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ELL 100 Introduction To Electrical Engineering: L 12: T R S - O C (F R)
ELL 100 Introduction To Electrical Engineering: L 12: T R S - O C (F R)
LECTURE 12:
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF SECOND-ORDER CIRCUITS
(FORCED RESPONSE)
1
STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
The step response is obtained by the sudden application of a
DC source as shown below
2
STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Applying KVL around the loop for t > 0,
di
L Ri v Vs
dt
dv
where i C
dt
v (t ) vt (t ) vss (t )
4
STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
In order to determine the transient part of solution, we let
v Ae st
where, A and s are constants to be determined
Substituting these values and carrying out the necessary
differentiations we obtain,
AR st A st st 2 R 1
As e
2 st
se e 0 Or, Ae s s 0
L LC L LC
The two roots are,
2 2
R R 1 R R 1
s1 , s2
2L 2 L LC 2L 2 L LC
5
STEP RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
A more compact way of expressing the roots is,
s1 2 02 , s2 2 02
R 1
where, , 0
2L LC
7
TRANSIENT RESPONSE: CRITICALLY DAMPED
RESPONSE OF SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Critically damped response:
t
α = ω0 => C = 4L∕R2 v ( A1t A2 )e
Roots are equal (and negative real)
R
s1 s2
2L
Thus, the response for critically
damped case is the solution to
d 2v dv
2
2 2
v0
dt dt
8
TRANSIENT RESPONSE: UNDER DAMPED RESPONSE OF
SERIES RLC CIRCUIT
Underdamped response:
α < ω0 => C < 4L∕R2, v (t ) e t ( B1 cos d t B2 sin d t )
Roots are complex conjugates
s1 02 2 jd
s2 02 2 jd
11
5Ω
Solution:
(a): R = 5 Ω
For t < 0, the capacitor behaves like an open circuit while the inductor
acts like a short circuit. The initial current through the inductor is,
24
i (0) 4A
5 1
and the initial voltage across the capacitor is the same as the voltage
across the 1Ω resistor, v (0) 1i (0) 4V
12
For t > 0, the switch is opened, so that 1Ω resistor disconnected.
The characteristic roots are determined as follows:
R 5 1 1
2.5, 0 2
2L 2 1 LC 1 0.25 5Ω
(R = 4 Ω)
Since the inductor and capacitor are in series for t > 0, the inductor
current is the same as. Hence,
Critically damped circuit
(R = 5 Ω) gives fastest response
without any over-shooting
19
STEP RESPONSE OF PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
With the sudden application of a DC current, we need to determine i
in the following circuit.
20
STEP RESPONSE OF PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
Applying KCL at the top node for t > 0,
V dV di
iC Is Here, v L
R dt dt
The complete solution consists of the transient response it(t) and the
steady-state response iss,
i (t ) it (t ) iss
21
TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF PARALLEL RLC CIRCUIT
We obtain the characteristic equation by replacing the first derivative
by s and the second derivative by s2,
1 1
s
2
s 0
RC LC
24
Solution:
For t < 0, the switch is open, and the circuit is partitioned into two
independent sub-circuits. The 4-A current flows through the inductor
i.e. i (0) 4 A
Since 30u(− t) = 30 when t < 0 and = 0 when t > 0, the voltage source
is operative for t < 0. By voltage division, the initial capacitor voltage is
20
v (0) (30) 15V
20 20
25
For t > 0, equivalent parallel
resistance R = 20||20 = 10 Ω
1 1
3
6.25
2 RC 2 10 8 10
1 1
o
3
2.5
LC 20 8 10
Since α > ω0, we have the over-damped case
The characteristic roots are: s1,2 2 02 6.25 39.0625 6.25 6.25 5.7282
s1 11.978, s2 0.5218
28
Numerical 3: Find the complete response v(t) and i(t) for t > 0.
Assume that the switch is open for a long time before closing.
29
Solution: We first find the initial and final values,
At t = 0−, as shown the circuit is at steady
state. v (0 ) 12V , i (0 ) 0
t<0
33
Solution:
For t < 0, 7u(t) = 0, so that i1(0−) = 0 = i2(0−). For t > 0, 7u(t) = 7, so that
the equivalent circuit is as shown,
Due to the continuity of
inductor current,
i1 (0 ) i1 (0 ) 0, i2 (0 ) i2 (0 ) 0
vL2 (0 ) v0 (0 ) 1[i1 (0 ) i2 (0 )] 0
di1 (0 ) vL1 7 t>0
Since L1 di1∕dt = vL1, 14 A / s
dt L1 1
2
di2 (0 ) vL 2
Since L2 di2∕dt = vL2, 0
dt L2
34
As t → ∞, the circuit reaches steady state, and the inductors can be
replaced by short circuits as shown,
7
i1 () i2 () A
3
For transient response:
Apply KVL in the two meshes
1 di1 1 di2
4i1 i2 0, i2 i1 0
2 dt 5 dt
2
1 di1 1 di1 4 di1 1 d i1
i2 4i1 4i1 2
i1 0
2 dt 2 dt 5 dt 10 dt
2
d i1 di1
2
13 30i1 0
dt dt
35
The characteristic equation is determined as,
s 2 13s 30 0
with roots s = −3 and s = −10
Hence, the transient response is,
i1n Ae 3t Be 10 t
7
The steady-state response is, i1ss i1 ( ) A
3
7
From initial conditions i1(0) and di1(0)/dt : 0 A B,14 3 A 10 B
3
A = −4 ∕ 3 and B = −1
7 4 3 t 10 t
Thus, i1 (t ) e e
3 3 36
Applying KVL in left loop,
1 di1
7 4i1 i2
2 dt
1 di1
i2 7 4i1
2 dt
38
Problem 1: The step response of an RLC circuit is given by
2
d i di
2
2 5i 10
dt dt
Given that i(0) = 2 and di(0)∕dt = 4, solve for i(t).
Ans.1: i(t) = 2 + sin4te-t A
39
Problem 3: The step responses of a series RLC circuit are
vc 40 10e 2000t 10e 4000tV , iL (t ) 3e 2000t 6e 4000t mA
(a) Find C. (b) Determine what type of damping is exhibited by the
circuit. Ans.3: C=150 nF, overdamped case
45