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Imad Ali I Roll No 06 I Human behavior I BS 4th I Final Term

Q1: write a detailed note about personality cover all aspects that are discussed in
lectures.

Personality:
Through the year there has not been a agreement on the exact meaning of
personality much of controversy can be attributed to the fact that people in general and those
In the behavioural science define as
The word personality derived from the Latin word persona which mean to speak through in
the ancient world the “persona” was mean a mask wear by an actor during drama.
And later on it was used for personality of human being. Personality is who you are, what are
you. It include a number of things some people look to the physical and physiological
feathers like a tall man or a short man or black or white.
In the text personality will mean how people affects other and how they understand and view
themselves as well as their pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person
situation interaction.
Personality will mean how people impact others and how they understand and
view themselves, as well as their methods of inner and outer measurable traits and the
person-situation interaction. How people affects other depends primarily on their external
appearance (height, weight, facial features, colour, and other physical aspects) and traits. For
example, in terms of external appearance, a very tall worker will have an impact on other
people different from that of a very short worker. There is also evidence from meta-analysis
that there are gender differences in certain personality characteristics.1 However, of more
importance to the physiological/biological approach in the study of personality than the
external appearance is the role of heredity and the brain

Self-esteem:
People’s attempts to understand themselves are called the self-concept in
personality theory. The self is an exclusive product of many interacting parts and may be
thought of as the personality viewed from within. This self is particularly related to the
widely recognized self-esteem and the emerging self-variables of multiple intelligences,
emotion, optimism, and, especially, efficacy, which are all relevant to the field of
organizational behaviour.

Q2: write a detail note about perception cover all aspects that are discussed in lectures.

Perception:
The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpret by
brain
Perception is simple to understand it help us to understand real situation and also understand
the personality of some one.
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Perception is not the real fact rather it has what you think is the fact is. It is about your
thinking. Thinking of the person who is seeing or observing or listening to some event or
something.
The same thing may be seem differently by different people. It has common seeing to the
things understand that like if a glass is half filled and half empty with water it depend on your
perception how you perceive it. If you optimistic person you would say that half of the glass
is filled with water and pessimistic would be say that half of the glass is empty. So the same
thing is seen well by one person or bad by another person. Actually we see we want to see we
listen we want to listen. The things which are coming across of our eyes so get scan and
observed so we decide that this is our perception.
It may be fun to perceive illusions, but the understanding of how they work is even more
stimulating and sustainable: They can tell us where the limits and capacity of our perceptual
apparatus are found they can specify how the constraints of perception are set. Furthermore,
they let us analyse the cognitive sub-processes underlying our perception. Illusions in a
scientific context are not mainly created to reveal the failures of our perception or the
dysfunctions of our apparatus, but instead point to the specific power of human perception.
The main task of human perception is to amplify and strengthen sensory inputs to be able to
perceive, orientate and act very quickly, specifically and efficiently

Q3: write a detail note about learning and cover all the aspects lectures?

Learning:
Learning is the process by which changed through practice or training.
Learning is the modification of behaviour through experience.
If we discuss learning in the context of human behaviour so we can say that some of our
behaviour such behaviour which we do automatically and we do not too told by any one we
feel pain it is automatic we feel hunger, we feel thirsty it is natural these things are natural
with us we don’t need to tell us about this the things are called unlearn things.
On the other side there are which told to us by other people like my dress is perfect as per the
requirement or not so it is learned from society.
According to Cognitive Learning Theory, certain thinking processes can lead to more knowledge
retention. Cognitive learning can help you achieve mastery in your career by highlighting the best
ways you learn. In this article, we’ll define cognitive learning and explain how you can use it to
improve performance at work and other aspects of your life

Types of Learning
There are three main types of learning: classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and
observational learning. Both classical and operant conditioning are forms
of associative learning, in which associations are made between events that occur together.
Observational learning is just as it sounds: learning by observing others.
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning is a process by which we learn to associate events, or stimuli, that
frequently happen together; as a result of this, we learn to anticipate events. Ivan Pavlov
conducted a famous study involving dogs in which he trained (or conditioned) the dogs to
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associate the sound of a bell with the presence of a piece of meat. The conditioning is
achieved when the sound of the bell on its own makes the dog salivate in anticipation for the
meat.

Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning is the learning process by which behaviours are reinforced or punished,
thus strengthening or extinguishing a response. Edward Thorndike coined the term “law of
effect,” in which behaviours that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the
organism are more likely to be repeated, and behaviours that are followed by unpleasant
consequences are less likely to be repeated. B. F. Skinner researched operant conditioning by
conducting experiments with rats in what he called a “Skinner box.” Over time, the rats
learned that stepping on the lever directly caused the release of food, demonstrating that
behaviour can be influenced by rewards or punishments. He differentiated between positive
and negative reinforcement, and also explored the concept of extinction.
Observational Learning
Observational learning occurs through observing the behaviours of others and imitating those
behaviours—even if there is no reinforcement at the time. Albert Bandura noticed that
children often learn through imitating adults, and he tested his theory using his famous Bobo-
doll experiment. Through this experiment, Bandura learned that children would attack the
Bobo doll after viewing adults hitting the doll.