Chapter 7: Respiration

Respiration

Concept Map
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

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 Chapter 7: Respiration

Concept Map

Respiration

External respiration Internal Respiration

Respiratory Gaseous Aerobic Anaerobic

structures exchange respiration respiration
and surface and
transport
of gases in
humans

Breathing
control
mechanisms

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 Chapter 7: Respiration

Chapter The Respiratory Process

7.1
in Energy Production

› Process to obtain energy by living organisms

Internal
respiration
›  Also known as cellular respiration
›  A biochemical process to release
chemical energy in the form of ATP
›  Process of oxidation of organic
molecules (from food) – Aerobic
Respiration
External
respiration
›  Also known as breathing
›  A mechanical process that continuously
exchange gases between the respiratory
surface of organism and its surrounding
›  Process of diffusion of oxygen and carbon
dioxide through the respiratory structure

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

for Cellular Respiration

Obtained from Obtained through

digestion of carbohydrates photosynthesis

Humans and Animals Plant

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

› Aerobic respiration
› Anaerobic respiration

› Process requires a continuous supply of oxygen

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898kJ

Glucose Oxygen Carbon Water Energy
dioxide

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

› Involves the oxidation of glucose

› Gradually releases all the available energy stored
› Occurs in the mitochondria
› Catalysed by respiratory enzymes

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

›  Process that breaks down glucose when there is very little or no
oxygen supply
›  Occurs in the cytoplasm
›  Used by bacteria, certain types of yeast (anaerobes), and cells
that lack oxygen
›  Example 1 : In yeast
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210kJ
Glucose Ethanol Carbon Energy
dioxide

›  Example 2 : In muscle cells

C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150 kJ
Glucose Lactic Acid Energy 7
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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

› During active physical activities, muscle cells use ATP at a

high rate but the oxygen supply is insufficient
› The muscles are in a state of oxygen deficiency, and an
oxygen debt is incurred
› Muscle cells are forced to undergo anaerobic respiration
› During oxygen debt, glucose molecules break down
into lactic acid and a small amount of energy
(150kJ of energy per molecule of glucose)
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150kJ
Glucose Lactic Energy
acid
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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

› The accumulation of lactic acid causes muscle cramps and

fatigue (soreness and tiredness)
› To counter the cramps and fatigue, more oxygen is inhaled
› Oxidation of lactic acid occurs in the liver

Lactic acid + oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

› Oxygen debt is repaid once all lactic acid is oxidised

› Also known as lactic acid fermentation

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

› Catalysed by the enzyme zymase

› In bread making, yeast is use to produce carbon dioxide
› In wine and beer making, yeast is use to produce ethanol
› Thus, also known as alcoholic fermentation :

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 210kJ

Glucose Ethanol Carbon Energy
dioxide

› Ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy are produced during

fermentation
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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

Respiration Respiration

Similarities

›  Cellular respiration

›  Catalysed by enzymes
›  Breakdown of glucose
›  ATP energy is produced

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

Respiration Respiration
Differences
Required Oxygen requirement Not required

Mitochondria Process location Cytoplasm

Muscle cells :
Lactic acid and energy
Carbon dioxide, water Yeast cells :
and energy Product Ethanol, carbon dioxide
and energy

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

Respiration Respiration
All organisms : Muscle cells :
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + C6H12O6 2C3H6O3 + 150kJ
Glucose Oxygen Carbon Glucose Lactic Energy
dioxide acid

6H2O + 2898 kJ Chemical equation Yeast cells :

Water Energy
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
Glucose Ethanol Carbon
dioxide
+ 210kJ
Energy

Complete Oxidation of glucose Incomplete

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 Chapter 7: Respiration
Chapter
7.1 The Respiratory Process in Energy Production

Respiration Respiration
Differences
Energy released per molecule Muscle : 150 kJ
2898 kJ
of glucose Yeast : 210 kJ

38 molecules Number of ATP molecules 2 molecules

produces

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