X - Ray

Atomic Physics
LECTURE 4
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 X - Ray
Atomic Physics
LECTURE 4
X - Rays
High energy e-s when are made to strike a metal target,
electromagnetic radiation called X-Rays are produced.

Large part of this radiation has wavelength

of order 0.1 nm or 1Å known as X-rays.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Generation of X-rays is -
A. phenomenon of conversion of K.E. into radiant energy

B. principle of conservation of momentum

C. phenomenon of conservation of mass into energy

D. principle of conservation of electric charge

X - Rays
● They are electromagnetic waves

● have speed c = 3 × 108 m/s in vacuum

● wavelength between 0.1 Å to 1 Å

● invisible to eye

● photons of energy around 1000 times more than the

visible light.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

The X-rays can not be diffracted by means of an

ordinary grating because of

A. High speed B. Short wavelength

C. Large wavelength D. None of these

X - Rays Production
Discovered by W.C. Roentgen (German) in 1895

For X–Ray production three things are required:

(iii) Target on which these high speed electron strike

(i) Source of electron

(ii) Means of accelerating these electron to high speed

Coolidge Tube or X - ray tube

e-s are accelerated through Potential Difference

between cathode & anode metal target is hit with e -

Glass Chamber
Anode
Cathode e-
target Water
T

filament F

Filament when heated emits window

e-s (thermionic emission)
X - Rays
Coolidge Tube Only 1% or 2% kinetic energy of electron beam
is used to produce X-Ray.

Target Metal:
(a) Must have high atomic number to produce hard X–rays.
(b) High melting point to withstand high temperature produced.
(c) High thermal conductivity to remove the heat produced
(d) Tantalum, Platinum, Molybdenum and Tungsten serve as
target materials
Control of intensity The intensity of X - ray depend on number of
electrons striking the target and number of electron
depend on temperature of filament which can be
controlled by filament current.
Thus intensity of X - ray depend on current flowing
through filament.

Glass Chamber
Anode
Cathode e-
target Water
T

filament F

window

X - Rays
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

On increasing the filament current in X - ray tube:

A. Wavelength of X - rays increases

B. Penetration power of X - rays increases

C. Intensity of X - rays decreases

D. Intensity of X - rays increases

Control of Penetrating power
The Penetrating power of X - ray depend on
the energy of incident electron. The energy of
electron can be controlled by applied
potential difference. Thus penetrating power
of X - ray depend on applied potential
difference.

Glass Chamber
Anode
Cathode e-
target Water
T

filament F

window

X - Rays
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

On increasing the applied potential difference between

filament and target

A. Wavelength of X - rays increases

B. Penetration power of X - rays increases

C. Intensity of X - rays decreases

D. Intensity of X - rays increases

Note:

Thus the intensity of X - ray depend on current flowing

through filament while penetrating power depend on
applied potential difference.
X - Rays Soft X-ray Hard X-ray

Wavelength 10 Å to 100 Å 0.1 Å - 10 Å

Penetrating power Less More

Use Radio-photography Radio-therapy

This e- when enters target, loses this K.E. during collisions,
eventually coming to rest. While making several of these
collisions with atoms of target :-

1. A part of this K.E. loss goes into photon of EM radiation

& remaining part increases K.E. of colliding target particle
which goes into heat.
Bremsstrahlung Radiation
is the radiation given off by a charged particle (most often an electron)
due to its acceleration caused by an electric field of another charged
particle (most often a proton or an atomic nucleus).
The KE loss hence the energy of Photon
appearing in this case varies with collision hence
this value can be anything between 0 to eV

Maximum energy of such a photon is

Cutoff wavelength depends on V

not on target or filament material.
Continuous X - Rays
Intensity
wavelengths where intensity varies gradually
are called Continuous X-rays.

λmin Wavelength
hc
Cutoff wavelength or Threshold wavelength K = eV =
minimum wavelength below which no X - Ray is emitted. λmin

V : p.d. b/w target and filament

K : if e-s are ejected at filament

with negligible speed, K.E. of e-s
when it hits target
Continuous X–Rays also known as white X–ray

Minimum wavelength of these spectrum only depends on

applied potential and doesn' t depend on atomic number.

mv2 = h𝜈max ………. (i)

mv2 = eV ………. (ii) [here V is applied potenti

From (i) and (ii) h𝜈max = eV

Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
White X-rays are called ‘white’ because -

A. they are produced most abundantly in X-rays tubes

B. they are electromagnetic waves and hence have a
nature similar to white light
C. they can be converted to visible light using coated
screens, and they affect photographic plates, just like
light
D. they have a continuous range of wavelengths
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Consider a photon of continuous X-ray coming from a

coolidge tube. Its energy comes from–
A. K.E. of striking electron

B. K.E. of free electron of the target

C. K.E. of the ions of the target

D. an atomic transition in the target

Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

If the potential difference applied to the tube is doubled

and the separation between the filament and the target is
also doubled, the cutoff wavelength -
A. will remain unchanged
B. will be doubled
C. will be halved
D. will become four times the original.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
Which of the following statements are correct
for an X-ray tube-

A. on increasing potential difference between filament

and target, photon flux of X-Rays increases
B. on increasing potential difference between filament
and target, frequency of X-Ray increases
C. on increasing filament current, cut off wavelength
increases
D. on increasing filament current, intensity of X-Rays
decreases.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

A potential difference of 20 kV is applied across an X-ray

tube. The minimum wavelength of X-rays generated is–
A. 0.26 Å B. 0.62 Å

C. 0.16 Å D. 0.50 Å
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
To produce hard X-rays in coolidge tube we should
increase -
A. current in filament (heating)
B. potential difference across the filament (heating)
C. potential difference across cathode and anticathode
D. none of these
Absorption of X–Ray
I0

➔ Maximum absorption of X–ray → Lead I

➔ Minimum absorption of X–ray → Air

X
When X–ray passes through x thickness then its intensity

I = I0e–𝛍x I0 = Intensity of incident X–ray

I = Intensity of X–ray after passing
through x distance
𝛍 = absorption coefficient of material
Absorption of X–RAY

➔ Intensity of X–ray decrease exponentially.

I = I0e–𝛍x
I0
I

Half thickness (x1/2) X

The distance travelled by X–ray when intensity become
half the original value x1/2 = ln2/𝛍
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The intensity of X-rays absorbed is Ia and initial intensity is
I0. Then Ia is given by -

A. Ia = I0e–μx B. Ia = μI0x

C. Ia = I0 (1 – e–μx) D. Ia = I0 (1 – eμx)
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

50% of X - rays obtained from a Coolidge tube pass

through 0.3 mm. Thick aluminium foil. If the potential
difference between the target and the cathode is
increased, then the fraction of X - rays passing
through the same foil will be:
A. 50% B. > 50% C. < 50% D. 0%
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