UNIT-6(DEV and Maintainence of Info systms)

1. Systems Analysis and Design:

It is a combination of three individual terms that have their meaning. The
meaning of these terms is as follows,

 Systems
A system is an organized group of components linked together to accomplish
a specific objective according to a predefined plan. Every system has its goal;
component of a system has its role but all components work together to
achieve the desired goal of the system.

For example- a computer is a system; its goal is to take data as an input;

process it and gives the desired result/output. While keyboard, mouse,
monitor, CPU, etc are the components of the computer system and the role of
these components is different but all work together to achieve the main goal
of the computer system.

Properties of a System
A system has the following properties −

Organization

Organization implies structure and order. It is the arrangement of components that

helps to achieve predetermined objectives.

Interaction

It is defined by the manner in which the components operate with each other.
For example, in an organization, purchasing department must interact with
production department and payroll with personnel department.

Interdependence

Interdependence means how the components of a system depend on one another.

For proper functioning, the components are coordinated and linked together
according to a specified plan. The output of one subsystem is the required by other
subsystem as input.

Integration
Integration is concerned with how a system components are connected together. It
means that the parts of the system work together within the system even if each
part performs a unique function.

Central Objective

The objective of system must be central. It may be real or stated. It is not

uncommon for an organization to state an objective and operate to achieve another.
The users must know the main objective of a computer application early in the
analysis for a successful design and conversion.

 Analysis
An analysis is a detailed inquiry about a particular problem. It enquires about
the answers to all possible questions like what, why, when, how?An analysis is
a detailed inquiry about a particular problem. It enquires about the answers to
all possible questions like what, why, when, how?

For example - if we have a problem and want to solve systematically than we

will start from the point-like what is the problem?

Is there any existing solution?

What will be a feasible solution?

How the problem will be solved efficiently?

An analysis is a systematic study/evaluation of data or information by splitting

it into its parts to reveal its interrelations. The person who did analysis is
known as an analyst. The analyst is an experienced and expert candidate who
did the analysis.

 Design
It is a blueprint that describes the components and their relationship with a
system. Before the implementation of a system, the system experts make its
design which describes the internal and external layout of the system and
describes the interdependency between the components of the system. There
are two types of design,

1. Logical design - this design describes the abstract of a system.

 2. Physical design - this design relates to the system's processes i.e input,
process, and output. It produces the working system by specifying the
specification of the design which sets out exactly what the candidate
system does.

SAD:

IT is a systematic procedure to develop or redesign a system. Before

developing a new system, the expert/executives did a detailed analysis.

2.System dev life cycle

An effective System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) should result in a high quality
system that meets customer expectations, reaches completion within time and cost
evaluations, and works effectively and efficiently in the current and planned
Information Technology infrastructure.
System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model which includes
policies and procedures for developing or altering systems throughout their life
cycles.
SDLC is used by analysts to develop an information system. SDLC includes the
following activities −

 requirements
 design
 implementation
 testing
 deployment
 operations
 maintenance
Phases of SDLC
Systems Development Life Cycle is a systematic approach which explicitly breaks
down the work into phases that are required to implement either new or modified
Information System.
Feasibility Study or Planning

 Define the problem and scope of existing system.

 Overview the new system and determine its objectives.
 Confirm project feasibility and produce the project Schedule.
 During this phase, threats, constraints, integration and security of system are
also considered.
 A feasibility report for the entire project is created at the end of this phase.

Analysis and Specification

 Gather, analyze, and validate the information.

 Define the requirements and prototypes for new system.
 Evaluate the alternatives and prioritize the requirements.
 Examine the information needs of end-user and enhances the system goal.
  A Software Requirement Specification (SRS) document, which specifies the
software, hardware, functional, and network requirements of the system is
prepared at the end of this phase.

System Design

 Includes the design of application, network, databases, user interfaces, and

system interfaces.
 Transform the SRS document into logical structure, which contains detailed
and complete set of specifications that can be implemented in a
programming language.
 Create a contingency, training, maintenance, and operation plan.
 Review the proposed design. Ensure that the final design must meet the
requirements stated in SRS document.
 Finally, prepare a design document which will be used during next phases.

Implementation

 Implement the design into source code through coding.

 Combine all the modules together into training environment that detects
errors and defects.
 A test report which contains errors is prepared through test plan that includes
test related tasks such as test case generation, testing criteria, and resource
allocation for testing.
 Integrate the information system into its environment and install the new
system.

Maintenance/Support

 Include all the activities such as phone support or physical on-site support for
users that is required once the system is installing.
 Implement the changes that software might undergo over a period of time, or
implement any new requirements after the software is deployed at the
customer location.
 It also includes handling the residual errors and resolve any issues that may
exist in the system even after the testing phase.
 Maintenance and support may be needed for a longer time for large systems
and for a short time for smaller systems.
Life Cycle of System Analysis and Design
The following diagram shows the complete life cycle of the system during analysis
and design phase.
 3.Managing End User:
the introduction of computer-based information systems can generate a
significant amount of fear and reluctance to change. Whatever the reasons
for end user resistance, it is the responsibility of managers and information
system professionals to find ways of reducing the conflict and resistance
that arise from the development and use of information systems. Solving
the problems of end user resistance requires meaningful end user
involvement based on formal methods of:
1. Education and training.
2. Participation in systems development.
3. Communication and coordination between end users and information systems staff.

 Education and Training.

Managers and end users must be educated in the fundamental of
information systems technology and its application to business operations
and management This basic knowledge should be supplemented by
training programs for specific hardware devices, software packages and
end user applications.
  End User Participation.
End users should be placed on project trams charged with the development
of major organizational informational system. Direct end user participation
should provide the type involvement that can improve the quality of
information services and reduce the potential for end user resistance.

This involvement helps assure that the design of computer based

information systems meets the needs of end user. Systems that tend to
inconvenience or frustrate their users cannot be effective systems, no
matter how efficiently they process data.

 Communication and Coordination.

Several methods of communication and coordination between end users
and information systems professionals are employed by successful
organizations. For example, some firms create user liaison positions or
help desks with end user “hot lines”. Information systems specialists with
titles such as user consultant, account executive or business analyst may
be assigned to end user work groups.

These specialists perform a vital role by troubleshooting problems,

gathering and communicating information, coordinating education efforts
and helping end users with applications development.

These activities improve communication and coordination between end

user work groups and the corporate information services department and
avoid the run around that can frustrate end users. Of course, the creation of
information centers that provide hardware, software and consulting ervices
to end users is a major alternative used by many companies.
4.End User Devlpmnt:
Computer users have rapidly increased in both number and diversity. They
include managers, accountants, engineers, home makers, teachers,
scientists, health care workers, insurance adjusters, salesmen, and
administrative assistants. Many of these people work on tasks that rapidly
vary on a yearly, monthly, or even daily basis. Consequently, their software
needs are diverse, complex, and frequently changing. Professional software
developers cannot directly meet all of these needs because of their limited
domain knowledge and because their development processes are too slow.

End-user development (EUD) helps to solve this problem. EUD is "a set of
methods, techniques and tools that allow users of software systems, who
are acting as non-professional software developers, at some point to create,
modify, or extend a software artifact" . In particular, EUD enables end users
to design or customize the user interface and functionality of software. This
is valuable because end users know their own context and needs better than
anybody else, and they often have real-time awareness of shifts in their
respective domains. Through EUD, end users can tune software to fit their
requirements more closely than would be possible without EUD. Moreover,
because end users outnumber professional software developers by a factor
of 30-to-1 (Figure 1), EUD "scales out" software development activities by
enabling a much larger pool of people to participate.

However, EUD is inherently different from traditional software

development, and trying to support EUD by simply mimicking traditional
approaches is often insufficient to produce successful results. End users
usually do not have training in professionals' programming languages,
formal development processes, or modeling and diagramming notations.
Moreover, end users often lack the time or motivation to learn these
traditional techniques, since end users usually write code in order to
achieve a short- or medium-term goal rather than to create a durable
software asset that will produce a continuing revenue stream.
Consequently, supporting EUD requires providing appropriate tools, social
structures, and development processes that are highly usable, quickly
learned, and easily integrated into domain practice.

EUD overlaps with two similar concepts, end-user programming and end-
user software engineering. End-user programming (EUP) enables end users
to create their own programs . This subset of EUD is the most mature from
a research and practice perspective, so we focus a later section of this article
on that portion of EUD. The difference between EUP and EUD is that EUD
methods, techniques, and tools span the entire software development
lifecycle, including modifying and extending software, not just the "create"
phase.

The other related concept overlapping with EUD is end-user software

engineering (EUSE). EUSE is a relatively new subset of EUD that began
about a decade ago. Its emphasis is on the quality of the software end users
create, modify, or extend; thus its research focuses on methods, techniques,
and tools that promote the quality of such software. This area has arisen
because of the ample evidence that the programs end users create are filled
with expensive errors (Panko 1998; Burnett 2010; Ko et al 2011). We
therefore focus on the EUSE subset of EUD in a later section of this article.

Examples: Spreadsheets were the first major EUD programming

environment made possible by these innovations (Bricklin et al 1979),
beginning with VisiCalc (Figure 3), then continuing with Lotus 1-2-3 and
Excel.

 End-user programming (EUP)

End-user programming (EUP) is defined as "programming to achieve the

result of a program, rather than the program itself" (Ko et al 2011). In EUP,
the developer's goal is to actually use the program; this contrasts with
professional programming, where the goal is to create a program
for other people to use, often in exchange for monetary compensation. The
programs created through EUP can be extensions of existing applications
(as in Figure 6, above), or they can be new applications that run separately
from existing applications. End users can perform EUP through a wide
range of interaction styles  like below:

->Programming using visual attributes

In environments supporting the visual programming style of interaction, at

least some of a program's semantics is expressed through the visual layout
of the program.

For example, the grid-like arrangement of cells in a spreadsheet carries a

certain semantics; specifically, cells that are vertically or horizontally
aligned with one another are part of a composite object defined solely based
on the visual layout of cells (e.g, the range B:B references all of the second
column in Microsoft Excel). In a visual language, semantics can
hypothetically be encoded in many attributes of a visual representation,
such as position, color, size, and intersection with other shapes. 

->Programming-by-demonstration (PBD),

IT is sometimes called programming-by-example, is a programming

technique whereby the user demonstrates the new program's logic, from
which the programming environment infers a program representing that
logic. 

 PBD-based tools are available for creating animations. PBD is often used in

combination with visual or textual languages.

->Programming-by-specification

Programming-by-specification is an interaction style where the user

describes a desired program, and a tool then generates the program for the
user. As in PBD, the generated program can then be represented to
facilitate review and customization by the user. 

->Programming with text

Programming with text is the most traditional interaction technique for

programming, and for a time, some believed that this style of programming
would not be appropriate for EUP. However, as the previous examples have
shown, most programming environments that support other interaction
styles also include text to some extent. 

 End-user software engineering (EUSE):

Requirements describe what a program should do,

1.Requirements and design:
and design refers to determining how a program should do it. For
example, a requirement might be that a program should be able to sort a
list of mailing addresses, and its design might detail the sorting algorithm
to be used.

Verification and/or validation (V&V) cover activities

2.verification and validation:
attempting to make sure that a program does what it is supposed to do.
Testing is the most common approach for V&V (even among professional
developers). An alternative approach for finding errors in programs is for
the programming tool to automatically look for errors on the basis of types,
dimensions, or units 
3.Debugging: After a programming error
is detected, the next step is to remove
it by debugging. Some of the debugging techniques used by professional
developers have been adapted for use in EUP tools. The first tool to take
this approach was the Whyline, which was prototyped for the Alice
programming environment that enables users to program animations
After code is written, reuse can speed the creation of later programs.
4.Reuse:
Supporting reuse of end-user programs is challenging because end-user
developers rarely have the opportunity or training required to design highly
reusable programs. Another challenge is that end-user developers can make
mistakes when creating programs or other files for tailoring applications,
and reusing these can propagate errors across an organization

5.WHAT IS OFF THE SHELF SOFTWARE?

Off the Shel f Softw are, also call ed commercial softw are, is an y ki nd
o f so ftwa re solu ti on that ha s been develope d for the mass ma rket.

It is a read y-made prod uct tha t you ca n pu rch ase .

Thi s is in dire ct con trast to besp oke softw are, whi ch is where th e
solution is custo m-made fo r yo u.

->THE ADVANTAGES OF OFF THE SHELF

SOFTWARE

 INITIALLY THE CHEAPER OPTION

A n of f t h e s he lf p r o du ct is u su al ly t h e ch ea pe st w ay t o p ur ch as e a n ew
s of t wa r e s ol ut io n.

T hi s i s be ca us e i t i s a p r e - m a de p r o du ct cr e at ed f or t he m a ss- m ar ke t . A s it
h as a lr ea dy be en d ev el op ed a nd is p ur ch as ed m ul t i pl e t im es, t h e c os t i s
t her ef or e r ed uc ed a s it is s pr e ad ov er m an y us er s.

W he r e as b es po ke s of t wa r e c os t s si gn if ic an t l y m or e a s t he p r o du ct is
d ev el op ed f or t he in di v id u al cu st o m er .   I t m us t be b ui l t f r om s c r a t c h, s o t he
c os t i s hi gh t o c o ve r t he t i m e a nd e x pe r t i s e t a ke n i n t he de ve l o pm e nt o f t h e
pr od uc t .
 QUICK TO IMPLEMENT

M uc h l ik e t he ab ov e, t hi s ad va nt ag e co m e s f r om t he f a ct t he s ol ut io n h as
a lr ea dy be en d ev el op ed . Be ca us e i t i s a pr e - e xi st in g p r o du ct , al l y ou h av e
t o d o is b uy it a nd i ns t a ll it . Y ou d on ’t h av e t o wa it f or i t t o b e cr e at ed a s
y ou w ou ld w it h a be sp ok e so lu t i on .

I n f a ct , t he b ig ge st w ai t t im e yo u wi l l ha ve i s pr ob ab ly t he t im e s pe nt
s ea r c hi ng f or t h e r ig ht so lu t i on t h at f ul f i ls al l o f y ou r r eq ui r e m e nt s.

 YOU CAN ACCESS REVIEWS AND ADVICE FROM EXISTING

USERS

B ec au se t h e p r o du ct al r e ad y e xi st s, so do u se r s.

A nd wh il e t he s of t wa r e i s be in g u se d by ot he r p eo pl e, it m e an s t ha t y ou
c an g et an u nd er st an di ng of ho w t h ey ar e us in g t h e pr o du ct a nd h ow t he y
a r e f i nd in g it .

I f t he r e ar e c om m on b ug s t h es e wi ll b e m e nt i on ed , a nd u su al ly , a so lu t i on
w il l e xi st in a f o r um . T hi s m e an s t ha t i f y ou e nc ou nt er a pr ob le m yo u m i gh t
f in d t ha t i t i s ea sy t o r e so lv e y ou r s el f .

A dd it io na l l y, t h e p r o du ct be in g in u se m e an s t h at y ou c an r ea d t he r e vi ew s
f r om o t h er us er s, g iv in g yo u an i ns ig ht in t o w ha t it ’s l ik e t o be w or ki ng wi t h
t he pr od uc t d ay - t o- d ay a nd i f p eo pl e f i nd t h e pr o du ct t o be r el ia bl e, a nd
g oo d v al ue f or t he m o ne y.

 YOU CAN TRY BEFORE YOU BUY

A ga in , t h is a dv an t a ge st e m s f r om t h e f act t h at c om m er ci al so f t w ar e is p r e-
d ev el op ed . Th is m ea ns t h at t he r e i s ( us ua ll y) t h e a bi li t y t o t r y be f or e yo u
b uy .

M ost so lu t i on s o f f e r s om e f or m o f t r ia l, e it he r f r ee or d is co un t e d, m ak in g it
e as y t o t est t h e p r o du ct f or yo ur se lf a nd s ee h ow it f it s i n wi t h yo ur wo r k
p r o ce ss .

 THERE ARE PRE-EXISTING SOLUTIONS

I n m o st ca se s, yo u wi ll f in d t ha t t her e is pr e- ex is t i ng su pp or t a va il ab l e f or
s of t wa r e pr od uc t s . T hi s c ou ld be an yt hi ng f r om a n F AQ l is t on t h ei r si t e, a
u se r f or u m , o r j us t a Q &A t hr ea d o n R ed di t .

A s pe op le ar e al r e ad y us in g t he so lu t i on , t h ey a nd t he ve nd or w il l be a wa r e
o f s om e b ug s or co m m o n is su es a nd wo ul d h av e pr ov id ed t h e so lu t i on . I n
t hi s ca se, y ou ca n go i nt o wo r k in g w it h t h e s of t wa r e a lr ea dy in f o r m e d
a bo ut w ha t t o d o in c er t ai n s it ua t i on s an d t h e r ea ss ur an ce t hat y ou ca n
f in d he lp wh en yo u ne ed i t .

 UPDATES ARE INCLUDED

D ue t o t he de m a nd s o n o f f t he sh el f so f t w ar e, r e gu la r up da t e s wi ll n ee d t o
b e ca r r i ed out .

T he se ca n r an ge f r om ge ne r a l m a in t e na nc e o f t he pr od uc t t o b ug f ix es, a nd
e ve n im pl em en t i ng n ew f eat ur es .

B ec au se t h e p r o du ct is o wn ed b y a v en do r , it ’s t h ei r jo b t o m a na ge a nd
c ar r y o ut t h es e up da t e s. An d as a us er , y ou ge t t o r ea p t he r e wa r d s of
t he se up da t e s wi t h ou t l if t i ng a f in ge r o r p ay in g e xt r a. I t ’ s a ll pa r t an d
p ar ce l of t h e p r o du ct yo u bo ug ht a nd i t ’ s li f e cy cl e.

 COULD OFFER YOU MORE FEATURES

A s co m m e r c ia l s of t w ar e is m ad e f or t he m as s m a r k et , it ha s t o b e cr e at ed
w it h t h e f un ct i on al i t y in pl ac e t o pl ea se a s m an y p eo pl e as po ss ib le .

T hi s m e an s t h at w he n y ou t ak e o n an of f t h e sh el f so lu t i on , yo u co ul d f in d
t hat t h e p r o du ct ca n do e ve r yt hi ng yo u ne ed i t t o a nd m or e .

Y ou ca n h av e t o o m uc h of a g oo d t h in g t h ou gh , an d eq ua ll y, t h e s of t wa r e
h as e ve r y ch an ce it m i gh t b e m i ss in g f e at ur e s yo u wa nt . T hi s m a ke s i t
i m p or t an t t o d o yo ur r e se ar ch an d m a ke s ur e t h e so lu t i on is c ap ab le of
m eet in g y ou r n ee ds .

 SOME SORT OF SUPPORT WILL BE AVAILABLE

W he n yo u bu y an y s of t wa r e s ol ut io n, be it c om m er c ia l o r b es po ke , yo u
s ho ul d b e of f er ed so m e s or t of s up po r t . W i t h c om m er c ia l s of t wa r e , t hi s
c ou ld be a ny wh er e f r om o nl in e li ve c hat , t o em ai l, o r t el ep ho ne
c om m un ic at io ns .

S om e pr od uc t s m a y l im it s up po r t de pe nd in g o n t he pa ck ag e y ou h av e
p ur ch as ed . Fo r e xa m p le , a b as ic pr od uc t of f er s e m a il an d li ve c hat ,
w he r e as t he m o r e ex pe ns iv e op t i on s in cl ud e 2 4/ 7 c al ls an d a de di ca t e d
a ge nt .

B e su r e t o ch ec k wh at s up po r t is a va il ab l e, as i t c an v ar y . B ut
y ou   s ho ul d   ha ve s om e.
A nd li ke I m e nt i on ed e ar li er , y ou w il l a ls o ha ve F AQ s an d us er ex pe r i en ce
t o i nf or m yo u.

 UPGRADES ARE PAID FOR BY SOMEONE ELSE

B ec au se yo u ar en ’t d ev el op in g t h e sof t wa r e y ou r s el f , t h e c os t of cr ea t i ng
u pd at es a nd u pg r a de s or t h e so lu t i on wi ll n ot be p ai d f or b y yo u. Th e co st
o f t h es e ad di t i on a l de ve lo pm en t s wi ll b e pa id f or by t h e ve nd or .

I t ’s as s im pl e a s t hat . I t ’s no t y ou r r es po ns ib i li t y t o up da t e t he so f t w ar e. ( I t
c om es wi t h a t r ad e- of f , t ho ug h. I ’l l t a lk a bo ut t hat be lo w. )

->THE DISADVANTAGES OF OFF THE SHELF

SOFTWARE

CAN COST YOU MORE OVER TIME

T he f ir st p r o bl em w it h co m m e r c ia l s of t wa r e i s t ha t a lt ho ug h i t i s t h e
c he ap er o pt io n i ni t i al l y, it ca n co st yo u m or e l on g- t er m . Th is i s du e t o
p er si st en t f ee s f or t he us e of t he pr od uc t su ch as l ic en si n g, an d t h e c os t of
a dd it io na l u se r s.

P lu s, a dd it io na l f eat ur es or di f f er i ng ve r s io ns o f t h e sof t w ar e co ul d c ar r y
a dd it io na l c ost s.

T hi s m e an s t h at d ep en di n g on h ow lo ng yo u u se t he pr od uc t f or , a nd ho w
m an y p eo pl e ar e u si ng it , it c an co st yo u m or e t ha n be sp ok e s of t w ar e in
t he en d. Th is is w hy i t is i m p or t an t t o n ot on ly c on si de r t h e st a r t u p co st s
f or s of t wa r e b ut t he l if et im e co st .

INFLEXIBLE PRODUCT WHERE CHANGE MAY BE IMPOSSIBLE

A lt ho ug h t he v en do r m ay m a ke ch an ge s t o t h e sof t w ar e, yo u wo n’ t be a bl e
t o.

S om et im es y ou ca n hy br id is e a c om m er ci al so lu t i on , a nd d ev el op it
y ou r s el f t o i nc lu de n ew f e at u r e s o r i nt eg r a t i on . Bu t t hi s is n ot al wa ys
p os si bl e, an d w il l ob vi ou sl y r e qu ir e hi r i ng an e xp er ie nc ed d ev el op er t o
h el p.

T hi s m e an s t h at i f yo u w an t t o m a ke an y ch an ge s of yo ur o wn t o t h e
p r o du ct , it m i gh t not b e p os si bl e. I n f a ct , e ve n t h e in it ia l de ve lo pe r m ay no t
m ak e a ny c ha ng es t o t he s of t w ar e, an d y ou ’l l f i nd y ou h av e an i nf le xi bl e
p r o du ct t h at o ve r t im e b ec om es o ut da t e d.

YOU HAVE NO CONTROL

B ec au se yo u ha ve n ot de ve lo pe d t h e sof t wa r e y ou r s el f , yo u do n ot ow n t h e
p r o du ct or t he s ou r c e c od e. T hi s m e an s t ha t y ou h av e no i np ut o r c on t r o l
i nt o an y ch an ge s m a de t o t h e pr o du ct , f o r b et t er or wo r s e.

E r g o, t h e s of t wa r e c ou ld be c ha ng ed in a w ay t h at do es n ot su it y ou .
F ea t u r e s t hat y ou li ke or ev en r el y on m ay be r e m o ve d. Th e be st - ca se
s ce na r i o i s t ha t u pg r a de s an d u pd at es t o t h e p r o du ct be ne f i t yo u, or m ak e
n o di f f e r e nc e t o yo ur ex pe r i en ce us in g i t .

SUPPORT MAY BE UNAVAILABLE OR LOST OVER TIME

N ot e ve r y com m er ci al s of t w ar e co m e s w it h s up po r t in cl ud ed . A nd as
m ent io ne d pr e vi ou sl y, t h e k in d of s up po r t an d it s a va il ab i l it y ca n var y o r
d ep en d o n ho w m u ch y ou ’r e pa yi ng . B e su r e t o in ve st ig at e w ha t s up po r t is
a va il ab l e f or t h e p ac ka ge yo u wa nt .

A dd it io na l l y, ju st a s u pg r a de s c an st op af t er a wh il e, so t o o ca n s up po r t f or
t he pr od uc t . M ea ni ng wh en pr ob le m s o cc ur , y ou wi l l ne ed t o f in d a
d ev el op er wh o c an h el p y ou .

UPGRADES MIGHT COST EXTRA

I m en t i on ed t hi s di sa dv an t a ge o f c om m er ci al sof t wa r e a bo ve . W i t h of f t h e
s he lf s of t wa r e , t h er e m ay be d if f er en t v er si on s of t h e p r o du ct , ea ch wi t h
m or e f e at ur e s an d a h ig he r c os t . A dd it io na l l y, la t e r u pg r a de s t o t h e p r o du ct
m ay be o pt io na l a nd car r y an a dd it io na l co st .

F ur t he r m or e , y ou m ig ht f i nd y ou n ee d t o de ve lo p t he pr od uc t y ou r s el f . Th is
w il l o bv io us ly c ar r y a m o ne t a r y an d t im e co st f or y ou .

COULD BE OVERSATURATED WITH FUNCTIONALITY

T hi s m ig ht so un d st r an ge , but h av in g a n ab un da nc e of f eat ur es co ul d b e a
d is ad va nt ag e, ju st a s m uc h a s it m i gh t p r o ve a n a dv an t a ge .

A lt ho ug h get t i ng m or e f o r y ou r m on ey is a lw ay s gr eat , i t c an l ea ve yo u wi t h
m or e t h an y ou b ar ga in ed f or . W it h a m a ss of f ea t ur es a nd f un ct i on s, i t c an
b e ea sy t o f e el d au nt ed an d co nf us ed b y t he so f t w ar e. Ad di t i on a l ly , w it h s o
m an y f eat ur es, t h e us ab il it y o f t he pr od uc t m ig ht de cl in e.

IT MIGHT NOT HAVE ALL THE FEATURES YOU NEED

T he t r ut h i s, a c om m er ci al pr od uc t i s m a de t o wo r k f or a s m an y pe op le as
p os si bl e. An d w he n a pr od uc t i s m a de f o r t h e m a ss m ar ket , i t s im pl y
c an no t sat is f y ev er y ne ed f or e ve r y pe r s on .

T hi s m e an s t h at y ou c ou ld f i nd t hat a com m er ci al s of t w ar e so lu t i on d oe s
n ot of f er t he f e at ur e s an d f un ct io na li t y t h at yo u r eq ui r e . I n wh ic h c as e,
y ou ’l l ne ed t o us e s ev er al so lu t i on s i n t a nd em , or a hy br id o r b es po ke
p r o du ct .

IT MIGHT NOT FIT YOUR WORK PROCESSES

T he i ss ue wi t h c om m er ci al so f t w ar e is t h at it is m ad e t o s ui t m an y pe op le ,
a nd n ot yo u sp ec if ic al l y. O f t e n, t hi s is n ot a p r o bl em , an d t he s of t w ar e
d oe s wh at y ou n ee d t o in a w ay t hat wo r k s f or yo ur bu si ne ss . H ow ev er , t h is
i sn ’t g ua r a nt ee d.

Y ou m i gh t f in d t ha t t h e sof t wa r e d oe sn ’t in cl ud e ev er y f eat ur e y ou n ee d,
a nd s o r eq ui r e s e xt r a w or k an d ad di t i on a l pr o du ct s in t e gr at ed wi t h it in
o r d er t o ex ec ut e y ou r w or k pr oc es se s. Al t e r n at iv el y, yo ur ne w so f t w ar e
m ig ht be a bl e t o c om p le t e al l t h e f un ct io ns y ou r eq ui r e , b ut in a w ay t ha t
d oe s no t a li gn w it h yo ur c ur r ent pr oc es s.

Y ou r sof t w ar e sh ou ld co m p le m e nt t h e w ay yo u wo r k, no t r eq ui r e y ou t o
c ha ng e h ow yo u w or k. Th is is w hy i t i s im po r t an t t o co ns id er t h e b en ef it s of
t he so lu t i on , a nd i f m ak in g ch an ge s a r e wo r t hw hi le or i f de ve lo pi n g a
s ol ut io n d es ig ne d t o co m p le m e nt a nd i nt eg r a t e se am le ss ly wi t h yo ur
c ur r en t w ay s of wo r k in g.

INTEGRATION ISSUES

T he f act is , t he so f t w ar e is m ad e f or t he m a ss m ar ke t s o i t ca n’ t b e pe r f e ct
f or e ve r y us er . I t s ho ul d b e ab le t o in t e gr at e w it h c om m on ly u se d so f t w ar e
a nd r ea d po pu la r f il e t yp es .

H ow ev er , it j us t i s no t f ea si bl e f or a c om m er ci al pr o du ct t o be c r e at e d wi t h
t he ab il it y t o d o it al l. ( S im il ar t o h ow yo u m ig ht f in d t hat i t l ac ks s om e
f eat ur es yo u wo ul d li ke . )
T hi s m e an s t h at y ou m ig ht f i nd t he pr od uc t i s no t a bl e t o i nt eg r a t e wi t h
s yst em s y ou a r e al r e ad y u si ng , or ne ed t o u se t o co m p le m e nt a nd c om pl et e
y ou r w or k pr oc es s. Si m i la r l y, t he s of t wa r e m a y n ot be a bl e t o u se f il e t yp es
w hi ch y ou ar e al r e ad y us in g a nd t hu s r eq ui r i ng r ef or m at t in g or c ha ng es t o
y ou r p r o ce ss .

T he p r o bl em i s, yo u sh ou ld n ’t ha ve t o c ha ng e y ou r w or k p r o ce ss es t o f it a
s ol ut io n. Th ey ’r e a so lu t i on af t er al l, n ot an ot he r p r o bl em y ou h av e t o
o ve r c om e. T hi s i s wh y I s ug ge st t h at yo u d o no t t ak e o n a so lu t i on t ha t
r eq ui r e s ch an ge s u nl es s t h e be ne f i t of t he pr od uc t i s gr ea t e no ug h t o
j us t i f y t h e ef f o r t o r i f c ha ng es wi ll be t a ki ng pl ac e a ny wa y, s uc h as if yo u
a r e go in g t hr o ug h   a d ig it al t r a ns f or m at io n .

5.Outsourcing:

https://www.cio.com/article/2439495/outsourcing-outsourcing-definition-
and-solutions.html