Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Purposive Communication Module Final
Purposive Communication Module Final
23. If you hear a tannoy at the rail way station, what information is likely to be announced?
A. who the station manager is C. the next train departure
B. where to get a coffee D. the time for last trip
24. What should be avoided for effective communication?
A. Tone of speech should be high C. Respect to audience
B. Personal remarks D. None of these
25. If you need to make a phone call for information what could you do before you call?
A. Prepare your questions C. Make a coffee
B. Brush your teeth D. Clear your voice
26. You have a discussion with a friend and politics. You don’t agree with them. What should you do?
A. Change the subject C. Get angry with your friend
B. Say what you believe D. Do not listen to your friend’s ideas.
27. Which of these is not a form of communication?
A. talking C. body language
B. running D. listening
The scope of this module permits to utilize in various different learning situations. The language used
encompasses the diversity of learners’ vocabulary and learning capabilities. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course syllabus.
This module: Communication in the Global World is divided into five (5) lessons, namely:
Lesson 1-Describing the Nature and Concepts of Verbal and Non-verbal Communication
Lesson 2- Visualizing the Process of Communication
Lesson 3- Understanding the Principles and Ethics of Communication
Lesson 4- Local and Global Communication in Multicultural Setting
Lesson 5- Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written Language
After going through this module, the students are expected to:
OVERVIEW
In this lesson, the students will deliberately understand the importance of learning the concepts of verbal and
non- verbal communication in multicultural contexts. Such significance will allow the students to have awareness on
meaningful interpersonal human interaction that promotes socio-cognitive learning that provides direct learning
progression on dealing verbal and non-verbal elements as to use as medium of communication.
OBJECTIVES:
3. Construct sentences that promote significance of learning the concepts of verbal and non-verbal communications.
3. Illustrate the significance of verbal and non-verbal communication through a video- presentation.
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 1.1
Read the sentences below and choose the following scenario that you can realate to.
When my mother ends her message with a smiley face, I know that she is not upset. But when she sends a
message like “Go home” or “Uwi ka na” without a smiley face, I get worried that she might be angry.( Bluebook
English, 2018)
When my classmate acknowledges my answer with an OK and have a happy face, I know that my message was
accepted warmly. But if it is just OK, I wonder why if she understood what I said.(Bluebook English, 2018)
Ending a response with an exclamation mark without a funny face emoticon might be misinterpreted as an
angry tone; the funny face emoticon makes the message sound light and funny. For example, texting NO!
Without funny face emoticon may sound like the sender is angry.(Bluebook English, 2018)
Notice that all these types of support come from personal experiences and observations. It is somehow related to
your daily life bases that may catch your attention to pause for a moment that you might conclude that how funny
it is.
Which of the following scenario that you can relate to? And why?
Can you share something related to your daily experiences that you can compare one of those scenario mentioned
above which is the most funniest or embarrassing moment of your life? How do you able to deal with that again if it
happens to you?
Write here on the space provided below about your unforgettable experience you can relate to. And tell something
how you can be able to manage it.
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LET’S READ
Today, more than ever, we find ourselves navigating through different communities sharing common
spaces. Communication has never been so fascinating yet so complex as in today’s multicultural world.
In this lesson, you will learn how effective communication in multicultural world is relevant in facilitating
more purposeful and respectful understanding of each other regardless of gender, age, culture, and ethnicity.
In any human interaction, spoken words are not the only way to communicate. It is true that to
communicate is to express ones thoughts and emotions through verbal and non- verbal means that convey certain
meanings within and across communities, cultures, and platforms. Thus, communication is the essential human
activities that enable us to make connections, create meanings, and nurture understandings. In communicating,
people usually use body languages, facial expressions or even appearances just to convey message to anyone
they wanted to connect. And that response shows as non-verbal communication. Non-verbal communication is
different from verbal communication hence; the latter can send messages without using spoken or written
languages. The person can able to receive messages without further ado and likewise send back to gain successful
feedback. Appreciating and understanding the different elements of communication may help people to initiate
and sustain more effective various purposes in connecting with others. For example, when you fold your hands in
front of your chest just to say your strong opinion about no racial discrimination which is currently a new trend of
facebook newsfeed about a three white cops killed undeniably the black American unarmed. Aside from the tone of
your voice being used to state you ideas how discrimination frustrate millions of people in the world, your body
language shows much more than your emotions and thoughts enough others to understand you such instance.
In addition, in multicultural context, you must pay special attention to what these nonverbal elements may
convey. Gestures, expressions, and tone of voice are not universal; neither are they absolute in their meanings.
What you wear, how you stand, the physical distance you maintain when talking to someone—these are some
ways of communication messages, whether intentional or not. Be aware that non-verbal elements may allow you to
use them in relevant way that generates favourable results.
Similarly, a purposeful awareness of the effective use of verbal elements of communication may lead to
more worthwhile adventures. Such awareness may impel of importance its elements as to avoid complications,
chaos and mishaps. Language use in terms of word choice is significant elements in making meaningful
connections and fostering harmonious understanding within each other. Since Culture plays a large role in the way
people understand in interpersonal way. In multicultural setting, how can a Chinese able to understand Filipinos in
dealing with businesses? How can a value of stock market to rise up? How can a customer able to complain such
problem arising during the purchase of the product? How can a manager able to hire a deserving applicant? By all
these questions, it addresses the means of using verbal languages with the appropriate language use.
To process verbal communication, the word choice may also include or exclude to a certain group of
people. A word in a language has its own meaning either in denotative way which definitions based from the
dictionary or connotative meaning based on the fluid of contexts used.
To sum up the ideas of non-verbal and verbal communication, aside from its essential part as significant in
human interaction, word choice is important in verbal element of communication. Wherein, people from different
cultures able to engage a meaningful conversation towards each other.
Types of Communication
Good communication is not just a process of transferring information from one entity to another. It’s an art
of first listening or reading the information, comprehending it, processing it and transferring it. There is a huge
amount of effort that goes into communication. Gestures, tone of voice, body language and spoken language are
some of the important aspects of communication. If the other person is unable to comprehend any of these factors,
then the process fails (https://phicare.com).
Communication comes in four basic types:
Verbal communication
This mode of communication relies on words to convey a message. This is the standard method of
communicating that most of us use on a day-to-day basis, though we rarely use it without augmenting it with one
of the other communication types. Verbal communication helps expressing thoughts, emotions, and sentiments.
Verbal communication is divided into four subcategories:
Intrapersonal Communication
This form of communications is extremely private and restricted to us. It includes the silent conversations
we have with ourselves, wherein we juggle roles between the sender and the receiver who are processing our
thoughts and actions. This process of communication when we analyzed can either be conveyed verbally to
someone or stay confined as thoughts.
Interpersonal communication
This form of communication takes place between two individuals and is thus a one-on –one conversation. Here, the
two individuals involved will swap their roles of sender and receiver in order to communicate in a clearer manner.
Non-Verbal Communication
It is a process of communication without using words or sounds. Non-verbal communication uses gestures,
body language, facial expressions, eye contact, clothing, tone of the voice, and other cues to convey a message. Like
verbal communication, this method is rarely used alone. Non- verbal communication could be considered like a
spice we use when communicating to add a little flavour. You might raise your eyebrows emphatically when
speaking to help make a point, or shake your finger at your child when you’re angry. These are all non-verbal cues
that help convey a message.
Written Communication
It is the medium through which the message of the sender is conveyed with the help of written words.
Letters, personal journals, e-mails, reports, articles, and memos are some forms of written communication; written
messages can be edited and rectified before they are sent to the receiver, thereby making written communication
an indispensable part of informal and formal communication. This form of communication are encapsulates
features of visual communication as well, especially when the messages are conveyed through electronic devices
such as laptops, phones, and visual presentations that involve the use of text words.
Visual Communication
This form of communication involves the visual display of information, wherein the message is understood
or expressed with the help of visual aids. For example, topography, photography, signs, symbols, maps, colors,
posters, banners and designs help the viewer understand the message visually. Movies and plays, television shows
video clip are all electronic form of visual communication. Visual communication are also involves the transfer of
information in the form of text, which is received through an electronic medium such as computer, phone, etc.
Icons and emoticons are forms of visual communication. When these icons are used in public place, phone and
computer, they instruct the user about their meaning and usage. One of the greatest examples of visual
communication is the internet, which communicates with the masses using a combination of text, design, links,
images, and color. All of these visual features require us to view the screen in order to understand the message
being conveyed.
The aforementioned four types of communication have played a vital role and continue to do so, in bridging the gap
between people, commerce, education, healthcare, an entertainment.
LET’S PRACTICE
NAME: DATE: |SCORE:
COURSE/YEAR/SECTION: INSTRUCTOR:
Bored, uninterested, frightened, angry, sad, happy, annoyed, disgusted, joyful, pleased, elated,
excited surprised, welcoming, pleased.
LET’S APPLY
ACTIVITY 1.4
NAME: DATE: |SCORE:
COURSE/YEAR/ SECTION: INSTRUCTOR
A. Illustrate the significance of verbal and non-verbal communication through a five minute act with your family
through video presentation posted on the account of the teacher.
OVERVIEW
In this lesson, the students will purposely understand the significance of learning the components and process
of communication. The substantial of communication process will allow the students to fully comprehend how it
works. They will able to define its components as the best way to convey meaning and introduce barriers.
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;
1. Identify the components and key elements of communication.
2. Comprehend the effective communication process.
3. Explain the internal and external barriers of communication.
4. Illustrate the value of effective communication and its various elements.
5. Promote effective communication at home and school
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 2.1
A. Examine the pictures below. Which of the following best describes your usual family meal time?
. A. B.
C.
Which of the pictures that best describes your usual family meal time? How does it make sense towards your
family relationships? How it affects the communication between you and your family?
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Technology Integration
B.Watch the following link below, it is about the videos of Lucky Me tv commercials that deals about usual
family meal time. Observe closely how the family members communicate with one another and answer the
questions that follows.
Which of the following Tv commercials that is ineffective of promoting family bond? Why?
What do you think is the problem of ineffective communication with one another?
Share your ideas or tips to promote effective communication and would strengthen the family bond.
LET’S READ
Communication is the process of sharing our ideas, thoughts, and feelings with other people and having those
ideas, thoughts and feelings understood by the people we are talking with. When we communicate, we speak,
listen, and observe.
The term communication process refers to the exchange of information between two or more people. For
communication to succeed, both participants must be able to exchange information and understood each other. If
1. Sender.
The communication process begins with the sender, who is called the communicator or source. The sender has
some kind of information
a command, request, or idea- that he or she wants to share with others. In order for the message to be received, the
sender must first encode the message in a form that can be understood and then transmit it.
2. Receiver.
The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or the interpreter. In order to comprehend the
information from the sender, the receiver must first be able to receive the sender’s information and then decode or
interpret it.
3. Message.
The message or the content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the receiver. It is relayed between
parties. Put all three together and you have the communication process as its most basic.
4. Medium.
Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which message is transmitted. Text messages, for example, are
transmitted to the medium of cell phones.
5. Feedback.
The communication process reaches its final point when the message has been successfully transmitted, received,
and understood.
The receiver, in turn, responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. Feedback maybe directs, such as written
or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in response.
6. Noise.
This can be sort of interference that affects the message being sent, received, or understood. It can be literal as
static over a phone line or esoteric as misinterpreting a local custom.
7. Context.
This is the setting in which communication takes place. Like noise, context can have an impact on the successful
exchange of information. It may have a physical, social, or cultural aspect to it.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
The communication barriers may prevent communication or carry incorrect meaning due to which
misunderstandings maybe created. Therefore, it is essential to identify such barrier and take appropriate measures
to overcome them (https://www.toppr.com).
There exist many barriers to communication and these may occur at any stage in communication process. Barriers
may lead messages become more distorted and therefore risk wasting both time and/or money by causing
GAPAN CITY COLLEGEPage 16|MODULE -PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
confusion and misunderstanding. Effective communications overcome these barriers and conveying a clear and
concise message.
Some common barriers to effective communication include:
- The use of jargon. Overcomplicated and unfamiliar terms.
- Emotional barriers and taboos.
- Lack of attention, interest, distractions, or irrelevance to the receiver.
- Differences in perceptions and viewpoint.
- Physical abilities such as hearing problems and speech difficulties.
- Physical barriers to non-verbal communication.
- Language differences and the difficulty in understanding unfamiliar accents.
- Expectations and prejudices which may lead to false assumptions or stereotyping. People often hear what
they expect to hear rather than what is actually said and jump to the incorrect conclusions.
- Cultural differences. The norms of social interaction vary greatly in different cultures, as do the way in
which emotions are expressed. For example, the concept of personal space varies between cultures and
between different social settings.
Communication Process
Answer the following questions below on a sheet of paper.
2. Compare the modern communication with the traditional face to face communication?
At home: At home:
At home: At home:
Similarity
Limitations
By group you have to think your own model of communication and explain your output. You can
give a scenario to support the model.
You may create your model using power point presentation or other presentation applications/
software. And submit it to the instructor’s email add or messenger account.
Self Reflection
How can you be able to promote effective communication at home and at school? Explain elaborately.
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OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;
1. Comprehend the four basic principles of interpersonal communication.
3. Demonstrate the ethics of effective communication.
4. Promote ethical interpersonal communication.
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 3.1
“Meanness Survey”
Put check (/) on the following space provided to answer the questions below.
1. Has anyone ever said or done something mean or crucial to
you online or face to face that you may feel bad?
yes
no
If you answered Yes, how often was it serious problem to you?
often
sometimes
rarely
never
2. Have you ever said or done something mean or crucial to
someone online or personally?
yes
no
If you answered Yes, what did you do? (Check all that apply)
Threatened to physically
hurt someone
Spread rumors
Posted or shared an
embarrassing photo or
video to someone else.
Harassed someone
sexually ( said or did
something sexual with the
person did not want you
to)
Made fun of someone’s
race, religion, and
ethnicity
LET’S READ
Osmo Wiio gives us some communication maxims similar to Murphy's law (Welin-Goos,1978; in
https://www.pstcc.com.edu):
If communication can fail, it will.
If a message can be understood in different ways, it will be understood in just that way which does the most harm.
There is always somebody who knows better than you what you meant by your message.
The more communication there is, the more difficult it is for communication to succeed.
These tongue-in-cheek maxims are not real principles; they simply humorously remind us of the difficulty of
accurate communication.
4. Interpersonal communication is contextual.
In other words, communication does not happen in isolation. There is:
Psychological context, which is who you are and what you bring to the interaction. Your needs, desires, values,
personality, etc., all form the psychological context. ("You" here refers to both participants in the interaction.)
Relational context, which concerns your reactions to the other person--the "mix."
Situational context deals with the psycho-social "where" you are communicating. An interaction that takes place
in a classroom will be very different from one that takes place in a bar.
Environmental context deals with the physical "where" you are communicating. Furniture, location, noise level,
temperature, season, time of day, all are examples of factors in the environmental context.
Cultural context includes all the learned behaviors and rules that affect the interaction. If you come from a culture
(foreign or within your own country) where it is considered rude to make long, direct eye contact, you will out of
politeness avoid eye contact. If the other person comes from a culture where long, direct eye contact signals
trustworthiness, then we have in the cultural context a basis for misunderstanding.
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication ethics is the notion that an individual’s group’s behavior is governed by their morals which in turn
affects communication. Generally speaking, communication, ethics deals with the moral good present in any form
of human communication. This includes interpersonal communication, mass mediated communication, and digital
communication (https://en.wikipedia.org).
Ethical communication is fundamental to responsible thinking, decision making, and the development of
relationships and communities within and across contexts, cultures, channels, and media. It also enhances human
worth and dignity by fostering truthfulness, fairness, responsibility, personal integrity, and respect for self and
others.
Johnson(2015) developed the Ten Basics of ethical Communication using the principles learned in Straight Talk
and Nonviolent Communication as well as “best practices” for small group work in general — with a little common
sense added in:
Ten Basics of Ethical Communication
Seek to “elicit the best” in communications and interactions with other group members.
Listen when others speak.
Speak non-judgmentally.
Speak from your own experience and perspective, expressing your own thoughts, needs, and feelings.
Seek to understand others (rather than to be “right” or “more ethical than thou”).
Avoid speaking for others, for example by characterizing what others have said without checking your
understanding, or by universalizing your opinions, beliefs, values, and conclusions, assuming everyone shares
them.
Manage your own personal boundaries: share only what you are comfortable sharing.
Respect the personal boundaries of others.
Avoid interrupting and side conversations.
Make sure that everyone has time to speak, that all members have relatively equal “air time” if they want it.
Ethics # 3
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B. Examine the pictures below. Tell each what does it illustrates according to the principles of interpersonal
communication you have understood.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Speech and Grammar Vlog has originality Speech is fluent. Vlog Vlog may contain Vlog may contain
and flair, may contain one or several errors in significant errors in
emphasizing two errors in grammar; errors may grammar; errors may
important points; grammar, error do impede viewer’s cause confusion to
contain no errors in not impede viewer’s understanding. the viewer. Speech is
grammar. understanding. Speech lack fluency. choppy without
complete sentences
or clear topic.
Creativity Viewer is left with a Viewer is left general Viewer mostly Presentation is
strong understanding understanding and understands the topic unclear on the topic
of the topic, will will remember the and might remember and unmemorable.
remember the video, video the video. Some
and feels like they introduced themes/
want to learn more topics may distract
from message.
Video Quality Video is well planned Video is well planned Video was somewhat Video is not well
with smooth with competent edits. planned. Transitions planned and has poor
transitions and edits. Sound is well and edits are edits. Sound is poor
Sound is expertly balanced and easy to rudimentary. Sound of quality. Many
balanced and easy to hear. Most sound and is reasonably sound and visual
hear. All sound and visual elements blend balanced. Some elements distract
visual elements with video’s message. sound and visual from the video’s
coincide with the elements are message.
video’s message distracting.
Think of a scene or situation that shows the lack of ethics or highlights issues in communication and how to resolve
it.
You can work it by group and plan for some ideas how to make video presentation then send it the
instructor’s Gmail account or messenger.
OVERVIEW
In this lesson, the students will purposely understand the significance of cultural awareness and
understanding global issues that are particularly valued and equally important as learning a foreign
language nowadays. It helps them to know the trend of communication by local and international
businesses that have been part of it. They may be able to have the ability to think more globally competitive.
OBJECTIVES
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 4.1
Give at least 5 sentences that come up to your mind in visualizing what the picture is about.
1._________________________________________________________________________________________________
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2._________________________________________________________________________________________________
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3._________________________________________________________________________________________________
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LET’S READ
How is the globalization related to communication? Well let’s know that the term communication has been in
existence since time immemorial, while the globalization is new to us. Lets us all know what is globalization?
According to https://www.globalization101.org, globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the
people, companies, and governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and
aided by information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on
economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.
Globalization is not really new. The globe has been globalized even before men coined the term globalization. For
example, huge corporations have been buying and selling lands on great distant areas, such as the famed Silk Road
across Central Asia that connected to China and Europe during Middle Ages.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO COMMUNICATION:
In an article entitled The Impact of Globalization on Communication Skills Development, David Ingram said that
communication skills development has always been an important factor of success in business, but the influence of
globalization and cross- cultural interaction in recent decades has impacted the types of communication skills needed
in dramatic ways. No longer can entrepreneurs afford to simply communicate well within their own homogenous
cultures.
1. Virtual Interactions. Globalization has introduced virtual communication and collaboration as a major part of
academic and workplace dynamics. We need to understand the strengths and limitations of different
communication media, and how to use each medium to maximum effect. ( https://cdn.essaywriting.expert)
2. Cultural Awareness Speech. The need for cultural awareness is a major impact of globalization on the required
skill set of effective communicators, resulting in the evolution of the communication skills development programs.
3. Cultural Awareness in Body Language. Awareness of cultural differences in the body language can be just as
important as nuances of speech. This is why the schools, students are taught to understand acceptable speaking
distances, conflict styles, eye contact and posture in different cultures, accepting that the physical expressions of
their own culture are not universally accepted. Students are also taught how to address these differences to
prepare them face –to- face meetings with foreign suppliers, customers or team members when they become
professionals.
4. Time Differences. The advent of global collaboration introduces another new dynamic to communication skills-
the need to communicate and share information to people across several time zones. When people collaborate with
others on the other side of the globe, their counterparts are usually at home asleep while they are themselves are
at work. This is why school teach students to address the nuances overcoming this challenge by teaching them to
understand the information needs of their colleagues, according to their communication styles of different
countries or cultures. Being able to effectively share information between shifts can make or break the productivity
of a geographically dispersed team, making this an important issue for many companies. This skill is particularly
needed in call centers catering clients from countries of different time zones.
IMPACTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON GLOBAL COMMUNICATION
According to Danev (2017), the process of globalization has widely increased the availability of information for
people across the world. By the use of Internet and advanced mobile services, people are able to discuss business plans
and proposals of an international level as well as exchange of private data securely. Global communication services
have also contributed to the enlightenment and development of the political process in a number of states.
Danev (2017) also enumerates the three major impacts on globalization on global communication and identifies
the major problem, as follows:
1. Availability of Information. The availability of information is a major effect of the process of globalization. The
World Health Organization, in its works focused on the cultural dimensions of globalization, has expressed the
view that with the spread of businesses delivering Internet, satellite TV and mobile services, the costs of such
LET’S PRACTICE
Pretend that you just got home from travelling abroad. And you already knew that going abroad is not
simple as you think. It is very crucial as you are preparing to interact with different cultures.
Let’s see how well you know some distinct manners and practices of different cultures. Write TRUE if the
statement expresses truth about the countries’ distinct practices, otherwise, write FALSE.
1. When greeting people from India hold their hands together in front of their chins in a
prayer- like position.
2. When greeting, most Middle Easterners, especially Muslims, avoid body contact with the
opposite sex, but men may embrace and kiss one another.
3. When greeting, most Americans, expect some body contact. Women kiss once on each
check and hug; men shake hands.
4. Avoid wishing “Merry Christmas” to Middle Easterners like the Muslims.
5. In Singapore, it is alright to eat in public transport.
6. In China, it is nice to give a clock and umbrella as a present.
7. In turkey, you don’t show OK gesture because it’s very offensive.
8. Waving at our friends is a normal and common gesture, when you are in Greece, it is
alright to you have the habit of waving.
9. In Thailand, if you are picking your nose while talking to other people then it is not
considered impolite at all but instead this act symbolizes good hygiene.
10. Do not order cappuccino in Italian restaurants after 11 am.
11. In Japan, it is not considered as offensive if you make loud slurping sound white eating
noodles.
12. To avoid emotional upset for Korean children and parents, do not write students’
names in red- this has death connotations.
13. In Jamaica and other parts of the Caribbean, teachers are respected and revered and
rarely challenged.
LET’S READ
It is a great challenge to communicate effectively within the entire global environment. To have such skills,
even both parties speak the same language in order to avoid misunderstandings. No matter how the conversations
being brought up to, still ethnicity and cultural differences lead to confusions and ineffective communication. Like
for instance, Asian people have cultural diversity towards the Europeans. Although when both speak the same
language, their accents and various idealogies are different that may have the possibility of misunderstanding
arises. But no matter what the differences they may be in, if both have the ability to apprehend the cultural
awareness and sensitivity thus it leads to effective communication beyond globalization.
Over the last decade, there have been countless examples from the business sector that demonstrate how
poor communication can lead to poor organizational performance (public criticisms and outcry). Understanding
the impact of globalization on cross- culture communication is imperative for organizations seeking to create a
competitive advantage in the global market. Recent economic challenges further highlight the need for
organization to develop internal communication capacity to necessary to control and monitor external threats
(http:// www. intechopen.com).
As a society becomes more globally connected, the ability to communicate across cultural boundaries has
gained increasing prominence. For example, business must understand how to communicate with employees and
customers from different cultures in order to fulfil the organization’s mission and build value for stakeholders.
Also, the use of technology has had a profound impact on how individuals, groups, organizations and institutions
communicate globally and market ideas. However, with the advancement of technology, individuals, groups,
organizations and institutions must sensitive to the cultural nuances that can potentially present as obstacles to
their intentions (https://www.intecopen.com).
A WORLD OF DIVERSITY
Parapak (1995) describes our world as a world of diversity. For many centuries, the people of the world
were separated by mountains and seas. They rarely saw each other; their lives were practically unrelated. They
developed and lived their own unique cultures. People in particular way of life, their own language, their religion
and thus became known as a tribe, and ethnic group of people who established a nation of their own.
The world, although one world, was and is inhabited by diverse populations, each with their own identity,
physical, spiritual and cultural uniqueness. Indeed this world has always been a world of diversity. There is no
reason to be ashamed or frightened of diversity. Indeed diversity can become a source of strength and enrichment.
The invention and development of new technologies have been and continue to instrumental in the changing way
we live, the way we communicate, the way we respond to our environment, the way we express our thoughts, our
ideas. In short technology has influenced the dynamic development of our cultural identities (Parapak, 1995).
During the early days of human civilization, direct, mainly verbal communication, using a particular
language was one of the elements of our cultural identity. The circle of influence was very limited, very much
dependent on the physical environment accessible by simple technology. This is still the case with some ethnic
groups in some undeveloped countries. The development of transportation and communication technologies
enlarges the circle of encounters, influence and independence.
In some ways technology has united the world and mankind, but technology has not eliminated our diversity.
The same maybe said about communicating locally- meaning here in the Philippines, and communicating
with other Filipinos. Like the globe, ours is a diverse country, but global communications have made our country a
small city of intelligence. Distance is no longer relevant to our way of life. We now obtain, process, store, transmit
and utilize information at the speed of light. With modern communications, we enhance our competitiveness, we
accelerate our national development, we modernize and integrate our economy and our society, we improve our
national efficiency and productivity, we strive for equitable distribution of our development, we eliminate isolation
of remote and rural areas, and we attract capital inflow for infrastructural development (Purposive
Communication, 2018).
However, the efforts to achieve global competitiveness and the sense of national identity has not eliminated
distinctive regional cultures, but rather aroused a sense of pride in the diversity which is a source of the rich
Philippine cultural heritage.
Philippines is an archipelagic country with 7, 641 islands, of which, about 2,000 are inhabited. More than
175 ethno-linguistic groups comprise our population. The majority of whose languages are Austronesian in origin.
More diverse than our country is Asian neighbour, Indonesia, with 17,508 islands, with more than 300 ethnic
groups, each with its own language, but much can be learned from the Indonesian experience. As Parapak (1995)
said:
...Accepting diversity as strength, we are mindful of the vital role of communications in bonding the diverse
cultures, diverse ethnic groups, diverse languages, and diverse religious beliefs into one nation.
Through our experience we have also learned to accept that the world is so diverse with its more than 180
nations...
...Diversity is indeed a spice of life, a potential source of strength and character.
The challenge is: How do we use diversity for our benefit and for the enrichment of our lives?
The super highway of information or global network of intelligence, allows us now to globally share
information, communicate instantly and work together to develop robust and sustainable economic progress,
promote democracy suitable to our different societies, and improve our environment, healthcare and education
ultimately realize a prosperous and just world society.
Global high-tech communications facilities also help to work together as nations, exchange ideas and nurture
friendships which transcend the barriers of nations, mountains and seas.
These facilities give an almost unlimited choice of information and entertainment to those who have access.
Our sky is loaded with programs and anyone with a receiving system has unlimited choice of programs. Yes,
through communications, the global world is now filled with information and entertainment that potentially have
an impact on our value systems, religious beliefs, business activities, taste in and choice of entertainment.
Of course, this often easier said than done. With increasingly diverse populations living together in the
same communities, it is not always possible to intimately understand the backgrounds of those we are interacting
with, but, having cultural sensitivity does not mean that you must be an expert in each culture ‘s values. It is simply
mean that you are honest to ask to ask questions, seek understanding, and demonstrate empathy rather than
judging those around you. It also means that, when you knowingly enter a space in which there will be cultural
differences at play, you do a bit of homework beforehand and avoid knee-jerk reactions or jumping to conclusions
(Dabbah, 2017).
Sherman (2018) observes that communicating in a diverse, multicultural environment can be awkward. For
example, someone might make a sweeping and inappropriate generalization to a co-worker about what his people
are like, causing discord. More subtle problems can involve the differences in how people from different cultures
communicate.
A gesture that is acceptable in one culture might be meaningless or offensive in another. What is
considered the normal space between two people standing and talking in different in different societies? In some
cultures, criticizing or correcting your boss openly is much less acceptable than it is in the United States.
To help you exhibit cultural awareness and sensitivity in words and in deeds, keep in mind the following guidelines
adapted from https://www.coloradoedinitiative.org:
View human difference as positive and a cause for celebration;
Have a clear sense of your own ethnic, cultural, and racial identity;
Be aware that in order to learn about others, you need to understand and be prepared to share your own
culture;
Be aware of your own discomfort when you encounter differences in race, color, religion, sexual
orientation, language, and ethnicity;
Be aware of the assumptions that you hold about of cultures different from you own;
Be aware of your stereotypes as they arise and develop personal strategies fro reducing the harm that they
cause;
GAPAN CITY COLLEGEPage 35|MODULE -PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Be aware of how your cultural perspective influences your judgements about what appropriate , normal,
or superior behaviors, values and communication styles are;
Accept that in cross-cultural situations, there can be uncertainty, and that uncertainty can make you
anxious. It can also mean that you do not respond quickly and take the time needed to get more
information;
Take any opportunity to put yourself in places where you can learn about differences and create
relationships; and
Understand that you will likely be perceived as a person with power and racial privilege (or the opposite), and that
you may not be seen as unbiased or as an ally.
GENDER SENSITIVITY
Gender sensitivity refers to the aim of understanding and taking account of the societal and cultural factors
involved in gender-based exclusion and discrimination in the most diverse spheres of public and private life. it
focuses mainly on instances of structural disadvantage in the positions and roles of women
(https://eige.europa.eu).
Gender- sensitive language is the realization of gender equality in written and spoken language. Gender equality
in language is attained when women and men and those who do not conform to the binary gender system are made
visible and addressed in language as persons of equal value, dignity, integrity and respect (https://eige.europa.eu).
Avoiding sex – and gender- based discrimination starts with language, as the systematic use of gender-based
terminology influences attitudes and expectations and could, in the mind of the reader and listener, relegate
women to the background or help perpetuate a stereotyped view of women’s and men’s roles. There are number of
different strategies that can be used to express gender relationships with accuracy, such as avoiding, to the
greatest possible extent, the use of language that refers explicitly or implicitly to only one gender, and ensuring,
through inclusionary alternatives and according to each langauge’s characteristics, the use of gender- sensitive and
inclusive language.
Examples of gender-neutral words that may be used are as follows:
Ancestors, forebears ( instead of forefathers)
Artificial, manufactured (instead of man- made)
Average/ ordinary person ( instead of common man)
Chair, chairperson, coordinator (instead of chairman)
Courteous, cultured (instead of ladylike)
First- year student (instead of freshman)
Flight attendant ( instead of steward, stewardess)
Human resources ( instead of manpower)
Legislator, representative ( instead of congressman)
Mail carrier, letter carrier, postal worker (instead of mailman, postman)
People, human beings (instead of mankind)
Person, individual ( instead of man)
Police officer ( instead of policeman)
Solidarity (instead of brotherhood)
To operate, to cover, to staff ( instead of to man)
The site http://www.academia.edu advises the use of Ms. With women as sometimes their marital status is
vague or not known if not give special directives from the woman herself (unless the woman herself prefers the
courtesy title Mrs. or Miss). A woman’s marital status is very often irrelevant to the matter in hand. Also, say Mr.
and Mrs. Smith, or Mrs. Jane and Mr. John Smith instead of Mr. and Mrs John Smith. The salutation Dear Sir/ Madam
is also preferred if the gender of the recipient is unknown instead of using Dear Sir. Another thing which you must
avoid is stereotyping roles and attributes. Stereotyping roles mean when certain jobs are presumed to be
performed only by men or women, giving rise to gender- biased terms. Example: John and Mary both have full-time
jobs; he helps her with the housework. This sentence can be stated in other way which sounds more respectful and
gender neutral: John and Mary both have full-time jobs; they share the housework.
POLITICAL CORRECTNESS
The term political correctness is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense
or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society. Since the late 1980’s., the term has come to refer to
avoiding language or behavior that can be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting groups of people
considered disadvantaged or discriminated against, especially groups defined by sex or race. In public discourse
and the media, it is generally used as pejorative, implying that these policies are excessive
(https://en.wikipedia.org).
Merriam-Webster defines politically correct as agreeing with the idea that people should be careful to use
language or behave in a way that could offend a particular group of people (Molloy, 2015).
Other dictionaries give similar definitions, but what it basically comes down to its political correctness means not
being a jerk to others. Political correctness is nothing more than treating others with respect. Being kind, being a
nice person. And yes, this means maybe not calling someone a racial slur and not making judgements or
assumptions based on stereotypes (Molloy, 2015).
Some words that maybe used for political correctness are as follows:
Academic dishonesty ( instead of cheating)
Aesthetically challenged (instead of ugly)
Black ( instead of negro)
Comb-free ( instead of bald)
Differently abled (instead of disabled)
Drug dependent ( instead of drug addict)
Dysfunctional family (instead of broken home)
Economically marginalized ( instead of poor)
Elderly, senior ( instead of old)
Ethically disoriented ( instead of dishonest)
Hearing impaired (instead of deaf)
Informal settlers ( instead of squatters)
Intellectual disability, intellectual developmental disorder (instead of mental retardation)
ACTIVITY 4.3
Name: Date: |Score:
LET’S APPLY
ACTIVITY 4.4
: LANGUAGE REGISTERS
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. Identify the features of formal and informal language registers;
2. Analyze texts in terms of language use and style;
3. Name a situations when formal, informal and intimate registers are applicable; and
4. Write reviews using the appropriate language register.
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 5.1
Be sometimes a native English speaker. Figure out the slang words that match the definitions. Write the letter of
your chosen answer inside the box below. Once you perfected all of these, it means you have the potential to
become one.
1. dirty 7. very tired
2. nothing 8. very rich
3. steal 9. strange, crazy
4.food 10. all the time
5. fail (an exam or a course) 11. one thousand dollars
6. friend 12. barbeque
a) “I know nothing about the lessons because I did not attend classes so when Mrs. Cruz gave assessment last
day, I got zilch.” (American)
b) “He’s loaded. That’s why he can eat in expensive restaurants every night after a day shift at the company”. (
American)
c) “It’s good tucker there, especially the fish. And quite cheap, too”. (Australian)
d) “She’s got a great job. Fifty grand a year and fifteen days’ paid vacation”. (American)
e) “You know what happened to John? He left his cell phone on a chair, and someone nicked it”. (British)
f) “She’s... different. Not really a bad person, just kind of kooky.” (American)
g) “I flunked my US VISA application, so I’m going to reprocess and take again.” (American)
h) “Their bedroom is so manky. I don’t they’ve cleaned it for about a month.” (British)
i) “I had four hours sleep last night and only about five the night before. I’m zonked.” (American)
j) “We’re having a barbie on Sunday if the weather’s good. Why don’t you come around?” (Australia)
LET’S READ
The observation of John Naisbitt in his book Megatrends 2000 says: [t]he more homogeneous our lifestyles
become, the more steadfastly become, the more steadfastly we cling to deeper values and religion, language, art
and literature as our outer worlds grow more similar, we will increasingly treasure the traditions that spring from
within (Parapak, 1996).
In some ways, we had been more and more globalized in our lifestyle, business, factories, music, fashion, fast food,
however the inner elements, the fundamentals of language, philosophy, religion, and value systems will remain
diverse and varied.
Speaking of language, not only does diversity remains specifically in it. Language varieties continue to exist.
LANGUAGE VARIETIES
In present-day linguistics, the term variety is used to refer any variant of language which can be sufficiently
delimited from another one. The ground for such differentiation maybe social, historical, spatial or a combination
of these (https:// www.uni-due.de)
Language variety simply refers to a distinguishable variant of a language. This means that there are a large
number of varieties of any given language. The sole criterion to be fulfilled by particular variety is delimitation vis
á vis other varieties. Dialects within variety frameworks are frequently referred to as regional varieties and
socialists as social varieties, though the level dialect can be retained if used objectively (https://www.uni-due.de).
In https://www.hawaii.edu, several varieties of language are identified and described a follows:
A pidgin is a new language which develops in situations where speakers of different languages need to
communicate but don’t share a common language. The vocabulary of a pidgin comes mainly from one particular
language (called the ‘lexifier’). An early pre- pidgin is quite restricted in use and variable in structure. But the later
stable pidgin develops its own grammatical rules which are quite different from those of the lexifier. Once a stable
pidgin was emerged, it is generally learned as a second language and used for communication among people who
speak different languages. Examples are Nigerian Pidgin and Bislama (spoken in Vanuatu).
When children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a
community, it is called Creole. Like a pidgin, a creole is distinct language which has taken most of its vocabulary
from another language, the lexifier, but has its own unique grammatical rules. Unlike a pidgin, however, a creole is
not restricted in use, and is any other language in its full range of functions. Examples are Gullah, Jamaican Creole,
and Hawaii Creole English. Note that the words pidgin and creole are technical terms used by linguists, and not
necessarily by speakers of the language. For example, speakers of Jamaican Creole call their language Patwa (from
patois) and speakers of Hawaii Creole English call their Pidgin.
A regional dialect is not a distinct language but a variety of language spoken in a particular area of a
country. Some regional dialects have been given traditional name which mark them out as being significantly
different from standard varieties spoken in the same place. Some examples are Hillbilly English (from the
Appalachians in the USA) and Geordie (from Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK).
Sometimes members of a particular ethnic group have their own variety which they use as a marker of
identity, usually alongside a standard variety. This is called a minority dialect. Examples are African American
Vernacular English in the USA, London Jamaican in Britain, and Aboriginal English in Australia.
Indigenized Varieties are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies in multilingual populations.
The differences from the standard variety maybe linked to English proficiency, or maybe part of the range of
varieties used to express identity. For example, Singlish (Spoken in Singapore) is a variety very different from the
standard English, and there are many other varieties of English used in India.
The formal register is more appropriate for professional writing and letters to a boss or a stranger; while the
informal register (also called casual or intimate) is conversational and appropriate when writing to friends and
people you knew very well. Finally, the neutral register is non-emotional and sticks to facts. It is most appropriate
technical writings. In some instances, the formal and informal registers maybe mixed to a present the information
in an easy to understand and personal tone.
Using the discussions https://www.really-learn-english.com, let us look closely at the three most common
language registers used in the English language.
Also, do not use slang, abbreviations or symbols would use in friendly emails and texts.
Examples:
LOL (laugh out loud)
Coz ( because)
Brb (be right back)
w/o ( without)
& ( and)
w/ ( with)
g) Do not start sentences with words like and, so, but, also.
Here are some good transition words and phrases to use in formal writing:
Nevertheless
In addition
Additionally
As a result of
However
Although
h) Always write in complete sentences. This is self-explanatory.
i) Write longer, more complex sentences. This is also self- explanatory.
2. Informal Language Register. Informal writing is written in the way we talk to our friends and family. We use
informal writing when we are writing to someone we know very well.
Some kinds of writing can be written in an informal style. Informal writing includes:
a. personal e-mails,
b. phone texts,
c. short notes,
d. friendly letters,
e. most blogs, and
f. diaries and journals
There are no major rules to informal writing. With informal writing, you can include things such as:
a) Slang and clichés,
b) Figurative language,
c) Symbols and Abbreviations,
d) Acronyms,
e) Incomplete sentences,
f) Short sentences,
3. Neutral Language Register. We use the neutral language with non- emotional topics and information. Neutral
writing is not necessary formal or informal. It is not usually positive or negative. A neutral register is used to
deliver facts.
Some writings are written in the neutral register. This means they are not specifically formal or informal.
Writing in the natural language register includes:
a) Reviews,
b) Articles,
c) Some letters,
d) some essays, and
e) Technical Writing
Knowing which register to use can be challenging for English students. Unlike Spanish and other languages, there is
no special from of a pronoun expressly for use in formal situations. Culture adds another layer of complication,
especially if you’re not familiar with how people are expected to behave in certain situations. There are two things
you can do that can improve your skills. Look for contextual clues such as vocabulary, use of examples, and
illustrations. Listen for tone of voice. Is the speaker is whispering or yelling? Are they using courtesy titles or
addressing people by name? Look how they’re standing and consider the words the choose (https://www.really-
learn-english.com).
LET’S PRACTICE
Name: Date: |Score:
Course/Year/ Section: Instructor:
ACTIVITY 5.2
a.) Thanks for following- up on b.) You’re so good. I’m crazy c.) Whoa, way to go! Nice work!
the Lazada Account. Great job! about you, Darling.
d.) I’m sick and tired of your e.) I offer You all my prayers, f.) How’s my little snuggy
crap! works, joys, and suffering of wuggy?
this day...
g.) Welcome to the Christian h.) Oh, Bob. Just a moment! i.) This is a complaint damages
Brothers Industrial Center. Listen, you know... well... what and injunctive relief arising out
Where tomorrow’s world was with that off-key comment of manipulative activities in the
meets today’s. Please last night? gold market from 2010 to the
remember that no flash present time...
photography is allowed during
this tour...
j.) Hey, Jack. What’s up? k.) Hello, Mr. Paul. How are you l.) Good morning. May I speak
this morning? to the manager, please?
m.) Thank you for applying for n.) Excuse me Ms Anderson. As o.) I hope you don’t mind my
this position. We’ll let you I understand the task, we need stating that the service is
know within a week if you have to focus on improving our unsatisfactory. I would like a
been chosen for an interview. delivery times rather than refund.
blaming our suppliers.
LET’S APPLY
ACTIVITY 5.3
Write a written review about the recent online trends of “Mukbang”. You can feature the foods that you want to eat
that is available or the newly- opened local restaurant where you enjoyed the sumptuous menu and you would like
to encourage your adult friends to visit the place and enjoy the food.
GAPAN CITY COLLEGEPage 48|MODULE -PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
Publish your review in any of your social media accounts. Attach necessary photos and links.
RUBRIC FOR WRITTEN REVIEW
PROFICIENT DEVELOPING APPROACHING NOVICE
DEVELOPING
10 8 6 4
CONTENT Knowledgeable; Some knowledge of Limited knowledge of Shows little or no
substantive, thorough the subject; adequate the subject; minimal knowledge of the
development of the range of analysis and substance, analysis subject; lacking
thesis, including synthesis; limited and synthesis; poor analysis or synthesis
appropriate examples thematic thematic of the material and
development and use development, use of lacking good
of examples; mostly examples and critical examples; inadequate
relevant to the topic, interpretation of the quantity; or not
but lacks detail in material. enough to rate.
critical interpretation
of the material.
ORGANIZATION AND Clear statement of Main ideas clear but Ideas not well Ideas not
FORMAT ideas; clear loosely organized or connected; title too communicated; no
organization connected; title general; poor title; organization,
(beginning, middle, pertinent to the organization and sequencing and
and end) and smooth thesis; sequencing transitions; logical transitions lacking, or
transitions; logical but sequencing and not enough to rate.
introduction leads incomplete. developmental.
reader into topic;
conclusion effectively
summarizes main
findings and follows
logically from the
analysis presented,
logical and cohesive
sequencing both
between and within
paragraphs.
GRAMMAR, Fluent expression; Adequate fluency; Low fluency; Lacks fluency; no
VOCABULARY AND accurate use of simple constructions significant mistakes mastery of simple
FLUENCY relatively complex used effectively; some in the use of complex sentence
structures; very few problems in use of constructions; construction; text
grammatical errors. complex frequent grammar dominated by errors;
Complex range of constructions; some and spelling errors, does not
vocabulary; accurate grammar and spelling lack of accuracy communicate
word/ idiom choice; errors. interferes with meaning, or not
mastery of word meaning. enough to rate.
forms and
expressions;
appropriate level.
OVER-ALL TOTAL
POST-ASSESSMENT
Name: Date: |Score:
Course/ year/ section: Instructor:
A. MULTIPLE CHOICES
DIRECTION: Read the following questions and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What term that refers to the exchange of information between two or more people?
A. communication process C. Non-Verbal Communication
B. True or False
Direction: Read the following statement; write True if it is correct and False if it is not on the space
provided.
REFERENCES:
Books
Internet Sources
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/communication process
http://www.toppr.com/communicationbarriers
http://www. cliffnotes.com
http://www.assentis.com
https://www. businessjargons.com
https://youtube.com
https://superteacherworksheets.com
https://www.pinterest.ph
In this module helps the students to equip adequate knowledge and skills to become more critical in
dealing with multimodal texts. Give them an opportunity to decode texts in different communicative
situations in this multi- cultural world, leading them to the understanding of various cultural and values
differences with the aids and strategies of using technology as part of digital communication trends.
This module: Communication in the Digital Age is divided into two (2) lessons, namely:
After going through this module, the students are expected to:
3. Familiarize of the technological and online tools which can facilitate effective communication.
The 21st century is regarded as internet era hence the information perpetuated through online and social
media resources. The medium of communication goes hand in hand through the internet users. The rapid changes
from face-to-face communication into technological advancement have gone too far. Drastically, the changes bring
improvement and convenience of people’s daily lives but somehow cause misleading of information. Thus, in this
module it helps the students to have the textual knowledge in multimodal texts that requires new and diverse literacy
skills which is a necessity, extended beyond the realms of traditional print-based materials into other learning
disciplines.
OBJECTIVES:
1. Understand the different modes of communication in enhancing the meaning of any message.
LET’S KNOW
Activity 1.1
1.
2.
3.
4 .
LET’S READ
MODES OF COMMUNICATION
LINGUISTIC MODE
The linguistic mode refers to the written or spoken words. The mode includes word choice, the delivery
of written or spoken text, the organization of words into sentences and paragraphs and the development
and coherence of words and ideas. Linguistic is not always the most important mode; this depends on the
other modes at play in the text, what kind of text it is and other factors. Linguistic is probably the most
widely used mode, because it can be both read and heard, on both paper and audio. The linguistic mode is
the best way to express details and lists.
VISUAL MODE
The visual mode refers to the images and characters that people see. This mode includes color, lay out,
style, size and perspective. The visual mode is used in order to instruct, persuade, entertain, represent
feelings or etc. The visual mode also does a good job of expressing details.
SPATIAL MODE
The spatial mode is about physical arrangement, organization and proximity of the text. One example of
this is often a brochure, and how it is fooled and organized. The spatial mode also can refer to the
navigation bar on a website, and how a user interprets and navigates the web. The designer is the one
who decides upon and designs a webpage spatially but the consumer is the one who decides how to use
that navigation.
GESTURAL MODE
The gestural mode refers to the way movement is interpreted. Facial expressions, hand gestures, body
language and interaction between people are all gestural modes. This has always been important in face-
to-face conversations and in theater, but it has come more apartments on the web lately with the wide
use of YouTube and other video players. The gestural mode works with linguistic, visual, aural and
sometimes even spatial in order to create more detail and convey it better to the consumer.
(https://www.ebservices.itcs.umich.edu)
MULTIMODALITY
If the texts use more than one mode; these are referred as multimodal. Advertisements, newspaper,
reports, music videos and etc. are all multimodal. Multimodal texts do not have to be digital, whether a
text is created on a computer, paper or another type of technology it can enable a combination of words,
photos, charts, lay out and etc. in order to communicate a message and be categorized as multimodal.
MULTIMODAL LITERACY
Many texts are multimodal, where meaning is communicated through combinations of two or more
modes. Modes include written language, spoken language, and patterns of meaning that are visual, audio,
gestural, tactile and spatial. (https://www.education.vic.gov.au)
Multimodal texts
Multimodal texts combine two or more modes such as written language, spoken language, visual (still
and moving image), audio, gestural, and spatial meaning (The New London Group, 2000; Cope and
Kalantzis, 2009). Creating digital multimodal texts involves use of communication technologies, however,
multimodal texts can also be paper based, or live performances.
Multimodal texts include picture books, text books, graphic novels, comics, and posters, where meaning is
conveyed to the reader through varying combinations of visual (still image) written language, and spatial
modes.
Live multimodal texts, for example, dance, performance, and oral storytelling, convey meaning through
combinations of modes such as gestural, spatial, spoken language, and audio.
Each mode uses unique semiotic resources to create meaning (Kress, 2010). In a visual text, for example,
representation of people, objects, and places can be conveyed using choices of visual semiotic resources
such as line, shape, size, line and symbols, while written language would convey this meaning through
sentences using noun groups and adjectives (Callow, 2013) which are written or typed on paper or a
screen.
Student authors need to be able to effectively create multimodal texts for different purposes and
audiences, with accuracy, fluency, and imagination. To do this, students need to know how meaning is
conveyed through the various modes used in the text, as well as how multiple modes work together in
different ways to convey the story or the information to be communicated.
Students need to know how to creatively and purposefully choose how different modes might convey
particular meaning at different times in their texts, and how to manipulate the various combinations of
different modes across the whole text to best tell their story (Jewitt, 2009). See: Modes.
Each individual mode uses unique semiotic resources to create meaning (Kress, 2010) and teaching of
these needs to be explicit.
Examples of texts to create
Below are examples of different forms of texts students might create in the classroom. The complexity of
creating texts increases proportionately with the number of modes involved and the relationships
Simple multimodal texts include comics/graphic novels, picture books, newspapers, brochures, print
advertisements, posters, storyboards, digital slide presentations (e.g. PowerPoint), e-posters, e-books,
and social media.
Meaning is conveyed to the reader through varying combinations of written language, visual, gestural,
and spatial modes.
Podcasts are also simple to produce, involving combinations of spoken language, and audio modes.
Live multimodal texts include dance, performance, oral storytelling, and presentations. Meaning is
conveyed through combinations of various modes such as gestural, spatial, audio, and oral language.
Complex digital multimodal texts include: live action films, animations, digital stories, web pages,
book trailers, documentaries, music videos. Meaning is conveyed through dynamic combinations of
various modes across written and spoken language, visual (still and moving image), audio, gesture
(acting), and spatial semiotic resources. Producing these texts also requires skills with more
sophisticated digital communication technologies.
As you might generalize, language is all around us- from the way we speak and communicate with one
another, to the books that we read, even when we use our body to give away signals for pleasure, pain
and excitement. And as our world transitions to the online age, when communication is no longer
personal, linguists still continue to study the emerging language mediums. The field of linguistic is
particularly interested with the use of language in everyday landscape in different contexts. Since
Internet is highly used and online content suggest defining context to the netizen, linguists consider
pictures, signs, and photos as having ideologies that talk to people exposed in these kinds of multilingual
landscape.
As part of the online age, you have to be good in examining how signs communicate with you in the
context of the author and the reader/ recipient in the emerging linguistics landscapes.
LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE
When you find yourself lost in unfamiliar place, you first look around for signs that may tell you where
actually are. You would look for street names, billboards, signage, or even bills posted on walls and posts.
Those signs will help you familiarize yourself in the surrounding and may signal you about a familiar
thing that may make you identify your location. The things that you can actually see that do not
necessarily word to express a thought is called a linguistic language.
Wherever you are, the linguistic and semiotic materials may come in form of billboards, signage, street
names, traffic regulations or graffiti. These materials go unnoticed most of the time. Advertisements,
Linguistics considers signs to express symbolic meaning and messages. It is both a language and a
medium of communication own its own. Researches tend to analyze the purpose of the author/ writer,
how these signs and symbols are produced, and to whom they are directed to. In some cases, signs can
usually be identified in the basis of form of the signage or symbol.
Official signs are produced with a top down discourse, while signs produced by an individual or a group,
but not officially recognized has bottom up discourse.
https://lingscape.com
Knowing where to draw the line between top down and bottom up is not always easy. Ben-Rafael et al.
(2006; in Mooney and Evans, 2015) suggest that the signs on individual shops are bottom up as these
allow for personal choice in their composition and display. However, within the context of the shop itself,
they could be regarded as to down. Leeman & Modan (2009; in Mooney & Evans, 2015) argue that the
distinction of bottom up and top down signage practices is untenable in an era in which public-private
partnerships are the main vehicle of urban revitalization initiatives in urban centers in many parts of the
world, and when government policies constrain private sector signage practices. Nevertheless, Mooney &
Evans(2015) said, if the distinction is thought of as a continuum whose orientation points may shift in
different contexts, it is helpful in understanding how signs are constructed and consumed. Examine the
signage as follows:
The example above is a signage in Britain. The sign contains two languages, British and Welsh. This has a
top down approach because it is an official rule which you can attribute to the authority. It shows
authority in making a request. Now, examine the picture that follows:
https://alamy.com
The kind of signage and symbols vary depending on culture environment has different reading practices.
Some language are written from left to right, top to bottom, or the semantics, context and structure of
language is different from one another.
GEOSEMIOTICS
Looking at particular sign, you may notice that the various elements used in have meaning, and elements
symbolic in the message they want to convey. Try to pay attention to the various features including color,
size, shape and where the sign is placed. They may be used in analyzing the symbol and contextual
meaning of signs. This is what linguistics call as geosemiotics. It is a mode of analyzing signs.
Geosemiotics is the study of the social meaning of the material placement of signs in the world. By signs
we mean to include any semiotic system including language and discourse (Scollon & Scollon, 2003; in
Mooney & Evans, 2015).
If you look at a sign more critically, you would likely understand the intention of the maker and his
purpose. This is why signs are replaced in the location that has relevance to the message it wants to
convey. Imagine a one- way sign in two- way street. Most drivers would surely get confused because it
does not relate to the place where it is supposed to be.
Note that the language and placement of signs are just two of semiotic systems. Other things, likely
typeface used, the color, images and so on, also create and communicate meaning. Because signs are so
varied across linguistic landscape, you need to pay attention to all these semiotic choices of the maker.
Having mentioned the images, the use of symbols and other features also support the message of the sign.
Imagine what would happen if the skull and bone sign on poisonous bottle is colored pink.
https://www.vectorstock.com https://www.vectorstock.com
Analyze the sign. It is in the right place? What meaning does the sign is trying to convey?
Also, in evaluating signs, better ways of presenting the message must be explored. Consider this example
above.
Although it is often assumed that signs only differ in features, signs divided into different kinds based on
the contextual meaning and discourse, thus, a sign may be:
Infrastructural, if it labels things or directs for the maintenance of a building or any infrastructure,
Being all too common, it is easy to imagine the first three kinds of signs, hence, the emphasis on the
fourth one in this chapter.
Now, examine the sign that follows. Identify the linguistic contents (words, phrases) in the graffiti and
what each means. Also, identify the symbols used and what each tries to convey.
https://amazon.com
This is an example of graffiti, a transgreesive sign. We have defined a transgressive sign as one which
intentionally or accidentally violates the conventional semiotics at that place such as discarded snack
food wrapper or graffiti, or nay sign in wrong space ( Scollon & Scollon, 2003; in Mooney & Evans, 2015)
As already mentioned, graffiti are transgressive signs. Graffiti may have varied meanings. The idea of the
people is to have a medium of public voice is shown in the production of graffiti. The graffiti is an
unsanctioned urban text (Carrington, 2009; in Mooney and Evans, 2015). This kind of transgressive
discourse conveys power and control to the person or group behind the production of graffiti. Most of
these graffiti express a narrative outside the boundaries of the conventional language.
Carrington (2009; in Mooney & Evans, 2015) describes a graffiti as vernacular. We can also understand it
in relation to the bottom up scheme described above. As these signs are not top down, they allow the viewer
to see the contribution to other people to the built of the environment.
Graffiti is a way to disempowered people to make a visible mark, to disrupt the landscape that is
increasingly occupied by the increasingly power. As argued by the linguist, graffiti creates a narrative and
GAPAN CITY COLLEGEPage 62|MODULE -PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION
is a form of participatory culture. The people who live in the space provide evidence of their experiences,
views and actions. In this sense, it is a form of citizenship. It allows for the visibility of a hidden
community and permits this community to see itself in this environment.
Having said that, examine now the narrative in the graffiti that follows. What could be the story behind
the graffiti? How did the artist disrupt the landscape? Was the artist successful in communicating his
views, and in making the community to which he belongs is visible?
ONLINE LANDSCAPE
People who go online are called netizen- abstractions of the words Internet and citizen. Netizens are
metaphorically considered as the citizens of the virtual world.
We now lived in a time when almost everyone has at least one social media account .We communicate
now these virtual landscapes more than ever. The virtual space is also a language landscape. Looking at it
as landscape rather than language should prompt you to see the semiotic options in the context of social
spaces in this environment. Three of the many media in this landscape are the following:
1. YouTube. Although YouTube (be mindful as to how the word is spelled because it is a proper
noun) videos cannot be specifically considered as signs or symbols, YouTube video producers use
symbols and signs, generally inclusive in the language used, to convey the message they want to
express. It is difficult to generalize the use of YouTube whether for research, entertainment, or
extensive advertisement. As such, the YouTube videos are language landscapes that can be
analyzed in its context and features.
While there is certainly some similarities between television and YouTube, it is also be described as being
post- television (Lister, et al; Tolson, 2010; cited by Mooney & Evans, 20150). Some media researchers
believe that television differ from YouTube. Television tends to be filmed and recorded from a studio and
is centered, while YouTube videos may be recorded by people who have recording gadgets at home which
can be discentered.
Also television tends to be to have a hierarchy of discourse, with some channels and programs being more
prestigious than others. This may depend on the institutional voice of the channel or program or the kind
of people producing the content YouTube however, it is not hierarchical. While content is searchable and
ordered so that viewers can find material, none of it is presented by the platforms as more prestigious
than anything else. In addition to this, rather than having institutional voice, the voices on the YouTube
are the individual voices, with ordinary people becoming celebrities and experts. Finally, what a viewer
can watch is dictated by the television program schedule; while YouTube provides very little direction
what to watch when. Just as producers choose what to broadcast, viewers can choose what to watch and
when to watch it (Tolson, 2010; in Mooney & Evans, 2015)
2. Twitter. This virtual landscape is described by Monney & Evans (2015) as ubiquitous. What
this virtual landscapes looks like depends on the technology and on the choices the user makes. An
individual’s experience of Twitter, for example, depends on who he/ she is following, which hash
tags he/she is interested in, and so on. Moreover, the way people use Twitter can vary widely.
Twitter (and other online platforms), provide opportunities (though always with limitations) and
resources for making choices in how we create a personalized linguistic and semiotic landscape. Gillen &
Merchant (2013; in Mooney & Evans, 2015) refer to these choices in terms of constructing a point of view.
Further, because of the user generated content on Twitter, users are changing the very landscape they
inhabit, even given the small amount of space allowed for each tweet (140 characters).
Therefore, in dealing with the thinking about linguistic landscape, we are no longer just thinking about
signs, posters, billboards, and notices ( Mooney & Evans, 2015).
3. Memes. One of the things that the World Wide Web make possible is the quick circulations of
memes. Memes are prevalent in social media, and if we ask a student no matter how if he/she
encountered one or two, it is most probably that he/ she has already.
To make the definition short, meme is a term given to any post, language and photo that has an uptake to
a social, moral, or political idea that most of the time seems funny.
Memes are contagious patterns of cultural information that get passed from mind to mind and directly
generate and shape the mindset and significance forms of behavior and actions of a social group. Memes
includes as things such as popular tones, catchphrases, clothing fashions, architectural styles, ways of doing
things, icons, jingles, and the like, said Knobel & Lankshear (20017; in Mooney & Evans, 2015)
Memes are striking example of extensive, bottom up activity that changes the linguistic landscape
(Mooney & Evans, 2015).
Memes do not become viral; it also imbeds a lasting impression to people who can relate to the meme.
Since meme are naturally comic in nature, replicability of memes is one of its best elements.
People who create memes tend to carefully consider the photo that will be used, the relevance of the
message it wants to convey and the relationship of the photo, the symbols used, the message, and the font
style and sized used.
The problem with this landscape is this: too many memes are cringe-worthy for their blundered
grammar and erroneous spelling and/or punctuation. Some are even culturally intensive, gender/class
insensitive, and/or politically incorrect. Yet, people like and share them. Remember: Memes like that
should never be patronized, especially by the educated and critical.
LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVITY 1.2
4)
3)
7) 6)
9) 11)
14)
10) 15)
12)
13)
8)
UP
1. The study of social meaning of material placement of signs.
3. Described as being post-television that has recorded videos.
6. Types of signs’ discourse produced by individual or group and are not officially recognized.
8. Modes of Communication that focuses on body language and hand gestures.
10. Where meaning of text that is communicated through combinations of two or more modes.
13. A person who actively uses the Internet in an online world.
DOWN
2. Mode of the communication that is all about the written and spoken languages.
4. Mode of communication that is all about the tone and sound effects of spoken languages.
5. It expresses a symbolic meaning and messages.
7. Types of graffiti that violates the conventional semiotics or in the wrong place signs.
9. Mode of communication that focuses on perspective and proximity of lay outing, style and sizes of objects or
people.
11. A virtual landscape used for keeping up the developments in work and career, following celebrities or
interacting with friends.
12. A term given to any posts, language or photo that is naturally comic in nature
14. Types of signs’ discourse produced that is official.
15. A picture or image that shows particular whole area or appearance.
ACTIVITY 1.3
Name: Date: |Score:
Course/ year/ section: Instructor:
By group or partner, analyze each text by answering the following questions below. Write your answer in a sheet of
paper and share it to the class via zoom or face-to-face.
Text #1
The media giant earlier said a number of its workers will lose their
jobs on August 31 as the network stays off-air without a
congressional franchise.
The center assured that they will provide their employees with
severance pay as mandated by law as well as job placement
programs.
TEXT # 2
1. What is the message? What is the purpose?
2. Who is the target audience of the message?
3. What modes were used in presenting the message? Did it help build the credibility of the story?
4. Do you think the story is true? Why do you say so?
5. Is the URL legitimate?
6. Does the picture/headline seem one- sided or biased towards the particular point of view?
FACTUAL INFORMATION:
MISLEADING INFORMATION:
1. What is the message? What is the purpose? 4. Do you think this post is true? Why do you so?
2. Who is the target audience of the message? 5. Is the URL legitimate?
3. What modes were used in presenting the message? 6. Does the post seem one-sided or biased towards a
Did it help build the credibility of the story? particular point of view?
FACTUAL INFORMATION:
MISLEADING INFORMATION: _________
ACTIVITY 1.4
Name: Date: |Score:
1. What
is the
1 3 event or
issue
that
inspired
the
2 4
caricature?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Image #:_______
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. Who or what is portrayed in the image? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. Are there symbols in the image? What are they and what do they represent?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. What is the cartoonist’s opinion about the topic portrayed in the image?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5. Do you agree or disagree with the cartoonist’s opinion? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
LET’S APPLY
ACTIVITY 1.5
As a final task in this lesson, find any text that combines two or more modes (e.g. billboard, poster, Facebook, post,
advertisements, websites, photo, music, news material, visual art or film/ television clip) that you believe contains
misleading information.
Technology has taken over the world in these past decades. Its rapid development has made a huge impact on
each aspect of life and also in communication. In fact, the fast changes of communication dealt a big hit on wave of
using Internet sources and social media accounts. Even selling and buying goods, technology is taking on high demand
value. Thus in this lesson, the students will learn more about the significant of the technological inventions and the
advent of Internet era communication. An eye opener to have an idea how to make presentation during class or at
work to be presentable that provokes the attention of the audience. And also gives them an idea how to use the
different strategies that enhances the self confidence in front of others.
OBJECTIVES
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 2.1
A. List at least 5 the issues and events that wrapped up the year 2020 inside the box below.
2.
3.
4.
5.
B. You had answered the activity 2.1 about the hot issues or remarkable events in this year 2020. Since the first
month of the year, more events have been dominating the people’s attention up to present. And until today, still the
world is suffering from the pandemic aftermath. From all those current events, how did you able to know or access
the information to be updated? Arrange the jumbled letters of the following below which is said to be the access of
information nowadays.
1. OKAFOCEB
2.UTEBOYU
LET’S READ
What is a Communication Aid?
A communication aid helps an individual to communicate more effectively with people around them.
Communication aids are also referred to as AAC devices. AAC refers to Augmentative and Alternative
Communication, which is defined as,
… a huge range of techniques which support or replace spoken communication. These include gesture, signing,
symbols, word boards, communication boards and books, as well as Voice Output Communication Aids (VOCAs).
(https://www.g-kenneth.blogspot.com)
There are two main types of AAC system: Unaided Communication and Aided Communication.
1. Unaided communication does not use additional equipment. Body language, gesture, vocalization, signing are
typically used.
2. Aided communication uses equipment, but this ranges from low-tech to high-tech methods, with pictures and
symbols often used instead of, or together with words and with alternative hardware options available to provide
access. Whilst a low-tech method of communication like a simple, laminated communication book to carry around
with a few pages of pictures or symbols would be a communication aid, the term ‘device’ would only describe a
more high-tech solution. An electronic communication aid can be a dedicated device built for that job, which does
nothing else, or it can be standard computer running specialist communication aid software as well – this includes
Apple tablets which are increasingly being used to help people communicate.
1. Verbal communication strategies can be broken down into the two categories of written and oral
communication. Written strategies consist of avenues such as e-mail, text, and chat. Examples that fall into the oral
category are phone calls, video chats, and face-to-face conversation.
2. Nonverbal communication strategies consist of mostly visual cues, such as body language, facial expressions,
physical distance between communicators, or the tone of your voice. These cues are typically not intended.
However, it is important to realize the message you are sending. Otherwise, you may be saying one thing, yet the
receiver is hearing another.
3. Visual communication strategies can be seen through signs, web pages, and illustrations. These strategies are
used in the workplace to draw attention and provide documentation. Human resources is required to post certain
visuals throughout the workplace to comply with safety laws.
6 Different Types of Online Communication Tools
There are several tools which can be easily and successfully utilized in an online setting to both collaborate and
communicate. This is why people heavily depend on various media such as auditory and visual, can be faced with
numerous accessibility barriers and might have complex interfaces.
1) Video conferencing
Video conferencing services have developed to become one of the top types of online communication tools.
Businesses benefit from video conferencing through meetings. This is because meetings allow for the discussion of
business progress and the collaboration of ideas. Video conferencing software such as ezTalks Cloud Meeting
allows for arrangement of meetings regardless of the physical location of a member thus good for emergency cases.
This means that video conferencing guarantees a speedy redress of business concerns and increased productivity.
Effective online communication tools for business like video conferencing have the following benefits:
●It enables immediate meetings and short notice meetings.
●It facilitates collaboration without an individual having to leave their office.
●It is very cost-effective.
●It allows for multi-point meetings based on various time zones.
●It allows for real-time concessions.
●It facilitates non-verbal communication.
Video conferencing software such as ezTalks Cloud Meeting only needs the user to have a camera and a
microphone so as to communicate online.
2) Chats
Chats can be described as online text conversations that happen in real-time. The 3 ways of conducting chats
include the following:
●Internet relay chat – Users of IRC employ an external program (a client) in order to create a connection with an
IRC server. This means that the accessibility of an IRC mainly relies on the client’s accessibility. This tool is mostly
used by a technical audience.
●Instant messenger – This is a downloadable messaging program that people use to communicate. Examples of
messenger include AOL Instant Messenger and MSN Messenger. Instant messaging has become a more reliable
online communication tools for students, especially with the latest generation. Instant messenger software usually
requires users to create a nickname and an account. Communicators are heavily used to facilitate private chats, this
is in different forms like phone services, file and video exchange and of course messaging.
●Web-based chat – These are online chats which are accessed via a normal browser. A good example is the chat
feature that Gmail has put in place. Usually, a portion of the screen or even the entire screen refreshes on a regular
basis. Web-based chats are very accessible today because the output is HTML.
3) Viber
Social media communication is more of a necessity nowadays. Anyone thinking about the convenience of online
communications should at least have a Viber app installed on their phone if not on the PC. Viber allows individuals
to make free calls. Additionally, it can also be used to make video calls. The best thing about this digital tool is that
it is free to install. As such, if you wish to enjoy free call or video chats at no cost, you need to have Viber.
Whiteboards require users to have a mouse in order to add some content. Most, if not all the content in an
electronic whiteboard is created in real-time and graphical. Whiteboards have become the top online
communication tools in education because of their features aid in learning.
5) Forums
There are several ways by which online forums are referred to as, these are discussion groups, discussion boards,
bulletin boards and just forums. They can be described as places where all users are allowed to post either
comments or post questions. Other users of the forums are permitted to post replies to posts so as to create a kind
of online discussion. The posts from the discussion are properly stored to be chronologically sorted out in a bid to
form threads.
These online forums are all keyboard accessible. Avatars, emoticons and images all require alt text that is
appropriate. Forums as online communication tools utilize inaccessible CAPTCHAs for registration, these functions
to keep out spammers and bots. Forums are insightful online communication tools in education as they contain a
lot of valuable information.
5) Voice over IP
Voice over IP also known as VoIP is a term that is used in reference to a voice conversation which is conducted
over an internet connection rather than over the traditional phone line. Various large organizations utilize VoIP in
place of the conventional phone line. It should be noted that it is very possible to make Voice over IP calls over a
computer but with either handsets or a USB headset. VoIP calls are purely audio-based. Some good example of
VoIP as an online communication tools for business are Skype, ezTalks, Whats App, etc.
6) Email
Electronic mail or email is among the old online communication tools. It allows users to transfer photographs, send
files and receive news from any part of the world. This online communication tool is broadly utilized for public
communication, particularly in mailing lists.
The list above is not exhaustive as there are other basic online communication tools such as websites, newsletters,
web 2.0 and even social networks.
The internet has availed a good number of new mainstream communication tools that has revolutionized things.
This is because the different types of online communication tools have greatly reduced the time spent in creating
and deli
Technology advancements have lots to offer. At this point, you cannot afford to overlook some of these innovations,
most of which have a direct impact on our lives. That said, this write-up highlights some essential digital tools that
are bound to have an effect on your life and how you go about your business (https://www.ontwik.com).
7) Gmail
Apart from having Viber installed on your device, it is also vital to consider having a Gmail account and an app on
your smart phone. Gmail is used for both formal an informal communication. Syncing your Gmail will also allow
you to receive emails, with your preferred electronic gadget.
8) Linked In
This tool is primarily meant to bring professionals together. With this tool, you can be sure of enjoying several
benefits. To start with, It allows users to upload their curriculum vitae or access personal information using any
9) Facebook
Like digital tools highlighted above, having a facebook account and using is free of change. Ideally, having a
facebook account helps you get in touch with new friends, meet others, and have real conversations without being
physically close to each other. If you have a business enterprise, sharing your product might also help you leverage
critical sales. Irrespective of what you do, you have no reason ignoring the need to have a facebook account.
All the above are free digital tools that are a must-have if you wish to maintain a close touch with your
acquaintances. Thus, it goes without saying that you ought to use these tools in moderation to ensure you do other
aspects of your life are not compromised.
Multimedia is content that uses a combination of different content forms such as text, audio, images, animations,
video and interactive content. Multimedia contrasts with media that use only rudimentary computer displays such
as text-only or traditional forms of printed or hand-produced material.
A transparency, also known variously as a view foil, foil, or view graph, is a thin sheet of transparent flexible
material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead
projector for display to an audience. Many companies and small organizations use a system of projectors and
transparencies in meetings and other groupings of people, though this system is being largely replaced by video
projectors and interactive whiteboards.
Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual
media.
Sound recording and reproduction is an electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation
of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects.
Multimedia can be recorded and played, displayed, interacted with or accessed by information content processing
devices, such as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of a live performance. Multimedia
devices are electronic media devices used to store and experience multimedia content. Multimedia is distinguished
from mixed media in fine art; for example, by including audio it has a broader scope. In the early years of
multimedia the term "rich media" was synonymous with interactive multimedia, and "hypermedia" was an
application of multimedia. (https://en.m.wikibooks.org)
In common usage, multimedia refers to an electronically delivered combination of media including video, still
images, audio, and text in such a way that can be accessed interactively. Much of the content on the web today falls
within this definition as understood by millions. Some computers which were marketed in the 1990s were called
"multimedia" computers because they incorporated a CD-ROM drive, which allowed for the delivery of several
hundred megabytes of video, picture, and audio data. That era saw also a boost in the production of educational
multimedia CD-ROMs.
Multimedia Categories
Linear active content progresses often without any navigational control for the viewer such as a cinema
presentation;
Non-linear uses interactivity to control progress as with a video game or self-paced computer-based training.
Hypermedia is an example of non-linear content.
Multimedia presentations can be live or recorded:
Internet- an electronic communication network that connects computer networks and organizational
computer facilities around the world- used with the except when being used attributively.
Step 5: Do not forget to cite sources.
a) Write author’s name, title of the work and date of publication
b) Include the website or webpage address of the source.
c) In general, non-profit educational use of online materials for lecture qualifies as “fair-use” but it is better
to ask author’s permission to use such materials.
d) Always have a full bibliographic reference for all citations.
Step 6: Organize the information
A) List the main points
B) Have only one main idea per slide.
C) Place important information near the top.
Step 7: Check technical issues
Contrast
Dark text on light background
WEB-BASED
A web-based application is any program that is accessed over a network connection using HTTP, rather than
existing within a device’s memory. Web-based applications often run inside a web browser. However, web-based
applications also may be client-based, where a small part of the program is downloaded to a user’s desktop, but
processing is done over the internet on an external server.
Blog
“The use of blogs has been engaging and effective way to promote writing skills of primary students, particularly
when students provide feedback to the blog” (Richardson, 2006)
The emergence and growth of blogs in the late 1990s coincided with the advent of web publishing tools that
facilitated the posting of content by non-technical users who did not have much experience with HTML or
computer programming. Previously, knowledge of such technologies as HTML and File Transfer Protocol had been
required to publish content on the Web, and early Web users therefore tended to be hackers and computer
enthusiasts. In the 2010s, the majority is interactive Web 2.0 websites, allowing visitors to leave online comments,
and it is this interactivity that distinguishes them from other static websites. In that sense, blogging can be seen as
a form of social networking service. Indeed, bloggers not only produce content to post on their blogs but also often
Many blogs provide commentary on a particular subject or topic, ranging from politics to sports. Others function as
more personal online diaries, and others function more as online brand advertising of a particular individual or
company. A typical blog combines text, digital images, and links to other blogs, web pages, and other media related
to its topic. The ability of readers to leave publicly viewable comments, and interact with other commenters, is an
important contribution to the popularity of many blogs. However, blog owners or authors often moderate and filter
online comments to remove hate speech or other offensive content. Most blogs are primarily textual, although
some focus on art (art blogs), photographs (photoblogs), videos (video blogs or "vlogs"), music (MP3 blogs), and
audio (podcasts). In education, blogs can be used as instructional resources. These blogs are referred to as
edublogs. Microblogging is another type of blogging, featuring very short posts.
'Blog' and 'blogging' are now loosely used for content creation and sharing on social media, especially when the
content is long-form and one creates and shares content on regular basis. So, one could be maintaining a blog on
Facebook or blogging on Instagram.
On February 16, 2011, there were over 156 million public blogs in existence. On February 20, 2014, there were
around 172 million Tumblr and 75.8 million Word Press blogs in existence worldwide. According to critics and
other bloggers, Blogger is the most popular blogging service used today. However, Blogger does not offer public
statistics. Technorati lists 1.3 million blogs as of February 22, 2014. (https://en.m.wikipedia.org)
Microblogging
Microblogging is the practice of posting small pieces of digital content—which could be text, pictures, links, short
videos, or other media—on the Internet. Microblogging offers a portable communication mode that feels organic
and spontaneous to many users. It has captured the public imagination, in part because the short posts are easy to
read on the go or when waiting. Friends use it to keep in touch, business associates use it to coordinate meetings or
share useful resources, and celebrities and politicians (or their publicists) microblog about concert dates, lectures,
book releases, or tour schedules. A wide and growing range of add-on tools enables sophisticated updates and
interaction with other applications. The resulting profusion of functionality is helping to define new possibilities
for this type of communication. Examples of these include Twitter, Facebook, Tumblr and, by far the largest,
WeiBo.
LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVITY 2.2
Name: Date: |Score:
Course/ year/ section: Instructor:
A. TRULY A DIGITAL NATIVE I AM!
Below is a list of technological tools that can be used in communication, provide a sample from each online
communication tool and its benefits and disadvantages as a communication tool.
2. CHATS
3. FORUMS
4. VOICE OVER IP
5. EMAIL
B. For your last activity, your task is to find one viral post about social issue that concerns everyone regardless of
the social background. Complete the organizer below following the instructions:
Describe the social issues discussed in the viral post.( 2pts)
Compare and contrast your comment from the comments of non- Filipinos? What
accounts for the differences and similarities? (10 pts.)
LET’S APPLY
NAME: DATE: |SCORE:
COURSE/YEAR/SECTION: INSTRUCTOR:
ACTIVITY 2.3
Self Reflection
POST- ASSESSMENT
12. Which visual aids uses inanimate or live objects that help capture a viewer’s attention?
REFERENCES:
Books
Internet Sources
https://www.communication.blogspot.com
https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org
https://en.n.wikibooks.org
https://g-kenneth.blogspot.com
https://www.eztalks.com
https://www. smallbusinesscron.com
https://www.scribd.com
https://www.facebook.com
https://www. businessjargons.com
https://youtube.com
https://www.weforum.org
https://www.pinterest.ph
https://www.cnnphilipines.com
The scope of this module permits to utilize in various different learning situations. The language used
encompasses the diversity of learners’ vocabulary and learning capabilities. The lessons are arranged to
follow the standard sequence of the course syllabus.
In this module helps the students to boost their self-confidence and be excellent in acquiring information
and persuasion in communication purposes. It develops their abilities interpersonally expected to
perform varied task in both written and spoken, which competitively enhances their skills and
competencies necessary to succeed in their academic journey.
This module: Communication for Information and Persuasion Purposes is divided into three (3) lessons,
namely:
After going through this module, the students are expected to:
It takes a deal of effort to master the language efficiency in written and spoken languages. To achieve such
competencies and critical skills, they must be aware and knowledgeable in the different purposes of
communication. To successfully keep on track on the excellence of the academic journey, the students must
learn to understand and enhance their capabilities. Informing and persuading are essential communication
skills that the learners should possess to boost their self-confidence and to become competitive whatever
field or course they may be into at this present time. In this lesson, the students are expected to perform
varied tasks in developing their skills. They will engage in learning to use and deliver information in a
comprehensible and effective way.
OBJECTIVES
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 1.1
With your partner, discuss the cartoon below. Examine the difference of the two comic strips and what messages
are trying to convey.
Comic # 1
Comic #2
5. What lesson you can gain from the comic strip? Why do you say so? Elaborate your explanation.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Share your discussion and ideas in the class via zoom or face-to-face settings.
Part of becoming a more effective communicator requires that you are able to fully understand the
different purposes of communication. By knowing the reason why you are writing your speech will help
you bring your topic under control set a sense of goal and importance to your ideas to get organized and
allow you to reach the objectives for communicating a particular topic or issue.
Speeches may have several purpose- to inspire, to explain, to motivate, to introduce, or to raise concern,
and so on, but these three are the most common- to inform, to persuade, and to entertain.
COMMUNICATING TO INFORM
The common ground of all types of communication is to inform. This is the most basic function why we all
participate in the process of communication. For instance, you are communicating to inform when you
explain something to other people, discuss something with your parents, teachers, or give information to
others. You are also communicating to inform when you share news through social media, forward
announcements and send message to others.
Your main concern in this kind of speech is to have your audience understand and remember new
information. You are in effect a teacher- not a preacher, salesperson, or a debater.
When you deliver an informative speech, your intent is to enlighten your audience- to increase
understanding or awareness and, perhaps, to create a new perspective.
COMMUNICATING TO PERSUADE
Communicating to persuade is all about influence. We mentioned earlier that most of our communication
is intended to inform others, in effect we cannot successfully force them to accept the information we
give without making them believe in what we give. For instance, at school you are almost always
convincing your group mates to work on something or project or convincing your teachers to extend
deadline of submission for a course requirement, or to consider a concept or idea in debate. These are all
forms of persuasion.
Your main goal in this kind of speech is to change and impel the behavior and perception of the audience.
You are trying to convince or persuade them that your point of view is best, and you want them to come
over on your position, to adopt your ideas or principle, and to bring about specific, desired action. You
want to change them in one or both of these ways:
a) Change in their minds. You try, for example, to convince them to support an idea, principle, and
certain views or beliefs.
b) Change their behavior. You try to get your listeners to either start doing something they do not
normally do such as (using seat belt), or to stop doing something they normally do (such
sprinkling too much salt on their food).
According to Conger (2010), there are four essential steps to effective persuasion.
a. Establish credibility. Credibility has two aspects: expertise and relationships. People are
considered to have high levels of expertise if they have a history of sound judgement or have
proven themselves knowledgeable and well informed about their proposals. On the relationship
side, people with high credibility have demonstrated over time that they can be trusted to listen
and to work in the best interest of others.
b. Frame for common ground. In order to strengthen the appeal of your proposal to others, you
must first identify its tangible benefits to the people you are trying to persuade. In order to
accomplish this task, you must thoroughly understand your audience and its needs and concerns.
c. Provide evidence. Effective persuader should use a variety of types of numerical-data, examples,
stories, metaphors, and analogies- to make their positions come alive.
d. Connect emotionally (convey good will). In our culture, we may like to believe that people make
decisions based upon reason; however, emotions always are at play. By being sincere and focused
about ideas you are conveying, you can win your audience’s side.
COMMUNICATING TO ENTERTAIN
While jokes are an obvious component of many entertaining speeches, you can amuse or divert your
audience just as easily with other types of materials: stories, anecdotes, quotations, examples and
descriptions.
The following are different ways to support your speech argument whether informative, persuasive or
entertaining speech.
1. Facts- a powerful means of convincing. Facts can come from your reading, observation, or
personal experience.
Note: do not confuse facts with truths. A “truth” is an idea believed by many people. It is a set of
principles that govern people.
2. Statistics. These can provide excellent support. Be sure your statistics come from responsible
sources. Always cite your sources. These are figures, percentages, graphs, etc.
3. Quotes. Direct quotes from leading experts that support your position are invaluable.
4. Examples. Examples enhance your meaning and make your ideas concrete. They are the proof
and can serve as evidence of what you are trying to communicate .
ACTIVITY 1.2
The key to inform speaking is ______________________________. If your goal is to gain and expand
understanding, your speech is _______________________________. If, in the process, you also want your audience
to find your point of view to be _______________________________________, you may also be
_______________________________________. And if you want them to pay attention and recall key points later, a
little humour and ____________________________________ storytelling always helps.
B. Encircle the letter of the correct answer from the given choices.
1. Modern speakers generally describe the three general purposes of speaking as.
A. Entertain, persuade, and debate
B. Inform, persuade, and entertain
C. Persuade, inform, and perpetuate
D. Deliberate, epideictic, and forensic
2. “To persuade group of local residents to buy a car from “Subaru Car Dealership”
A. General D. Celebratory
B. Specific E. Supplemental
C. Systematic
3. Jerry wanted to speak on the elements of jazz music, but his instructor told the class that they could
only choose from a specific list of topics. This is an.
A. Constraints D. poor topic selection
B. A bad speech E. Topic shortage aversion
C. Poor narrowing
4. Which of the following would be a good scope for a speech that is five to seven minutes in length?
A. religions in Asia
B. the history of the Philippines
C. women in the battle for their rights
D. kinds of governance and leadership
E. military manoeuvres in the 19th century
5. Felix is speaking on the benefits of sleep, but does not include a call for action to get more sleep. Which
type of general purpose does Felix have?
A. to inform
B. to persuade
C. to entertain
D. to educate
TEXT 1
When you woke up this morning, did you think today would be the day you save a life? In
fact, it's quite easy to save a life and it only takes a little bit of your time. You don't even
need to be a paramedic or firefighter. All you have to do is set aside approximately one
hour to donate blood. This essay will explore how to donate blood, whom it benefits, and
how often you can contribute to these life-saving measures.
TEXT 2
The dad remembers that the child haven’t discharge for 2 days, he look around, he knew
the foulness very well, he imagines his boss and his boss wife, just right beside him, losing
their appetite.
It can be a disaster; this can break or make his promotion. He had prepared the turkey,
the salad and the salsa to perfection. He cannot lose this one.
The boy started to leave when the unwanted sound of gas escaping conquers the dining.
Dad: Ohh, I’m sorry it’s my ringtone, Iris, can you fetch the phone for me.
Not a second have passed when that awful smell had register to everyone around the
table. The dad had a short glance with his wife, with his colleagues, with his boss’s wife
and then with his boss. He taps his child, takes a deep breath and made an eye contact
with the innocent boy.
The boss stands up, walks away in the direction of the comfort room.
Learning how to travel solo successfully is an achievable feat. You can stay safe if you
remain knowledgeable on the area and choose your accommodations wisely. Beyond that,
you can experience true transformation through the simple act of carrying a tattered old
journal. What do you say? Will you explore solo travel? Choose wisely, for it just might
change your life forever.
And what do we the people say? Do we rise up and say, ‘I categorically refuse to buy any
article of clothing unless the person promoting it weighs more than she did when she wore
knee socks?’ Or at least, ‘Where do I send the check for the chicken nuggets?’ Actually, not
so much. Mostly, our responses range from ‘I wonder if that would look good on me?’ to ‘I
don’t know who that skinny-ass cow is, but I hate her already.’
TEXT 4
Ireland is a country steeped in history. In fact, its history dates beyond 3,000 B.C, when the
megalithic tombs were constructed in Newgrange. Throughout the country's expansive
evolution, the Irish fought time and again to maintain their independence as a sovereign
nation. Evidence of the rich history is clearly visible through its many castles, including
Leighlinbridge Castle and Carlow Castle, two of Ireland's oldest establishments.
TEXT 5
The process of donating blood is decidedly simple. Many folks carry out the process while
reading a chapter from a new book or watching an episode of their favorite TV show.
Indeed, the infinitesimal amount of time it takes to donate blood can transfer into a lifetime
of happiness for the recipient. Remember to bring juice or something sugary to keep your
glucose levels high at the end of the procedure. Then, hold your head up high, knowing
there's a life out there that's about to be saved by you.
ACTIVITY 1.3
Think of a meaningful topic or current issues then write a speech or argument about it. Make sure that
the content show to either to inform, persuade or entertain.
OVERVIEW
The ability to communicate well sets up human apart from all living creatures. Same way with a
person who has the excellent ability to communicate effectively makes superior to others. There is no
question over all that having the skilful ability in speaking is so important to become successful in life. In
fact, the most successful and most powerful people over the centuries have mastered formalized language
system to communicate effectively that has been formally taught for thousand years. In this module will help
more the student to recognize the importance of having such skill and burning their desires to learn some
public speaking. Variety of activities will enhance the students to unleash their potentials and abilities.
Increase their self-esteem to have such competent knowledge in speech writing and delivering during class
via zoom or face-to-face set up.
OBJECTIVES
Watch the following link in YouTube and analyze the video what is it all about.
These are guide questions to help you understand more the video.
1. What is the video all about?
2. What is the purpose of the video?
3. Who is the person involved in the video?
4. What do you know about her?
5. What qualities, interests or value she can share with the audience?
6. How relevant is the topic she is sharing? Why?
7. Is her speech effective to the audience? Why?
8. Do you think her way of speaking affects you? How?
9. What is the overall impact of the video towards the audience and you?
10. Rate the quality of her speaking, what do you think the way she speaks towards the audience?
LET’S READ
Public speaking is the art of designing and delivering in a message before an audience. Effective public
speaking requires understanding your audience, speaking objectives, choosing the best elements for the
speech that will engage your audience with your topic, and delivering your message practically.
Remember that public speaking is basically the same as a demonstration, EXCEPT that:
It is just telling.
It is just giving instructions.
It requires careful planning and effective delivery with gestures, voice variety, and proper
grammar.
The only way to learn good public Speaking skills is to give one, and you’ll get better the more you give.
A good speaker will also think about the delivery method, or the way in which his/her speech will be
conveyed to the audience. There are few ways in which this is done:
In reading from a manuscript speech, the speaker reads every word from pre written speech. Reading
directly from the pages of a script has its benefits. You will not miss a single word or important fact.
However, the downside of this kind of delivery can be boring to the audience. Without eye contact, voice
variety, gesture or movement on stage, the audience may become disinterested.
MEMORIZED SPEECH
Memorized speaking is about reciting the written message that the speaker composed. This type of
delivery is beneficial when the message needs to be exact and the speaker doesn’t want to be limited by
notes.
The good advantage of this speech delivery that it enables the speaker to establish and maintain powerful
eye contact with audience throughout the speech. Being free of notes gives you opportunity to move
freely around the stage and use your hands to make meaningful gestures; therefore, you can give more
attention to the audience.
1. When doing the speech, write as if you are speaking naturally, directly to the audience.
2. Have a short outline of the main point and the memorize it.
3. If delivering the same speech to the different audiences over time, memorize individual sections
and then combine the essential parts for each occasion.
4. If you tend to forget a word or phrase or a small portion of the speech, just something speaking.
IMPROMPTU SPEECH
Impromptu speeches often occur when someone is asked to “say a few words”, give a toast on a special
occasion or express an opinion about a topic. This is a speech that has no advanced planning or practice.
It is unprepared or unrehearsed.
The advantage of this kind of speech is that it’s spontaneous and responsive in an animated group
context. The disadvantage is that the speaker is given a little or no time to contemplate the central theme
of his or her message.
1. Take a moment to collect your thoughts and plan the main point you want to make.
2. State the questions you are answering the purpose of your speech.
3. State the main point you want to make.
4. Support your main point with evidence or examples.
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
This type of speech delivery has some advantages. It shows that you, the speaker, will be perceived as
skilful, knowledgeable and credible. In addition, you audience will likely to listen and pay better attention
to the message because it is engaging both verbally and non-verbally. The challenge for this type of
speech delivery is that it requires a great deal of preparation for both the verbal and the nonverbal
components of speech.
Speakers delivering an extemporaneous speech prepare well ( with an outline) and practice in advance,
giving full attention to all the facets of the speech content, arrangement, and delivery.
There are several different ways to organize your thoughts to present them clearly when speaking
extemporaneously. Below are some of the following methods:
1. State your point of View and give the reason that you feel this way, giving examples of real life
experience to support your point of View.
2. Discuss the three important things that come to mind about the topic. Base your statements on the
existing facts or supporting proofs.
3. Consider the pros and cons of the issue, if applicable, and discuss those or talk about the two sides
of the issue.
4. Discuss how the topic affects you personally or how it affects the world in general.
5. End your statements by reviewing or summarizing the outlines you have presented and challenge
your audience with the attention getter you have introduced.
Time to watch
ACTIVITY 2.2
Summarize the content of the following videos below and write a reflection paper about it.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
Write your speech using the following guides below. You may use 10 steps in writing a speech to help you
to write your own.
Chosen Topic:_________________________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION (The speaker sells the idea to the audience so they’ll want to listen. The first few minutes
of a speech are very important.) 20%
D. Preview main points – Simply list the points in the order they will be presented.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
BODY OF PRESENTATION
(The body includes the main points of your message.) 60%
Select three main points you want to emphasize.
A point can be expressed in many different ways
Repeat an important point before moving on to discuss another point.
Use transitions to connect parts of the presentation. Transitions are words or phrases that allow
you to move smoothly from one point to another.
Use stories, personal experience or humor to add interest and reinforce each point.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________
CONCLUSION (The speaker wraps up by summarizing the main point the audience needs to keep in mind.
Just as first impression re important, the same is true of final ones!) 20%
A. Signal the close of the speech by using a simple transition sentence that lets the audience know the
speech is nearly finished.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
B. Reinforce the main points by reminding the audience about the most important things they have just
heard.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
C. End strongly
Use a brief story, example, or quotation.
Or, encourage the audience to do something to follow up on what they have just heard.
Sometimes it is helpful to mention where additional information can be obtained.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
ACTIVITY 2.4
OVERVIEW
Communication is essential to express ones feelings and desires. It continually changes the manner of speaking
and what to speak about over time. Each situation finds a slightly different method of conversing with other people.
Depends on the situation also, sometimes communication has faltered which results of misunderstanding due to
unexpected scenarios. Thus in this module, it helps the students to attain special training in preparation for public
speaking or similar tasks likely to happen such as reflecting and learning the experience. Build the awareness of how
to respond appropriately the different situations and accelerate the development of understanding the purposes of
communication exchanges by going in at the deep end.
OBJECTIVES
LET’S KNOW
Activity 3.1
1. 2.
5. 6.
LET’S PRACTICE
ACTIVITY 3.2
NAME: DATE: |SCORE:
COURSE/ YEAR/ SECTION: INSTRUCTOR:
Answer the following questions below.
1. What are the different purposes of communication? Briefly explain any five of them.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
2. Discuss the different situations when function of communication exists.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
3. “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions, and emotions by two or more persons.”
Explain the statement and discuss the role of feedback in communication.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
1. Research any official circulating announcements on social media about the upcoming face- to- face class
set up. Write a letter to your barangay official to initiate preparedness on health protocol and safety program.
Situation: You are a concerned citizen in your barangay who wants to initiate health and safety program in
cooperation with all the barangay officials. You will use some poster to promote the preparedness program.
Prompt: Write a letter to your barangay captain to convene all barangay officials and councilors to organize a
health and safety preparedness program. Be clear with your plans when you conduct the said activities and state
your objectives why there is a need to initiate this program in your barangay.
2. Research any editorial articles on the Google websites. Summarize the contents and analyze it. State its purpose
of conveying its ideas as a matter of communication towards the masses. And give its significance to you and to
other people.
PASTE IT HERE
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Remember: Editorial is an article that states the newspaper’s stance on a particular issue. Basically, it is
persuasive essay that offers a solution to a problem. Editorials are meant to influence public opinion, promote
critical thinking, and sometimes cause people to take action on an issue. In essence, an editorial is an opinionated
news story.
Editorials have:
Introduction, body, and conclusion like other news stories.
An objective explanation of the issue, especially complex issues.
A timely news angles.
Opinions from the opposing viewpoint that refute directly the same issues the writer addresses.
The opinions of the writer delivered in a professional manner. Good editorials engage issues, not
personalities and refrain from name-calling or other pretty tactics of persuasion.
Alternative solutions to the problem or issue being criticized. Anyone can gripe about a problem, but a good
editorial should take a pro-active approach to making the situation better by using constructive criticism
and giving solutions.
17. Analyze the following posts on facebook page above, what do you think is the purpose of communication?
A. For Information C. For Influencing
B. For Direction or Instruction D. For Emotional Expression
18. What do you think about the tweets on social media account mentioned above?
A. It is for the purpose of informing all people about the tragedy of Floyd’s death.
B. It is about the emotional expression of American President Donald Trump over George Floyd’s death.
C. It is for influencing other people not to commit crime and racial discrimination.
D. It is for controlling someone’s bad behavior and stop for doing something harmful.
B. Identify the following purposes of communication below either for Information, Integration, Direction/
Instruction, Influencing or for Control. Write your answer on the space provided.
21. Posts on facebook stating a great grievance of losing a pet.
22. Memoranda on a certain private school for upcoming foundation day.
23. A letter of complaint about delaying of product delivery.
24. A commander in a platoon giving orders to all his armies.
25. A circulating advertisements on television about Covid-19 safety protocol and
prevention.
26. A letter of recommendation to promote no racial discrimination on public schools.
27. A post in facebook page about the new fashion wears of PPE.
28. A post on tweeter of Emma Watson to empower women rights.
29. A Classified ads posted on a Daily Inquirer Newspaper.
30. A Report on juvenile delinquent offence of a 16 year old boy on RMS Radio Broadcasting
Network.
C. Essay
1. How can you gain effective purposes of communication in terms of persuasion?
2. How can you adopt awareness of audience and presenting ideas in public speaking?
3. What is the significance of the different purposes of communication towards the lives of most Filipinos
nowadays? Cite examples to justify your answer.
Internet Sources
En.wikipedia.org/wiki/communication process
http://www.en.m.wikipedia.org
http://www. cliffnotes.com
http://www.assentis.com
https://www. businessjargons.com
https://www.eztalks.com
https://youtube.com
https://superteacherworksheets.com
https://www.study.com
https//www.thecomicstrips.com
https://www.oberlo.com
https://www.qoura.com
After going through this module, the students are expected to:
Understand the concept of effective communication used for work.
Identify significant tools and materials used for work.
Evaluate authentic communication materials and strategies to communicate effectively.
Explain the importance of effective communication in the workplace.
Construct good business writing letters.
Demonstrate effective oral presentations in workplace communication.
Promote awareness on effective communication used for various industries such as healthcare, education, business
and trade, law, media and science and technology.
OVERVIEW
Effective communication is critical in getting the job done, as well as building a sense of trust and increasing
the productivity in any employment fields. It is very crucial to unite activities at work and restrain from missed
deadline that could lead to negative effects and misunderstandings that may cause friction between people. Thus in
this module would help effectively the students to give more understanding how important to build good relationships
to others in terms of workplace communication. And it prevents barriers from forming among individuals that might
impede progress of the students in striving to reach the common goal.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;
1. Understand the concept and importance of communication used for work.
2. Discover the functions of effective workplace communication.
3. Gain awareness on communication used various industries – healthcare, education, business and trade, law,
media, and science and technology.
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 1.1
A. Watch the link below on YouTube about Millenials on Workplace. List down all the negative attitudes on the
table provided and beside give the appropriate attitude should be in a workplace situation.
2.
3.
4.
B. Complete the following phrases below to give your insights after watching the video on YouTube.
1. I learned that…
LET’S READ
LESSON 1: IMPORTANCE OF GOOD WORKPLACE COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
Lombardo (2018) defines communication workplace as the process of transmitting information between one
person or group and another person or group within an organization.
Communication is the key is the key in any type of work environment. It is the lifeblood of an organization and
without it, things will not get done (Conrad, 2014). Institutions and companies heavily rely on effective
communication to operate smoothly. Members of every organization depend on it to be productive and perform
well.
Conrad further says that “without workplace communication, instructions could not be given; equipment and
supplies could not be ordered; progress could not be measured; and products and services could not be delivered
to customers.”
It improves worker productivity. Research shows that effective lateral and work group communication leads to
an improvement in overall company performance.
It increases employee job satisfaction. Employees feel happy when they are able to have both upward and
downward communication. They feel a sense of empowerment when there is a upward communication, which
means information flows upward within an organization and are able to openly talk to their bosses, who in turn
listen and respond to their concerns. Employees also become satisfied when there is downward communication,
which mean superiors or managers are sending a lot of information and feedback to their subordinates.
It can have a positive effect on absenteeism and turnover rates. Employees feel secure when there is excellent
communication flow within the organization. Truthful and updated information from their bosses is very
important to them. They feel more motivated when they are given the opportunity to share their ideas and
concerns with co-workers and direct superiors.
1. HEALTH CARE
Communication affects every aspect of health care (Boynton, 2015). The dynamics among health professionals, the
quality of patient care, the use of hospital resources, and the like are all dependent on it. Proper communication
skills are required to facilitate the way doctors interact with their patients, how health care professionals exchange
medical information and the manner by which diagnosis and the risks of certain medical procedures is explained to
patients and the public.
Effective communication at hospitals and health system contributes to the development and sustainability of a
culture of safety (Gooch, 2016). Indeed, every healthcare provider needs to send clear and concise message across
his or her team to safeguard patient safety at all times.
Below are examples of relevant health topics:
The many benefits of breastfeeding versus formula feeding.
The facts and the misconceptions about AIDS and HIV.
What the public needs to know about the Anti- Cervical Cancer vaccine.
2. EDUCATION
Fundamental to education and learning is communication. Whether it is teacher or student, student to student,
teacher to teacher, teacher to parent, teacher to admin or admin to parent, or vice versa, communication is needed
to make sure students are successful (Andrade, 2015).
Below are examples of relevant topics in education:
The advantages of K-12 Curriculum from the Basic Education Curriculum.
Utilizing online resources for academic research
Addressing students’ misbehaviours in the classroom.
4. LAW
Information on legal issues as well as peace and order topics also need to be properly conveyed to the public.
Government legislators who push for the creation of bills and laws must be able to articulate their thoughts clearly
to prevent confusion. Every word stipulated in law should be concise and direct to the point.
At the same time, lawyers must be skilled communicators to be able to win arguments and persuade effectively in
courtroom. Strong communication skills can also aid them in managing their relationship with clients.
Consider these examples of law topics:
Implementation of the nationwide Anti- smoking law.
The pros and cons of Federalism as a new system of government.
Addressing the drug trafficking problem in the community.
5. MEDIA
ACTIVITY 1.3
Name: Date: |Score:
Course/ Year/ Section: Instructor:
Note: For face-to-face set up, play the Message Relay to achieve effective communication objective.
You may use a special incident reporting form, and it might be quite extensive. But writing any incident report
involves four basic steps, and those are the focus of today’s post.
3. Analyze
Your report should include an in-depth analysis of the causes of the accident. Causes include:
4. Recommend
Recommendations for corrective action might include immediate corrective action as well as long-term corrective
actions such as:
Employee training on safe work practices
Preventive maintenance activities that keep equipment in good operating condition
Evaluation of job procedures with a recommendation for changes
Conducting a job hazard analysis to evaluate the task for any other hazards and then train employees on these
hazards
Engineering changes that make the task safer or administrative changes that might include changing the way the
task is performed
Was medical treatment provided? ( ) Yes ( )No ( )Refused If yes, where was treatment provided:
( ) on site ( ) Urgent Care ( )Emergency Room ( ) Other
REPORTER INFORMATION
Individual Submitting Report (print name)
Signature
Date Report Completed
OVERVIEW
To create a positive and maintain work environment is to have an effective workplace communication. It is central
to all business goals to achieve high-performance culture. Exchanging information and ideas within an
organization brings success and happiness. Thus in this module, it helps the students to realize the best
fundamental practices to be committed and have productive workforce in the future.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;
1. Learn the critical communication skills in the workplace
2. Find out the strategies or techniques for communicating more effectively in a work and environment.
3. Explain the importance of effective communication in the workplace
4. Adopt an awareness of your audience
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 2.1
LET’S READ
HOW TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY IN THE WORKPLACE
Collaborating with a group is not an easy task. Anyone who has had the experience of teaming up with a
group on a certain activity or assignment would know how challenging it is. Each person has his or her unique
ideas. Every individual within a group shares and receives information differently. To be able to successfully work
together on the assignment, it is essential for all to know how to communicate well with one another.
The same goes for communication that occurs in the workplace. Every member of the organization must be
able to exchange messages clearly and concisely as possible to encourage cooperation, commitment, and
productivity.
To make this possible, people must have essential communication skills to begin with. These skills serve as
the foundation through which we begin conversations and create connections with others.
Rittman (2015) suggests five tips for developing critical communication skills in the workplace:
1. Listen- Communicating greatly involves listening to others. When listening, full attention needed to be able
to absorb what is being said. Avoid letting your biases control what you want to hear from the speaker.
2. Pay attention to your non verbal cues- this means making sure our non-verbal skills are in sync with we
want to express verbally. Facial expressions, gestures and posture can communicate a lot.
Examples of good non-verbal communication in the workplace are:
a) Making direct eye contact
b) Standing tall and avoiding slouching
c) Sitting up straight
d) Giving firm handshakes
e) Wearing proper uniform outfit
3. Know your audience- this means being able to tell what method of communication best suits your boss or
co-worker and gets you the best response. Does your boss respond quickly to your emails or does he
address your concern faster if you see him personally at his office? Does your colleague prefer receiving
files via emails than being handed down hard copies of these documents? Choosing the most appropriate
means of communication, thus, depends on your target audience.
4. Remember to clarify the message you received- Everyone receives and comprehend the message
differently. If ever you are uncertain with how you understand it, avoid making assumptions at the outset.
Clarify your concerns face-to-face to make sure you have gotten the message right. In this way, you don’t
waste time and efforts trying to make sense of efforts trying to make sense of something that is not the
matter at hand.
5. Get to the point- keep your messages brief, clear and direct as possible to avoid confusion among co-
workers. Avoid beating around the bush or making vague statements that may not be properly understood
by all.
6. Mastery of these communication skills is one thing. Knowing how to apply these in the workplace is
another. When interacting with co-workers, complementing you skills with communication strategies can
spell a big difference.
CRITICISM
Giving and receiving criticism in the workplace is unavoidable yet oftentimes uncomfortable for the persons
involved. Nevertheless, managers and rank-and-file employees should learn to have a better approach to it.
Leaders and managers, for example, should choose to give their criticisms in private settings so that workers do
not feel threatened or embarrassed. They must work out a plan to address the concern so that both parties have
expectations that are both realistic and attainable. Meanwhile, those on the receiving end of the criticism should
avoid becoming defensive, admit they still have room for growth and ask how they can do their work better.
Making the conversation solution- oriented and collaborative can help managers and their staffs keep their
emotions in check and maintain their professionalism every time.
Example:
One-on –one conversation
Marketing Manager: “You created a very catchy and entertaining marketing campaign for our Christmas sale and I
would like to congratulate you for a job well done.”
Assistant: “Thank you Sir.”
LET’S PRACTICE
Name: Date: |Score:
Course/ Year/ Section: Instructor:
ACTIVITY 2.3
Encircle the letter of the correct answer from the given choices.
1. Which of these items is NOT a form of non-verbal communication?
A. Swaying
B. Sitting up straight
C. Donning a corporate suit
D. Making direct eye contact
E. Articulating loudly one’s opinion
2. If you are a manager, what is an effective way of giving criticism to your subordinate?
A. Expressing it an emotional level.
B. Stating the criticism in front of a group.
C. Working out a plan with very high expectations.
D. Initiating a conversation that is non- collaborative.
E. Giving it privately so that workers don’t feel embarrassed.
3. When does a person demonstrate a “thinker” communication style:
A. He/she is guided by emotions.
B. He/she likes to get immediate feedback.
C. Personal values affect his/her decisions.
D. The person takes any form of criticism as well.
E. Facts and logical reasoning matter most to him/her.
4. When organizing a group discussion, it is necessary to prepare this document in advance and distribute it to
meeting attendees:
A. Timeline
B. Meeting agenda
C. Meeting minutes
D. Memo announcement
E. PowerPoint presentation
5. The following are critical communication skills in the workplace according to Rittman except one:
A. Listening
B. Clarifying the message
C. Being direct to the point
D. Problem solving with a group
E. Knowing your target audience.
FILM ANALYSIS
Watch the animated film “Finding Dory” (2016 release) then answer the questions below. Find out how
communication is shown in a light and amusing fashion in this movie.
1. What is the film about?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2. Did communication play a part in Dory’s search for her parents?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. How did the main characters help Dory reunite with her parents? What communication skills did they
demonstrate?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
4. Based on the film, are communication skills important in Dory’s search?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
5. What challenges did Dory and the other characters face when they were looking for the former’s parents?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
6. What does the film tell you about effective workplace communication?
A. Submit online a video recording of a job interview. Do this task together with your partner; pretend you are
applying for a certain job. Apply the strategies and techniques in learning the fundamentals of effective
communication workplace.
B. Submit online a video recording of a normal set up during class hours or office works that shows effective
workplace communication.
Note: If face –to – face class set up is not yet available, you can ask your family members to help you in
accomplishing the task. Be sure to wear the appropriate attire to show the effectiveness of role playing.
SELF-REFLECTION:
1. What do you think is the important of effective communication in the workplace?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
2. Why do you need to learn about it at this point in your life?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
3. How do you think it will help you in the future?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
OVERVIEW
In today’s competitive world, effective communication skills is one of the major determinants of a successful
and lasting career professionally or even in entrepreneurship. It is the foundation in which robust careers and strong
competencies are built. In this lesson, students will be introduced to the basic concepts of effective communication that
can lead to workplace success. They will learn more about the job search or become entrepreneurs themselves. Some
activities are designed to experience establishing social enterprise where they are able to write various
communicative purposes.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;
1. Understand the various processes in creating business messages.
2. Analyze business messages in relation to different planning goals: Intended audience, idea development, and
message structure.
3. Plan and create business letters and circulars.
4. Adopt awareness of good practices in business writing and oral presentations.
LET’S KNOW
JOB DESCRIPTION
We are hiring HOME-BASED ONLINE ENGLISH TUTOR for our Korean clients.
REQUIREMENTS
- No age limit
- Having an experience is not a must, but an advantage
- Must have excellent oral and written communication skills
- Must have at least 2 mbps internet connection speed (DSL)
- Wireless or any Wi-Fi connection is not acceptable
- Must be willing to work at home, a quite environment must be assured.
Note: To submit online the e-mail letters, send it to the instructor’s e-mail/g-mail account for checking.
ACTIVITY 3.1
Look at the job advertisement above and assume that you decided to give it a try. Now you need to send an email to
express your intent to apply for the job. But, you are given a double challenge. In the first e-mail template, you
write an e-mail to your friend who posted that ad above, which means your friend, is the one looking for a tutor. In
the second template, you will write an e-mail to a stranger whose tutorial ad appeared in your newsfeed.
Email Template:
Send
E-mail 2: For an Unknown Employer
NEW MESSAGE
From
To
Subject
Compose email
Send
If you have internet access, send you email to yourself and to your teacher. Make sure to label which e-mail is
for your friend and which is for the unknown employer. Follow correct format of application letter writing.
PLAIN ENGLISH
One common misconception is the need to use big words when communicating, most particularly when writing.
Some people think these would sound smart and help them express their thoughts or ideas better. However, the
key to effective communication is to keep the language as simple as possible.
What is plain English?
It refers to language that is simple and sharp. Sentences are organized concisely in a way that is easy to read and
understand. These should not contain needless words (Strunk Jr.& White, 2000). Clichés and jargon should be
omitted especially if the target reader is not keen to understand such complex terms.
According to Mackenzie, et al. (2009), plain English means the use of the following:
- Simple words
- Active verbs
- Short, simple sentences
- Conversational-style writing
- Pronouns like ‘he,’ ‘she’ and ‘we’
Examples:
X Last year’s annual income will be reported by the hotel manager
The hotel manager will report last year’s annual income.
The tree planting project will be entered into a discussion by the environment committee tomorrow.
The environment committee will discuss the tree planting project tomorrow.
X The policymakers have come to decision on the jeepney modernization.
The policymakers have decided on the jeepney modernization program.
Ernie English
1234 Writing Lab Lane
Write City, IN 12345
The first paragraph of a typical business letter is used to state the main point of
the letter. Begin with a friendly opening; then quickly transition into the
purpose of your letter. Use a couple of sentences to explain the purpose, but do
not go into detail until the next paragraph.
Beginning with the second paragraph, state the supporting details to justify
your purpose. These may take the form of background information, statistics or
first-hand accounts. A few short paragraphs within the body of the letter
should be enough to support your reasoning.
Finally, in the closing paragraph, briefly restate your purpose and why it is
important. If the purpose of your letter is employment related, consider ending
your letter with your contact information. However, if the purpose is
informational, think about closing with gratitude for the reader’s time.
Sincerely,
Lucy Letter
Source: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/653/02/
BUSINESS MEMORANDUM
Starting this fall, our weekly staff meetings will move to 8:15 Wednesday mornings and
will be held in our conference room. All staff members will be required to attend. I know 8:15 is
http://www.writingcenter.tamu.edu/Students/Writing-Speaking-Guides/Alphabetical-List-of-
early for meeting, but this is the only date and time that doesn’t conflict with anyone’s class
Guides/Professional-Writing/Memos
schedule. If you have a conflict with this meeting time, you need to let ne know immediately.
Remember: your attendance at all staff meetings is crucial to your job performance. At these
meetings, you get updated information about changes to our policies and learn valuable
consulting techniques from your colleagues. We’ll send a schedule of meeting topics out to all
employees at the beginning of the semester.
If you have a conflict or any questions about the staff meetings, contact me at my extension, 555-
WRITEIT.
Agenda
Weekly Team Meeting
Date: 12 October 20XX
Time: 8:30- 10: 00 am
https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/resource-support/net/networking
Place: Conference Room, 1st Floor
%20workplace%20com_updated%20may%202012.pdf
Attendees: Alfred Woo (Chair), Tina Chan, Jack Cheung, Sue Clark, Alex Lam, Sophie
Minutes: Jack Cheung
Items
Welcome and introduce new member Tina Chan AW 5 minutes
Business Arising AW 20 minutes
Office Renovation- recommendations for new furniture NS 15 minutes
Conference Planning- report from committee AL 20 minutes
Social
GAPAN Committee- problem with
CITY COLLEGEPage event late-corners
138|GE-1: PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION SC
MODULE10 minutes
Charity Drive- report on donations AS 5 minutes
AOB (15 minutes)
Meeting Agenda. An agenda refers to a written plan, which shows the order of topics to be discussed at a meeting.
This aims to give team members a quick overview of what meeting is all about so that no company time is wasted.
Meeting Minutes. This communication material provides a record of discussions and decisions taken at a meeting
(McKenzie, et. al, 2009). A vital workplace document, it contains the most important points tackled – the actions
taken, the issues covered, and the outcomes agreed upon by the attendees. A good set of minutes stands as a lasting
record, which the group can consult in the future if there are any questions about what decisions had been made in
the past (Adler, Elmhorst, & Lucas, 2013). Therefore, proper taking and writing down the minutes is an important
communication skill. When preparing this, always remember to include the following:
- Date, time, and venue
- Attendees and absentees
- Agenda items and key outcomes
MEETING MINUTES
Attendees: Rudolph de Castro, Lauren Santos, Arizona Jacob, Siena Baristo, Eleanor Sy
Your resume serves as your first step towards getting hired. If you have a good resume, it can get you an interview,
which can eventually give you a fighting chance to land that job.
A potential employer gets first impression of you from your resume. As such, this document needs to be carefully
written, systematically presented and kept up-to-date every time you apply for a new position.
According to Adler, Elmhorst, and Lucas (2013), a resume should contain the following basic information:
a) Name and contact information
b) Objective or summary of qualifications
c) Educations
d) Experience
e) Special interest and Aptitudes
f) Memberships
g) Certifications
h) Reference List
Cover letter. A cover letter, which comes with your CV or resume, is also important factor to getting hired. It
should complement your resume, and interpret the details presented in the CV. Adding a personal touch to your
application, a cover letter should explain or describe the reason why you are interested in the position and the
workplace. To write a cover letter, follow the standard format of a business letter.
ELECTRONIC
This refers to business e-mail, telephone, SMS, intranet, and internet sites, video and audio materials delivered
online or on disc and social media applications. In this section, we’ll just tackle the two most commonly used-
business e-mail and telephone communication.
[Date]
Ms. Rhonda West
Customer Service Manager
Acme Inc.
123 Corporate Blvd.
Sometown, CO 50802
Sincerely,
Sue Ling
Enclosure: Resume
https://www.monster.com/career-advice/article/sample-cover-letter
FACE-TO-FACE COMMUNICATION
What is regarded the best method of communication is done face-to –face. It fosters interpersonal rapport and
trust (Wrench, 2013).
In the workplace, face-to- face communication is through one- on- one conversations, group meetings, and training
or workshops sessions, town hall-style group meetings. Virtual applications such as Skype video conferences are
also considered under this means of communication.
Wrench enumerates the following advantages of face-to-face communication:
1. Allows employees to hear information directly from management.
2. Verbal and nonverbal cues reinforce messages
3. Immediate interactivity feedback
4. Best method of communication that appeals to one’s emotions
5. Promotes teamwork and trust
6. Requires focused attention by all parties involved.
With face-to-face communication, however, you only get one shot in making an appeal or impression so you have
to do it well the first time around. Some people also make judgements based on their personality of the
speaker/presenter. Such judgement can negatively affect their perception of a message, regardless if it is well-
crafted or not.
Your choice of communication medium for work will depend on what your audience needs and prefers. With the
wide variety of means and tools available, it should be the one that will help you to get the message across most
clearly and effectively to your target audience. This medium should be the most appealing to employees and keep
them motivated and engaged with their workplace.
A. Work by group. Analyze and evaluate the following cover letters using the rubric that follows. Be prepared
to provide explanations/ proofs of your rating.
Cover Letter 1
I read your ad for the assistant position and would like to apply. As my resume shows you, I
have a lot of great experience that you can use. And, IMHO, this job is exactly what I want!!!
Please review my resume and call me soon to schedule an interview. I am so eager to meet you.
Hope to CU soon!!!
Sincerely,
Debbie Jobhunter
What are the basic parts of a cover letter and list down what should be included in each part?
LET’S
Job Description
Are you ready to experience how Accenture innovators are empowered to succeed? Apply to be our next Service
Desk Voice Support in Manila. Send your application online, our recruiter will reach out to you for the remote
processing of your application.
Responsibilities:
Provide technical support for resolution of customers’ IT problems, incidents, issues, requests and queries
Liaise with other support teams as necessary to resolve customer requests or incidents
Ensure proper documentation, notification, escalation, and tracking and follow up of all incidents
Qualifications:
Graduate of any Bachelor’s degree
Undergraduates with 2 years of college education plus 6 months of relevant work experience are welcome to apply
With good knowledge and skills in IT
Interest in providing technical support and assistance to clients and end-users via call, chat and email
Excellent written and verbal English communication skills
What we offer:
• Health Insurance (HMO) & Life Insurance coverage from day 1 of employment
• Expanded maternity leave up to 120 days*
• Expanded paternity leave up to 30 days*
• Employee Stock Purchase Plan
• Loyalty and Christmas Gift
• Inclusion and Diversity Benefits
• Night Differential
• Allowances
• Car and Housing Plan
• Company-sponsored trainings, up skilling, and certification
• Flexible Working Arrangements
• Healthy and Encouraging Work Environment
If you would like to consider for employment opportunity with Accenture, please call us at 0917-545-9341
or send us an email at careersPH@accenture.com
B. Memo Writing
Write memos based on the information given:
1. You work for Keith Pharmaceuticals as a Human Resources Manager. Write a memo to all employees announcing
the forthcoming company outing. The event will be held Friday, November 10, 2020 at Samal Island. You have a
free- hand in deciding what activities or games to include. The memo body should have at most two full paragraphs
and be direct to the point.
2. Suppose you are Dr.____________ (College President, Gapan City College). Write a memo from you to all parents
regarding the enforcement of a new, more advanced ID system for 2020-2021 school year. You will have to decide
on the details of the ID system, which aims to strengthen the security of students on campus. Address the memo to
parents in a specific but creative approach. Explain clearly the reason why this is needed and include the
procedures.
OVERVIEW
It’s a great opportunity to reach the final lesson in this unit. It enhances the students’ capability in developing
oral presentation skills. Wherein, these skills cover a variety of areas such as structure of the presentation, the designs
of the slides, the tone of the voice and the body language to convey. Thus, in this unit’s final lesson will provide the
students to develop verbal language proficiency skills through oral presentation and learning the strategies in
workplace communication.
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;
1. Understand the importance of effective oral communication skills in the workplace.
2. Know how to tailor presentation with target audience and the purpose in mind.
3. Determine the characteristics of an effective presentation.
4. Develop and prepare presentation of effective workplace communication.
5. Promote effective presentation skills toward workplace communication.
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 4.1
Watch the following link below on YouTube and give your insights and analysis after.
After watching the videos, prepare at least five questions each and exchange it towards your partner. Then,
both of you answer the exchanged questions. Share your analysis base from the answered questions in the class for
further discussion of the new lesson.
Once you have established your goal and the thesis statements, you can now refer to these when writing and
organizing your presentation.
According to Adler, Elmhorst, & Lucas (2013), the standard fromat fro presentation goes like this:
Introduction
This is usually includes a catchy remark to grab the attention of the audience, the thesis statement, and preview of
the main points you will be discussing for the rest of the presentation.
Body
The body of the presentation consists of two to five main points to support your central idea. It can follow any of
the following organizational patterns:
Chronological – arranging points based on their sequence in time.
Spatial- organizing material according to how it is put together or where it is physically located.
Topical- providing a list of points around some logical themes in your subject.
Cause- effect- showing how certain events will happen due to certain circumstances.
Conclusion
End your presentation by returning to what you have stated in your opening statement. Consider adding a unique
point, challenging your audience to take action, or concluding with a fascinating story that they will be remember.
1. When you provide a list of points around logical theme, this organizational pattern is described as
__________________________________________________.
2. The _____________________________________ tells your audience the central idea while the
3. ______________________________describes what you want to achieve with your audience.
4. The presentation should be appropriate to the _____________________________, which means it should match the
venue, time and day, and the context by which it will be given.
5. A type of visual aid that makes use of graphs or charts to highlight key ideas is called
___________________________________________________.
6. The ___________________________consists of the thesis statement and the preview of the main points you will be
presenting.
7. An upright posture will create a ________________________________atmosphere.
8. _______________________________builds one’s confidence and let’s him/her imagine the possible scenario of the actual
presentation.
9. _______________________________ gestures make you look more welcoming and engaging to the audience.
10. The slowness or quickness of vocal delivery is called ________________________________.
11. Organizing points based on where it is physically located in the relation to a key idea refers to a
___________________________________________.
12. Utilizing ____________________________________ offers a good way to make your presentation more effective and
reinforce the message you want to deliver to your audience.
13. A _____________________________________ provides a person the opportunity to explain ideas, answer questions and
give immediate feedback.
14. The ________________________________ is composed of two to five main points to support your central idea.
15. Proper _______________________________ is the key to making a powerful impression.
B. ESSAY
1. Explain the importance of knowing one’s audience first before making a presentation? Cite examples.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. View the presentation titled “Giving presentations worth listening to” by Gordon Kangas of TEDxEMU. Refer to
this link: https://YouTube.be?NUXkThFQx6A. What does it say about effective presentations? Summarize the
points noted by Kangas.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Watch the presentation of Amy Cuddy titled, “Your body language shapes who you are”.
(https://www.ted.com/talks/amy_cuddy_your_body_language_shapes_who_you_are).
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________
Deliver your presentation using any type or a combination of visual aids (Handouts, flip chart, white board,
video/audio, or slide presentation) of your choice. Select the one the most appropriate for your topic.
Books
Bernales, Rolando et al (2018). Purposive Communication. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.
Lim, Joana Marie et al (2019). A Course Module of Purposive Communication.
Internet Sources
https://www.atlantictraining.com
https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org
https://en.n.wikibooks.org
https://www.wiki.ubc.ca
https://www.businessletter.net
https://www.ewritingservice.com
https://www.incorp.asia
https://www.isidewith.com
https://www. googleleadservices.com
https://www.hrtechnologist.com
https://www.scribd.com
https://www.facebook.com
https://www.jobstreet.com.ph
https://www. businessjargons.com
https://youtube.com
https://ph.wjobs.org
https://ph.jora.com
https://wps.prenhall.com
https://www.pinterest.ph
https://www.study.com
https://www.sampletemplate.com
https://quizizz.com
The scope of this module permits to utilize in various different learning situations. The language used encompasses
the diversity of learners’ vocabulary and learning capabilities. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course syllabus.
In this module provides the students to understand more about rhetorical differences and English language
proficiency that served for writing term papers and other scholarly materials needed for satisfying requirements of
their courses
This module: Communication for Academic Purposes is divided into three (3) lessons, namely:
After going through this module, the students are expected to:
2. Determine the characteristics of academic writing in terms of purpose, audience, and language use and data
presentation
3. Analyze sample text in terms of purpose, audience, and language use and data presentation.
4. Write and present academic paper using appropriate tone, styles and conventions.
OVERVIEW
The academic success of the students depends heavily on the ability to communicate well. They have to be able
to quickly understand the structure and core ideas of a certain text, and to reproduce it concisely in their own words.
Concise representation of academic text will enable the reader to determine the basic rules that govern the optimum
purpose of understanding. Thus in this module lesson, it is expected that the learners will go through the learn ability
of academic writing. It gives them the opportunity to practice their communication skills and receive extensive
feedback to both teachers and peers. Develop their sense of responsibility in using the language, integrity in
synthesizing knowledge and zeal in contributing of ideas well in the respective disciplines.
OBJECTIVES
A B
a) Uses outside information to
1. Literary Analysis support a thesis or make an
argument
b) Essay examines, evaluates,
2. Research Paper
and makes an argument about
literary works
3. Dissertation c) Is a document submitted at
the conclusion of a Ph.D.
4. Essay program.
d) A book in which you write
5. Journals down personal experiences and
thoughts.
e) Short piece of writing that
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
Academic writing is a writing done in the academic setting. For the professionals, it serves for preparing lecture
materials for delivery before a group of colleagues or a presentation in meetings and conferences. For the students,
it served for writing term papers and other scholarly materials needed for satisfying requirements of their courses.
Academic in writing is formal in nature and unlike in other forms for writing, it is basically informative; its
foremost aim is to educate, and when really good and effectively written, may also be entertaining and persuasive
in the end.
1. Academic writing allows the development of analytic and thinking among the students. Since this type of
writing would sometimes require a review of other people’s work, the students will be forced to form an
informed opinion on the material reviewed. They will have to think and analyze instead of simply describe,
or enumerate facts in what they reviewed.
2. It teaches the students to clearly convey complicate ideas concisely and in well-structures format because
academic writing is about just that: writing complex ideas in as concise and as structured format as
possible.
3. It teaches the students to express what they know. It is difficult for any students to explain and share what
they know if they have difficulty in academic writing. Writing academic papers like essays or technical
report trains them to explain what they know by using appropriate terms, following the rules of grammar,
and abiding the principles of formal writing.
4. It prepares the students to write with ease and style. Writing real effective academic materials uses styles
and techniques on how to best convey ideas. The course in academic writing trains the students to write
confidently with ease and style enough for them to successfully go through college and beyond.
5. It helps ensure surviving college life. College requires writing a lot. To those know how to write academic
paper effectively surely has edge over a multiple writing tasks that the school requires. Francis Bacon
would not have written this without basis: “Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing
an exact man.”
6. It increases the chance of being hired immediately after college. Companies generally look for people who
have good communication skills and academic writing as a subject helps develop that skill among students.
1. It is well organized. It is analytical and therefore needs planning and outlining to ensure that pertinent
information shall be included in the paper.
2. It is written in the third person. It is objective and therefore detaches itself from the writer by using the
third person point of view where the writer places itself as an observer not an active participant in the
paper discussion. The writer addresses everything as if he or she is a third person observing, that is why,
there is no use of pronouns, “I”, “me”, “we”, “us”, or “you”. For example, he would have to say “the writer
feels that...” when he means to say “I feel that”...
B. Analyze the following texts below and answer the questions that follow.
Text 1
MIRACLE OF LOVE
I thought that I was living a happy, merry, exciting and fascinating life, but it’s nothing
when compared with the life when you’re in love. One day I realized that my life was
black and white and only love was embellishing it with striking colors. What is more,
every new day brings new colors, surprising me by their multiformity. It’s like I found
myself in a new world, the world just of two persons, where we will live eternally.
In this world I can’t imagine myself apart from him, because we are like only two pieces
of the puzzle, which finally met, fit together perfectly, and will never separate. It’s a very
exciting feeling for me to see that the farther away; the more we merge to a single whole.
We even have the same thoughts and desires, as I just can think about something and he
will do the same, without any words. We feel each other and sometimes we don’t need
words to express our thoughts, as our eyes can tell everything. Moreover, it’s impossible
to describe such miraculous feelings in words.
We cannot entirely enjoy each other and we delight this, as every new day brings us a
new ocean of incredible emotions, where we bathe and flounder about like little kids, for
whom the best amusement is just to be together.
What about my dreams? It’s like the most cherished of them has come true and this is the
most important thing in my life. Fate gave me the most precious feeling, which can only
exist, and I cannot imagine what more can I dream about. Any material value lost its
worth for me, as the world of love is filled only with incorporeal values.
https://evolutionwriters.com
Despite the Asian elephant being endangered, they are still treated unethically in some
situations. In an ideal world, all animals would be able to live in their natural habitats.
However we understand that some animal facilities play an important role in conservation.
This is why GVI supports an ethical elephant sanctuary in Thailand where these animals can
be protected in their forest habitat.
And forests are key to producing the air we breathe, yet these are being depleted at a rate of
26 million hectares every year.
Extinctions are happening at what scientists estimate to be about 1,000 times the normal
pace. Not only are we losing flora and fauna, we are also damaging our ecosystems, and
throwing them out of balance – the effects of which we cannot anticipate due to the intricate
and complex nature of these systems.
Many organizations have been working to protect local ecosystems for years. This includes
the UN, which has set up specific objectives under UN SDG 15: Life on Land.
You can join us at GVI as we further these objectives, through volunteering on one of our
wildlife conservation programs. On each of these programs, you will gather data, which will
help to inform local wildlife park or sanctuary managers.
Data will also be used to present policies to other organizations and governments in order to
preserve habitats around the world. Volunteer to help protect jaguars or turtles in Costa Rica,
elephants in Thailand, or cheetahs in South Africa.
https://www.gvi.co.uk
Work with a partner, analyze the texts and fill out the table with your answers. Be guided by the questions
below.
Text 1
Text 2
Text 3
OVERVIEW
Structure is an important feature of an academic writing. A well-structured text enables the reader to follow the
argument and navigate the text. In academic writing a clear structure and a logical flow are imperative to a cohesive
text. Thus in this lesson of the module gives the opportunity towards the students to understand the various purposes
of college writing wherein it calls for a different types of texts, including case studies, concept papers, reaction papers,
reviews, literary criticisms, seminar and even tutorial papers. These written outputs are enabling them to recognize
that it is usually referred to as essays that to be written well will involve some degree of analysis and evaluation.
OBJECTIVES
LET’S KNOW
ACTIVITY 2.1
Write a conventional type of journal writing about yourself in the future. Make an outline first before writing and
present it in class.
An academic paper has three basic sections- the introduction, body and conclusion except for thesis and
dissertation. Schools may be prescribed a different format for these papers.
The introduction of any academic paper must be interesting enough to catch the reader’s attention. It must also
state the purpose of the paper wished to answer. The common and effective ways of starting off a paper, aside from
asking stimulating question, can be a quotation, interesting information, or a definition of an important related
term.
The body is the main part of the paper. It where the “substance” of the paper is discussed clearly written
paragraphs. To be clear, ideas or information must be arranged and presented with unity, emphasis, and cohesion.
Unity can be achieved by seeing to it all the sentences in each paragraph are in support of the topics sentence and
that all the paragraphs are in support of the topic. Emphasis can be achieved through repetition, definition, and use
of synonyms to clarify important terms or stress out important points. Cohesion on the other hand can be achieved
by ensuring that sentences and paragraphs relate with another with the use of transitional words like, therefore,
such as, in the long run, for example, etc.
The conclusion presents the synthesis of the paper and is an embodiment of the writers insights based on the facts
and figures presented on the paper. Except for the thesis and the dissertations, Introduction consists of one
paragraph. Thesis and dissertations can have more, depending on the number of research questions. In such case
there should be many conclusions as there are research questions.
Here is an example of what academic paper typically looks like. Using standard fonts, margins, and indentions
helps your paper gain credibility with an academic audience; readers who are comfortable with your paper’s
format can pay close attention to the ideas you’re communication.
Writer’s Name
WRIT 1201
Some papers include Professor’s Name
a title that suggests September 20, 2020
the topic Writing an Organized Paper
Academic
Every papers
paragraph The ability to write a well- organized and insightful paper is very important in order to be successful often
begins at the University of Minnesota. Most classes require at least one written assignment. And professors include a
with an expect a level of writing skill. A good paper generally includes a thesis, paragraphs that support it, and thesis in
indentatio a strong conclusion. the first
n of five paragraph
spaces A good thesis is integral to any academic paper and should work a general summary of the
(created argument or main point of the paper. The thesis need to be clear, and it should outline the main points
with the to be discussed. Sometimes just making a list of the basic things you plan to write about and then
“tab” or compiling them into a sentence is enough. The rest of the paper should follow the plan lead out by the In
“return/en thesis.
ter” key) general,
each
In order for the readers to be able to follow the logic of the papers, each paragraph should be
paragrap
related to what was introduced in the thesis. A good way to start is by making a topic sentence to
Note how the begin each paragraph. The topic sentence is often and extended or elaborated version of some part of h should
ends and the the thesis statement. For example, this paper’s thesis mentions “paragraphs that follow [the thesis].” start with
beginnings of And the topic sentence for this paragraph expands on that idea. The rest of the paragraph should a topic
paragraphs include evidence to explain or support the topic sentence. sentence
work to
create a Once readers have been led through the paragraphs that support you main point, they will
transition expect to find a solid conclusion that discusses the significance of what they have just read. If the
between thesis predicts the main point of the paper, then the conclusion emphasizes the importance of your
main point in some large context. In the case of this paper, a conclusion might point out that following
the general guidelines for presenting your ideas in academic setting allows your papers to make an
impact on readers. Readers appreciate your presenting a paper in a way that’s familiar to them: in
turn, they open likely to be open to your unique perspective.
Topic:_________________________________________________
Introduction
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________
Details
ACTIVITY 2.2
However, if you don’t allow yourself to feel what you feel and put on a pretend smile, you could
have a mood disorder known as depression. It does not happen on adults only. Depression –
happens to Youth. According to the National Mental Health Association, as many as one in five
teens are depressed. Left untreated, depression can lead to falling grades, drug abuse and even
attempts at suicide.
Although depression may lead to such fatal result, it is not a disease. Disease is a pathological
condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resulting from various causes, such as
infection and genetic defect, and characterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms. As
depression cannot spread to others and does not contain genetic defection, it is obvious that
depression is not a disease.
Actually, depression is only a reaction towards stress. Pain, a kind of feeling, is the reaction
towards a particular kind of stimulation that harms our body. Is it a disease? Similarly,
depression is just a signal that reminds us when we are under too much pressure, or when we
are in an extremely bad mood. It will not harm our health unless it is left unaware. So depression
is definitely not a disease.
In fact, depression can be a symptom of some diseases. The life-threatening disease, anorexia
nervosa, is one of the examples. It is an eating disorder that will lead to extreme thinness. The
major symptoms include depression. We should be clear that depression is not the cause of
anorexia nervosa, but excess pressure.
Another thing that can distinguish depression from disease is that drugs cannot really help to
cure it. If truth were told, drugs can only relieve the seriousness of depression. But most of the
diseases can be cured by taking drugs for a period of time. After you have recovered, you don’t
need to take drugs anymore. On the other hand, after you have taken the drugs for relieving
depression, you will only feel better, but it is still there, not cured at all. Some people may even
need to take drugs for the whole life. Therefore depression is not a disease.
After we have looked into depression in different points of view, we know that depression is not
a disease but it can lead to diseases. As a result we cannot look down on it. We should take good
care of those who are suffering from depression, especially the youngsters. As they have less
experience in dealing with pressure, they may easily get lost in depression and choose to end up
their lives by committing suicide.
Although depression is not a disease, sometimes, it is more terrible than diseases. So we should
not look down on it.
https://www.ychlpyss.edu.hk
Clearly, something is wrong with our planet. There are always those who doubt the alarm
bells being sounded about the deterioration of the environment and loss of natural ecosystems. They
brand conservation advocates as radicals who care more for plants and animals than for economic
development.
The outbreak of COVID-19 is a rude wake-up call. An expanding body of research and
anecdotal evidence from the field reveal the interconnectedness of what we do with our natural
ecosystems and the rise of pandemics. For instance, Lorentzen and coworkers (2020), in an article
for the Danish Medical Journal, observed that pandemics and epidemics are becoming more frequent
since the 1960s. They attribute this trend to the “complex connections between virology,
biodiversity, climate changes, poverty, food safety and population growth.”
As humans destroy forests and other natural ecosystems, we are upsetting the natural
balance that keeps extreme events from occurring. When we untangle the intricate web of
interrelationships in nature, things go awry. For example, in our country, the loss of forests in our
watersheds leads to erratic water supply and flooding in downstream areas.
On a broader scale, the rise of pandemics, coupled with planetary-scale changes, could
disrupt our aspiration to attain sustainable development. Di Marco and coauthors (2020), in their
paper published at the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, highlighted how pandemics
and environmental change are putting at risk our pursuit of the Sustainable Development Goals. The
Asian Development Bank estimates that the global economy could lose up to $9 trillion because of
the pandemic. The Philippine economy could contract by 4 percent this year. Whatever the exact
numbers turn out to be, the pandemic will torpedo developmental targets this year and possibly
beyond.
At the same time, as we seek to control and recover from the pandemic, there is an ample
opportunity to do so in a way that addresses vulnerabilities to other environmental risks. Since
planetary systems are interconnected, investments in COVID-19 response must take into account
overall resilience to different environmental challenges. For example, lifestyle changes must consider
greater adaptation to climate risks and greenhouse gas mitigation as well.
COVID-19 has brought humanity to its knees. I am hopeful that a cure will eventually be
found by the world’s leading scientists. In the meantime, we should reflect on the broader lessons it
is teaching us. Failure to do so may become an even greater tragedy.
Part-time jobs are very common nowadays. I, myself, work part time since I have to go to
school part-time as well. I think a lot of people opt for working part time because of time flexibility
and we would still be able to attend to other things that are important in our day to day living.
A clear advantage of having several part –time jobs is for people to be developed in
different areas where they are working. If one has several jobs, he or she will be able to meet
several people and supervisors that will expose them to different challenges and leanings. Another
advantage of having several part-time jobs, is an opportunity to find out what you really want as
occupation in life. This may be a stepping stone for you to be able to discover yourself more in
terms of your abilities and skills. Lastly, I think having several jobs will make you earn more money
than having a full-time job. This is because in a full-time job, you are only entitled for a specific
number of hours at work and sometimes, employees don’t give overtime pays.
The disadvantage on the other hand, is that most of the part-time do not offer benefits to
its employees. Also, you have to adjust with your workmates from one place to another. It will also
be difficult if you have two or three jobs in a day a you don’t have your own car. Commuting from
one place to another can be very exhausting.
In conclusion, I would say that I’m in favour of having several part-time jobs rather than
one full-time job. My decision is mainly in line with my current situation. I need to go to school at
the same time, work for my family. Having part-time jobs will be very beneficial for me since I can
arrange my schedule with my employer. Also, based on my experience, I enjoy meeting and
working with people from different walks of life. I was able to gain friends which I think is very
essential to be able to adapt easily in a country that is different from yours
Develop an essay that has good introduction, meaningful body and effective conclusion.
Choose 2 topics to develop from the options below. Write your essay on a clean sheet of paper.
1. Describe an experience that forever changed your life and your outlook on life.
2. Describe an experience where you were unsuccessful in achieving your goal. What lessons did you learn from
this experience?
3. If you were given the ability to change one moment in your life, would you do so? Why or why not? If so, what
moment would you change and why?
4. If you had the chance to have a 30-minute conversation with any person in human history (either living or
deceased), who would be the person you choose? Why? What topics would you discuss with this person?
5. What movie, poem, musical composition, or novel has most influenced your life and the way that you view the
world? Why?
1. Structure
2. Grammar/Mechanics
3. Language
4. Content/ Information
OVERVIEW
In this final part of the module lesson, the students will learn about the different types of academic writing to
enhance their skills and learn more about the significant of doing a research project as final requirements to complete
this subject.
OBJECTIVES
LET’S READ
1. Essay. Essay is an argumentative writing that is usually short. Its structure contains the title page, date,
course, instructor’s name and student’s name.
Its introduction may consist of background of the argument, content of essay, theoretical perspectives used
definition of terms, line of argument and organization of essay.
The body presents a support to the thesis statement; it contains developing sentences that extend topic
sentences, gives evidence to support topic sentence, and provides concluding sentences.
The conclusion restates the line of argument, summarizes the points that support the thesis, and suggest
further research.
TYPES OF ESSAY
Use:
Description techniques
Dialogue (What people said, in quotation marks, using quotation indicators like He said, She said, etc.)
Transitional words like Then, Soon, Later, On the other hand, For example, etc.
But, avoid: I did this; then I did that. Then, we did this. Then we did that. Next, we did this.
Too boring!
Verb tense
- Should usually be the past tense, even when recounting something that happened to you and telling the
story as though the reader is with you at the time. Pick a tense and stick with it!
- Will often be the first person (I did this; then I did that; it was my problem), but the writer may be also
being writing about someone else: (My father drove away; then he called my mother; she answered.)
- May be third person if the writer is telling the story from a distance, fro example, writing a biographical
narrative about someone else.
2. Description: Specific detail and imagery making reader feel present in the moment.
Description should be present in any type of writing, from narration to the others covered here.
Think about the dominant impression you want to give; don’t attempt to describe every single
thing.
Use imagery to put you reader right there for you.
Order events in time and space in such a way that the reader can imagine the location and the time
easily.
Be specific
Instead of: I got home and put my books down on the couch. Then I ate some food.
Try: After throwing my dog-eared books on the dusty sofa, I settled down to a snack of crisp, yellow
corn chips accompanied by spicy tomato salsa spilling over the top of an earthen-ware bowl.
Be interesting
Instead of: After my mom yelled at me, I was sad and mad. I wanted to yell back, but I knew I’d get in
bad trouble.
So I hid in my closet and cried.
Try: “Get the hell out of here, you brat!” my mother would yell. I felt hollow inside, like a pumpkin with
the seeds scooped out, and as mad as a raging bull. I wanted so badly to yell back at her, but, knowing
the consequences would be unspeakable, I curled up in the corner of my dark, quiet closet and cried.
Avoid sweeping generalization. Use examples that you can back up- or write in moderation.
Avoid being judgemental. Provide specific examples and details instead; let readers draw their own
conclusion.
Use adjectives and adverbs
The argumentative thesis takes a side of an issue; frequently it proposes an approach of an action which is
often expressed with the modal should.
In the argument concerning the nuclear power plant, the thesis for a paper on this topic might be:
“Government should ban further construction under nuclear power plants.”
Someone else might argue:
“The U.S should continue building nuclear power plants.”
Avoid strong feelings ( don’t say: nobody does this, or it is impossible to disagree with me)
Use generalizations (e.g. people say/ believe/ consider)
Do not use generalization (e.g. everybody believes that...)
Do not use strong personal expressions (e.g. I think...)
Use linking words (e.g. therefore, although, however etc.)
Use sequencing (e.g. firstly, secondly, lastly)
Make reference to other sources (e.g. the government claims that...)
Give examples- not personal thoughts (e.g. products such as sprayer can destroy the environment)
Give up banal introductions. Write something more original ( don’t write: this topic has been important
since ancient times. When? Too vague= unclear)
Style Tips:
Make sure your writing flows. Once you have written a draft of your essay, check that the paragraphs
are ordered in a logical way. Read over the topic sentences: do they follow a logical sequence?
Always write in a third person. Do NOT use: I, my, we, our, us, or you.
Do NOT start paragraphs with quotations. Write topic sentences.
Always use gender neutral language: he/she, their, the author, the researcher, and so on.
Use formal language: do NOT use words such as “things”! Be specific
ACTIVITY 3.1
Thesis Statement
A. Study the following thesis statements. Put “A” in the blank if the statement is argumentative. Be careful! A
statement having “should” as part of the verb is not automatically argumentative.
1. The earthquake in Golcuk, Turkey, was one of the most destructive in history.
2. Prospective* parents should be required to get licenses in order to have children.
3. The building codes in Las Vegas, Nevada, are inadequate*. (Inadequate: not enough)
4. Some of the Americans I have met are quite hospitable.
5. Student should have a say in the hiring and firing of teachers.
6. Pornographic books ought to be banned from the library.
7. State University should not have a football team.
8. The citizens of this state should be allowed to carry guns.
9. The United States ought to allow more immigrants into this country.
10. Technology is highly evolved over time and everybody has some sort of machine at hand.
B. Choose one opinion (a or b) from each of the following pairs of thesis statements.
1. a) It is good idea for the students to work part time while they are going to school.
b) Students should not work while they are going to school.
2. a) Young people should not move away from home after they finish their education.
b) Young people should not move away from home after they finish their education.
3, a) Wars are always wrong.
b) Wars are not always wrong.
4. a) Exams are not useful.
b) Exams do not check students’ knowledge
Medical Marijuana Should Be Legal
Medical scientists and doctors in some countries have recently discovered that marijuana, an illegal drug. It is
an effective medicine for severely ill patients who cannot get relief from their usual prescription drugs. In my opinion,
marijuana should be legal for medical uses because it can improve the quality of life for some people will serious
illness.
First of all marijuana can help cancer patients who must use chemotherapy or take anti-cancer drugs that
causes serious side effects. It can also help AIDS patients to regain their appetite and therefore to gain weight.
Moreover, it might effectively stop the spread of glaucoma, which can cause blindness, and it can relieve joint pain and
relax muscles in certain other illnesses. Unfortunately, because marijuana is an illegal drug, it cannot be purchased
even with the doctor’s prescription at a pharmacy.
In brief, smoking marijuana is effective enough to help seriously ill people who enjoy a meal or live without
constant pain. Therefore, marijuana for medical purposes should be legal.
ACTIVITY 3.3
The main purpose of the research is to inform action, to prove theory and contribute to developing knowledge in field
or study. It has become an important means to understand various issues and increase public awareness and an
avenue to love reading, writing, analyzing and sharing valuable information.
A. Research in Google websites about Research Report and how to write a research paper. Then write all the
important information in a sheet of paper. And make it as your reference as you go along the next activities.
B. Watch a video that talks about research work. As you watch the video, complete the questions that follow.
1. What is the topic of research?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the purpose of research?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
3. Describe the methodology used.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
4. What are findings/ results?
C. Your task for this activity is to find an example of a research report about environment. Bring them to the class
and with a partner, analyze the report by answering these questions.
1. What is the topic of research?
2. What is the purpose of research?
3. Describe the methodology used.
4. What are findings/ results?
5. What are conclusion/ recommendations?
6. How did the speaker manage to discuss all essential elements in limited time?
LET’S APPLY
Do a Research Project
A. Plan for a project proposal. Think of any topics and its title for your research project. Send it to your teacher for
the checking and approval.
B. You will now convert to a four-to-five page research report as of your output in this final lesson. Follow the parts
below as the content of your research project.
Part 1 – Preliminaries
I. Topic/ Study
II. Title of the Study
POST- ASSESSMENT
1. What is the relevance of learning the academic writing towards the field of communication?
4. Formulate your outline into essay writing in which the topic mentioned above.
REFERENCES:
Books
Internet Sources
https://www.academia.edu
https://academichelp.net
https://www.aims.edu
https://www.en.m.wikipedia.org
https://mmar.mydictionary.com
https://en.n.wikibooks.org
https://www.wiki.ubc.ca
https://www. googleleadservices.com
https://www.literacyideas.com