Bohr’s Model

Atomic Physics
LECTURE 2
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 Bohr’s Model
Atomic Physics
LECTURE 3
Limitations of Rutherford’s Model
Model suffer due to its inconsistency with Classical Physics.

1. An e- moving around nucleus in circular orbit is accelerating

hence by EM theory it should emit radiation continuously
thereby losing energy.

The electron should eventually fall into the nucleus.

Limitations of Rutherford’s Model
It could not explain why atoms emit light of only discrete wavelengths.

2. Explanation of Line Spectrum:-

e-s moving in all possible path will radiate waves of all frequency, but
atomic spectra is not continuous.
Bohr Model of Atom

Atom is Nucleus surrounded by e-s moving in circular orbits,

where Fc : electrostatic force of attraction.
Bohr Model of Atom Bohr made certain assumptions to combine
new quantum ideas of Planck & Einstein with
traditional description of particle in UCM.

1. Quantized Energy Levels : based on Planck’s idea.

Total energy of e- (KE + PE) can be only certain values.
Allowed energy values correspond to different orbits of e-s.

e-s in these orbit do not radiate energy.

Hence these are stationary (stable) orbits.
Bohr Model of Atom

2. A Photon is emitted when e- changes from higher orbit

to lower thereby losing energy
which appear as energy of photon.
Bohr Model of Atom
3. Electron revolves around the nucleus only in those orbits
for which the angular momentum is some integral multiple of h/2π
i.e. Magnitude of e-s angular momentum is quantized.

l = integral multiple of h/2π

l = mvr = nh/2π
{ n = 1, 2, 3….. }

Classically, orbiting e-s experience a centripetal acceleration, and accelerating

charges lose energy by radiating. A stable electronic orbit is classically forbidden.
Bohr nevertheless assumed stable electronic orbits with the electronic angular
momentum quantized as l = mvr = nh/2π
Explanation Of Bohr Quantization Condition
According to de Broglie electron revolves around the
nucleus in the form of stationary waves (i.e. wave packet)

in the similar fashion as stationary waves in a vibrating string.

Explanation Of Bohr Quantization Condition
Electron can stay in those circular orbits whose
circumference is an integral multiple of de–Broglie wavelength
associated with the electron,

2πr = nλ

This is the Bohr quantization condition.

Explanation Of Bohr Quantization Condition

3rd Bohr orbit

equivalent straightened orbit

Radius of Orbit
&

Where
Z : Atomic Number or number
of Protons
m : mass of electron
e : charge on electron
r : radius of circular orbit
v : speed of electron
Radius of Electron in nth Orbit

&

r=?
Radius of Electron in nth Orbit

&

For H like atom rn rn

Orbits are not equally spaced

n Z
Example According to Bohr principle, the relation between main
quantum number (n) and radius of orbit (r) is -

A. B. r ∝ n C. r ∝ n2 D.
Example The radius of the shortest orbit in a one-electron system is 18 pm.
It may be-

A. hydrogen B. deuterium
C. He+ D. Li++
Example In Bohr's model, the atomic radius of the first orbit is r0; then the
radius of the third orbit is -

A. r0/9 B. r0 C. 9r0 D. 3r0

Example The ratio of the areas within the electron orbits for the first
excited state to the ground state for the hydrogen atom is -

A. 2 : 1 B. 4 : 1 C. 8 : 1 D. 16 : 1
 Velocity of Electron in nth Orbit

Known Value Box

⇒

⇒
Velocity of Electron in nth Orbit

Vn Vn

n
Z
Velocity of Electron in nth Orbit

Speed of e- in 1st Bohr orbit of H (Z = 1) is

Example Consider 3rd orbit of He+ (Helium), using non-relativistic approach,
the speed of electron in this orbit will be [given K = 9x 109 constant,
Z= 2 and h (plank’s constant) = 6.6 x 10-34 Js]

A. 1.46 x 106 m/s

B. 0.73 x 106 m/s
C. 3.0 x 106 m/s
D. 2.92 x 106 m/s
Solution
Orbital Time Period of Electron

Tn : time period of evolution of electron in nth orbit

Since &
Orbital Frequency of Electron

fn : angular frequency of electron in nth orbit

Energy of Electron in nth Orbit

⇒
Energy of Electron in nth Orbit

⇒
Energy of Electron in nth Orbit

E=K+U

E = -K = ½ PE
Example The total energy of an atomic electron is -

A. zero B. negative

C. positive D. Sometimes positive and sometimes negative

Energy of Electron in nth Orbit

eV
Bohr Model of Atom

Radius of orbit Å

Velocity of e- in nth orbit

Orbital frequency
Energy in nth Orbit

E = -K = ½ PE

R = Rydberg’s Constant = 1.097 x 107 m-1

Rch = 2.17 x 10-18 J
= 13.6 eV

-ve sign as e- is bound to nucleus

attractive forces.
Energy levels in H

For hydrogen atom (Z = 1) we have following values of

orbital energy or binding energy of e -

E1 = - 13.6 eV n=1 K - shell

E2 = - 3.4 eV n=2 L - shell

E3 = - 1.5 eV n=3 M - shell

E4 = - 0.85 eV n=4 N - shell

E5 = - 0. 54 eV n=5 O - shell
.
.
.
E∞ = 0 eV n➝∞ - - - - -
Energy Level Diagram

E
n=5 E5 = - 0.54 eV
n=4 E4 = - 0.85 eV
n=3 E3 = - 1.5 eV
Lower
energy at
bottom n=2 E2 = - 3.4 eV

n=1 E1 = - 13.6 eV
H
Example As the quantum number increases, the difference of energy
between consecutive energy levels -

A. decreases B. increases

C. first decreases & then increases D. remains the same

Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen

E
n=5 E5 = - 0.54 eV
n=4 E4 = - 0.85 eV
n=3 E3 = - 1.5 eV
Lower energy
at bottom
n=2 E2 = - 3.4 eV

n=1 E1 = - 13.6 eV
H
 Physical Ratio for
Formula
Quantity Hydrogen Atom

J1 : J2 : J3 …… Jn
Angular Momentum (Jn)
1 : 2 : 3 ……. n

r1 : r2 : r3 …… rn
Radius of Bohr orbit (rn)
1 : 4 : 9 ……. n2

v1 : v2 : v3 …… vn
Velocity of electron in nth
Bohr orbit (vn) 1 : ½ : ⅓ ……. 1/n
 Ratio for
Physical Quantity Formula
Hydrogen Atom

I1 : I2 : I3 …… In
Orbital current (In)
1:1/8:1/27 ……. 1/n3

p1 : p2 : p3 …… pn
Linear Momentum
of electron (pn)
1 : ½ : 1/3 ……. 1/n

Centripetal a1 : a2 : a3 …… an
acceleration (an) 1: 1/16: 1/81 ……. 1/n4
 Ratio for
Physical Quantity Formula
Hydrogen Atom

Angular velocity of
𝛚1 : 𝛚2 : 𝛚3 …… 𝛚n
electron
(𝛚n) 1 :1/8: 1/27 ……. 1/n2

Time period of T1 : T2 : T3 …… Tn = 1 1
electron (Tn)
: 8 : 27 ……. n3

f1 : f2 : f3 …… fn =
Frequency (fn)
1 : 1/8: 1/27 ……. 1/n3
 Ratio for
Physical Quantity Formula
Hydrogen Atom

K1 : K2 : K3 …… Kn
Kinetic energy (Kn)
1 : ¼ : 1/9 ……. 1/n2

Potential energy U1 : U2 : U3 …… Un
(Un)
1 : ¼ : 1/9 ……. 1/n2

Total energy E1 : E2 : E3 …… En
(En) 1 : ¼ : 1/9 ……. 1/n2
Example The speed of an electron in the orbit of the hydrogen atom in the
ground state is (C is speed of light)

A. C B. C/2 C. C/10 D. C/137

Example The KE of an electron in any stationary orbit of the hydrogen atom
in accordance with Bohr's hypothesis is equal to

A. (1/2) (potential energy of electron in that orbit)

B. – (1/2) (potential energy of electron in that orbit)

C. potential energy of electron in that orbit

D. (– 1) (potential energy of electron in that orbit)
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