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Number System
Number System
com
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l.c
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NUMBER SYSTEM
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1. Method to multiply 2-digit number.
(i) AB × CD = AC / AD + BC / BD
d
35 × 47 = 12 / 21 + 20 / 35 = 12 / 41 / 35 = 1645
ca
(ii) AB × AC = A2 / A (B + C) / BC
ra
74 × 76 = 72 / 7(4 + 6) / 4 × 6
= 49 / 70 / 24 = 49 / 70 / 24 = 5624
(iii) AB × CC = AC / (A + B)C / BC
to
en
= 35 × 44 = 3 × 4 / (3 + 5) × 4 / 5 × 4
vm
= 12 / 32 / 20 = 12 / 32 / 20 = 1540
2. Method to multiply 3-digit no.
ABC × DEF = AD / AE + BD / AF + BE + CD / BF + CE / CF
@
456 × 234 = 4 × 2 / 4 × 3 + 5 × 2 / 4 × 4 + 5 × 3 + 6 × 2 / 5 × 4 + 6 × 3 / 6 × 4
4 ct
= 8 / 12 + 10 / 16 + 15 + 12 / 20 + 18 / 24
= 8 / 22 /43 / 38 / 24 = 106704
89 nta
3. If in a series all number contains repeating 7. To find their sum, we start from the left multiply 7 by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6. Look at the
example below.
09 o
09 s C
or decreasing order. Then -find the sum by using the below method.
+9 en
= 20 / 15 / 10 / 5 = 2.1605
N Wr
(3333)2 = 11108889
C rH
ct
(99)2 = 9801
(999)2 = 998001
(9999)2 = 99980001
(99999)2 = 9999800001
7. Those number whose all digits are 1.
A number whose one’s, ten’s, hundred’s digit is 1 i.e., 11, 111, 1111, ....
In this we count number of digits. We write 1, 2, 3, ..... in their square the digit in the number, then write in decreasing order up to 1.
112 = 121
1112 = 12321
11112 = 1234321
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S-2 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
8. Some properties of square and square root:
(i) Complete square of a no. is possible if its last digit is 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 & 9. If last digit of a no. is 2, 3, 7, 8 then complete square root
of this no. is not possible.
(ii) If last digit of a no. is 1, then last digit of its complete square root is either 1 or 9.
m
(iii) If last digit of a no. is 4, then last digit of its complete square root is either 2 or 8.
o
(iv) If last digit of a no. is 5 or 0, then last digit of its complete square root is either 5 or 0.
l.c
(v) If last digit of a no. is 6, then last digit of its complete square root is either 4 or 6.
ai
(vi) If last digit of a no. is 9, then last digit of its complete square root is either 3 or 7.
gm
9. Prime Number :
(i) Find the approx square root of given no. Divide the given no. by the prime no. less than approx square root of no. If given
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no. is not divisible by any of these prime no. then the no. is prime otherwise not.
For example : To check 359 is a prime number or not.
em
Sol. Approx sq. root = 19
Prime no. < 19 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17
359 is not divisible by any of these prime nos. So 359 is a prime no.
d
ca
For example: Is 25001 + 1 is prime or not?
ra
25001 + 1
Þ Reminder = 0,
2 +1
\ 25001 + 1 is not prime.
to
en
(ii) There are 15 prime no. from 1 to 50.
vm
12.
(i) If n is even, then remainder is 1.
89 nta
4P + 1 + 1
09 s C
4P + 1 - 1
(ii) Value of P - P - P - ..........¥ =
2
18 N
P. P. P. ..........¥ = P
+9 en
(iii) Value of
( 2n -1)¸2n
o: itt
(iv) Value of P P P P P =P
N Wr
Note: If factors of P are n & (n + 1) type then value of P + P + P + ....¥ = ( n + 1) and P - P - P - ....¥ = n.
on a
C rH
(iii) If N = an × bm × cp..., where a, b & c are prime no. Then sum of the divisors =
( a n +1 - 1)( bm +1 - 1)( cp +1 - 1)
( a - 1)( b - 1)( c - 1)
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-3
15. To find the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of an.
(i) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is 1, 5 or 6, whatever be the value of n, it will have the same digit at unit’s place,
i.e.,
m
(.....1)n = (........1)
o
(.....5)n = (........5)
l.c
(.....6) n = (........6)
ai
(ii) If the last digit or digit at the units place of a is 2, 3, 5, 7 or 8, then the last digit of a n depends upon the value of n and follows
gm
a repeating pattern in terms of 4 as given below :
last digit of (....2)n last digit of (....3)n last digit of (....7)n last digit of (....8)n
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n
4x+1 2 3 7 8
em
4x+2 4 9 9 4
4x+3 8 7 3 2
d
4x 6 1 1 6
ca
(iii) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is either 4 or 9, then the last digit of an depends upon the value of n and follows
ra
repeating pattern in terms of 2 as given below.
to
n last digit of (....4)n last digit of (....9)n
en
2x 6 1
2x + 1 4 9
vm
(n) (n + 1)
16. (i) Sum of n natural number =
@
2
(ii) Sum of n even number = (n) (n + 1)
4 ct
n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
17. (i) Sum of sq. of first n natural no. =
09 o
6
09 s C
(
n 4n 2 - 1 )
29 ote
2n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
+9 en
n 2 ( n + 1) é n ( n + 1) ù
2
N Wr
2
18. (i) Sum of cube of first n natural no. = =ê ú
4 ë 2 û
ta nd
When n is even
(ii) xn – yn is divisible by (x – y)
When n is either odd or even.
20. For any integer n, n3 – n is divisible by 3, n 5 – n is divisible by 5, n11 – n is divisible by 11, n 13 – n is divisible by 13.
21. Some articles related to Divisibility :
(i) A no. of 3-digits which is formed by repeating a digit 3-times, then this no. is divisible by 3 and 37.
e.g., 111, 222, 333, .......
(ii) A no. of 6-digit which is formed by repeating a digit 6-times then this no. is divisible by 3, 7, 11, 13 and 37.
e.g., 111111, 222222, 333333, 444444, .............
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S-4 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
22. Divisible by 7 : We use osculator (– 2) for divisibility test.
99995 : 9999 – 2 × 5 = 9989
9989 : 998 – 2 × 9 = 980
980 : 98 – 2 × 0 = 98
m
Now 98 is divisible by 7, so 99995 is also divisible by 7.
o
23. Divisible by 11 : In a number, if difference of sum of digit at even places and sum of digit at odd places is either 0 or multiple of
l.c
11, then no. is divisible by 11.
ai
For example, 12342 ¸ 11
gm
Sum of even place digit = 2 + 4 = 6
Sum of odd place digit = 1 + 3 + 2 = 6
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Difference = 6 – 6 = 0
\ 12342 is divisible by 11.
em
24. Divisible by 13 : We use (+ 4) as osculator.
e.g., 876538 ¸ 13
d
876538: 8 × 4 + 3 = 35
ca
5 × 4 + 3 + 5 = 28
ra
8 × 4 + 2 + 6 = 40
to
0 × 4 + 4 + 7 = 11 en
1 × 4 + 1 + 8 = 13
13 is divisible by 13.
vm
255: 25 – 5 × 5 = 0
\ 294678 is completely divisible by 17.
09 o
e.g: 149264: 4 × 2 + 6 = 14
4 × 2 + 1 + 2 = 11
29 ote
1 × 2 + 1 + 9 = 12
2×2+1+4=9
18 N
9 × 2 + 1 = 19
+9 en
19 is divisible by 19
\ 149264 is divisible by 19.
o: itt
(i) For two no. a and b if a < b, then HCF of a and b is always less than or equal to a .
on a
(ii) The greatest number by which x, y and z completely divisible is the HCF of x, y and z.
C rH
ct
(iii) The greatest number by which x, y, z divisible and gives the remainder a, b and c is the HCF of (x –a), (y–b) and (z–c).
(iv) The greatest number by which x, y and z divisible and gives same remainder in each case, that number is HCF of (x–y),
Fo
a c e H.C.M. of (a, c, e)
(v) H.C.F. of , and =
b d f L.C.M. of (b, d, f)
28. LCM (Least Common Multiple)
There are two methods to find the LCM–
(a) Factor method (b) Division method
(i) For two numbers a and b if a < b, then L.C.M. of a and b is more than or equal to b.
(ii) If ratio between two numbers is a : b and their H.C.F. is x, then their L.C.M. = abx.
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-5
x
(iii) If ratio between two numbers is a : b and their L.C.M. is x, then their H.C.F. =
ab
(iv) The smallest number which is divisible by x, y and z is L.C.M. of x, y and z.
m
(v) The smallest number which is divided by x, y and z give remainder a, b and c, but (x – a) = (y – b) = (z – c) = k, then number
is (L.C.M. of (x, y and z) – k).
o
l.c
(vi) The smallest number which is divided by x, y and z give remainder k in each case, then number is (L.C.M. of x, y and z) + k.
ai
a c e L.C.M. of (a, c, e)
(vii) L.C.M. of , and =
gm
b d f H.C.F. of (b, d, f)
(viii) For two numbers a and b –
y@
LCM × HCF = a × b
(ix) If a is the H.C.F. of each pair from n numbers and L is L.C.M., then product of n numbers = a n–1.L
em
ALGEBRA
d
29. Algebra Identities:
ca
(i) (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2 (a2 + b2) (ii) (a + b)2 – (a – b)2 = 4ab
(iii) a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2) (iv) a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
ra
(v) a4 + a2 + 1 = (a2 + a + 1) (a2 – a + 1) (vi) If a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3=3abc
( a + b ) 2 - ( a - b )2 to ( a + b )2 + ( a - b )2
en
(vii) =4 (viii) =2
ab a 2 + b2
vm
b e h k æb e h kö
(ix) a + d + g - j = ( a + d + g - j) + ç + + - ÷
@
c f i l èc f i l ø
(x) If a + b + c = abc, then
4 ct
æ 2a ö æ 2b ö æ 2c ö æ 2a ö æ 2b ö æ 2c ö
89 nta
æ 3a - a 3 ö æ 3b - b3 ö æ 3c - c3 ö æ 3a - a 3 ö æ 3b - b3 ö æ 3c - c3 ö
09 s C
ç ÷ +ç ÷ +ç ÷ . -
ç 1 - 3a 2 ÷ ç 1 - 3b2 ÷ ç 1 - 3c2 ÷ = çè 1 - 3a 2 ÷ø çè 1 - 3b2 ÷ø çè 1 - 3c2 ÷ø
.
è ø è ø è ø
29 ote
a1 b1 a1 b1 c1
(i) If a ¹ b , one solution. (ii) If a = b = c , Infinite many solutions.
+9 en
2 2 2 2 2
a1 b1 c1
o: itt
(iii) If = ¹ , No solution
N Wr
a 2 b 2 c2
1 1
If a and b are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then
ta nd
32.
C rH
ct
a-b = ( a + b )2 - 4ab
( )
2 2
a 4 + b4 = a 2 + b2 - 2a 2b2 = é( a + b) 2 - 2ab ù - 2 ( ab ) 2
ë û
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S-6 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
33. Arithmetic Progression:
(i) If a, a + d, a + 2d, ..... are in A.P., then, nth term of A.P. an = a + (n – 1)d
n n
Sum of n terms of this A.P. = Sn = é 2a + ( n - 1) d ùû = [a + l] wherel = last term
2ë
m
2
o
a = first term
l.c
d = common difference
a+b
ai
(ii) A.M. = [Q A.M. = Arithmetic mean]
gm
2
34. Geometric Progression:
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(i) G.P. ® a, ar, ar2,.........
Then, nth term of G.P. an = arn–1
em
Sn =
(
a r n -1 ) ,r > 1
( r - 1)
d
ca
a(1 - r n )
ra
= , r <1
(1 - r)
to
en
S¥ = 1 - r [where r = common ratio, a = first term]
vm
(ii) G.M. = ab
1 1 1
@
1
nth term of H.M. =
89 nta
th
n term of A.P.
09 o
2ab
H.M. =
09 s C
a +b
Note : Relation between A.M., G.M. and H.M.
29 ote
AVERAGE
ta nd
n +1
36. (i) Average of first n natural no. =
2
on a
C rH
( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
37. (i) Average of sum of square of first n natural no. =
6
2 ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)
(ii) Average of sum of square of first n even no. =
3
æ 4n 2 - 1 ö
(iii) Average of sum of square of first odd no. = çç 3 ÷÷
è ø
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-7
n ( n + 1)
2
38. (i) Average of cube of first n natural no. =
4
(ii) Average of cube of first n even natural no. = 2n(n + 1) 2
m
(iii) Average of cube of first n odd natural no. = n(2n 2 – 1)
o
m ( n + 1)
l.c
39. Average of first n multiple of m =
2
ai
40. (i) If average of some observations is x and a is added in each observations, then new average is (x + a).
gm
(ii) If average of some observations is x and a is subtracted in each observations, then new average is (x – a).
(iii) If average of some observations is x and each observations multiply by a, then new average is ax.
y@
x
(iv) If average of some observations is x and each observations is divided by a, then new average is .
em
a
n1A1 + n 2 A 2
d
(v) If average of n 1 is A1, & average of n2 is A2, then Average of (n 1 + n2) is and
n1 + n 2
ca
ra
n1A1 - n 2 A 2
Average of (n1 – n 2) is
n1 - n 2
to
en
41. When a person is included or excluded the group, then age/weight of that person = No. of persons in group × (Increase /
Decrease) in average ± New average.
vm
For example : In a class average age of 15 students is 18 yrs. When the age of teacher is included their average increased by 2
yrs, then find the age of teacher.
@
No. of person ´ ( Increase / Decrease ) in average ± New average ´ ( No. of person included or excluded )
89 nta
=
No. of included or person
09 o
For example : Average weight of 13 students is 44 kg. After including two new students their average weight becomes 48 kg, then
09 s C
13 ´ ( 48 - 44 ) + 48 ´ 2 13 ´ 4 + 48 ´ 2 52 + 96
= = = = 74 kg
18 N
2 2 2
+9 en
2xy
43. If a person travels two equal distances at a speed of x km/h and y km/h, then average speed = km/h
x+y
o: itt
N Wr
3xyz
44. If a person travels three equal distances at a speed of x km/h, y km/h and z km/h, then average speed = km/h.
xy + yz + zx
ta nd
a b c a + b + c + .... K1 + K 2 + K3 + .....
45. (i) If = = =.... , then =
K1 K 2 K 3 c K3
Fo
P Q R P+Q+ R
For example: If = = , then find
3 4 7 R
Sol. P = 3, Q = 4, R = 7
P + Q + R 3+ 4 + 7
Then = =2
R 7
a1 a 2 a 3 a 4 an
(ii) If a = a = a = a = .... a = K , then a : a
1 n + 1 = (K)
n
2 3 4 5 n +1
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S-8 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
ad - bc
46. A number added or subtracted from a, b, c & d, so that they are in proportion = ( a + d ) - ( b + c )
m
For example : When a number should be subtracted from 2, 3, 1 & 5 so that they are in proportion. Find that number.
o
2 ´ 5 - 3 ´1 10 - 3 7
l.c
Sol. Req. No. = ( 2 + 5 ) - ( 3 + 1) = 7 - 4 = 3
ai
gm
47. If X part of A is equal to Y part of B, then A : B = Y : X.
For example: If 20% of A = 30% of B, then find A : B.
y@
30% 3
Sol. A : B = = =3:2
20% 2
em
48. When Xth part of P, Yth part of Q and Zth part of R are equal, then find A : B : C.
d
Then, A : B : C = yz : zx : xy
ca
ra
TIME, DISTANCE AND WORK
to
en
t1 t
49. A can do a/b part of work in t1 days and c/d part of work in t2 days, then = 2
a /b c/d
vm
Kt t t
Then T = or , tB = = ktA
K2 -1 K -1 K -1
89 nta
51. (i) If a cistern takes X min to be filled by a pipe but due to a leak, it takes Y extra minutes to be filled, then the time taken by leak
09 o
09 s C
æ X 2 + XY ö
to empty the cistern = ç ÷ min
ç Y ÷
è ø
29 ote
(ii) If a leak empty a cistern in X hours. A pipe which admits Y litres per hour water into the cistern and now cistern is emptied
18 N
æX+Y+Zö
+9 en
(iii) If two pipes A and B fill a cistern in x hours and y hours. A pipe is also an outlet C. If all the three pipes are opened together,
N Wr
é xyT ù
the tank full in T hours. Then the time taken by C to empty the full tank is = ê ú
ta nd
ë yT + xT - xy û
on a
52. (i) If t1 and t2 time taken to travel from A to B and B to A, with speed a km/h and b km/h, then distance from A to B is
C rH
ct
æ ab ö æ ab ö
d = ( t1 + t 2 ) ç d = ( t1 - t 2 ) ç
Fo
÷ ÷
èa+bø èa-bø
æ tt ö
d = ( a - b) ç 1 2 ÷
è t1 - t 2 ø
(ii) If Ist part of distance is covered at the speed of a in t1 time and the second part is covered at the speed of b in t2 time, then
æ at + bt1 ö
the average speed = ç 2
è t1 + t 2 ÷ø
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S-9
PERCENTAGE
m
1 100%
o
1
12.5%
l.c
8
1
50%
ai
2
1
gm
11.11%
1 9
33.3%
y@
3
1
10%
em
1 10
25%
4
d
1
ca
1 9.09%
20% 11
5
ra
1
to
1 8.33%
16.67% 12
en
6
vm
1
14.28%
7
@
4 ct
89 nta
æ aö æ a ö
54. (i) If A is ç x% = ÷ more than B, then B is ç % ÷ less than A.
è bø èa+b ø
09 o
09 s C
æ aö æ a ö
(ii) If A is ç x% = ÷ less than B, then B is ç % ÷ more than A
è bø èa -b ø
29 ote
if a > b, we take a – b
18 N
if b > a, we take b – a.
+9 en
æ b-a ö
´100 ÷ % so that expenditure will be same.
o: itt
56. Due to increase/decrease the price x%, A man purchase a kg more in ` y, then
ta nd
æ xy ö
Per kg increase or decrease = ç ÷
on a
è 100 ´ a ø
C rH
ct
xy
Fo
m
æ xy ö
Increase (x%) Increase (y%) Increase ç x + y + ÷%
o
è 100 ø
l.c
æ xy ö
ai
Increase (x%) Decrease (y%) çx -y- ÷%
è 100 ø
gm
If +ve (Increase)
y@
If –ve (Decrease)
æ xy ö
Decrease ç x + y -
em
Decrease (x%) Decrease (y%) ÷%
è 100 ø
d
æ x2 ö
ca
Increase (x%) Decrease (x%) Decrease çç 100 ÷÷ %
è ø
ra
to æ
±
x2 ö
en
ç
If the side of a square or radius of a circle is x% increase/decrease, then its area increase/decrease = ç 2x ÷%
58.
è 100 ÷ø
vm
59. If the side of a square, x% increase/decrease then x% its perimeter and diagonal increase/decrease.
@
t
æ 100 ± R ö
If population P increase/decrease at r% rate, then after t years population = P ç
è 100 ÷ø
60. (i)
4 ct
89 nta
(ii) If population P increase/decrease r 1% first year, r 2% increase/decrease second year and r 3% increase/decrease third year,
æ r öæ r öæ r ö
then after 3 years population = P ç1 ± 1 ÷ ç1 ± 2 ÷ ç1 ± 3 ÷
09 o
61. If a man spend x% of this income on food, y% of remaining on rent and z% of remaining on cloths. If he has ` P remaining, then
P ´ 100 ´ 100 ´100
18 N
[Note: We can use this table for area increase/decrease in mensuration for rectangle, triangle and parallelogram].
o: itt
N Wr
éx - y ù
on a
Profit/Loss = ê ´ 100 ú %
C rH
ë û
ct
y
If +ve, Profit;
Fo
If –ve, Loss
63. If after selling x things P/L is equal to SP of y things,
y
then P/L = ´ 100
( x ± y)
é Profit = - ù
ê Loss = + ú
ë û
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 11
m
(x%) Profit (y%) Profit ç ÷ % Profit
è 2 ø
o
l.c
æ x - y ö ìProfit, if x > y
(x%) Profit (y%) Loss ç ÷%í
è 2 ø îLoss, if x < y
ai
gm
æx+yö
(x%) Loss (y%) Loss ç ÷ % Loss
è 2 ø
y@
(x%) Profit (y%) Loss No profit, no loss
em
65. If SP of two articles are same and they sold at
d
ca
Ist IInd Overall
ra
æ x2 ö
Loss ç ÷%
Profit (x%) Loss(x%) ç 100 ÷
to
è ø
en
æ 100 ( x - y ) - 2xy ö é 2 (100 + x )(100 - y ) ù ì If + ve, then Pr ofit%
ç ÷ % or ê - 100 ú % í
vm
é P+D ù
4 ct
66. After D% discount, requires P% profit, then total increase in C.P.= ê ´100ú %
ë100 - D û
89 nta
(100 + P )
09 o
68. Profit % =
C.P.
18 N
PRT
70. (i) SI =
100
é RT ù
(ii) A = P + SI = P ê1 +
ë 100 úû
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S- 12 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
71. If P = Principal, A = Amount
in n years, R = rate of interest per annum.
n
é R ù
A = P ê1 +
m
, interest payable annually
ë 100 úû
o
l.c
n¢
é R¢ ù
72. (i) A = P ê1 + , interest payable half-yearly
ë 100 úû
ai
gm
R¢ = R/2, n¢ = 2n
y@
4n
é R ù
(ii) A = P ê1 + úû , interest payable quarterly;
ë 400
em
é R ù
73. (i) êë1 + 400 úû is the yearly growth factor;
d
ca
é R ù
ra
(ii) êë1 – 400 úû is the yearly decay factor or depreciation factor..
to
en
3
74. When time is fraction of a year, say 4 , years, then,
4
vm
é 3 ù
R
R ù ê 4 ú
4
é
@
Amount = P ê1 + ú ´ ê1 + ú
ë 100 û ë 100 û
4 ct
LMF IJ n
OP
89 nta
When Rates are different for different years, say R1, R2, R3% for 1st, 2nd & 3rd years respectively, then,
09 s C
76.
é R ùé R ùé R ù
Amount = P ê1 + 1 ú ê1 + 2 ú ê1 + 3 ú
29 ote
77.
ë 100 û ë 100 û ë 100 û
In general, interest is considered to be SIMPLE unless otherwise stated.
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GEOMETRY
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n
on a
( n - 2)
(iv) Each interior angle of a regular polygon = ´ 180°
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n ( n - 3)
(v) No. of diagonals of a polygon = , n ® no. of sides.
2
(vi) The ratio of sides a polygon to the diagonals of a polygon is 2 : (n – 3)
(vii) Ratio of interior angle to exterior angle of a regular polygon is (n – 2) : 2
79. Properties of triangle:
(i) When one side is extended in any direction, an angle is formed with another side. This is called the exterior angle. There
are six exterior angles of a triangle.
(ii) Interior angle + corresponding exterior angle = 180°.
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 13
(iii) An exterior angle = Sum of the other two interior opposite angles.
(iv) Sum of the lengths of any two sides is greater than the length of third side.
(v) Difference of any two sides is less than the third side.
Side opposite to the greatest angle is greatest and vice versa.
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(vi) A triangle must have at least two acute angles.
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l.c
(vii) Triangles on equal bases and between the same parallels have equal areas.
(viii) If a, b, c denote the sides of a triangle then
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(i) if c2 < a2 + b2, Triangle is acute angled.
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(ii) if c2 = a2 + b2, Triangle is right angled.
(iii) if c2 > a2 + b2, Triangle is obtuse angled.
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(ix) If 2 triangles are equiangular, their corresponding sides are proportional. In triangles ABC and XYZ, if
ÐA = ÐX, ÐB = ÐY, ÐC = ÐZ, then
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AB AC BC A
= = ..
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XY XZ YZ
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• (i) In DABC, ÐB = 90° BD ^ AC
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\ BD × AC = AB × BC D
1 1 1
to
en
(ii) = +
2 2
BD AB BC 2
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(iii) BD2 = AD × DC C B
(x) The perpendiculars drawn from vertices to opposite sides (called altitudes) meet at a point called Orthocentre of the
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triangle.
(xi) The line drawn from a vertex of a triangle to the opposite side such that it bisects the side is called the Median of the
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(xii) When a vertex of a triangle is joined to the midpoint of the opposite side, we get a median. The point of intersection of
the medians is called the Centroid of the triangle. The centroid divides any median in the ratio 2 : 1.
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A
18 N
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o: itt
B C
D
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1. AB/AC = BD/DC.
ta nd
2. AB x AC – BD x DC = AD2 .
(xiv) Midpoint Theorem –
on a
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In a triangle, the line joining the mid points of two sides is parallel to the third side and half of it.
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A line parallel to any one side of a triangle divides the other two sides proportionally. If DE is parallel to BC, then
D E
B C
AD AE AB AC AD AB
= = , = and so on.
BD EC¢ AD AE DE BC
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S- 14 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
80. Properties of circle –
(i) Only one circle can pass through three given points.
(ii) There is one and only one tangent to the circle passing through any point on the circle.
(iii) From any exterior point of the circle, two tangents can be drawn on to the circle.
m
(iv) The lengths of two tangents segment from the exterior point to the circle, are equal.
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l.c
(v) The tangent at any point of a circle and the radius through the point are perpendicular to each other.
(vi) When two circles touch each other, their centres & the point of contact are collinear.
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(vii) If two circles touch externally, distance between centres = sum of radii.
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(viii) If two circles touch internally, distance between centres = difference of radii
(ix) Circles with same centre and different radii are concentric circles.
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(x) Points lying on the same circle are called concyclic points.
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(xi) Measure of an arc means measure of central angle.
m(minor arc) + m(major arc) = 360°.
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(xii) Angle in a semicircle is a right angle.
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(xiii) Only one circle can pass through three given
(xxv) If ON is ^ from the centre O of a circle to a chord AB, then AN = NB.
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to
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O
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A N B
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(xvi) Two congruent figures have equal areas but the converse need not be true.
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(xix) Triangles on the same bases and between the same parallels are equal in area.
(xx) If a triangle and a parallelogram are on the same base and between the same parallels, then the area of the triangle is equal
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T
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ta nd
P O
on a
C rH
ct
Fo
O P
A
B
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 15
m o
l.c
A
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gm
P D
C
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• If two circles touch externally, then distance between their centres = (r 1 + r2)
d em
ca
A B
r1
ra
r2
to
en
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• If two circles touch internally, then distance between their centres = r 1 – r2 where r 1 > r2.
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A B
89 nta
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MENSURATION
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1
81. (i) Area of triangle = × base × altitude
2
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a +b+c
(ii) Area of triangle using heron’s formula = S / S - a (S - b) (S - c) , where S =
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2
82. In an equilateral triangle with side a, then
ta nd
P ® Perimeter
C rH
3 3 9
ct
h ® Height
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4a 2 - b 2
Height =
2
Q b R
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S- 16 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
1 P
84. (i) Area of D = bc SinP where ÐP = ÐQPR
2
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(ii) Area of D = ac SinQ c b
2
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1
(iii) Area of D = ab SinR
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2 Q a R
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b2 + c 2 - a 2 a 2 + c2 - b 2
85. CosP = , CosQ = ,
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2bc 2ac
a 2 + b2 - c2
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CosR =
2ab
d
a b c
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86. Sine Rule : = =
SinP SinQ SinR
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to
Square
Perimeter of square Diagonal of square
Area of square = = = side of square
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87.
4 4
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A D
= where A - Area of circle
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C 4 r
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C - Circumference of circle
D - Diameter of circle
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3 2
89. If q = 60°, ar D AOB = r
4
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1 2
If q = 90°, ar D AOB = r
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2
r q r
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1 2
If q , ar D AOB = r
2
o: itt
A B
N Wr
2 æqö æqö
sinq = r sin ç ÷ .cos ç ÷
è2ø è2ø
ta nd
2 ´ area of DABC
90. (i) A circle with largest area inscribed in a right angle triangle, then r = .
on a
Perimeter of DABC
C rH
ct
Fo
B C
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101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude S- 17
pa 2
(ii) If ABC is an equilateral triangle with side a, then Area of circle =
12
A
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gm
r
B C
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pa 2
(iii) If ABC is an equilateral triangle with side a, then area of circle = .
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3
d
ca
r
ra
to
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r 1 pr 2 1
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(iv) If DABC is an equilateral triangle, and two circles with radius r and R, then = and =
R 2 pR 2 4
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A
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r
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R
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B C
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2
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(v) Three equal circle with radius r and an equilateral triangle ABC, then area of shaded region = 2 3 - p . ) r2
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ta nd
B C
on a
C rH
ct
area of square 7
91. ABCD is a square placed inside a circle with side a and radius of circle r, then =
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area of circle 11
A a B
r
a a
D a C
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S- 18 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
m
94. For two cubes
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A1 v a d
=3 1 = 1 = 1
A2 v2 a 2 d2
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gm
where A1, A2 ® Area of cubes
v1, v2 ® Volume
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a1, a2 ® Sides
d1, d2 ® Diagonals
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95. Units of Measurement of Area and Volume
• The inter-relationships between various units of measurement of length, area and volume are listed below for ready reference:
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Length
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1 Centimetre (cm) = 10 milimetre (mm)
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1 Decimetre (dm) = 10 centimetre
to
1 Metre (m) = 10 dm = 100 cm = 1000 mm
1 Decametre (dam) = 10 m = 1000 cm
en
1 Hectometre (hm) = 10 dam = 100 m
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Area
1 cm2 = 1 cm × 1 cm = 10 mm × 10 mm = 100 mm2
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2
1m =1m×1m = 10 dm × 10 dm = 100 dm2
2
1 dam or 1 are = 1 dam × 1dam = 10 m × 10 m = 100 m2
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2
1 km = 1 km × 1 km = 10 hm × 10 hm = 100 hm2 or 100 hectare
Volume
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1
Volume of pyramid = ´ Base Area ´ height (H)
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97.
3
A1 l1F I 2
98. (i) If A1 & A2 denote the areas of two similar figures and l1 & l2 denote their corresponding linear measures, then A = l
2 2
GH JK
V1 F I
l
3
(ii) If V1 & V2 denote the volumes of two similar solids and l1, l2 denote their corresponding linear measures, then
V2 GH JK
= 1
l2
99. If a largest possible cube is inscribed in a sphere of radius ‘a’ cm, then
2a
(i) the edge of the cube = .
3
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gm
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(ii) If a largest possible sphere is inscribed in a cylinder of radius ‘a’ cm and height ‘h’ cm, then for h > a,
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• the radius of the sphere = a and
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h
the radius =
ra
• (for a > h)
2
to
en
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(iii) If a largest possible sphere is inscribed in a cone of radius ‘a’ cm and slant height equal to the diameter of the base, then
a
the radius of the sphere =
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• .
3
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18 N
(iv) If a largest possible cone is inscribed in a cylinder of radius ‘a’ cm and height ‘h’ cm, then the radius of the cone = a and
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height = h.
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C rH
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Fo
2
(v) If a largest possible cube is inscribed in a hemisphere of radius ‘a’ cm, then the edge of the cube = a .
3
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S- 20 101 Shortcuts in Quantitative Aptitude
100. In any quadrilateral
1 1
(i) Area = ´ one diagonal × (sum of perpendiculars to it from opposite vertices) = × d (d1 + d2)
2 2
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(ii) Area of a cyclic quadrilateral = bs - agbs - bgbs - cgbs - dg
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where a, b, c, d are sides of quadrilateral and
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a+b +c+d
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s = semi perimeter =
2
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101. If length, breadth & height of a three dimensional figure increase/decrease by x%, y% and z%, then
éæ 100 ± x öæ 100 ± y ö ù
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Change in area = êç ÷ç ÷ - 1ú ´ 100%
ëè 100 øè 100 ø û
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ca
éæ 100 ± x ö æ 100 ± y öæ 100 ± z ö ù
Change in Volume = êç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ - 1ú ´ 100%
ëè 100 ø è 100 øè 100 ø û
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to
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vm
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89 nta
09 o
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29 ote
18 N
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o: itt
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ta nd
on a
C rH
ct
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