ELL 100 - Introduction to Electrical Engineering

LECTURE 22: TWO-PORT NETWORKS

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 CONTENTS

• Relationship among various two-port parameters

• Series, parallel & other connections of two-port

networks

2
 Definition of Two-Port Circuits
The following linear four-terminal circuit containing no independent sources

I1=I1’
I2=I2’
I2=I2'

No external connections exist between the input and output ports.

The two-port model is used to describe the performance of a circuit in terms
of the voltage and current at its input and output ports.

3
 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
• There are four terminal variables, namely V1, V2, I1, I2,
and two of them are treated as independent.

• Hence there are six possible sets of two-port parameters.

43
4
C2  6
2 1

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 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
1. The Impedance or Z-parameters

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 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
2. The admittance , or Y-parameters

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 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
3. The hybrid, or h-parameters

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 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
4. The inverse hybrid, or g-parameters

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 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
5. The transmission T, or a-parameters (or ABCD parameters)

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 Classification of Two-Port Parameters
6. The inverse transmission T’, or b-parameters (or A’B’C’D’)

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 Finding Two-Port Parameters
Method 1 : Calculate or measure by invoking appropriate
short-circuit and open-circuit conditions at the input and
output ports.

Method 2 : Derive the parameters from another set of

two-port parameters.

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 Finding Two-Port Parameters

Method 2:
• The 6 sets of parameters relate the same input and output
terminal variables, hence they are interrelated.

• A systematical procedure for obtaining a set of parameters

from another one is given as follows for reference.

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Step1: Arrange the 2 equations from the given two-port
parameters in the following standard form:
k11V1+k12I1+k13V2+k14I2=0
k21V1+k22I1+k23V2+k24I2=0

Step2: Separate the independent variables and the dependent

variables of the desired parameter set.

Step3: Find the solution of the dependent variable vector of the

new desired parameter set.
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Inter-relationships between
different parameters
of Two-Port Networks

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 Y- Parameters in Terms of Z- Parameters

 I   Y V   Y  Z  I 
 V    Z  I 
Y    Z 
1
or Z 22 Z12
Y11  , Y12  
1
Z Z
Y11 Y12   Z11 Z12  Z 21 Z11
or Y Y    Z Z  Y21  
Z
, Y22 
Z
 21 22   21 22 
 Z  Z11Z 22  Z12 Z 21 
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Z- Parameters in Terms of Y Parameters
 Z   Y  1

1
 Z11 Z12  Y11 Y12 
 Z Z   Y Y 
 21 22   21 22 

Y22 Y12
Z11  , Z12  
Y Y Y11 Y12 
Y     Y11Y22  Y12Y21
Y21 Y11  Y21 Y22 
Z 21   and Z 22 
Y Y
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 Z-Parameters in Terms of ABCD Parameters
ABCD equations: V1  AV2  BI 2 ; I1  CV2  DI 2
Rewrite the ABCD equations in the
form required for Z-parameters:
V1  Z11 I1  Z12 I 2
1 D Comparing with
I1  CV2  DI 2  V2  I1  I 2 V2  Z 21 I1  Z 22 I 2
C C
A AD  BC
1 D  Z11  , Z12 =
V1  AV2  BI 2   I1  I 2  A  BI 2 C C
C C 
AD  BC 1 D
A
 V1  I1  I2 Z 21  , Z 22 
C C C C
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 Y-Parameters in terms of h-Parameters
H-parameter equations: V1  h11 I1  h12V2 ; I 2  h21 I1  h22V2
Rewrite the h-parameter equations in
the form required for Y-parameters:
 1   h12  I1  Y11V1  Y12V2
V1  h11 I1  h12V  I1    V1     V2 Comparing with
 h11   h11  I 2  Y21V1  Y22V2
 1   h12   1 h12
I 2  h21 I 2  h22V  h21   V1    V2  I1  h22V2 Y11  , Y12  
 h11   h11   h11 h11
 h21   h11h22  h12 h21  h21 h
 I2    V1    V2 Y21  , Y22 
 h11   h11  h11 h11
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 ABCD-Parameters in terms of Z-Parameters
Z-parameter equations: V1  Z11 I1  Z12 I 2 ; V2  Z 21 I1  Z 22 I 2
Rewrite the Z-parameter equations in the
form required for ABCD-parameters:
 1   Z 22  V1  AV2  BI 2
V2  Z 21 I1  Z 22 I 2  I1    V2    I2 Comparing with
 Z 21   Z 21  I1  CV2  DI 2
 1   Z 22   Z11 Z
V1  Z11 I1  Z12 I 2  Z11   V2    I 2   Z12 I 2 A ,B 
 Z 21   Z 21   Z 21 Z 21
 Z11   Z 22 Z11  Z12 Z 21  1 Z 22
 V1    V2    I2 C , D
 Z 21   Z 21  Z 21 Z 21
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 h-Parameters in terms of Y-Parameters
Y-parameter equations: I1  Y11V1  Y12V2 ; I 2  Y21V1  Y22V2
Rewrite the Y-parameter equations in the
form required for h-parameters:
 1   Y12 
I1  Y11V1  Y12V2  V1    I1    V2 V1  h11 I1  h12V2
 Y11   Y11  Comparing with
I 2  h21 I1  h22V2
 1   Y12    1   Y12 
I 2  Y21V1  Y22V2  Y21   I1    V2   Y22V2 h11 =   , h12 =  
 Y11   Y11    Y11   Y11 
 Y21   Y11Y22  Y12Y21   Y21  Y
 I2    I1    V2 h21 =   h22 
 Y11   Y11   Y11  Y11
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Numerical Examples

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Question: The Z-parameters of a circuit are given by
 4 1
 3 3
 

Obtain the transmission parameters

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  4 1
Z=  
 3 3 

…(1)
…(2)

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24
Question: For the network shown below,
find the transmission parameters

I1 I2

V1 ZL V2

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Solution: KVL in the left and right loops, I2
I1

V1 ZL V2

The transmission parameters can be

written as
Thus,
𝐴 𝐵
=
Z= 𝐶 𝐷

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Parameter Conversion Table

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 Parameter Conversion
• In the following conversion table. The symbol ∆ stands for the
determinant of the corresponding matrix

z11 z12 y11 y12 h11 h12 A B

Z  , Y  , H  , T 
z21 z22 y21 y22 h21 h22 C D

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29
To go from one set of parameters to another, locate the set of parameters you are in, move
along the vertical until you are in the row that contains the parameters you want to convert to –
then compare element for element
H
z11 
h22

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Interconnection of
Two-Port Networks

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 Interconnection of Two Port Networks

Two-port networks may be interconnected in five ways :

1) Series
2) Parallel
3) Series-parallel
4) Parallel-series
5) Cascade

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 Interconnection of Two-Port Networks
SERIES CONNECTION
• When the networks are in series,
their individual z parameters add
up to give the z parameters of
the larger network

• The z parameters in matrix form,

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For network N a ,
V1a  Z11a I1a  Z12 a I 2 a
V2 a  Z 21a I1a  Z 22 a I 2 a
For network N b ,
V1b  Z11b I1b  Z12b I 2b
V2b  Z 21b I1b  Z 22b I 2b
Referring to Fig. the interconnection results
I1  I1a  I1b
I 2  I 2 a  I 2b
V2  V2 a  V2b
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However,
V1  V1a  V1b
V1   Z11a I1a  Z12 a I 2 a    Z11b I1b  Z12b I 2b 
 I1  Z11a  Z11b   I 2  Z12 a  Z12b 
and V2  V2 a  V2b
V2   Z 21a I1a  Z 22 a I 2 a    Z 21b I1b  Z 22b I 2b 
 I1  Z 21a  Z 21b   I 2  Z 22 a  Z 22b 
thus we get, for the series connected two numbers two port networks,

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 SERIES CONNECTION

V1  I1  Z11a  Z11b   I 2  Z12 a  Z12b 

V2  I1  Z 21a  Z 21b   I 2  Z 22 a  Z 22b 
or in matrix form,
V1   Z11a  Z11b Z12 a  Z12b   I1 
V    Z  Z  
Z 22 a  Z 22b   I 2 
 2   21a 21b

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 Interconnection of Two-Port Networks
PARALLEL CONNECTION
• When the networks are in parallel,
their individual y parameters add up
to give the y parameters of the larger
network.

• The y parameters in matrix form is,

𝐼1 𝑌11 𝑌12 𝑉1
=
𝐼2 𝑌21 𝑌22 𝑉2

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For network N a ,
I1a  Y11aV1a  Y12 aV2 a
I 2 a  Y21aV1a  Y22 aV2 a
For network N b ,
I1b  Y11bV1b  Y12bV2b
I 2b  Y21bY1b  Y22bV2b
For the parallel connection as shown in Fig.
V1  V1a  V1b
V2  V2 a  V2b
I1  I1a  I1b , I 2  I 2 a  I 2b
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However,
I1  I1a  I1b
I1  Y11aV1a  Y12 aV2 a   Y11bV1b  Y12bV2b 
 V1 Y11a  Y11b   V2 Y12 a  Y12b 
I 2  I 2 a  I 2b
I 2  Y21aV1a  Y22 aV2 a   Y21bV1b  Y22bV2b 
 V1 Y21a  Y21b   V2 Y22 a  Y22b 
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 PARALLEL CONNECTION

I1  V1 Y11a  Y11b   V2 Y12 a  Y12b 

I 2  V1 Y21a  Y21b   V2 Y22 a  Y22b 
or in matrix form,
 I1  Y11a  Y11b Y12 a  Y12b  V1 
 I   Y  Y  
 2   21a 21b Y22 a  Y22b  V2 
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 Interconnection of Two Port Networks
CASCADE CONNECTION
• When the two networks are cascaded, their individual transmission
parameters can be multiplied together to get the transmission
parameters of the larger network

• The transmission parameters in matrix form,

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Interconnection of Two Port Networks
CASCADE CONNECTION

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For network N a ,
V1a   Aa Ba  V2 a 
    (1)
 I1a  Ca Da    I 2 a 
and For network N b ,
V1b   Ab Bb  V2b 
    (2)
 I1b  Cb Db    I 2b 
From Figure,
V1  V1a  V2 a  V1b  V2b  V2 
I   I  ,     ,    (3)
 1   1a    I 2 a   I1b    I 2b    I 2  43
Substituting these into Eqs.(1) and (2)
V1   Aa Ba   Ab Bb  V2 
 I   C D  C D   - I 
 1  a a b b 2
Transmission parameters for the overall netwrok is the Product of
individual transmission parameters
 A B   Aa Ba   Ab Bb 
C D   C D  C D 
   a a b b
or
T   Ta Tb 
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Interconnection of Two Port Networks
SERIES-PARALLEL CONNECTION

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I1 = I1a = I1b
V2 = V2a = V2b

V1 = V1a + V1b = h11aI1a + h12aV2a + h11bI1b + h12bV2b

= (h11a + h11b)I1 + (h12a + h12b)V2

I2 = I2a + I2b = (h21a + h21b)I1 + (h22a + h22b)V2

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Interconnection of Two Port Networks
PARALLEL-SERIES CONNECTION

47
V1 = V1a = V1b
I2 = I2a = I2b
I1 = I1a + I1b
V2 = V2a + V2b

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Numerical Problems

49
Question: Find the Y parameters for the network below

50
  3 1 1 1 
 5  j    j 
Y 
2 5 2
[ S ]
V1  2 I1  I 2   1  j 1  2
j
1 
  5 2 5 2 
V2  I1  3I 2
1
 2 1 1  3  1
Yb      
 1 3 5   1 2 
51
Question: Find the Z parameters for the network below

52
For Na: Use direct method, or from the Y parameters transform to Z

1 1
Zb   
1 1

5  4 j 5 2 j
3  2 j 3 2 j
Z  Za  Zb   
 5  2 j 56 j
 3  2 j 3  2 j 
53
Question: Determine the (i) Z, (ii) Y, (iii) T, and (iv) h-
parameters of the network shown below

I1 I2
Z

V1 V2

54
 I1 I2
Z

V1 V2

55
 I1 I2
Z

V1 V2

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(iii )T  parameters :
V1 I1
A  1; C 0
V2 I2 0
V2 I2 0

V1 I1
B  Z; D 1
I2 V2  0
I2 V2  0

So, the T-parameter in matrixis,

I2
1 Z  I1
T     Z
0 1 
V1 V2

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(iv)h  parameters :
V1 I2
h11   Z; h21   1
I1 V2  0
I1 V2  0

V1 I2
h12   Z; h22  0
V2 I1  0
V2 I1  0

So, the h-parameter in matrixis,

I1 I2
 Z 1 Z
 h   
 1 0  V1 V2

58
Question: Find the y parameters of the network below

59
Solution: Let us refer to upper network as Na and lower one as Nb
The two networks are connected in parallel.
Comparing Na and Nb with the circuit in figure.

y12 a   j 4  y21a ,
y11a  2  j 4, y22 a  3  j 4
or
 2+j4 -j4 
 ya  = -j4 3+j4 S
 
60
y12b  4  y21b , y11b  4  j 2, y22b  4  j 6
or
4 - j 2 -4
 yb   -4 4 - j 6 S
 

The overall y parameters are

6  j 2 - 4 - j 4 
 y    ya    yb    
-4 - j 4 7 - j 2 
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Unsolved Problems

62
Question 1: Obtain the y parameters for the Π network shown figure:

Answer:

0.75S - 0.5S 
Y    
-0.5S 0.625 

63
Question 2: Obtain the y parameters for the T network shown
figure:

Answer: y11=454.5mS, y12=y21=-181.82mS, y22=272.7mS

64
Question 3: Determine [y] of a two-port network whose z
parameters are:
6 4 
 z    
4 6

Answer: 0.3  0.2 

 y    
 0.2 0.3 

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Question 4: Find the y parameters of the two-port in Figure.

Answer:

 27  j15 - 25  j10 
 y    S
 25  j10 27 - j 5 

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