EET414 SUBSTATION

DESIGN
CHAPTER 3
BUS CONFIGURATION
AND DESIGN
Semester 2, 2015/2016 1
3.1. Selection of Bus-bar schemes
3.2. Bus-bar Configuration/arrangements
•Single bus-bar arrangement
•Double bus-bar
•Main and Transfer bus
•Ring bus-bar arrangement
•Breaker and half arrangement
3.3. Summary of Switching Schemes
3.4. Design of Bus-bar
•Material for bus-bar and Shapes of bus-bar
•Procedure for DesignSemester
Rigid2,Bus
2015/2016 2
 Selection of Bus-bar Schemes
• Number of incoming and outgoing circuit controlled by a S/S
• Sites available for the S/S (geographical area)
• Number of duplicate circuits and alternative supplies
• Pollution (Industrial, saline, etc), Indoor S/S may be preferred
• Reliability of supplies during maintenance and fault
• Cost
• Amount of power to be handled by S/S
• Protection requirement of main and back up protection
• Expansion in future without shutdown or with limited
shutdown.
• Spare capacity, over load margins
• Level of skilled manpower available operation and
maintenance, simplicity Semester
of operation
2, 2015/2016 3
Busbar Configurations/Arrangements Commonly
used in AIS (Air Insulating Substation)
1) Single bus
2) Double bus, double breaker
3) Main & transfer bus (inspection) bus
4) Double bus, single breaker
5) Breaker & a half
6) Ring bus

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Single Bus-bar

Fig. 1

•Simple busbar ( all circuits are connected to

this busbar)
•Used small substation
•A CB and DS is placed in each line
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Development of single bus-bar

Bus-bar is divided into

sections which are
connected by
sectionalized switch. Sectionalizing Switch

Fig. 2: A typical sectionalized single bus-bar system

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Double bus-bar arrangement
• Single Breaker

• Have two bus-bar connected to each line CB and Bus Coupler CB (B5)

• To transfer energy from Bus 1 to bus 2, B5 in the closed position

• Allows the operation of the circuits from either bus
• A failure on one bus will not effect the other bus
• B5 failure will cause the outage of the all systems.
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Double bus-bar arrangement
Double Breaker

• Consist of two main buses

• Have two separate CB available to each circuit.

• With two buses, failure of a single bus will not impact either line
• Maintenance of Bus and CB can be accomplished without
interrupting either of circuit.
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Fig. 5: A sectionalized two breaker system

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Main-and-transfer bus arrangement

• Consist of a main bus and transfer bus.

• All circuits are connected to main bus through CB and
to the transfer bus through transfer switch.
• The both of bus are connected trough a transfer bus CB

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 RING BUS

• Each bus is called a position

• Some time a Trans. Line and
a transformer paired on one ring
position.
• One position is removed from
serve the faulted position are
opened.

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5. Breaker-and-a-half arrangement

• Consists of two main busses

• A circuit is terminated between
each two CB.
• Each circuit has dedicated CB
and shares a CB with the
adjacent circuit, resulting in
one and one-half CB per
circuit.

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Summary of Comparison of Switching Schemes
Based on Advantages/Disadvantages

Switching scheme Advantage Disadvantages

1. Single bus 1. Lowest cost. 1.Failure of bus or any
circuit breaker results in
shutdown of entire
substation.
2.Difficult to do any
maintenance.
3.Bus cannot be extended
without completely de-
energizing substation.
4.Can be used only where
loads can be interrupted or
have other supply
arrangements.

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 Switching scheme Advantage Disadvantages
2. Double bus, 1.Permits some 1.One extra breaker is
Single Breaker flexibility with two required for the bus tie.
operating buses. 2.Four switches are
2.Either main bus may required per circuit.
be isolated for 3.Bus protection scheme
maintenance. may cause loss of
3.Circuit can be substation when it
transferred readily one operates if all circuits
bus to the other by use are connected to that
of bus tie breaker and bus.
bus selector disconnect 4.High exposure to bus
switches. faults.
5.Line CB failure takes
all circuits connected to
that bus out of service.
6.Bus tie breaker failure
takes entire substation
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out of service. 14
 Switching scheme Advantage
3. Double bus, double 1.Each circuit has two
breaker dedicated breakers (CB).
2.Has flexibility in
permitting feeder circuits to
be connected to either bus.
3.Any CB can be taken out
of service for maintenance.
4.High reliability.
Semester 2, 2015/2016
Disadvantages
1.Most expensive.
2.Would lose half of
the circuits for
breaker failure if
circuits are not
connected to both
buses.
15
4. Main and transfer 1.Low initial and 1.Requires one
ultimate cost. extra CB for the
2.Any CB can be taken bus tie.
out of service for 2.Switching is
maintenance. somewhat comp-
3.Potential devices may licated when
be used on the main bus maintaining a CB
for relaying. 3.Failure of bus
or any CB results
in shutdown of
entire substation.

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Based on Reliability/Operation, Cost and Available Area

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2.2. MATERIAL OF BUSBARS
Copper and Aluminum
Cooper is costly so that Aluminum is being increasingly used for
bus-bars.

Properties Cooper Aluminum

Electrical Resistivity at 20 ºC 0.017241 0.02828
(Ωmm²/m) (Ωmm²/m)
Temperature Coef. Of Resistivity 0.00411º/C 0.00403º/C
App. Softening tempera. 200 ºC 180 ºC

Thermal Conductivity 0.923 * 0.503*

Melting point 1083 ºC 657

Density at 20 ºC 8.94 g/cm² 2.703 g/cm²

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* Cal/cm.s. ºC
Shapes of bus-bars
1. Busbars of Outdoor Switchyard
ACSR conductors (Flexible bus-bar)
Tubular Aluminium Conductors (rigid bus-bar)
2. Busbars for Indoor Switchgear
(rigid bus-bar; the shape of flats or turbular and made of
aluminium or cooper )
3. Busbars for Generator Transformer Connections
(rigid bus-bar, the shape of isolated busduct system in which
rectangular/turbular/octagonal)

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 ACSR

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 Comparison between Rigid and Flexible Bus System

Feature Rigid Bus System Flexible Bus System

Cost Higher because of Lower
higher conductor cost,
post insulator cost.
Land area requirement Larger Lower. Most of the
equipment installed
below the flexible bus.
Number of support - More numbers - Less numbers
structures - Simple - Complex
- Amount of steel lesser - Amount of steel higher
Structural deflection and More Less
strain
Cleaning of conductors Easy Difficult
Insulators
Repair of insulators Easy
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Some General Recommendation Bus-bar Scheme for S/S
•Least important S/S, where outage can be allowed for all
the circuit: Single bus-bar
• Small S/S feeding important feeders where planned
shutdown is permissible for maintenance : Single
Sectionalized Bus-bar
• Important small distribution S/S : Main and transfer bus
• Large important S/S : Duplicate Bus-bar and with bus
couplers, Beaker and a half arrangement. The last
scheme is the most favored system in today’s high
power, EHV. This scheme provide enough switching
flexibility, high security against bus-bar fault and
minimum outage for maintenance.

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Steps in Bus-bar Design
• Choice of cross section of conductor based on required normal
current, given ambient temperature, specified permissible
temperature rise.
• Calculation of the temperature rise under short time current to see
that it is in safe limits
• Calculate of electro dynamic forces per meter per given short circuit
current
• Calculation of choice of support insulators on the basis bending
moment withstand value
• Calculation of span of support insulators on the basis of the force,
bending strength of insulators and factor of safety
• Design of insulator systems, phase to phase clearance, phase to
ground clearance, creepage distance.
• Design of support structures
• Design of clamp and connectors, flexible joint
• Subjecting to type tests, subjecting a typical bus-bar to filed trials
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• Regular manufacture and routine test.
Current Carrying Capacity
The Current Carrying Capacity varies with arrangement,
cross section, proximity, type enclosure ambient temperature.
For preliminary calculations the value of current densities are
used for open bus-bar : Aluminum = 120 A/cm² and
Copper = 165 A/cm².

Derating Factors Derating Factors

a) Temp rise of 40oC, ambient 35oC 0.88

b) Temp rise of 35oC, ambient 30oC 0.76
c) Enslosure: Outdoor, Indoor and well 0.85 to 0.95, 0.6 to 0.8,
ventilated Indoor, poorly ventilated 0.5 to 0.6
d) Rating factor for nonmetallic black 1.2
paint Semester 2, 2015/2016 26
Continuous A.C Current Rating (Amp) Cross Sectional
Area (mm²)
Aluminum Copper

100 25 20
150 40 34
200 41 56
225 47 63
250 53 71
300 68 87
350 79 122
400 94 145
450 111 165
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500 125 187
Temperature Rise During Short circuit
At Temperature about 160(ºC), aluminum becomes soft and loses
its mechanical strength
The calculations of the temperature rise are complicated.
For preliminary calculation can be used the equation,
2
I
T  C   (1   ) x10  2
 A
T = Temperature rise per sec (ºC)
C = 0.54 for copper; 1.17 for aluminum
I = r.m.s value short circuit current
A = Cross sectional area (mm²)
= Temperature Coef. Of resistivity at 20 ºC
0.00393 for copper; 0.04003 for aluminum
Θ = Temperature at the instant of short circuit, i.e. ambient plus
permissible temperature rise.
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Force Between Main Conductors due to short circuit

L 2
F  2.04i 2
s x10 Kgf
r
F = Force between conductor
Is = Peak value of making current, kA
L = Distance between conductors, cm
r = Separation between conductors, cm

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Spacing of Support Insulator
The Spacing of Support Insulators is determined on basis on
force on span length of bus-bar under short circuit condition

L 2
F  2.04i 2
sx10 Kgf
r
F = Force between conductor
Is = Peak value of making current, kA
L = Span between insulator support, cm
r = Spacing between neighbouring conductors, cm

Distance r is determined by clearance considerations and by

shapes of conductor selected.

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Creepage distance; shortest distance
between two conducting parts along
the surface of the insulating material.

Clearance, short distance between two

conducting parts along a stretched
string.

Insulator

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 A Phase to ground
clearances
B Phase to phase
clearance
C Ground clearances
D Clearance between
terminal CB

1. Circuit Breaker
2. Turbular Rigid Bus
3. ACSR Flexible Bus
4. Tower 5. Gantry 6. Support structure

Clearance to earth, clearance between conductor and nearest earthed part

Clearance between phases, shortest distance between conducting parts of adjacent
phases of some breaker
Ground clearance, distance between ground and the highest earthed point
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on equipment.
Clearance Between Phase-Phase and Phase and Earth
The following Standard Tables give references values
of clearances for various conditions:

Rated Minimum clearances to Minimum clearances

Voltage, rms earth between phases
kV Open Enclosed Open Enclosed
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0.415 19 16 26 19
0.6 26 19 32 19
3.3 51 51 51 51
11 77 77 127 127
15 102 1102 165 165
22 140 140 242

33 223 223 356 356

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Phase-phase and phase earth clearances

Clearances for voltages up to 33kV

Rated Minimum clearances to earth Minimum clearances
Voltage, rms between phases
kV Open Enclosed Open Enclosed
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
0.415 19 16 26 19
0.6 26 19 32 19
3.3 51 51 51 51
11 77 77 127 127
15 102 1102 165 165
22 140 140 - 242
33 223 223 356 356

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Clearances for open and outdoor bus bars up to 400 kV

Rated Voltage, rms Minimum clearances Minimum clearances

kV to earth between phases
(mm) (mm)
6.6 140 (5.6”) 178 (7.12”)
11 178 (7.12”) 229
15 216 (8.64”) 267
22 279 (11.16”) 330
33 381 (15.24”) 431
66 685 (27.4”) 786
110 1068 (42.72”) 1219
132 1270 (50.8”) 1473
220 2082 (83.28”) 2368
400 3500 (140”) 4000
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Creepage Distances Porcelain insulator
kV class rms Impulse Minimum clearances
withstand kV Phase to Phase to Phase to
peak earth (cm) phase Roadways
(cm) (m)
6.6 95 15 17.5 7
11 110 17.5 30 7
22 150 25 38 8
33 200 33 45 8
45 250 42 53 8
66 350 63 77 9
110 550 106 132 9
132 650 125 156 9
220 900 178 225 10
220 1050 207 252 10
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400 1450 354 400 15
Types of Insulators used in S/S
1. Pin Insulator; used for supporting stranded flexible
Bus bar in S/S up to 33 kV
2. Post Insulator used for supporting rigid bus bar,
capacitor bank
3. Disc Insulator; used for supporting flexible Bus bar
ACSR conductor.
Number of disc insulator units are assembled together
to form a string and used for distinct applications:
a. Tension string b. Tension string at the dead
end
c. Suspension isolator
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