(! :1)5:! (1! :)$%! 79! /1! %,/)8'<! ?8(.17:.! (.%! /,')5:! :1%/F! "/%B%-!5%)!)$%!
)-1)$! .%)! */! )$%! ='2! ,+! '! .,,4! (),-27>! 6%41&%! /7&&%5-%&)5:! (1! (.,(! /187()15! +!
0,5(%-!(1!(,;%!(.)/!)-%,!,!8)((8%!6)(!47&(.%&<!V1!+!315/78(%-!,!4%0!*1&%!/)(%/!,5-!+!

Z^! !
/(7*68%-! 7915! (.%! $'K(K1-.%-6/%)>! 0.%&%! +! 4175-! (.)/! )5(%&%/()5:! 6)(! 14!
)541&*,()15F!
!
!
Maria Theresaʼs final years: widowhood and death

The sudden death of her husband in 1765 in Innsbruck, where the imperial family was staying to
celebrate the marriage of Archduke Leopold and Luisa of Bourbon-Spain, was a severe shock to
Maria Theresa and was to have an enduring effect on her life and personality.

Maria Theresaʼs immediate reaction to the death of Franz Stephan was one of profound grief.
From then on she appeared in widowʼs weeds, cutting her hair short and wearing a widowʼs veil.
She observed the Catholic Churchʼs catalogue of virtues for widows, which required the
renunciation of worldly pleasures. Pomp and circumstance were not deemed becoming for a
grieving widow. In her youth Maria Theresa had been all for courtly amusements; now she was
transformed into a priggish matron.

The main purpose of her life became the preservation of Franz Stephanʼs memory. She
developed a veritable cult of grieving focused on her late husband. After her death a scrap of
paper was found in her prayer book on which she had calculated the exact duration of her
marriage: ʻ29 years, 6 months, 6 days; that makes 29 years, 335 months, 1540 weeks, 10,781
days, 258,744 hoursʼ.

!
!
+(!/%%*%-!8);%!+!0,/!:%(()5:!,!6)(!381/%&!(1!,!91//)68%!%D98,5,()15<!@.%&%!,&%!*1&%!
/17&3%/!(.,(!*%5()15!>,&),!@.%&%/,A/!*17&5)5:F!!
!
T?4(%&! .%&! .7/6,5-r/! -%,(.2! >,&),! @.%&%/,! 9,)5(%-! .%&! &11*/! 68,3;! ,5-! 01&%!
*17&5)5:!381(.%/!41&!(.%!&%/(!14!.%&!8)4%U<!!
!
T>,&),!@.%&%/,!:,$%!79!15!0%,&)5:!,5'(.)5:!%D(&,$,:,5(!1&!4,/.)15,68%2!0%,&)5:!
158'! 68,3;! 41&! (.%! &%*,)5-%&! 14! .%&! 8)4%<! V.%! ,8/1! .,-! (.%! &11*/! 14! .%&! 9,8,3%/!
9,)5(%-!68,3;!,5-!0178-!/9%5-!(.%!%5()&%('!14!?7:7/(!)5!/%387/)15!%,3.!'%,&<!M%&!
8)4%! 0178-! 5%$%&! 6%! (.%! /,*%! ,:,)5! 0)(.17(! .%&! .7/6,5-e! >,&),! @.%&%/,! /,)-! T+!
.,&-8'!;510!*'/%84!510U!,4(%&!81/)5:!a&,53)/<U!
!
T?*!"^<!?7:7/(!"db]!/(,&6!j,)/%&!a&,5N!+!)5!+55/6&73;!,5!%)5%*!V3.8,:,54,882!;7&N!
5,3.!-%&!9&,3.($188%5!M13.N%)(!/%)5%/!N0%)(%5!V1.5%/!K%1918-<!Q15!-)%/%*!@,:!,5!
(&7:!>,&),!@%&%/),!57&!513.!@&,7%&;8%)-%&!75-!-)%!=)(0%5.,76%<!V)%!$%&/3.%5;(%!
,88! ).&%5! V3.*73;! 75-! /()%:! (q:8)3.! )5! -)%! j,97N)5%&:&74(! .)5,62! 7*! ,*! V,&;14,:!
).&%/!>,55%/!N7!6%(%5<U!
!
V1! *,'6%! )(! 0,/! 51(! (.%! 3175(&'A/! *17&5)5:! 1$%&! 8'-*'! #$%-%('A/! -%,(.2! 67(!
>,&),! @.%&%/,A/! 105! )5(%5/%! *17&5)5:! 1$%&! .%&! -%3%,/%-! $1(K'/4! (.,(! .,-!
3,7/%-!$)18)5!*,;%&/!(12!)5!(.%!01&-/!14!(.%!J,55*/.!T),/%(>!"@'*/)!*)!<5'0F76!@.%!
#*9&%//A/! (&,5/41&*,()15! )5(1! ,! $%)8%-2! :&)%$)5:! 0)-10! *7/(! .,$%! .,-! ,(! 8%,/(!
(,E%!)*9,3(!15!.%&!/76B%3(/<!!
!

! Zf!
+(A/! $%&'! )5(%&%/()5:! (1! -)/31$%&2! 510! (.,(! 0%! /.)4(! 17&! ,((%5()15! (1! I-'/`!
T)%&$'/2!(.,(!(.%!'%,&/!/%%*!(1!31&&%/915-!6%((%&F!0.%5!0%!:1!6,3;!"]!'%,&/!)5!
()*%2!4&1*!>,&),!@.%&%/,A/!-%,(.!)5!"d^_!(1!.%&!.7/6,5-A/!-%*)/%!)5!"db]2!0%!
/%%!(.,(!(.%!7/%!14!,!-,&;%&!$,&5)/.!4)(/!(.%!()*%8)5%!*1&%!,337&,(%8'<!
!
+! ,8/1! ,/;%-! V(F'-! g'&&%5E%2%-! ,5-! W,E,/F,(! C%55u-)2! (01! 6,//! *,;%&/!
/9%3),8)N%-!)5!Q)%55%/%!P,//%/2!,617(!(.%!X7%/()15!14!(.%!('9)3,8!-,&;!$,&5)/.!14!
*,5'!Q)%55%/%!)5/(&7*%5(/F!h1*15;1/!9&144%&/!(.)/!%D98,5,()15F

"Z/! )$')! )*E%! )$%! 0,5,1-! ,+! )$,(%! K'((%(! ='(! E,()52! -%46! #$')! 0'/! K%! (%%/! 1/4%-! )$%!
K5'0F!0,5,-!(,E%)*E%(6!<1)!)*E%!*(!'!$'-4!)$*/.!'/4!,a*4')*,/!*(!B%-2!%a)-%E%!,/!)$%(%!
K'((%(6!#$%!B'-/*($!)$')!)$%!Y*%//%(%!E'F%-(!;'5(,!@-%((K1-.>!E'/2!Y*%//%(%!E'F%-(!
=%-%!5%'-/*/.!)$%-%H!=%-%!1(*/.!$'4!'!5,)!,+!v*-,/!0,/)%/)v6!M,1!F/,=!)$')!0'/!,a*4*(%!
B%-2!%a)-%E%526!T,!'+)%-!E'/2!2%'-(!)$%2!.,!4'-F%-!'/4!4'-F%->!)$')w(!=$2!2,1!(%%!/,=!
*)!'5E,()!0,E&5%)%52!K5'0F6!
U!=%55!%a&%-*%/0%4!K'((!E'F%-!0'/!(%%!*EE%4*')%52!)$')!*)w(!'!(*E&5%!4'-F!&'*/)!,-!'/!
,a*4*(%4!B'-/*($!0,')6!
N1()!5*F%!,/!)$%!Z)'5*'/!'/4!,/!E'/2!,54%-!*/()-1E%/)(!D!B'-/*($!,a*4')*,/6!I,-!%a'E&5%!
)$%!,*5!B'-/*($%(!,a*4*(*/.!'+)%-! %'0$! &'((*/.! 2%'-! ;'5(,! )$')w(! $,=! )$%2! 4-2*/.H6! M,1!
0'/! (%%! *)! L1*)%! (*E&52! D! .%)! '! &*%0%! ,+! =,,4>! &1)! (,E%! (*E&5%! 5*/(%%4! ,*5! ,/! *)>! E'F%!
&*0)1-%(!%B%-2!&'((*/.!2%'-6!M,1w55!(%%!)$%!4*++%-%/0%>!.%))*/.!4'-F%-!'/4!4'-F%-!%B%-2!
2%'-!'/4!/%B%-!(),&!,a*4*(*/.6!T1/5*.$)>!$%')!'/4!'*-!E,B*/.!0'/!E'F%!*)!+'()%-]!Z)w(!'!
B%-2!K%'1)*+15!)$*/.!'/4!(10$!'!/')1-%!'-)]!3H"!
!
E/;,&!.,/!(.)/!(1!/,'F!
!
"Z! F/,=! )$%! )$%,-2! )$')! )$%! B'-/*($! )1-/%4! (,! 4'-F! ,/52! 5')%-! ,/6! Z! F/,=! K'((%(! */!
=$*0$!E10$!,+!)$%!K,42!*(!B%-2!4'-F>!'/4!)$%!(0-,55!()*55!-')$%-!,-'/.%6!<%(*4%(>!Z!$'B%!
(%%/! 0'(%(! =$%-%! )$%! B'-/*($! )$')! $'(! -1/! )$-,1.$! )$%! +D$,5%(! ='(! -%4>! '/4! )$%!
*/()-1E%/)A(!,1)(*4%!.-%%/*($!K5'0F6!9,=%B%-!)$%-%!'-%!*/()-1E%/)(!)$')!'-%!(,!K5'0F!
)$')!Z!K%5*%B%!)$%-%!=%-%!*/()-1E%/)(!)$')!=%-%!&5'*/52!B'-/*($%4!*/!K5'0F6!T,>!/,)!'!
B%-2!0,/051(*B%!'/(=%-67!
!
h1%/!(.)/!*%,5!(.,(!/1*%!14!(.%!%,&8)%&2!3181&%-!)5/(&7*%5(/!0%&%!31$%&%-!0)(.!
,! -,&;%&! $,&5)/.2! ,5-! (.,(! (.%! 15%/! 67)8(! )**%-),(%8'! ,4(%&! a&,5N! V(%9.,5A/!
-%,(.!0%&%!$,&5)/.%-!68,3;!/(&,):.(!,0,'[!
!
+(A/! B7/(! ,! (.%1&'2! ,86%)(! ,5! )5(&):7)5:! 15%2! ,5-! +! 158'! )5387-%! )(! .%&%! "&,1-! 5'!
&%)*)%! $*(),*-%7<! +(A/! 5)3%! (1! 97(! (.)5:/! )5! ,! -)44%&%5(2! 0)-%&! 9%&/9%3()$%<! >7/)3!
-1%/5A(! %D)/(! )5! ,! $,377*2! ,5-! 4)5-)5:! 3155%3()15/! 0)(.! %$%&'(.)5:! %8/%! (.,(!
*,;%/!79!17&!01&8-!3,5!.%89!7/!(1!75-%&/(,5-!(.)5:/!6%((%&<!M,$)5:!,5!)-%,!14!
(.%!.)/(1&)3,8!6,3;:&175-!3,5!6%!6%5%4)3),8!0.%5!98,')5:!?53)%5(!>7/)3<!
!

\_! !