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Productivity Enhancement with Quality in Automobile Sector in Pakistan using Lean

Manufacturing Principles In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of M.Sc.
In Engineering Management Session 2018-2020 Supervised by: DR. SHAHID NAVEED
Submitted by: Muhammad Aamar (MSEM-F18-010) The Superior College, Lahore II THE
PROPHET MUHAMMAD (PEACE BE UPON HIM) SAID: "A servant of God will remain
standing on the Day of Judgment until he is questioned about his (time on earth) and
how he used it; about his knowledge and how he utilized it; about his wealth and from
where he acquired it and in what (activities) he spent it; and about his body and how he
used it."

AL-TIRMIDHI, HADITH 148 III Productivity Enhancement with Quality in Automobile

Sector in Pakistan using Lean Manufacturing Principles This report is submitted to the
Superior College Lahore, Pakistan for partial fulfillment required for the award of Degree
of Master of Science In Engineering Management Approved by: Internal Examiner:
___________________ (Supervisor) DR.SHAHID NAVEED External Examiner:
___________________ Name: ___________________ Submitted by: Muhammad Aamar
(MSEM-F18-010) Session 2018-2020 May, 2020 IV Acknowledgement From the depth of
our heart, we are most thankful to Allah Almighty and His beloved Prophet Muhammad
(SAWW) that I prospered in completing this research work.

As this research work is the partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of M.Sc.
Engineering Management degree. I might be enabled to write this thesis without the
help of our staff, classmates, and teachers. Therefore, I would like to thank for all of
them for their kind help. With due regards I am very thankful to our project supervisor
Dr.
Shahid Naveed for his good supervision and provision. I am also cordially thankful to
our respected teachers for their cooperation. Outstandingly, I feel pleasure to place a
record of my deep sense of thankfulness to my parents, teachers and friends whose
affection and steadfast support always provides us inspiration determination to achieve
our goals.

Author May, 2020 V Abstract Lean manufacturing is one of the innovative

manufacturing concepts being implemented in many industries to avoid wastage of
resources and improve the quality of products and help the company become more
effective and productive. It also focuses on continuous improvement with total
participation of all employees with optimum utilization of manpower and machine with
the help of lean tools like menu mapping, lead time, waiting time, inventory etc.

The thesis presents a case study conducted in a machining section division of the auto
parts manufacturing industry, where it is critical for defect reduction and productivity
improvement. In this thesis, a conceptual implementation of total productive
maintenance practices of lean equipment, a continuous improvement and value stream
map in an auto parts industry is presented.

The result shows better performance in terms of rejection, machine down time, scrap
wastage, time wastage, unnecessary movement of worker etc. The world automobile
manufacturing has modified consistently over the past more than three decades. In
1980s in the United States the local automobile manufactures were coerced to revise
their operations with quality lead time and flexibility applying lean manufacturing
techniques in response to other competitors.

A like focus on enhancing the efficiency of operations implementing lean manufacturing

is now trending in European automobile markets. This research focus contains of major
facet productivity enhancement with quality in Automobile Sector in Pakistan. The
reason for adopting this project is to help the advancement in the operational efficiency
by applying lean manufacturing methods.

This initiative is being undertaken to enhance the profit potentials within the assembly
operation. The focus of this research is the investigate methods of the cost depletion by
applying the following actions: ? Provide the adequate inventory levels that will reduce
working capital while increasing the service ? Avoiding the parts delays in the system ?
Improve the parts quality in the system by decreasing the greater pool of parts ?
eliminate the non-value process in the materials supply process VI Table of Contents
1.Introduction ................................ ................................
................................ ............................ 1 2.Literature Review................................ ................................
................................ ................... 4 2.1 The Idea of Lean Manufacturing ................................
................................ ...................... 2.2 Background of Lean Manufacturing ................................
................................ ................. 2.3 Development in Lean Manufacturing ................................

................................ .............. 6 3. Research Methodology ................................ ................................

................................ ....... 27 3.1 Process Selection ................................ ................................
................................ ........... 28 3.2 Former Process ................................ ................................
................................ ............. 28 3.3

Lean Manufacturing Layout ................................ ................................ ........................ 33 4. Results &

Discussion ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... 37 4 .1 Microscopic
Examination ................................ ................................ ........................... 38 4.2 Hardness Testing
................................ ................................ ................................ ........

39 4.3 Electrochemical Testing ................................ ................................ ............................. 42 4.4

Impact Energy Testing ................................ ................................ ............................... 44 Conclusion
................................ ................................ ................................ ............................. 46 Future Work
................................ ................................ ................................ ..........................

46 References ................................ ................................ ................................ ........................ ...... 47 VII

List of Figures Figure 1: Structure of Lean Manufacturing. ................................
................................ ..................... 6 Figure 2: Pros of lean production, variances between
concepts and practice ..............................

9 Figure 3: (a)Delmia Quest Simulation Prototypical for Present Layout (b)Delmia Quest
Simulation Prototypical for Better Layout ................................ ................................ ................ 11
Figure 4: Relationship of level of application of tools and attained results ...............................
13 Figure 5: Issues selected for surveying of obstacles to lean application
................................ ....

14 Figure 6: Lean dimensions in a manufacturing system and its relation to wastes

...................... 17 Figure 7: Lean procedures formalization practice color-coded
................................ ................. 19 Figure 8: Human Brain and Lean Brain Organization
................................ .............................. 21 Figure 9: Current scenario vs.

future scenario ................................ ................................ .......... 23 Figure 10: Graphic query

around the degree of prominence of Ergonomics/Lean .................... 26 Figure 11: (a) The
methodology established in Section 3 implemented to the study. (b) The work part to be
factory-made and the meaning of functional tolerances.
(c) A depiction of the checking system for data gaining ................................ ................................
.............................. 27 Figure 12: Methodological approach for application of lean
manufacturing in the value chain of a fish and shellfish processing and marketing
company ................................ ............................ 32 Figure 13: ................................ ................................
................................ ................................

.... Figure 14: ................................ ................................ ................................ .......... ...................... .... Figure
15: ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... Figure 16:
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... VIII Figure 17:
................................ ................................

................................ ................................ .... Figure18: ................................ ................................

................................ ................................ .... Figure 19: ................................ ................................
................................ ................................ .... Figure 20: ................................ ................................
................................ ................................ ....

Figure 21: ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... ................. .... Figure 22:
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ ... Figure 23:
................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ .... Figure 24:
................................ ................................ ................................

................................ .... Figure 25: ................................ ................................ ................................

................................ ... IX List of Tables Table 1: Chemical Composition of Steels Used (wt. %)
................................ ............................ 13 Table 2: Chemical Composition of Steels Used (wt. %)
................................ ............................

21 Table 3: Composition of Low carbon steel examined. ................................ ..............................

23 Table 4: Composition of two specimens examined. ................................ ................................ .
25 Table 5: Chemical composition (wt%) of selected steel. ................................ ..........................
28 Table 6: Partitioning time of different specimens ................................ ................................ ......

30 Table 7: Parameters set for micro-hardness testing of 3 % Mn Steel. ................................

....... 34 Table 8: The Surface area of specimens is measured using an equation.
................................ .. 35 Table 9: Partitioning time (sec) and Vicker Hardness (HV)
................................ .....................

40 Table 10: Kinetics parameters of the potentio-dynamic scan of Q&P treated 3%

Mn-Steel. ...... 42 Table 11: Partitioning Time (sec) Vs Impact Energy (J) ................................
.......................... 44 1 Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introduction 2 Lean manufacturing
aims to eradicate waste in every area of production, including customer relationships,
product design, supplier networks, and factory management.

The main thrust of lean production is that end products are produced in the face of
customer demand with little or no waste. Its goal is to include less human effort, less
inventory, less time to develop products, and less space to be highly sensitive to
customer demand while producing top quality products in the most efficient and
economical way possible.

Lean manufacturing is a systematic approach to eliminate waste from all aspects of an

organization's operations, where waste is seen as any use or loss of resources that does
not add value to the product or service for which the customer wants to pay. In lean,
seven types of waste are considered, overproduction, inventory, waiting, motion,
correction, over-processing, and transportation.

This basically helps to maintain the inventory level and the following principles in lean
manufacturing have to consider such as value, value flow, flow, pull, completeness etc.
The basic objective of this study is to learn about Lean's practical analysis and
improvement process equipment. Lean manufacturing is a manufacturing strategy that
aimed to achieve smooth production flow by eliminating waste and by increasing the
activities value.

Some analysts even pointed out that if an organization ignores the Lean manufacturing
strategy, the company would not be able to stand a chance against the current global
competition for higher quality, faster delivery and lower costs. Despite the huge benefits
gained from Lean manufacturing implementation is highlighted, in reality not many
companies are successful to implement this system.

Some researcher has identified the reason of this misunderstanding is due to cultural
differences that occurs during transition or translation of Lean manufacturing. The goal
of lean manufacturing is to drive all waste to zero, zero accidents, zero defects and zero
breakdowns. Competition means different things to different people. It is important to
understand that TPM implementation places great emphasis on people and this requires
cultural change from all different people groups within the organization.

Henry Ford had been using parts of Lean since the early 1920s, and added that: "One of
the most notable achievements in keeping Ford's products low is the gradual lack of
production cycle. There are various techniques of waste reduction and performance
enhancement such as Total Quality Management (TQM), Total Productive Maintenance
(TPM), and Kaizen etc. JIT is a strategy for managing inventory in which raw materials
and components.

The supplier must be Chapter 1 Introduction 3 made aware of before they are required
in the manufacturing plant. Kaizen is Japanese technology for better technology, which
refers to the philosophy or practices that focus on the continuous growth of processes
in manufacturing, engineering and business management. 4 Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 2 Literature Review 5 2.1

The Idea of Lean Manufacturing Tools The idea of lean assembling was presented in the
Toyota and Japan creation framework was the start to utilize lean practices. Lean
assembling helps in improving creation forms and enhance the workers work fulfillment.
(Singh, 2010) Lean producing is not the same as customary assembling. The customary
assembling idea centers on the stock of the framework though lean assembling
contradicts this idea.

The 'Lean' idea considers stock as a loss in the association. Understanding the contrasts
between conventional assembling and lean fabricating is significant for associations on
the off chance that they need to implement lean tools.

The business is turning out to be progressively unstable step by step so understanding

advertise elements is an essential factor in the event that one needs to structure
producing frameworks better Lean producing accepts the basic truth that clients will
provide payment for the estimation of administrations they get however won't pay for
problems. Presenting lean assembling in an industry straightforwardly affects producing
forms.

Today individuals have an alternate point of view on assembling forms. They

comprehend that the estimation of an item is characterized from the client's perspective
not from an inward assembling perspective. Lean assembling centers on the end of
squanders from the association. A waste is characterized as whatever doesn't enhance
the item.

Lean device methods when joined with SWOT (quality, shortcoming, opportunity,
dangers) investigation help in disposing of squanders inside the association. Lean
assembling when executed effectively brings about an expansion in creation yield per
individual and a decrease in the wrapped up merchandise stock and task in progress. A
definitive objective of a lean assembling framework is to wipe out all losses from the
association.

A lean framework is spoken to as two columns the first is 'jidoka' and on second is
'without a moment to spare. The fundamental objective of a lean fabricating framework
is to deliver results of greater quality at the most minimal conceivable expense and at all
time by disposing of squanders. Chapter 2 Literature Review 6 2.2

Background of Lean Manufacturing Businesses in many creating nations are dealing with
old and old methods of assembling Mahapatra what's more Mohanty in 2007 their
examination found that Indian organizations were utilizing laborers just truly yet not
mentally There had no recommendation framework in the associations led an overview
in the Indian car machine apparatuses and fabricating ventures They made five
gatherings as a boundary of assessment.

These gatherings were called authoritative provider client advertise center and top the
board. They deduce that for organizations to actualize lean they need to concentrate on
the board and business issues found that provider issues are pivotal for the effective
usage of lean Numerous large organizations like Tata engines Wipro and HCL have
effectively actualized lean assembling standards Gold Seal Engineering and Thara
Engineering Items Ltd are some little scope businesses that have modified their
procedures by the execution of lean fabricating.

More organizations similar to Boyce and Bharat Forge Bajaj L T have gotten all the more
all-inclusive serious Sundaram Clayton Ltd chop down their expenses by utilizing lean
producing ideas. (Sharma, 2011) Its standards and benefits, and furthermore the
hindrances to executing lean assembling. Lean assembling strategies have gotten vital
for the present producer as lean tools can be an endurance system for them.

Lean too gives associations a serious edge against organizations not utilizing lean. So
this article will be valuable to practioners yet in addition it will be useful to scholastics
that need to learn and execute lean assembling ideas. So as to increase a serious edge,
numerous organizations have received lean assembling (or lean deduction) as a
cornerstone for accomplishment in the present worldwide market. 2.3

Development in Lean Manufacturing Lean Manufacturing was introduced by Toyota

Motors Company to explain their necessities in limited market during economic
troubles. These ideas have been deduced and verified to be exchangeable and implied
to a vast number of industries. Here two ways for Lean Manufacturing were applied and
main factors for success as the ground to propose metrics that calculate the advance in
these factors.

A tabular display of the effect of "Lean Methods" on the metrics is showed, providing
that many initial assumptions about the many various levels of modification should be
exact. Chapter 2 Literature Review 7 Figure 1: Structure of Lean Manufacturing (Diego
Fernando Manotas Duque, 2007) Lean Manufacturing have been divided in scope from
manufacturing activities to emphasis all the various process that a company does
thinking advances to implement these rules to maintenance, product growth, marketing,
and human resources. These all activities that are considered of the private purview of
individual company.

Many nets of companies praise network are motivated to apply lean supply chains
where actual time logistical info streams to the points where it is required and
companies cooperate as a matter of routine activities. These connections aim to provide
to the customers the best value experience and they work in linked and collaborative
way.

An intelligent advancement of the measurements introduced in this study is to describe

the new exercises and interaction a Lean Supply Chain needs to construct
measurements frameworks that incorporate the entire system of significant worth to
enhance the exposure of the client and increment benefits for the teaming up
organizations Lean Manufacturing executions require the foundation of a domain that
makes the remainder of the components of the procedure conceivable.

This condition set up by the executives will guarantee that representatives feel engaged
and have the essential instruments to pick up item and procedure proprietorship
centered groups work and Chapter 2 Literature Review 8 self-governance in the
improvement of arrangements and procedure upgrades. Five fundamental
measurements can be estimated to survey the level of development in a Lean change.

These are removal of waste consistent modification more flow and pull systems. Multi
useful members and Info Systems Four or five measurements were characterized for
every one of the measurements. What is the connection between the exercises and
highlights of a Lean situation which are regularly referenced by and by and in the
writing and the Lean execution measurements introduced. This inquiry was tended to in
a theoretical manner leaving open the entryway for more study to set up these
associations with genuine information.

Lean Manufacturing is considerably more than an assembling strategy. It is an alternate

method of review the work connections the manner in which tasks are done the manner
in which worth is included and consequently the route used to gauge it ought to be
diverse. This paper introduced a portion of the usually utilized exhibition measurements
in the examination writing.
(Diego Fernando Manotas Duque, 2007) While undertakings are attempting to continue
existing in the serious condition startling breakdowns happen at unforeseen occasions
in this way prompting the rise of ends underway and to hitches underway plans. Thus
ventures experience the ill effects of the loss of income as they neglect to hit the
creation amount that they have focused on the way that the support strategies have
been taken well is a significant issue in the counteraction of the misfortunes because of
breakdowns inside an undertaking This additions more significance especially when the
creation framework develops and the creation amount increments.

It is important to design the exercises to be completed to guarantee that the plants and
machines of ventures are working constantly. All administration exercises concerning the
works on having such problems as the assurance of support needs just as arrangement
and management of upkeep plans are done with support the executives.

This investigation portrayed the usage of upkeep the executives and lean assembling
strategies at the upkeep workshop so as to kill the misfortunes because of breakdowns
also to improve efficiency and the inspiration of representatives at an undertaking which
created dairy items. Upon the rapid advancement of innovation and globalization today
the gathering of clients' necessities and desires and even the longing to surpass the
desires further increment the opposition among undertakings.

The reestablishment and advancement of creation frameworks Chapter 2 Literature

Review 9 and of the administration perspectives have gotten essential necessities in the
concentrated serious condition. Today when customers' desires are constantly changing
undertakings have started to utilize better approaches for the board and new
procedures so as to continue existing.

One of these advancements happens with respect to upkeep exercises. The

workbenches that endeavors use underway today have step by step started to contain
further developed advancements. As needs be a more productive comprehension of
upkeep than the conventional fix and support exercises is required at endeavors.

Subsequently upkeep the board has become a vital issue. Support the executives which
empowers one to perform upkeep all the more gainfully is an administration framework
which permits keeping up workbenches in an arranged way and as indicated by rules
which composes all representatives and which can bolster the entire creation.

The expansion in the opposition among undertakings step by step brings the upkeep
costs – one of the costs that ventures can control – to the bleeding edge. With great
arranging and booking it is conceivable to save money on upkeep costs and to
guarantee that the serious force increments. The procedure of change to the automated
support framework inside the extent of upkeep the executives what's more the usage of
lean assembling procedures at the support workshop were portrayed in this
examination.

Lean assembling was executed to guarantee that by disposing of all components of

waste in the assembling process creation was sounder progressively gainful and
increasingly powerful with least labor by expending least assets and by keeping
inventories at the base level, Because of this examination it was expected to give the
coherence of creation by lessening the ends in machines to diminish the creation cost to
build yield and the item quality to understand the creation projects to be arranged in
advance to expand the limit usage rate to broaden the valuable existence of apparatus
and gear to guarantee the security of the staff and to lessen support and fix costs.
(Seher Arslankaya, 2015) An ever increasing number of organizations are keen on the
prosperity and fulfillment of HR.

These days long term targets are progressively significant and beneficial for any
organization particularly for their workers. On the one side so as to have a gainful and
achieved vision and future each association ought to consistently create and adjust to
new requests and offers. Then again managing the correct bearing of execution
suggests numerous changes sudden issues Chapter 2 Literature Review 10
misconceptions and moderate advances.

The lean manufacturing framework is unpredictable and benefic yet the potential
changes can create ergonomically problems. The idea of the issues is regularly felt by
the HR the most significant component in an association. This paper will introduce a
subjective instructions also survey so as to comprehend the development of lean
ramifications.

The writing diagram will bring up the ergonomically problems that happen after the
lean acknowledgment. This appraisal is aided by five strong logical materials from
various areas which deduce at long last the creators' assumption. Figure 2: Pros of lean
production, variances between concepts and practice (Bianca Cirjaliu, 2016) The
conclusions are shown in Figure contrasts between lean hypotheses and lean actual the
workers requirements for input and direct association in the organization stress
decrease in lean assembling through announcing all false impressions within
cooperation among representatives and directors. This together speak to an
ergonomically point of view applying Lean Manufacturing.

This paper shows a far reaching writing audits of the decade ago with respect to the
conceivable effect both pros and cons of Lean Work on the word related ergonomics.
(Bianca Cirjaliu, 2016) Research on Total Quality Management in Malaysia is initially
detailed in 1997 on the other hand LM in 2010 From that point forward voluminous
examinations revealed that LM and TQM Chapter 2 Literature Review 11 can carry more
advantages to an organization however there is still absence of contextual analysis on
organization that has executed the two activities Fundamental status of Implementing
LM and TQM has been built up from overview directed on the profoundly rehearses LM
in Malaysian car organizations in 2011.

The discoveries from the overview are utilized so as to assess the Implemented LM and
TQM in a Malaysian Automobile Organization An integrated TQM with LM is a
framework contains TQM and LM standards This framework centers in accomplishing
complete consumer loyalty by evacuating eight squanders accessible in any procedure
in an association This research shows the Integrated LM and TQM rehearses by a
framing organization The coordinated practices are an adjustment mix of four models
grant (ISO/TS16949) and lean manufacturing standards from Toyota Manufacture
System (SAEJ4000) and (MAJAICO) Lean Production System.

A background investigation of the shaping organization in Selangor has been directed

and reproduction of the procedure is finished by Delmia Quest Software It was
discovered that the organization has been rehearsing TQM and LM independently Other
kind of programming can likewise be utilized to gauge the degree of LM and TQM
usage and can decide if the model is versatile for other company and for all sort of
assembling way This is the underlying contextual investigation that joined 4 honors
rehearses (ISO/TS16949) Toyota Production System (SAEJ4000) and (MAJAICO) Lean
Production System Lean Total Quality GLTQ.

Delmia Quest Simulation had demonstrated to have the option to reproduce the
manufacturing procedure. Greater improvement exercises can be performed to gauge
the constantly between the reproduction and the real outcome for other kind of
procedure and other company. The Delmia Quest Simulation practice isn't accessible for
the organization because of the significant expense of buying the product.

Other than the product supplier it is suggested that there is additional inside that can
offer types of assistance to the nearby car organizations to re-form the process
development as the college is just allowed for academic permit. Chapter 2 Literature
Review 12 Figure 3: (a)Delmia Quest Simulation Prototypical for Present Layout
(b)Delmia Quest Simulation Prototypical for Better Layout (Noor Azlina Mohd.Salleh,
2012) It was additionally discovered that in LMS takt time and yamazumi graph are
useful assets that can be utilized along with process duration in large scale
manufacturing.

All organizations are prescribed to utilize takt time and yamazumi graph particularly in
relay out their creation line from push creation to pull creation. It is suggested in view of
this measuring that takt time estimation and yamazumi outline are thought to designing
understudies to set them up for most recent occupations prerequisites as creation
engineer process engineer arranging official and quality designer. (Noor Azlina
Mohd.Salleh, 2012) The idea of lean assembling was produced for expanding the asset
use through reduction of surplus later on lean was detailed in light of the fluctuating
and severe business condition. Because of rapidly changing business condition the
relations are forced to meet difficulties and complexities.

Any association in the case of assembling or administration arranged to bear may at last
rely upon its capacity to logically and persistently react to these developments for
improvement the item esteem. Along these lines esteem adding process is important to
accomplish this flawlessness henceforth executing a lean assembling framework is
turning into a focus capability for an associations to support.

Most of the study centers around single part of lean factor truth be told not many
centers around more than one part of lean components yet for the effective execution
of lean the association needed to centers around all the viewpoints for example. Cellular
Manufacturing, Value Stream Mapping , Line Balancing, Line framework, Single Minute
Exchange of Dies, Inventory control, Kanban, Pull System, Production Leveling and so
on. In this paper an endeavor has been made to build up a lean course map for the
association to execute the lean assembling framework.

Examinations of the exploratory overview Chapter 2 Literature Review 13 results are

summed up in this paper to show the execution succession of lean components in
unstable business condition and the conclusion of this review was unified to build up a
bound together hypothesis for usage of lean components. End of this evaluation reveals
that the successful Lean Manufacturing System usage needs combination and
simultaneous usage of Lean elements along appropriate succession.

The evaluation equally proposes the step by step execution Road Map which gives a
bound together theory for Lean Manufacturing System usage. In this way the planned
execution structure reduces the usage length and diminishes fabricating framework
individuality. Later it is suggested that the Lean Manufacturing System can be continued
in serious business condition.

Future research should effort to determine Scheduling structures in accordance with

EPEI pull framework by thinking about the entire lean elements. (R.Sundara, 2014) This
study shows the regularly shown issues regarding lean practice in businesses. The
research which was done in a huge Polish production line indicated that despite high
evaluation of the degree of usage of specific lean instruments the normal impacts of
waste end didn't show up.

When contrasting the outcomes got from the examination of accepted impacts of waste
disposal in the industrial facility and the rate level of execution of specific tools, it was
seen that the level of usage doesn't impact the disposal of specific kinds of waste. The
analysis of the industry permitted to reveal that the executed lean tools don't dispose of
particulate squanders as it was expected at the underlying stage.

It was additionally demonstrated that the arrangement of usage of specific tools was
too not applied completely practically speaking. The association of the skillful results of
the impacts of waste disposal which were accepted by the organization and the rate
level of usage of definite instruments permitted to express that the level of actualizing a
specific device doesn't impact the disposal of explicit waste.

For instance in demonstrate hatred for of a significant level of using TPM 76% the
impacts of waste disposal were not accomplished by any means. The comparative
circumstance can be obvious for Kaizen in any case the disparity isn't so huge. Likely the
reason for the unacceptable activity of the instruments ought not be just ascribed in the
method of their execution yet numerous different factors likewise may affect their
effective activity.

It can deduce from the absence of establishment for the using lean and the absence of
Chapter 2 Literature Review 14 culture of progress and constant improvement. It is
conceivable that the organization's representatives don't function as a group, they don't
feel a feeling of having a place with the organization also hence don't relate to their
issues and requirements and there's the mental barrier among them and the executives.

Figure 4: Relationship of level of application of tools and attained results. (Magdalena K.

Wyrwicka, 2017) Their insight about lean might be additionally a constrained. In addition
it is plausible that they've a need of information on the essential points standards and
impacts that can be accomplished with its assistance. It can likewise result from the
reach of the administration to the way of thinking of lean assembling. They may just see
it as a source of decreasing working expenses.

(Magdalena K. Wyrwicka, 2017) Lean building has been appeared to have critical
potential for affecting construction extends and is getting expanded consideration
around the world. The prospective for lean execution in the UAE has created enthusiasm
among construction administrators.

This intrigue, in any case, has meant constrained execution also, to time there have been
scarcely any tasks in the business part utilizing lean ideas. Past study made in Dubai
reviewed working experts on lean building and measured limits to implementation.
Chapter 2 Literature Review 15 This past research additionally positioned such
hindrances corresponding to their capability to obstruct the use of lean principles.

To expand upon this past exertion, extra research dependent on accessible worldwide
writing is performed to approve the outcomes in UAE and to increase extra knowledge
into the requirements of the development network also, the craving for lean usage. With
a more prominent comprehension of the obstructions, explicit strategies for beating
institutional obstruction are proposed, assessed and talked about.

Future research headings to increment lean mindfulness are likewise delineated.

Including representatives in decision making, banding together and group building,
managing vulnerabilities and sharing data, and being more customer centered were the
most reduced ranked issues. All of these might be too thought of as fundamental to a
lean philosophy.

Figure 5: Issues selected for surveying of obstacles to lean application (Edgar P. Small,
2017) Lean development and the execution of lean standards has been looked into,
created, and advanced in western countries for about three decades. Usage of lean
development is getting increasingly regular with numerous instances of incorporated
task conveyance achievement.

There has been critical writing distributed on the zone, quite a bit of this has been
summed up in this and through past endeavors and sites. While this movement is
unavoidable in the western realm, there is restricted utilization of lean development in
unique worldwide markets, for example, those in the UAE and Dubai.

Chapter 2 Literature Review 16 Research was formulated to recognize obstructions and

reasons for such obstructions to execution of lean development standards. A study
based exertion was recognized, executed by Kanafani, which positioned obstructions
and methods to conquer the hindrances. Endeavors to imitate the outcomes and
reinforce relationships were arranged however adequate outcomes were not acquired.

Extra research was performed furthermore, thoughts for usage of lean in the Dubai
talked about. These thoughts will require a victor or a propelling power for usage, for
example, an emergency, government command or convincing business case to conquer
social boundaries inside the development showcase.

Different components, for example, contribution of everybody, great correspondence,

client centered procedures, and viable preparing and training are likewise essential for
fruitful execution. (Edgar P. Small, 2017) Lean Standard Rules and Applications
guarantee to make an incentive for client with development for each sort of association
where it is executed.

Hence, the analysts endeavor to consider and confirm degree and effect of executing
Lean in Ship-building. The Ship-building innovation varies from those conveyed
somewhere else, for example, car items. Anyway it tends to be thought of in numerous
viewpoints like Construction innovation where the item is place- limited and the site
it-self is an asset.

Overview what's more, examination of chose articles relating to lean shipbuilding along
with accessible essential information, perceptions, and experience common by
specialists in the ground – structure the premise of this exploration work. A well-known
reference expresses, "The accessible writing on execution of lean in ship-building
condition is very limited because of curiosity and the limitation of the idea.

Lean ship-building is particular one and its use is viewed as one of the expansions ahead
Lean Construction ” Our methodology has been to look through responses to questions
that an expert occupied with ship-building may ask, for example, what fixes the term
'Lean' represent? In what way is Lean useful? Be there some evident restrictions to the
use of Lean Principles in ship-building? Where are the instances of best acts of Lean
Rules in ship-building? These inquiries guided the examination work prompting a key
finding.

Information examination of piece of the overall industry guaranteed by finest in the

ground like Japan distinguished with quick opponent South Korea incited to
contemplate the achievement Chapter 2 Literature Review 17 philosophy embraced
there. Then again correlation of shipbuilding profitability as far as worker hour per ton
was examined to discover open doors for development at low positioning shipbuilding
yards in different pieces of globe where 2-10 times greater worker hour are expended
contrasted with the finest in the field .

Extraordinary accentuation was made to contemplate circumstance in Indian

Shipbuilding organizations with regards to new Government arrangements and top
Lean auto-makers like Mahindra and TATA going into the shipbuilding exchange. Points
of interest like most minimal compensation pace of work in this work escalated industry
along with request of business and multi job ships are probably going to be
investigated completely in short term as announced in Global Conference also,
Explanation on ship-building by FICCI and KPMG.

Multi-Talent Training and 5 'S' as of Lean Practices can acquire huge change effort
culture of Ship-building organizations. After development of these essential advances
other chose rehearses like VSM and Ordered work can steadily improve efficiency by at
any rate 45% and fabricated time by 85%.

Measurements since 1965-1995 demonstrate that Japanese ship-building manufacturing

enhanced its profitability by 150% forcefully executing some of the chose Lean Values.
Ship-building area can possibly emphatically affect the economy including
administration segments of the separate nation, if it is sustained and created. The
progressing blast stage gives chance to the ship-builders and spacecraft to create them
for catching better piece of the pie. Usage of Lean and T.Q.M

will go far in creating them. Result of this Research concentrate as far as logical
commitment on L.E.A.N is the extra understanding picked up on the Lean Practices in
ship-building for the scientists themselves. The examination may draw in intrigue of
researchers, experts and shipbuilding businesses for leading further examination on
Lean Ship-building.

(Suresh Sharmaa, 2017) Lean assembling or otherwise called lean crio s been unique of
the greatest well-known ideal models in squander end in the assembling and
administration industry. In this way, numerous organizations have gotten the
advantages to rehearse lean assembling so as to improve quality and profitability. In any
case, past study displays that there are different arrangements of apparatuses or
methods that had been embraced at a specific degree across firms as indicated by
Chapter 2 Literature Review 18 their own comprehension of lean assembling.

The situation came about with differing leanness quantifies so as to quantify lean rules.
This paper depicts a fundamental report in building up an applied model to quantify
leanness in assembling industry. Careful writing study, books and report investigation
add to the primary primer examination of this investigation.

The most widely recognized apparatuses or procedures and their value have been
explored. In this exploration, a calculated model for leanness estimation in the
assembling business has been created what's more, planned in two principle levels,
specifically the measurements and the components. Figure 6: Lean dimensions in a
manufacturing system and its relation to wastes.

(Amelia Natasya Abdul Wahab, 2013) There are seven primary measurements in
estimating leanness in lean assembling practices, for example, producing procedure and
hardware, fabricating arranging and booking, visual data framework, Supplier
relationship, client relationship, workforce and item improvement and innovation.
Likewise, the model likewise shows how lean measurements in the assembling
framework identify with eight kinds of squanders.

This investigation was attempted to structure the applied model for lean assembling
estimation in the fabricating industry. At first, the elements or determinants that add to
the estimation of lean rles ve been recognized. Comparative
practices/apparatuses/strategies with similar attributes are Chapter 2 Literature Review
19 assembled into the equivalent measurement.

Along these lines, the consequence of this exploration has indatt her re seven
fundamental measurements that add to leanness estimation in assembling. We bound
our model improvement by considering and choosing the practice/device/method that
is projected by the experimental methodology or a blend of both qualitative and
quantitative methodologies as the point of the examination is to give a general rule to
all organizations and businesses in the assembling segment.

Somewhere else in this examination, it has been referenced that the quantitative
methodology has come about with a proportion of lean record which is remarkable for
the specific unit investigation of the creator's examination. On the contrary, these
discoveries have upgraded our comprehension of lean ideas and the causes of factors
which add to the advancement to leanness.

Additional work demands to set up whether the connection between the measurements
and wastes are valid by directing the Delphi technique approach. The theoretical model
can likewise be demonstrated into an analytic model for leanness estimation in future
work. Experts and researchers may profit from this investigation as it will help in refining
the general adequacy of the vital assembling execution.

(Amelia Natasya Abdul Wahab, 2013) Lean hypothesis, standards and instruments, are
proposed to feature the incentive inside the organization and wipe out waste totally.
Regardless of the enormous measure of writing chip away at lean, there is an absence of
top to bottom investigation for assortment and order of explicit lean practices for the
assembling business.
Along these lines, the current work proposes an order, formalization and distinguishing
proof of lean principles, so as to make a thorough and pertinent library of lean
standards, after the examination of scholastic writing what's more, a form making
industry. At last, the "cabinet" thought is acquainted pointing with spur workers of
various progressive stages in the lean principles advancement.

All in all, lean way of thinking has just demonstrated its incentive on making an
organization increasingly beneficial, by taking out waste towards its condition and by
dispersal the soul of consistent improvement among the partners. After writing survey
and researching the genuine modern practice, completed for the reasons for the current
work, a few holes have been recognized for additional examination and conceptualizing.

In the first place, right now there is Chapter 2 Literature Review 20 no summed up
approach for lean principles withdrawal and the lean way of thinking treatment is
confined to the higher progressive levels inside an association. Figure 7: Lean
procedures formalization practice color-coded (D. Mourtzis, 2016) Likewise, there is a
requirement for additional examination on lean guidelines for item administration
frameworks, which is the capable worldwide pattern for supportability.

The key- focuses tended to by this effort are the recognizable proof of introductory lean
principles and their characterization into classifications that speak to the association of
an endeavor. Likewise formalization is introduced to characterize rules with the
appropriate style, while likewise tending to their degree of significance.

The "cabinet" thought is presented, which expects to persuade the representatives of an

association of various hieratical levels to add to the lean guidelines creation. The
"cabinet" focuses to give a more clear view on how an organization can apply shelter all
their authoritative stages and path the continuous advancement of each standard in real
life.

In addition, this thought could be too misused for the preparation on the lean concept
about the recently utilized in all the various leveled levels of an association. The goals of
the creators for upcoming work will be focused to fill the previously mentioned holes, by
building up a programming apparatus for assortment of fit standards, epitomizing the
Chapter 2 Literature Review 21 "cabinet" thought. The adequacy of the instrument will
be assessed in genuine mechanical practice.

Simultaneously, the technique for the semi-mechanized extraction of lean principles

dependent on the proper accumulated data and estimations will be examined. (D.
Mourtzis, 2016) Dynamic LM endeavors quite often come up short since Leaders
frequently come up short on their very own guide association. The purpose behind this
may be that researchers have so far generally given subjective or inflexible one size sets
all systems for deliberately structuring associations.

The purpose for this study is to give a complete quantifiable structure to deliberately
planning associations for LM. Consolidating information about LM and SOD, we present
a novel hypothesis called "Lean Brain Theory" (LBT). LBT thinks about associations as
systems with authoritative structure, practical availability and successful powerful
examples in the mission of accomplishing an ideal SOD towards the key objective of LM.
To strengthen the new worldview, the relationship between a Lean association and a
human mind is portrayed.

The eventual fate of Lean associations depends on deliberately planning its structure,
work and viable elements in order to imitate the Human Brain. The capacity of an
association to consistently accomplish its vital objectives by wiping out non- esteem
including exercises while reacting and acting diversely under various conditions should
be the LM association's response to the regularly changing difficulties of a mutable and
just mostly unsurprising condition.

So as to grow such capacity, we have planned in this study the Lean Brain Concept, a
key hierarchical structure technique that looks to fabricate associations upon a particular
element: multifaceted nature. Or maybe than keeping away from it, this earth shattering
hypothesis looks to grasp also, insert unpredictability in the association so as to adapt
with the unpredictable test of planning for LM. LBT plans multifaceted nature in
associations by subsequent an iterative procedure: Strategy-Structure-Function-Effective
Agreement.

Chapter 2 Literature Review 22 Figure 8: Human Brain and Lean Brain Organization
(Javier Villalba-Díez, 2016) By deliberately planning structures that empower
functionalities that guarantee authoritative agreement towards a specific arrangement
of vital objectives, LBT proposes a deliberate quantifiable system for tackling the
arrangement administration challenge.

The data thickness forming the structure, just as the security of the VS usefulness and
the ensuing full scale group agreement elements related are formed by design changes
and the other way around. In this first draft of tLBTwe’ ve not built up the particular
instruments of change in the association. Furthermore, we have indicated various
intersecting similarities among the structure, work and viable elements of associations
and the human mind, what fortifies and gives strength to our hypothesis.
The association cerebrum similarity is a long way from being complete in light of the
fact that the structure, work and viable dynamic examples of the two associations and
human mind are a long way from being completely comprehended. The mind
association similarity could help grow new Tactical Lean Management speculations.
(Javier Villalba-Díez, 2016) Chapter 2 Literature Review 23 It is broadly acknowledged
that for the effective usage of lean assembling, the senior administration responsibility is
critical. Be that as it may, the lean excursion is normally a extended one, and in the end
the eive responsibility creeps.

Moreover, the association of workers in day by day upgrades is likewise basic for the
achievement of usage. Lean administration can be measured as a method of supporting
and improving the representative execution in lean creation frameworks. In the current
examination, an intensive writing audit is introduced centering in inspecting the
standards of lean authority and the does that can central in improving the worker
accomplishment. Moreover, the attributes and characteristics of lean pioneer are talked
about. Hang throughout the years has developed a "buzz" word.

Begun with lean assembling in the end 80s (branding the Toyota Creation System) , and
these days the expression "Lean" can be found all over the place, just to offer a few
models: lean administrations, lean business enterprise, lean programming advancement,
lean item improvement, lean bookkeeping, lean new businesses and the rundown
continues forever. The basic idea however is the same; amplify the client esteem with
least waste, for example "fabricating/conveying more with less".

In the current paper, the significance of top administration what's more, administration
in the presentation and execution of lean fabricating has been talked about. In light of a
study attempted inside the UK fabricating part, top the board has been featured as the
key achievement factor, especially for SMEs. I n itotfacttte’ s a extensive presumption
that through the utilization of lean instruments and strategies, lean assembling can be
executed; actually these are not guaranteeing achievement except if top administration
and initiative are custom-made to the requirements of lean assembling.

This is supporting past discoveries from different specialists. For additional approving
these discoveries, the subsequent stage will be the top to bottom examination lean
initiative and lean practices effect in explicit organizations. Thusly, conceivable
predisposition and wellsprings of blunders will be evaluated and tended to likewise.

Various desires from the administration were examined, for example, the top
administration duty, the determination of the proper administration style, the
commitment what's more, and advancement of competent lean workers. (Mudhafar
Alefari, 2017) Chapter 2 Literature Review 24 Lean Manufacturing is a trade procedure
that was created in Japan.

The primary job of lean assembling is to decide just as to kill the waste. Organizations
actualize LM to retain their intensity over their contenders by improving the assembling
framework's profitability and quality upgrade of the item. The objective of this research
is to implement one of the hugest lean assembling procedures named Value Stream
Mapping to increase the production of a color business as an event of study.

To accomplish this objective, lean major standard was actualized to build VSM for
distinguishing proof and disposal of squanders by utilizing group arrangement, item
choice, theoretical plan, and time period detailing through takt time count. In view of
things to come VSM, conclusive outcomes demonstrated that by executing some lean
reasoning procedures, Production Lead time reduced from, then the worth included
time diminished. Figure 9: Current scenario vs. future scenario.

(Jafri Mohd Rohania, 2015) This study was to build up a VSM for a color manufacturing
to decide and dispose of the havoc that didn't increase the value of the last item. It
likewise intended to decreasing lead time and worth added time to expand the all-out
throughput. In light of future VSM, conclusive outcome indicated that by actualizing
some lean assembling strategies, for example, 5S, Kanban technique, Kaizen, etc.

Production Lead-time diminished from 8.5 to 6 days, then worth included time
diminished from 68 to 37 minutes. Additional investigation should be possible by
consolidating the VSM and PC reproduction to assess increasingly powerful factors that
Chapter 2 Literature Review 25 significantly affect the all-out throughput dependent on
diminishing wastes.

(Jafri Mohd Rohania, 2015) Organizations as often as possible discover strategies and
instruments to upgrade efficiency and quality for achievement in the long haul in
request to augment upper hand. Until this point in time, lean assembling standard be
one of the fruitful improvemen tidt’bee implemented to dispose of waste and
non-esteem included exercises that happen in numerous organizations.

This paper investigates a genuine work contextual analysis of the assembling sheet
metal stepping procedure to exhibit how lean assembling can aid develop work
effectiveness. This examination was led inside 10 months, began from July 2013 up to
April 2014. The Lean and additional development tools and methods, for example, visual
controller, error-proofing, and 5 ’ s were practiced to assist organizations with
distinguishing territories of chance for squander decrease and improve the productivity
of creation forms.

Investigations of the organization forms indicated that the smoothing and washing
forms will in general make the most non-esteem included exercises and ought to be
tended to as fast as conceivable. The development outcomes have indicated a positive
effect on the organization profitability upgrades. The critical outcomes show that the
preparing time of a cleaning stage, in the wake of applying lean assembling standard,
was decreased from 6,582 s to 2,468 s or thru 62.5%. Likewise non-esteem included
exercises were diminished from 1,086 exercises to 261 exercises, or up to 66.53%.

Moreover, additional time cost was diminished to 1,764 Dollar for each year. The
organization is organized into five significant subassembly forms including, clear and bit
of sheet metal, structure the ideal shape, deburring and cleaning of parts, checking
nature of every part besides bundling.

Blank and section is the initial step of the organization procedure that ordinarily cut a bit
of sheet from huge pieces of metal to small pieces. Following, the metal piece is
directed to a piece metal pressing apparatus to frame the piece into the ideal shape for
use. At that point, the bits of piece metal and barrel pebble are blended in the blender
machine so as to smoothing the item.

In conclusion, nature of item is checked and afterward pressing for client conv ence.A
wae c’ ve been distinguished during the piece metal stepping process. Chapter 2
Literature Review 26 The finding indicated that there was lopsidedness in the piece
metal stepping creation. The creation takes quite a while therefore it causes the
blockage, delay underway procedure, and extra time costs.

By watching the whole procedure and directing meetings, the outcomes indicated that
the smoothing and cleaning process will in general make the most havoc and ought to
be tended to as fast as could reasonably be expected. Consequence of utilizing current
VSM found that the smoothing and cleaning process has a more drawn out handling
time contrasted with different procedures, around 6,582 s beyond 7,860 s. Movement is
huge measure of the squander that has been recognized thru the piece metal stepping
process.

(Juthamas Choomlucksana, 2015) With the new marketplace situation beside the years
the extraordinary car worldwide organizations are omitting for the test of decreasing
manufacturing costs. This creation framework is the Lean Development a replica that
assists to encourage seriousness in a few sections, planning to wipe out havoc and
furthermore in refining working environments.
For the vehicle organizations the use of Lean Manufacturing inside your idea is being
improving creation forms, including its parts providers, crude material utilization and
working since the start of its creation, to conclude their completed items. The principle
objective of ergonomics remains to create and put on the man adjustment methods to
their effort and productive and safe routes in request to enhance the prosperity and in
this way expanding profitability.

In this examination we applied a few strategies for investigation process by the

connection with usage of Lean Industrial and work circumstances in ergonomics. To
which alludes to the outcomes (Quantitative - similar volume of substances with the
least number of representatives) and the (Qualitative - quicker, precision, idealness also,
improved nature of the item).

Through this information assortment relating them between hypothesis, physical usage,
ideas and thoughts between those included, the focal point of the apparatus applied on
the states of the posts/workstations and which yield benefits gave through the
meetings. This investigation shows a consequence of examination of targets
accomplished by nonstop development useful between the end of waste and expanded
efficiency and the effects, the ergonomic situations to do Chapter 2 Literature Review 27
activities and therefore the outcomes accomplished in improving the profitability and
prosperity of its workers.

Figure 10: Graphic query around the degree of prominence of Ergonomics/Lean (Zélio
Geraldo dos Santos, 2015) The objective ought to be a harmony between the
measurements being characterized as activities objectives. Thus, this organization looks
for the most ideal approach to add to supportability working in the attention to its
representatives in regard for character and the condition, delivering with the best assets
to forestall debasement of our framework, focusing on that the workers themselves are
portion this communal condition.

That is, isolating the loss as paper, plastic, natural, metal accurately. For organizations
that make the removal of specific havoc lead to the last goal as recyclable. This reality
likewise well spent maintainability and lessen their vitality effectiveness as vitality (light)
and water utilization, decreasing expenses in creation and thus a sparing of common
assets of our worldwide framework.

In spite of the fact that the organization looks to be the most ideal approach to give an
account of the natural framework and the worry ought to be for every single individual
to all add in the most ideal manner, our planet will stay maintainable. (Zélio Geraldo dos
Santos, 2015) So as to manage worldwide rivalry, businesses have embraced numerous
endeavors coordinated to improve fabricating effectiveness.

From an expansive viewpoint, two potential methodologies are the reception of lean
assembling approaches or the execution of data devices: for quite a long Chapter 2
Literature Review 28 while, these two methodologies have been thought to be totally
unrelated. The current work points to characterize a procedure to help engineers and
experts in the reconciliation of Manufacturing Execution System (MES) thru the lean
assembling approach. A contextual investigation in the arena of air transportation is
introduced to approve the technique.

Figure 11: (a) The methodology established in Section 3 implemented to the study. (b)
The work part to be factory-made and the meaning of functional tolerances. (c) A
depiction of the checking system for data gaining. (iaD’o,2017) In the current paper, a
novel procedure to empower (MES) functnars’ supportive lean assembling targets is
introduced.

At the cutting edge, a couple of contextual analyses have been created to show the
conceivable job of MES in persistent development and lean methods. The technique
presented in predominantly centers around process streams; notwithstanding, MES is
the storehouse of a tremendous measure of data concerning both the item and the
procedure, Chapter 2 Literature Review 29 which have a basic job in the usage of the
lean assembling approach, however frequently is still unknown.

The procedure introduced in area 3 intends to fill this hole by giving an organized
methodology; a graphical device has likewise been created, to help the client in
accurately play out all the essential advances. A contextual analysis has been introduced
in area 4 to approve the strategy: it is a procedure in the area of producing with
exacting quality needs.

The strategy empowered to plan a framework for work piece situating inside an
assembling machine with improved exactness and reproducibility, bringing about well
quality for the completed spare portions and in the counteraction of problems that can
influence work piece excellence and lead to the dismissal. This, in turn, permits to lessen
the exercises important to improve the nature of the yield, for example, revising tasks
bringing about time squander.

The performed tests empower to express that a half decrease of spare parts to be
dismissed or revamped is practical. Additional, the task in process and the lead time are
relied upon to be diminished by 40%. (nluca ’o, 2017) Computerized Shadow, HRC, and
so forth. Said ideas guarantee new possibilities for creation arranging and guiding (PPS)
improvement.

In specific, information accessibility is an empowering influence for a productivity

increment in PPS. Supervisors of lean assembling frameworks question how to
coordinate these additional opportunities into the current way of thinking and
advancement ventures. It is as of now dubious either Industrie 4.0 methodologies
supplant or restore lean assembling.

Inside the iwb's learning production line, we delineate Industrie 4.0 and lean as
corresponding methodologies by hypothesizing five speculations concerning their
cooperation. This study shows the presentation to Industrie 4.0 hooked on the database
of the knowledge production line by proposing two incorporated instructing.

The idea was effectively executed inside the iwb's learning processing plant. Industrie
4.0 (I.4.0) be eluded to as a canopy term for different computerized ideas for example
CPS, IoT, Data Analytics, Big Data, Digital Shadow, HRC, Computerized Twin, and so
forth. Said ideas might not alteration the overall standards of lean creation, be that as it
may, are believed to be promising supplements for the fruitful and all-encompassing
usage of lean Chapter 2 Literature Review 30 techniques. In this research, the
collaboration of lean creation then I.4.0

be summed up in five speculations and suggestions for the present learning industrial
facilities are inferred. The focal memo of lean rests: the procedure orders all exercises
and innovations to abbreviate lead times and decreasing waste. New uses of utilizing
the data that make forms clearer or progressively straightforward to the procedure
client or designers are likely steady instruments.

In light of this, the objective of the reconciliation of I.4.0 hooked on the iwb's learning
production line is to sharpen members for the high capability of computerized
advancements concerning their help of lean. In this manner, an issue based learning
approach as "I4.0- Difficulties" is applied.

Said difficulties are gotten from client prerequisites that can't be satisfied be applying
lean fundamentals as it were. The members need to make new arrangements by picking
up information self-governing and utilizing auxiliary I.4.0-instruments so as to meet the
client prerequisites inside the LSP's gearbox sequential construction system.

Specifically, two as of late created difficulties – "Recognizability" and "Segment Change"

– were effectively incorporated and tried inside the iwb's learning production line. These
excellent cases showed the viability of the applied methodology to additionally create
showing ideas with regards to Industrie 4.0. (Harald Bauer, 2018) Under the idea of
"Industry 4.0 (I.4.0) ", creation procedures will be moved to be progressively
interconnected, data dependent consistently and, essentially, substantially more
proficient.

In this specific situation, limit advancement goes past the customary point of limit
augmentation, contributing likewise for association's gainfulness and worth. To be sure,
lean administration and nonstop improvement approaches propose limit advancement
rather than boost. The investigation of limit advancement and price models stays a
significant exploration theme that merits commitments from both the down to earth
and hypothetical points of view. This study shows and talks about a numerical model for
limit the board dependent on various costing models (TDABC and ABC).

A conventional model has been producing ventures are confronting difficulties to limit
activities costs, advertise irregularity, rivalry, and everlasting requests. Lean practice
helps supportability of the businesses by accomplishing more with fewer assets through
elimination of non-value Chapter 2 Literature Review 31 extra exercises to keep up
viability and gainfulness. An examination utilizes the technique for review to distinguish
factors for powerful usage of the lean assembling.

Two enterprises creating plastics, metals, materials, woods, rolls, and bread items were
chosen for the investigation. The outcomes uncovered that assembling arranging and
control, new item advancement, procedure and hardware, simultaneous designing,
workforce the board, client relationship, and provider relationship are positive elements
for the appropriation of lean drill in Tanzania.

In addition, a lean model shows that simultaneous designing has the most noteworthy
relationship to lean practice though new item advancement has the least
noteworthiness. The new item improvement isn't regular in light of the fact that most
enterprises have an absence of advancement, restricted innovation, less want of clients
on changes of item includes, deficiency of innovative work culture, absence of want
from top administration, lacking assets, and a dread of disappointment for new items.

It was instructed that powerful application concerning lean elements empower

organizations to outline danger of non-esteem included exercises and improve business
esteem. These days, in globalization ventures are embracing new methods and
instruments to create products for manageability. Be that as it may, producing ventures
are confronting difficulties to limit tasks costs, advertise irregularity, rivalry, and
everlasting requests.
Lean practice helps maintainability of the businesses by accomplishing more with fewer
assets through elimination of non-viable added exercises to keep up viability and
productivity. An examination utilizes the strategy for overview to recognize factors for
powerful usage of the lean assembling. Two businesses creating plastics, metals,
materials, woods, scones, and bread channels were chosen for the examination.

The outcomes uncovered that assembling arranging and control, new item
advancement, process and hardware, simultaneous designing, workforce the board,
client relationship, and provider relationship are positive elements for the reception of
lean method in Tanzania. Also, a lean model shows that simultaneous building has the
most noteworthy connection to lean practice while new item improvement has the least
centrality.

The new item improvement isn't basic in light of the fact that most ventures have an
absence of advancement, constrained innovation, less want of clients on changes of
item includes, deficiency of exploration and Chapter 2 Literature Review 32 development
culture, absence of want from top administration, lacking sources, and a dread of
disappointment for new items.

It was educated that successful application with respect to lean components empowers
organizations to delineate danger of non-esteem included exercises and improve
business esteem. (John Mbogo Kafuku, 2019) The serious, dynamic and changing
condition in which organizations work today, present new difficulties that permit them
to develop and keep up themselves after some time, viewpoints, for example, consumer
loyalty, advancement, and social duty are progressively utilized destinations by the
organizations.

Notwithstanding, components, for example, quality and profitability keep on being basic
elements in business manageability. For this, organizations must utilize strategies and
instruments to analyze their procedures, recognize their basic focuses and put resources
into techniques that enhance the activities of their worth chain, the utilization of their
assets, and the nature of their items, so as to defeat consistently the desires for the
customers and accomplish separation in the marketplace.

The objective of this labor is to finding of the circumstance of the creation procedure in
the worth chain of the preparing what's more, showcasing of Shellfish and fish Business
as a contextual analysis. Likewise intends to, MUDA or the ID of havoc, that influence the
quality and efficiency of the items. Improvement proposition under Lean Manufacturing
instruments, for increment the presentation in the worth chain under examination were
made.

As principle results, we can feature improvement recommendations through the lean

devices, which advance advances in the association of the manufacturing unit and
procedure times The insightful technique utilized is depicted as follows. The task is
encircled inside the systematic, unmistakable, and imminent investigation; since
information and data of the current were gathered and broke down, with the point of
proposing upgrades procedures dependent on lean assembling instruments. Chapter 2
Literature Review 33 Figure 12.

Methodological approach for application of lean manufacturing in the value chain of a

fish and shellfish processing and marketing company (Genett Jimenez, 2019) Given that
a determination of the current circumstance must be complete to offer answers for the
issues that emerged during the insightful examination, the investigation named
transversal. In such manner, a 3- advaphilophy’ s been planned with the premonition to
be functional in different ventures.

(Figure) The outcomes of this research permitted us to describe the current condition of
the procedure, taking as a perspective the line of new fish, to recognize the assignments
that don't increase the value of the procedure, which speak to 37.7 % of the preparing
time and relate to inventories in forms, overabundance developments because of
insufficiencies in the circulation of unit and blocks that start during the fileting
procedure.

Thusly, MUDAS or the waste were recognized, having into consider an investigation of
the fundamental pointers of the procedure, for example, objections and returns and
utilizing devices, for example, Pareto graphs and circumstances and logical results
outlines. At long last, improvement proposition were planned through the lean
apparatuses, which can increase the Chapter 2 Literature Review 34 association of the
unit and procedure times, with an effect on the decline of grumblings and returns of
items and on the net revenues of the organization.

(Genett Jimenez, 2019) The development business in ongoing decades has been
confronting inside and outside weights, for example, money related emergency, industry
intensity and expanded significance of value required by the customer. Since it is a
division, which has a small degree of efficiency, and elevated levels of havoc, both with
ingredients, for example, with work, it is important to look for new administration
rehearses furthermore, creation control.

The advancement of a beneficial situation which intends to lessen waste, expenses and
cutoff times, meeting client needs and expanding effectiveness and efficiency in
building locales, made the utilization of the ideas of Lean Assembling in Public workings
broke old ideal models around there. Along these lines, this effort has as goal the
investigation of the usage of Lean Development and its impact on the development the
board, through the improvement of contextual investigations on building locales, where
these ideas were implemented and the outcomes got are uncovered in this work.

The investigation of the Lean strategy in Construction, the use of the poll and the
intermittent visits, obviously indicated enhancements when contrasting with the
underlying circumstance. As arranged, it was conceivable to limit social opposition and
to acquaint new qualities with the day by day life of the building place and in the
workers' lives, since they began to get keen on proficient upgrading. Lean and 4.0
Industry must be coordinated and adjusted.

When joined together, these amazing standards will help smooth out procedures,
increment effectiveness, and business and client esteems. With the most dependable
and applicable data and figures accessible at the client and provider interfaces, Lean's
present observes can be enhanced, which, notwithstanding reducing expenses, create
genuine beneficial development. Simultaneously, these procedures make it simpler for
Industry 4.0

innovations to show up quicker and convey more prominent advantages. Be that as it

may, this all expands the requirement for those intrigued by advancements to put more
in preparing, in the preparation of their own group, to get ready to utilize the
instruments.

Finally, it very well may be presumed that the progressions were invited and, with the
essential adjustments, the Lean Development Chapter 2 Literature Review 35 technique
brought just positives results and guaranteed the development achievement. (Filipe d’S
eno There are a few instances of effective lean practice in assembling and administration
to diminish cost accomplish quality and increment intensity in any case a few
organizations despite everything neglect to receive lean practice.

The practice of lean isn't just about executing lean instruments yet in addition creating
individuals and changing organization culture confronting a declining producing
intensity. Thailand needs lean assembling and lean computerization to recapture
intensity. This study shows Digital Lean Manufacturing an one semester course
dependent on venture based learning PBL structured by college and industry with SIIT
DENSO coordinated effort.
It centers around receiving Japanese style lean assembling society and advanced
designing to engage understudies with cutting edge Tshaped aptitudes Utilizing
practices in Lego vehicle get together the course creates both psychological and
non-intellectual abilities in lean assembling. Figure: Benefits of lean automation
(Morrakot Raweewana, 2020) This research shows Digital Lean Manufacturing a building
course offered to undergrad and graduate understudies in a period of four month.

Talks and PBL utilizing Lego vehicle get together for physical arrangement and
advanced instruments enable understudies with both Chapter 2 Literature Review 36
psychological and non-intellectual aptitudes in lean change. Understudies ought to have
the option to recognize muda with quantitative representation and dispose of them and
afterward reenact physical plan to break down the affectability of procedure structure.

Understudies ought to likewise have the option to create non-intellectual abilities

dependent on lean culture in particular "regard for individuals" and eagerness to work
together in "consistent improvement". To assess this diverse evaluation apparatuses can
follow how well and what understudies have erudite from the creators' involvement with
preparing.

Japanese style producing at LASI this sort of PBL learning upgrades not exclusively
understudies' adapting yet additionally deduce in muda less assembling. (Morrakot
Raweewana, 2020) The electronics business is part of one of the quickest developing
ventures and speculations are streaming in to increment its quality and assembling limit
In any case steady difficulties for example rising client's desire extending client
foundation of current ones fluctuating interest tax assessment absence of framework
furthermore extraordinary rivalry are pulling the segment back. Lean assembling could
be a response to these issues.

The idea of lean assembling was produced for expanding the asset use through
eradication of waste after on lean was detailed in light of the fluctuating and serious
business condition. Accordingly esteem adding process is important to accomplish this
flawlessness henceforth executing a lean assembling framework is turning into a center
competency for an association to support in the business.

This paper features the execution of Lean tools as a system with arrangement of
apparatuses for consistent modification in quality and profitability in the electronic
enterprises. The principle thought is to outline the hardware enterprises that lean usage
can expand profitability by decreasing blunders and quality improvement. Fundamental
streamlining boundaries for creation line were picked also broke down with respect to
the points of interest of hardware creation One of the gadgets providers called
MASTROLEE Engineering and the board advisors Coimbatore was overhanded for
perception also Lean usage was took in count on the designing and the executives lines.

Paper summarizes that in the wake of executing Lean the profitability and quality
production level is modified by 23% when contrasted with the existing framework.
Figure: Five steps in DMAIC (B. Venkat Jayanth, 2020) Chapter 2 Literature Review 37
SMEs face hardened rivalry from enormous and entrenched organizations because of
globalization.

In any case they can utilize lean assembling to contend with these organizations and
accomplish enormous piece of the overall industry. Considering the lean assembling
standards such as end of waste ceaseless improvement regard for mankind levelized
creation quality inherent and in the nick of time creation.

Utilization of lean assembling in the Indian gadgets and electrical industry would permit
SMEs to create high quality items and provided them at serious costs to contend with
huge and worldwide companies. Persistent improvement is critical for SMEs on the
grounds that it might be difficult to accomplish high execution in the entire firm
.Delivering in time includes creating what is obligatory when it is needed on the grounds
that consumer loyalty diminishes if clients can't get what they need when they need it.
One reason why clients incline toward buying from enormous organizations is on the
grounds that they are certain that all items required are accessible. (B.

Venkat Jayanth, 2020) This research explores ongoing exploration yields lean creation in
and six sigma as the exeive’ procedures in assembling frameworks. To accomplish this
this work comprises of a point by point clarification of lean creation and six sigma
approaches where they are utilized in assembling how they get their advantages and the
headways that have been created to this point.

Moreover the various kinds of six sigma lean were disclosed with brief guides to assist
one with having a superior and profound comprehension of the idea. Figure: Six Sigma
Practices (O.M. Ikumapayi, 2020) Chapter 2 Literature Review 38 In present day
fabricating creation organizations are progressively worried about consumer loyalty
while guaranteeing incredible benefits which is definitely a decent plan of action.

There are two fundamental methods that have been talked about which target
accomplishing a triumphant on the maker just as the client point of view which are 'the
six sigma' and the 'Lean creation' strategies. The essential thought is to have the most
ideal way for the association of apparatuses in a reasonable manner to have
organization achievement and generally safe with minimal material waste henceforth
guaranteeing low creation costs conceivable.

Six sigma and lean creation consolidated delivers best outcomes an organization can
ever consider. The two joined dispose of the less significant strides in assembling and
for the most part focuses on points that would increase the value of the individual item
or administration replaced. On the other hand the six sigma plans to bring down the
procedure assortment without influencing the nature of the result.

The creation turns out to be carefully what the customer/client requires and is set up to
pay for barring all procedure exercises that don't really increase the value of an item
Quality Assurance and mishaps during activities avoided in the evaluating. On the off
chance that the clients are absolutely happy with the item at that point the organization
runs a superior capability of fortifying its notoriety in the business and running less
dangers to be rejected.

There are unquestionably no questions about expanded organization benefits while

securing against operational pace and nature of the items. With this getting it helps
people and even organizations to begin creating towards an increasingly effective
progression of material furthermore limiting superfluous travel separation costs.

The data that was assembled can be utilized to settle on and oversee choices and
structure future planning that will help with actualizing and distinguishing arrangements
on fathoming the viability of the creation line. (O.M. Ikumapayi, 2020) These days the
weight of rivalry in the vitality division is high. An organization that needs to have any
kind of effect ought to persistently run improvement ventures.

The reason for this study is to outline the utilization of Six Sigma Lean in the
administration segment of one major vitality organization. Following the particular Sig
Sigma Lean steps the organization surpassed the built up target altogether improving
realization degree from 2.6% - 20% in merely 3 months. Six Sigma Lean is regularly
utilized underway as a strategy for development.

Through this examination we showed its pertinence in a help movement for the vitality
segment. In this examination work we portrayed the found a way to recognize the
principle issue to improve the procedure and come to the set up objective 358. Because
of the Six Sigma Lean execution the organization fundamentally improved the
completion degree from 2.6% - 20% beating the 10% objective in only 3 months
refreshed the inner techniques distinguished the fundamental problem of the received
calls and modified the general procedure. Getting mix ups and blunders is significant
ahead they turn into absconds.
Presently the organization is chipping away at enhancing the bill issue so as to diminish
the rings in the call focus. (Mihnea-Dorin Bloj, 2020) 39 Chapter 3 Research
Methodology Chapter 3 Research Methodology 40 3.1. IMPLEMENTATION OF LEAN
MANUFACTURING SYSTEM ON FLY WHEEL Y4J Our study for this Lean Manufacturing
System is concerned with SUZUKI Fly Wheel Y4J.

Its manufacturing requires the following procedures: 1) Rough Turning Outer Dia
(Manual Machine) 2) Ring Size (CNC 1) 3) Ring Fitment (Press Machine) 4) Clutch Face
(CNC 2) 5) Drilling (CNC 3) 6) Chamfering (Manual Machine) 7) Balancing (Balancing
Machine) 8) Dowel Fitment (Press Machine) 9) Inspection (Inspection Table) 10) Packing
of Finish Goods The layout of the production line of Fly Wheel Y4J December 2019 was:
Chapter 3 Research Methodology 41 3500 3345 155 FLY WHEEL Y4J - PRODUCTION
STATUS Target Production Actual Production Production Missed Table: Flywheel Y4J
previous manufacturing layout details FLY WHEEL Y4J (Manufacturing Line Details) –
December 2019 *Total Workers Produ ction Hours per day Production Hours per month
(for 26 days) Monthly Production Target Actual Production 11 8 208 3500 3345 (95.7%) *
1 worker for loading / unloading of WIP (Work in Process) pieces of Fly Wheel Y4J .

3500 155 3345 FLY WHEEL Y4J - TARGET VS ACTUAL PRODUCTION Target Production
Production Missed Actual Production Chapter 3 Research Methodology 42 Our study
shows that our current Manufacturing System has following Wastes of Production: A)
Excessive Transportation B) Waiting C) Unnecessary / Improper Processing D)
(Avoidable) Defects Reducing the Wastes of Production: Wastes of production are
undeniable factors which dampen the efficiency of the manufacturing process and also
affect the quality of the product.

But it is also true that by Machining Rejection - FLY WHEEL Y4J – December 2019 Bore
Loose Ring Dia Loose Less Height Drill out Clutch Dia Loose Damage/ Mishandling Total
Rejection 34 24 2 20 10 16 106 (3.3%) EXCESSIVE TRANSPORTATION / WAITING
IMPROPER PROCESSING 34 24 2 20 10 16 Mishandling Bore Loose Ring Dia Loose Less
Height Drill out Clutch Dia Loose Damage/ FLY WHEEL Y4J REJECTION (DECEMBER
2019) Chapter 3 Research Methodology 43 improvising the conditions, we can reduce
these wastes in order to develop the flow of quality manufacturing process or in other
words a Lean Manufacturing System.

In order to reduce the wastes of our manufacturing system of fly wheel Y4J, we modified
and optimized our layout plan as shown below. A) Excessive Transportation The layout
plan followed in the month December 2019 conveys a clear image of excessive
transportation. It causes the wastage of man power and affects the production of fly
wheel. This problem was handled once we modified our layout plan as shown in figure
above.

B) Waiting In the previous layout (followed in Dec-19), due to excessive motion the
manufacturing was a bit slow because machine operators had to wait for the parts to
come from the previous machines. This dampened the manufacturing speed of fly wheel
and restrained us to achieve the target manufacturing of fly wheel Y4J in December
2019.

Chapter 3 Research Methodology 44 The problem was avoided when the layout plan
was modified and in the new layout plan, waiting was eradicated from the
manufacturing system and the Target production was successfully achieved in January
2020. C) Unnecessary / Improper Processing It was observed that the manufacturing of
Fly Wheel Y4J included some improper process.

One such thing was the difference of reference surface. The facing operation of the
clutch face was performed with reference to the dowel hole face but the inspection of
clutch face height was carried with reference to the crank face. This caused ambiguity in
communication between customer and vendor.

Moreover, the first operation on manual machine was adjusted in CNC program which
saved time and induced accuracy in the manufacturing of Fly Wheel. D) Defects As given
in the machining defects table, due to excessive transportation the parts got mishandled
and damaged sometimes. Once the layout plan was organized in a proper way, the
defect of mishandling was completely avoided and the parts were got included in the
finished goods stock.

Table: Flywheel Y4J modified manufacturing layout details FLY WHEEL Y4J
(Manufacturing Line Details) – January 2020 *Total Workers Production Hours per day
Production Hours per month (for 26 days) Monthly Production Target Actual Production
9 8 208 3500 3500 (100.0%) *1 worker for loading/unloading & 1 operator for 1st
operation not required (manpower saved) 3500 3500 FLY WHEEL Y4J - TARGET VS
PRODUCTION Target Production Actual Production Chapter 3 Research Methodology
45 Machining Rejection - FLY WHEEL Y4J – January 2020 Bore Loose Ring Dia Loose Less
Height Drill out Clutch Dia Loose Damage/ Mishandling Total Rejection 36 27 2 22 11 0
98 (2.8%) 36 27 2 22 11 0 FLY WHEEL Y4J REJECTION (JANUARY 2020) 46 Chapter 4
Results & Discussion Chapter 4 Result & Discussion 45 4.1

Modified Manufacturing: The research was done using process improvement by

changing the layout and machining parameters on the basis of lean manufacturing
tools. In this study following manufacturing plan is implemented to improve the
production line by removing the wastes causing process from layout plan (excessive
transportation, waiting in production, improper processing, and defects) details is given
below. 4.1.1.

Reducing the Wastes of Production: As shown in chapter 3 that the major cause of
production loss was waste. Wastes of production are resolve by updating the layout in
production line also affect the quality of the product. But it is also need of that by
improvising the conditions, we can minimize this havoc in order to develop the flow of
quality manufacturing process or in other words a Lean Manufacturing System.

Figure: Modified Layout Plan Chapter 4 Result & Discussion 46 In order to reduce the
wastes of our manufacturing system of fly wheel Y4J, we modified and optimized our
layout plan as shown below. By rearranging the flow of Flywheel Y4J production in
streamline all the excessive wastes are removed desired result achieved. Casting
received from casting stock area reached to the first machining process ring size
flywheel after that it heated and ring fitment done.

Ongoing in next step clutch size machined. On the next step flywheel drilling is
performed. This stream flow of all machining process we done chamfering, balancing,
press dowel fitment and at last the all customer required parameter are inspected and
all process done. By implementing the new layout set target is become easier to achieve
and production cost, and mawersaved.I’s ll ittheleamafaurseimpmeatn 4.1.2.

Excessive Transportation The layout plan followed in the month December 2019 shows
excessive transportation in chapter 3. It reasons the wastage of man power and disturbs
the production of fly wheel. This issue is figured out by modifying our layout plan as
shown in figure above. The stream line flow of machined to the next step provide the
removal of excessive transportation.

The CNC machines were in between the Flywheel processing arrangement is one reason
of excessive transportation. This is improvised by removing those machines and shifting
manual lathe programmed on CNC machine to avoid waste of time and get desired
precision. 4.1.3. Waiting In the earlier layout (monitored in Dec-19), due to too much
motion the manufacturing was a bit slow because machine operators had to wait for the
parts to come from the preceding machines.

This reduced the manufacturing hustle of fly wheel and reserved us to achieve the
objective manufacturing of fly wheel Y4J in December 2019. The problem was evaded
when the layout plan was improved and in the novel layout plan, waiting was eliminated
from the manufacturing system and the Objective production was successfully achieved
in January 2020 as shown in above Figure. 4.1.4.

Unnecessary / Improper Processing It was experimental that the manufacturing of Fly

Wheel Y4J included some unsuitable process. One such thing was the variance of
reference surface. The facing process of the clutch face was done with reference to the
dowel hole face while the inspection of clutch face height was done Chapter 4 Result &
Discussion 47 with reference to the crank face. This produced doubt in communication
between customer and merchant.

Furthermore, the first operation on manual machine was attuned in CNC program which
protected time and made accuracy in the manufacturing of Fly Wheel. By setting the
facing reference according to customer requirement and shifting manual process to
CNC improper processing is resolved. 4.1.5. Defects As shown in the machining defects
table, due to greater transportation the parts got exploited and smashed occasionally.

Once the layout plan was prepared in a appropriate way, the defect of mishandling was
totally avoided and the parts were got included in the finished goods stock. In the last
layout plan the excessive transportation cause mishandling and damage the machined
parts some times. On daily basis some of the production is got lost by damaging.

The solution to this hustle is removed the unnecessary processing, extra transportation,
and reducing waiting in process flow. Table: Flywheel Y4J Modified Production Line
Details. FLY WHEEL Y4J (Manufacturing Line Details) January 2020 *Total Workers
Production Hours per day Production Hours per month (for 26 days) Monthly
Production Target Actual Production 9 8 208 3500 3500 (100.0%) *1 worker for
loading/unloading & 1 operator for 1st operation not required (manpower saved)
Figure: Flywheel Y4J Target vs.

Production 3500 3500 FLY WHEEL Y4J - TARGET VS PRODUCTION Target Production
Actual Production Chapter 4 Result & Discussion 48 Table: Machining Rejection Flywheel
Y4J Figure: Flywheel Y4J Rejection according to processing. As shown in above Table
Machining Rejection in month January 2020 was due to bore loose, ring dia loose, less
height, drill out, clutch dia loose which is 2.8% of total production which is removed by
modifying process layout. As you can see by implanting the modified layout plan the
target is achieved.

Process becomes more stream line and hustle free. Lean Manufacturing tools are very
helping in improving the process performance by the implementation of its principles.
This concept is really a need of time to achieve the customer demand in time and
problem free Machining Rejection - FLY WHEEL Y4J – January 2020 Bore Loose Ring Dia
Loose Less Height Drill out Clutch Dia Loose Damage/ Mishandling Total Rejection 36
27 2 22 11 0 98 (2.8%) 36 27 2 22 11 0 FLY WHEEL Y4J REJECTION (JANUARY 2020)
Chapter 4 Result & Discussion 49 Figure: Flywheel Production Status with improved
layout plan.

3500 3500 Flywheel Production Status (January 2020) Target Production Chapter 4
Result & Discussion 50 BREIF COMPARISON BEFORE & AFTER LEAN MANUFACTURING
SYSTEM Sr. no. Parameter Observed Before After Remarks 1 No. of workers 11 9
Manpower saved 2 Total Production 3345 3500 100% Target achieved 3 Initial Rough
Machining Extra Manual Machine CNC 1 Machine Machine saved 4 Mishandling /
Damage pieces 16 0 Defect decreased Finished Goods increased Conclusions From the
present study Productivity Enhancement with Quality in Automobile Sector in Pakistan
using Lean Manufacturing Principles following conclusions is drawn, ? The excessive
transportation must be eradicated to avoid the loss in production by improvising the
process flow. ? Hardness of the quenched and partitioned specimen was increased from
314 HV (non- heat treated specimen) to 346.3HV (Q & P specimen).

? Maximum toughness from Q & P specimen was resulted after 60sec partitioning time.
thereafter, the toughness was decreased by increase in partitioning time. ? Corrosion
rate of Q & P specimens was dropped with increase in partitioning time. ? The corrosion
rate was decreased from 4.8mpy for non-heat treated specimen to 4.5mpy for 120 sec
partitioning times.

Future work There would be work on the following topics in the future to explore the
idea of Q & P of 3 percent Manganese steel and to show it as best material as
alternative of many other steels due to its high strength with high toughness. Chapter 4
Result & Discussion 51 ? Tensile testing ? SEM ? XRD ? Fatigue testing Chapter 4 Result
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