Arduino Mega 2560 is used for the control of the robot.

The size of the field is

transferred to the Arduino using a smartphone and Bluetooth connectivity.
Arduino calculates the grid points to plant the seeds. DC geared motors and rack
and pinion arrangement is used for the drilling purpose. Seeds are selected one
by one with a spur gear mechanism and a servo motor. The pump immersed in
the water container and fertilizer container is triggered for pumping water and
fertilizer solution [1]. (drilling mechanism)

Seed Sowing is achieved by turning the shaft of the servomotor to a required

degree which is attached with the hopper containing seeds. The seed collected is
then directed to the hole by using a pipe. Wi-Fi module is connected with
Arduino and wirelessly with Android smartphones to controlling the whole
assembly. Solar Panel is attached with the lead-acid battery for storing energy.
An ultrasonic sensor and Digital compass sensor are used to reach the desired
location. (seed sowing).

The robot autonomously covers the entire field and water the field at the
optimum level by sensing soil moisture content for each spot of the field. The
soil moisture sensing system composes of a soil moisture measuring sensor, and
a linear actuator mechanism to penetrate the sensor probes to the soil. The linear
actuator mechanism composes of a lead screw and a geared DC motor. The
watering system consists of a solenoid valve and a hall effect sensor. solenoid
valve is used to Turn on and off the water flow and a hall effect sensor is used
to measure the flow rate. (watering)

The operation of the robot is controlled by GSM and GPS module. GSM
module is used to ensure the communication between the user and the robot and
the GPS module is used to arrive at the desired location. Ultrasonic Sensors
avoid obstacles in the path and the magnetometer makes sure that the robot is on
the right path towards the destination and ensures exactly 90 0 rotations of the
robot. Webcam is used to live stream the process to the user. Ploughing,
seeding, and leveling mechanisms are powered by servomotors. microcontroller
controlled submersible water pump is used to start and stop the irrigation
process [6]. (magnetometer, ultrasonic sensor)

The robot will be driven by a microcontroller connected with a mobile

application. The Bluetooth module is used for setting up the wireless connection
between the microcontroller and the mobile application. The robot is facilitated
with an ultrasonic sensor, a soil moisture sensor, a camera sensor for robotic
vision, a GPS module for its navigation, a magnetometer for facilitating the
navigation, and a soft-edged griper arrangement for seed sowing and harvesting
of the crops. (Bluetooth)
[1] Retheep Raj, Ajay Aravind, Akshay V.S, Mariya Chandy, Sharun
N.D, “A Seed Planting Robot with Two Control Variables,” Third
International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics
(ICOEI 2019).
[2] Saurabh Umarkar, Anil Karwankar, “Automated Seed Sowing
Agribot using Arduino,” International Conference on
Communication and Signal Processing, April 6-8, 2016, India.
[3] L.S.R. Mechsy, M.U.B. Dias, W. Pragithmukar, and A.L.
Kulasekera, “A Mobile Robot Based Watering System for Smart
Lawn Maintenance,” 2017 17th International Conference on
Control Automation and Systems (ICCAS 2017).
[4] Shaik Kareemulla, Edwin Prajwal, B. Sujeshkumar, Bonu, “GPS
based Autonomous Agricultural Robot,” 2018 International
Conference on Design Innovations for 3Cs Compute Communicate
Control.
[5] Bagyaveereswaran V, Ankita Ghorui, R. Anitha, “Automation of
Agricultural Tasks with Robotics- Agrobot,” 2019 Innovations in
Power and Advanced Computing Technologies (i-PACT 2019)
[6] Spoorthy M N, Dr. K N Muralidhara, “Microcontroller based
seeding and plowing using sensor and Bluetooth technology,”
International Journal of Advance Research, Ideas and Innovations
in Technology, 2018.

[7] Nilesh Vitthal Limbore, “An Analytical Study of Indian

Agriculture Crop Production and Export with Reference to Wheat,”
Review of Research, Vol. IV March, 2015.

[8] \Zhengqiang Fan ; Quan Qiu ; Zhijun Meng, “Implementation of a

four-wheel drive agricultural mobile robot for crop/soil information
collection on the open field,” 2017 32nd Youth Academic Annual
Conference of Chinese Association of Automation (YAC).