HEAT RATE EQUATIONS HEAT CONDUCTION EQUATION

Fourier’s Law 𝑑𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝑞̇ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑞𝑥 = −𝑘𝐴 Cartesian + + + =
𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Newton’s Law 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝜕 2 𝑇 𝑞̇ 1 𝜕𝑇
𝑞 = ℎ𝐴(𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ ) Cylindrical (𝑟 ) + 2 2 + 2 + =
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕∅ 𝜕𝑧 𝑘 𝛼 𝜕𝑡
Stefan-Boltzmann 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝐴𝜎𝑇𝑠4

If gray surface 𝑞𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝜀𝐴𝜎(𝑇𝑠4 − 𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟

4 ) PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS:
surrounded by 𝑊 𝑘 𝜇 = 𝜈𝜌
(𝜎 = 5.67𝑥10−8 2 4 ) 𝛼=
larger isothermal 𝑚 𝐾 𝜌𝐶𝑃
surface

OHM’S ANALOGY LUMPED CAPACITANCE

ℎ𝐿
Where for a… valid if 𝐵𝑖 = 𝑘 𝑐 < 0.1
𝑇1 − 𝑇2
𝑞= 𝜃 𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ [−(
ℎ𝐴𝑠
)𝑡]
𝑅𝑡 𝐿 = = 𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = 𝜃𝑖 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
𝑘𝐴
…Plane Wall 1
𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 = ℎ𝐴
ℎ𝐴 −( 𝑠⁄𝜌𝑉𝐶 )𝑡
𝑄 = 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝 𝜃𝑖 [1 − 𝑒 𝑝 ]
𝑅𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 = ∑ 𝑅𝑖
𝑟 𝛼𝑡 𝑉
𝑙𝑛( 2⁄𝑟1 ) 𝐹𝑜 = 𝐿𝑐 =
1 1 𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 = , 𝐿2𝑐 𝐴𝑠
=∑ …Cylinder 2𝜋𝐿𝑘
𝑅𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑅𝑖 1
𝑅𝑡,𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣 =
ℎ𝐴

SINGLE FINS

𝑞𝑓 𝑞𝑓 𝜃𝑏 𝑡 𝐷
𝜀𝑓 = 𝜂𝑓 = 𝑅𝑡,𝑏 = 𝐿𝑐,𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 = 𝐿 + 𝐿𝑐,𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝐿 +
ℎ𝐴𝑐 𝜃𝑏 ℎ𝐴𝑓 𝜃𝑏 𝑞𝑓 2 4
ARRAYS OF FINS
𝐴𝑡 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑞𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑡 𝑁𝐴𝑓 𝐴𝑏 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝐴 − 𝑁𝐴𝑐
𝜂0 = = =1− (1 − 𝜂𝑓 ) 𝐴𝑡 = 𝑁𝐴𝑓 + 𝐴𝑏 𝐴 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 ℎ𝐴𝑡 𝜃𝑏 𝐴𝑡
𝐴𝑐 = 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑓 = 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛
𝜃𝑏 1
𝑅𝑡,𝑜 = = = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑦
𝑞𝑡 𝜂0 ℎ𝐴𝑡
 LUMPED CAPACITANCE
Applicable if 𝐵𝑖 < 0.1
ℎ𝐴𝑠
Where… For a plate of thickness 2L: 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 𝑇(𝑡) − 𝑇∞ −( )𝑡
= 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
Infinite cylinder (𝐿⁄𝑟0 > 10) 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
ℎ𝐿𝑐 For a sphere: ℎ𝐴𝑠
𝐵𝑖 = 𝐿𝑐 = 𝑟0 /2 −( )𝑡
𝑘 For a cylinder: ***NOTE: Validity of method 𝑟0 𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝜃𝑖 (1 − 𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝐶𝑝
)
𝑟0 𝐿𝑐 =
𝐿𝑐 = ℎ𝑟
is based on 𝐵𝑖 = 0 < 0.1 3
2 𝑘

TRANSIENT CONDUCTION WITH SPATIAL EFFECTS (USE 𝑳𝒄 AS DEFINED IN HIESLER CHARTS)

Hiesler Charts 𝜃 𝜃0 𝜃 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑡) − 𝑇∞
For a plate of 𝜃∗ = = = 𝜃0 = 𝑇𝑥=0 − 𝑇∞ 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
𝜃𝑖 𝜃𝑖 𝜃𝑜 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
thickness 2L ∞ 𝑄 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜁1 ∗
∗ 𝑥 ∗ 2 𝐹𝑜]
[−𝜁𝑛 ∗)
4𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜁𝑛 =1− 𝜃
Applicable if Fo>0.2 (𝑥 = ): 𝜃 = ∑ 𝐶𝑛 𝑒 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜁 𝑛 𝑥 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑄𝑜 𝜁1
𝐿 2𝜁𝑛 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(2𝜁𝑛 )
𝑛=1 (Fo>0.2)
For a plate of For an 𝜃 𝜃0 𝜃 𝑇(𝑟, 𝑡) − 𝑇 ∞
𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 infinite 𝜃∗ = = = 𝜃0 = 𝑇𝑟=0 − 𝑇∞ 𝜃𝑖 = 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
thickness 2L: 𝜃𝑖 𝜃𝑖 𝜃𝑜 𝑇𝑖 − 𝑇∞
cylinder (will
only consider
Fo>0.2) 2 𝟐 𝑱𝟏 (𝜻𝟏 ) 𝑄 2𝜃𝑜∗
𝐿𝑐 = 𝑟0
𝑟 𝜃 ∗ = 𝐶1 𝑒 [−𝜁1 𝐹𝑜] ∙ 𝐽𝑜 (𝜁1 𝑟 ∗ ) 𝑪𝟏 =
𝜻𝟏 𝑱𝟐𝟎 (𝜻𝟏 ) + 𝑱𝟐𝟏 (𝜻𝟏 ) 𝑄𝑜
=1− 𝐽 (𝜁 )
𝜁1 1 1
(𝑟 ∗ = )
𝑟0
 CONVECTION – STEADY FLOW, PARALLEL FLOW OVER FLAT PLATE
𝐶𝑝 𝜇 𝜌𝑢∞ 𝑥 𝑢∞ 𝑥 ℎ𝑥 𝑥 𝜌𝑢∞2
𝑃𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑥 = = 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 𝜏𝑠,𝑥 = 𝐶𝑓,𝑥
𝑘 𝜇 𝜈 𝑘𝑓 2
𝜌𝑢∞ 𝑥𝑐 ℎ𝐿 2
𝑅𝑒𝑐 = 𝑁𝑢𝐿 = 𝜌𝑢∞ 𝐹𝑑
𝜇 𝑘𝑓 𝜏̅𝑠 = ̅̅̅
𝐶𝑓 =
𝑅𝑒 = 5 × 105 2 𝐴
𝑐
Reynolds Analogy, Modified Reynolds Analogy

If Pr~1 ̅̅̅
𝐶𝑓 ℎ̅ 𝐼𝑓 0.6 < 𝑃𝑟 < 60 ̅̅̅
𝐶𝑓 ℎ̅
= =( ) 𝑃𝑟 2/3
2 𝜌𝑢∞ 𝐶𝑝 2 𝜌𝑢∞ 𝐶𝑝

𝑥
‘Laminar’ conditions exist of the flow is laminar over the entire plate…if 𝑐 ≥ 0.95, Eqn 7.24, 7.29 provide reasonable approximation
𝐿
‘Mixed’ conditions exist flow began laminar, but transitioned to turbulent
‘Turbulent’ conditions exist if flow is turbulent over the entire plate (flow tripped at leading edge)
 INTERNAL FLOW

Internal Flow through circular tubes:

𝜌𝑢𝑚 𝐷 𝑢𝑚 𝐷 2
𝑢(𝑟) 𝑟 2 𝜌𝑢𝑚
𝑅𝑒𝐷 = = (𝑥𝑓𝑑,ℎ )𝑙𝑎𝑚 ~0.05𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝐷 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 𝑓 𝐿
𝜇 𝑣 = 2 [1 − ( ) ] 2𝐷
𝑢𝑚 𝑟0
𝑟0
2 𝑚̇
𝑅𝑒𝐷,𝑐 ~2300 (𝑥𝑓𝑑,𝑡 )𝑙𝑎𝑚 ~0.05𝑅𝑒𝐷 𝐷𝑃𝑟 𝑇𝑚 = ∫ 𝑇 ∙ 𝑟 ∙ 𝑢(𝑟) 𝑑𝑟 𝑊̇ = (𝑃 − 𝑃2 )
𝑢𝑚 𝑟02 𝜌 1
0
ℎ𝐷 (𝑥𝑓𝑑,ℎ )𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 ~(𝑥𝑓𝑑,𝑡 )𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏 ~10𝐷 𝑞 = 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 (𝑇𝑚,𝑜 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖 ) 𝑞𝑠" = ℎ𝑥 (𝑇𝑠,𝑥 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑥 )
𝑁𝑢𝐷 =
𝑘
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑢𝑚 𝐴𝑐
If 𝑻𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 If 𝒒"𝒔 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆

𝑞 = ℎ̅𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 𝑞𝑠" = ℎ𝑥 (𝑇𝑠,𝑥 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑥 )

∆𝑇0 − ∆𝑇𝑖 𝑞𝑠" 𝑃 Where

∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =[ ∆𝑇0 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,0 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 = 𝑇𝑚,𝑜 (𝑥) = 𝐿 + 𝑇𝑚,𝑖
∆𝑇
] 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 𝑞𝑠" 𝑃𝐿 = 𝑞
𝑙𝑛 ( 0⁄∆𝑇 ) ∆𝑇𝑖 = 𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖
𝑖

𝑃𝑥 ̅
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚 (𝑥) −( )ℎ
= 𝑒 𝑚̇𝐶𝑝
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑚,𝑖

Heat Exchangers
∆𝑇1 − ∆𝑇2
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑞 = 𝑈𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑖𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑜𝑢𝑡
∆𝑇
𝑙𝑛 (∆𝑇1 ) ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ,𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖𝑛
2
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 )
𝑞 𝑈𝐴
𝜀 − 𝑁𝑇𝑈 𝑀𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝜀= 𝑁𝑇𝑈 =
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝑚̇𝐶𝑝 )𝑚𝑖𝑛
" "
1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑓,𝑐 𝑅𝑓,ℎ 1
= = = + + 𝑅𝑤 + +
𝑈𝐴 𝑈𝑐 𝐴𝑐 𝑈ℎ 𝐴ℎ (𝜂0 ℎ𝐴)𝑐 (𝜂0 𝐴)𝑐 (𝜂0 𝐴)ℎ (𝜂0 ℎ𝐴)ℎ
 Heat Exchanger Effectiveness and NTU relations
Parallel Flow

Counterflow