Dealing With Congestio Nin Wcdma: By: Imran Khalid (I00711577)

Dealing
with
Congestio
n in
WCDMA
High congestion has a significant impact on degrading Network’s GoS
& QoS. Carrying out expansion isn’t always a straight forward option.
This Document explains optimization techniques for dealing with all By :
sorts of congestion & explains the set of actions required from RF Imran Khalid
Optimization side for minimizing/nullifying effect of high
utilization/congestion. Keywords : Congestion, utilization, WCDMA, (I00711577)
3G, UMTS, optimization
Dealing with Congestion in WCDMA 2016
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Back Ground___________________________________________________________________4
Utilization Critical Thresholds_____________________________________________________5
RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques_______________________________________6
SPU/MPU__________________________________________________________________________7
Utilization Calculation_______________________________________________________________________7
Impact of Congestion_______________________________________________________________________7
Optimization Actions for combating congestion___________________________________________________7
DPU_______________________________________________________________________________9
Utilization Calculation_______________________________________________________________________9
Impact of Congestion_______________________________________________________________________9
Optimization Actions for combating congestion___________________________________________________9
IU________________________________________________________________________________10
Utilization Calculation______________________________________________________________________10
Impact of Congestion______________________________________________________________________11
Optimization Actions for combating congestion__________________________________________________11
INTERFACE Boards__________________________________________________________________12
Iub Interface_____________________________________________________________________________12
Impact of Congestion____________________________________________________________________12
Optimization Actions for combating congestion_______________________________________________12
Iu Interface______________________________________________________________________________13
Impact of Congestion____________________________________________________________________13
Optimization Actions for combating congestion_______________________________________________13
Site/Cell level – Congestion Combating Techniques__________________________________14

CE (UL)____________________________________________________________________________15
CE (DL)____________________________________________________________________________17
Incase of WBBPa_________________________________________________________________________17
Iub_______________________________________________________________________________18
2 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Code_____________________________________________________________________________19
Power(DL)_________________________________________________________________________21
Power(UL)_________________________________________________________________________22
HSPAUserCong_____________________________________________________________________23
SAAL Congestion____________________________________________________________________24
NodeB CPU Congestion______________________________________________________________26

CIDs Over Usage____________________________________________________________________27


Back Ground
All the entities used in the WCDMA Network have a capacity limitation.
Once the resource utilization reaches a certain threshold, it doesn’t remain
possible for the system to keep assigning the requested resources to the new
users. As a result, users experience Network degradation. This in turn is
reflected in the KPIs degradation as well.
Straight forward solution is to carry out expansion for the over utilized
entity. However it is not ideally possible in every scenario. Therefore, we need
to carry out other measures in order to avoid Network degradation as much
as possible. Similarly, sometimes the utilization observes abnormal increase
during special events. For that purpose, parametric actions should be taken
for guarantying good Network quality.
This document intends to cover all the possible actions that could be
carried out in a bid to avoid degradation due to over utilization of
cell/NodeB/RNC level entities.

Utilization Critical Thresholds
Below table presents the critical thresholds for the different entities.
Once the utilization exceeds these thresholds, there comes the risk of
experiencing Network degradation. So a red flag needs to be raised once the
utilization starts touching these thresholds.

RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques
RNC Units can be classified as below
RNC
Units
SPU +
DPU Iu INT
MPU
Iub Iu
Interface Interface
Impact of over utilization & optimization actions for catering congestion
for each of these units will be discussed below in detail

SPU/MPU
Utilization Calculation
VS.XPU.CPULOAD.MEAN(%) to be checked in 30 minutes trend for all

the SPUs. Situation becomes critical once the utilization reaches 60%
Impact of Congestion
Following KPIs get impacted once SPU/MPU utilization becomes

abnormally high
RRC Setup Success Rate

Paging Success Rate
Optimization Actions for combating congestion
Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact

of high SPU utilization

Optimization Action Trade off

Sites Rebalancing in case utilization isn't
uniform amongst different boards Nothing
Enable cell_pch state Nothing

Increase rpt period to 2000 ms Nothing
Increase PS Inactivity timer Increase in FACH congestion
Increase BEF2Pstatetranstimer May impact Drop Rate
Might have a slight impact on Paging
Increase T3212 Success Rate
Degradation in RRC & Rab Setup Success
Rate in case you have lots of high utilized
Enable EFD sites in the region
Delayed reselection from 2G & early Affects User perception (only to be
triggering from 3G to 2G implemented in case of a real emergency)
might affect RRC Setup Success Rate (only
to be implemented in case of a real
Change T381 from 600 ms to 0 emergency)
Change RRCConnRejWaitTimer from 4 to Affects User perception (only to be
15s implemented in case of a real emergency)
Delay soft ho/ decrease cells in the Active Increases Drop Rate (only to be
Set implemented in case of a real emergency)

DPU
VS.DSP.UsageMean(%) to be checked in 30 minutes trend for all the

DSPs. Situation becomes critical once the utilization reaches 80%
Also VS.DPU.CPULOAD.MEAN(%)to be checked in 30 minutes trend for

all the DSPs. Situation becomes critical once the threshold reaches 70%
Following KPIs get impacted once DPU utilization becomes abnormally

high
RAB Setup Success Rate

HSDPA Throughput


of high DPU utilization

Sites Rebalancing in case utilization isn't
uniform amongst different boards Nothing
DSPRestrainCPUthd should be set as 85 Nothing
Decrease UserPlnSharingoutthd Nothing
Decrease UserPlnCPUSharingOutthd might slightly increase MPU Utilization
May affect user perception at the start of
Reduce GBR the session by assigning low data rate
IU
Utilization issue normally happens for IU-PS interface. Below are the
recommendations for catering congestion.
Best way is to get traffic & capacity from CN & get the utilization as
below (Note that we can have a resolution of 5 minutes available at the CN
side)
Iu-Utilization = Traffic / Capacity

However in case DT (Direct Tunneling) is enabled, we can’t rely on

SGSN provided stats as they don’t include DT traffic. In that scenario, we have
to use below equation
Iu-PS Utilization(%) = Max (VS.FEGE.RxBytes, VS.FEGE.TxBytes) / Total

Capacity
Following KPIs get impacted once IU utilization becomes abnormally

high

of high IU utilization

May affect user perception at the start of the
Reduce Activity Factor session by assigning low data rate
May affect user perception at the start of the
Reduce GBR session by assigning low data rate
Decrease PS inactivity
timer Increases SPU load

INTERFACE Boards
Interface boards exist for Iub as well as Iu interface.
VS.INT.CPULOAD.MEAN(%) to be checked in 30 minutes trend for

all the DSPs. Situation becomes critical once the utilization reaches 70%
Iub Interface
Following KPIs get impacted once INT utilization becomes abnormally

high

of high INT utilization


Sites rebalancing amongst
different boards Nothing
May affect user perception at the start of the session
Reduce GBR by assigning low data rate
Iu Interface
Following KPIs get impacted once INT utilization becomes abnormally

high

of high INT utilization

Sites rebalancing amongst
different boards Nothing
May affect user perception at the start of the session
Reduce GBR by assigning low data rate

Site/Cell level – Congestion Combating Techniques
We can classify them as below
Site/Cell
level
hspa SAAL NodeB CPU CIDs over

CE(UL,DL) Iub(DL,UL) Power(DL,UL) Code
usercong Congestion Congestion Usage
Impact of over utilization & optimization actions for catering congestion

for each of these units will be discussed below in detail

CE (UL)
UL CE Utilization =
VS.LC.ULMean.LicenseGroup.Shared/min(VS.HW.ULCreditAvailable,
VS.LC.ULCreditAvailable.Shared)
Following KPIs get impacted once CE(UL) utilization becomes

abnormally high

Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact of high

CE(UL) utilization

Level of
Change Optimization Action Trade off
May affect user(R99) perception at the
start of the session by assigning low data
Reduce UL BE Traffic Initial Bit Rate rate
RNC Level May affect user(HSUPA) perception at
the start of the session by assigning low
Reduce Initial Rate of HSUPA BE Traffic data rate
Reduce UL Mid Bit Rate threshold for Affects user perception in terms of
DCCC throughput
Check if all the cells belong to the same
UL Group Nothing
LDR algorithm with "BE Traffic Rate Affects user throughput by lowering
Reduction" as the 1st action down the data rate
NodeB Level May affect users throughput as now the
Increase lowering of data rate will be triggered on
ULLDRBERateReductionRabNumber more users simultaneously
May affect users throughput as now the
Reducing ULLDRCreditSFResthd (SF8 --> lowering of data rate will be triggered
SF4) much earlier
Apply cellcac by restricting/deactivating
Cell Level number of HSUPA users. Also change
Code Number for E-RGCH/E-HICH Affects user throughput by forcing more
accordingly HSUPA capable users to use R99

CE (DL)
Incase of WBBPb/WBBPd/WBBPf
DL CE Utilization(%) = VS.LC.DLMean.LicenseGroup.Shared /
Maximum capacity of the board amongst all the boards
Incase of WBBPa
Cell configured on WBBPa board can’t use resources from other CE
boards. So, utilization for that cell will be as below
DL CE Utilization(%) = VS.LC.DLMean.LicenseGroup.Shared / DL CE
Capacity of WBBPa
(as DL sharing for CE isn’t possible in case the cell is configured on

WBBPa)
Following KPIs get impacted once CE(DL) utilization becomes

abnormally high



CE(DL) utilization
Level of
Soft HO(instead of softer HO) takes place
NodeB Level even between the cells of the same site in
Distribute cells on different CE case they are configured on different
boards boards
Iub
Iub Utilization(%) = (VS.ATMDLAvgUsed.1 +

VS.IPDLAvgUsed.1)/( VS.ATMDLTotal.1 + VS.IPDLTotal.1)
Following KPIs get impacted once Iub utilization becomes abnormally

high



Iub utilization
Level of
NodeB Level May affect user perception at the start

Reduce Activity Factor of the session by assigning low data rate
RNC Level May affect user perception at the start

Reduce GBR of the session by assigning low data rate
Code
Code Utilization(%) = VS.RAB.SFOccupy/256
Following KPIs get impacted once Code utilization becomes abnormally

high



of high Code utilization
Level of
HSDPA should be enabled Nothing
Setting HSDPAusernummax to the
maximum value Nothing
May affect R99 traffic in some cases where
LDR Algorithm with "Code Adjust" as code reshuffling is in abundance.
the 1st action & "BE Traffic Rate Affects user throughput by lowering down
Reduction" as the 2nd action the data rate
May affect users throughput & R99 traffic as
Increase code reshuffling & data rate lowering will be
DLLDRBERateReductionRabNumber & triggered on more number of users
maxusernumcodeadj simultaneously
May affect users perception in terms of HS
Cell Level throughput as now less number of users will
Reduce HSSCCHCODENUM be processed in 1 TTI
May affect SHO success rate as now low SF
Increase DLHOCECODERESVSF will be reserved for SHO
Reduce Code Number for E-RGCH/E-
HICH from '2' to '1' & decrease Affects user throughput by forcing more
maxHSUPAusernum from 40 to 20 HSUPA capable users to use R99
May affect HSDPA throughput incase
Reduce number of reserved HSDPA majority of the users in the cell are HSDPA
codes users
It will trigger LDR algorithm much earlier,
hence may impact R99 traffic & user
Decrease cellldrsfresthd throughput

Power(DL)
Power Utilization(%) = VS.MeanTCP/MaxTxpower
Following KPIs get impacted once Power(DL) utilization becomes

abnormally high


Power(DL) utilization
Level of
LDR Algorithm with "BE Traffic Rate Affects user throughput by lowering
Reduction" as the 1st action down the data rate
Increase CAC thresholds(conv amr, non
Cell Level
conv amr, ho, other) Brings more interference in the DL
results in traffic decrease during busy
Cell breathing hours

Power(UL)
There is no particular formula for measuring UL Power Utilization. It

depends upon setting of UL CAC algorithm & “UL Total Equivalent user
number” Incase UL CAC algorithm is disabled, we’ll never see congestion.
However incase, it is set as Algorithm_2nd, we’ll start seeing failures once “UL
Total Equivalent user number” value is reached.
Following KPIs get impacted once Power(UL) utilization becomes

abnormally high


of high Power(UL) utilization
Level of Optimization Action Trade off

Change
May affect user(R99) perception at
the start of the session by assigning
Reduce UL BE Traffic Initial Bit Rate low data rate
RNC Level
May affect user(HSUPA) perception at
Reduce Initial Rate of HSUPA BE the start of the session by assigning
Traffic low data rate
Increase UL Total Equivalent user Might result in increased interference
Cell Level
number / Disable UL CAC Algorithm & increase in Drop Rate
HSPAUserCong
It is pegged normally when the actual number of HSDPA/HSUPA users

in the cell increase than the HSDPA/HSUPA user number parameter setting &
there is a failure while trying to downgrade HSPA user to R99
Following KPIs get impacted once such a failure occurs.
Level of Optimization Action Trade off

Change
Increase HSDPA/HSUPA user number in Might result in UL CE congestion(in
Cell Level case the user number is touching its case of increasing HSUPA user
maximum value number)
SAAL Congestion
These are the logical resources for carrying signaling on the transport
layer (ATM transmission).
First get PCR settings for NCP, CCP & ALCAP for the site suspected to be
suffering from SAAL congestion. Normally the triggering point is getting alarm
of “SAAL Congestion”. Below is the procedure to get it
Go to "AdjNode" & then check the SAALLNKN for this site. This will provide
SAALLNKN for "Alcap".
Go to "UNodeB" & then get SRN,SN for this site.
Go to "UNCP" & "UCCP" & get SAALNKN for NCP & CCP.
Once, you have SAALLNKN for ALCAP, NCP, CCP & we have SRN, SN for the
site; we can go to "SAALLNK" & get TXTRFX/RXTRFX against the 3 SAALLNKN
Then go to "ATMTRF" & get PCR for NCP, CCP & ALCAP by putting the 3
SAALLNKN
Then calculate utilization for NCP, CCP & ALCAP. As the bandwidth for ALCAP
is the minimum, it is ok to just have a look at ALCAP utilization to get a fair
indication. ALCAP utilization can be calculated as below
ALCAP_TX Utilization = VS.SAALLNK.PVCLayer.Peak.TxRate / ALCAP

Bandwidth (PCR for ALCAP)
ALCAP_RX Utilization = VS.SAALLNK/PVCLayer.Peak.RxRate / ALCAP
Bandwidth (PCR for ALCAP)
Following KPIs get impacted once SAAL utilization becomes abnormally

high


of high SAAL utilization
Level of
Increase PCR for NCP,CCP & ALCAP (We can
call them logical resources for carrying
Cell Level
signaling on the transport layer(ATM Might have a very little impact on user
transmission) throughput

NodeB CPU Congestion
VS.BRD.CPULOAD.MEAN(%) to be checked in 30 minutes trend.

Situation becomes critical once the utilization reaches 60%
Following KPIs get impacted once NodeB CPU utilization becomes

abnormally high


of high NodeB CPU utilization

Try to decrease soft handover attempts Will affect Drop Rate

CIDs Over Usage
CIDs Usage Utilization = VS.AAL2Path.Act.Con / 248
Following KPIs get impacted once CIDs utilization becomes abnormally

high

of high CIDs utilization
Level of
There is a limit of adding AAL2
Cell Level paths. We can't exceed a certain
Add AAL2 paths number on the RNC level

THE END

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Dealing

Site/Cell level – Congestion Combating Techniques__________________________________14

2 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

NodeB CPU Congestion______________________________________________________________26

CIDs Over Usage____________________________________________________________________27

3 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

4 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Utilization Critical Thresholds

5 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques

RNC Units can be classified as below

6 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

VS.XPU.CPULOAD.MEAN(%) to be checked in 30 minutes trend for all

Following KPIs get impacted once SPU/MPU utilization becomes

RRC Setup Success Rate

Optimization Actions for combating congestion

Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact

7 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Optimization Action Trade off

Enable cell_pch state Nothing

8 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

VS.DSP.UsageMean(%) to be checked in 30 minutes trend for all the

Also VS.DPU.CPULOAD.MEAN(%)to be checked in 30 minutes trend for

Following KPIs get impacted once DPU utilization becomes abnormally

RAB Setup Success Rate

Optimization Actions for combating congestion

9 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact

Optimization Action Trade off

Iu-Utilization = Traffic / Capacity

10 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

However in case DT (Direct Tunneling) is enabled, we can’t rely on

Iu-PS Utilization(%) = Max (VS.FEGE.RxBytes, VS.FEGE.TxBytes) / Total

Following KPIs get impacted once IU utilization becomes abnormally

RAB Setup Success Rate

Optimization Actions for combating congestion

Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact

Optimization Action Trade off

11 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Interface boards exist for Iub as well as Iu interface.

VS.INT.CPULOAD.MEAN(%) to be checked in 30 minutes trend for

Following KPIs get impacted once INT utilization becomes abnormally

RRC Setup Success Rate

Optimization Actions for combating congestion

Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact

12 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Optimization Action Trade off

Following KPIs get impacted once INT utilization becomes abnormally

RAB Setup Success Rate

Optimization Actions for combating congestion

Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact

Optimization Action Trade off

13 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Site/Cell level – Congestion Combating Techniques

We can classify them as below

hspa SAAL NodeB CPU CIDs over

Impact of over utilization & optimization actions for catering congestion

14 RNC Units – Congestion Combating Techniques | Huawei Technologies Co.,Ltd.

Following KPIs get impacted once CE(UL) utilization becomes

RRC Setup Success Rate

Optimization Actions for combating congestion

Following actions can be taken in order to minimize/nullify the impact of high