CHAPTER 4

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CHAPTER 4 POWER GAIN AND POWER LOSS ANALYSIS 4.1 INTRODUCTION As the RF energy has a vast range, this system must
be able to switch and operate in almost whole of RF range approximately. The free energy emitted in the environment can be
summarised in below Table. Generally, the RF energy sources around us have very low power density as compared to
abundance of solar energy and best benefit of such sources is continuous availability of radiations throughout the day and its
availability in indoors and outdoors. The technological development is at its maximum pace and the number of wireless
connected devices are increasing day by day. Hence the availability of energy for harvesting is going to increase in near future.
To design an effective and efficient harvesting system that could operate in any environment & conditions, either a single
spectral density reception system can be designed or the whole spectrum reception can be thought of. Although the
spectrum properties are different and there are different effects of atmospheric variations such as humidity, temperature,
etc. on the range and availability of spectrum, yet a system may be able to absorb a selective band or tuneable to selective
band of frequency.In general, the commination market is much developed at each point of human crowded area of the planet
which gives rise to RF energy harvesting possibility. As per London RF survey, DTV, GSM 900/1800 and Wi-Fi were regarded as
the most convenient RF energy harvesting sources. 31 4.1.1 APPARATUS USED 1. DIGITAL RF RECEIVER Fig. 4.1 : Digital RF
Receiver Digital receiver used here is used to measure the gain at a particular frequency. The model of this receiver is
ATS2001R. It is able to measure maximum frequency upto 600 MHz and receiver typical frequency of value 105 dBµV. It’s
Required supply voltage is 5V and supply current is 3.5mA and is supplied by an adapter which converts AC supply at lab to
required D.C voltage. At receiving end we have similar connections for power supply as microcontroller needs +5V. Similarly to
transmitter, here also we are using two push buttons with 10k pull up resistors through 5V supply for RF input. We also have
two buttons for the selection of code and for receiving the required data. Once the data is received by the receiver module
that data is demodulated and goes to the receiver of microcontroller as per the program. It then displays the message on LCD
display. Max. Receiver frequency 600 MHz Receiver typical frequency 105 dBµV Receiver supply current 3.5mA Receiver
operating voltage 5V 2. WHIP ANTENNA Fig. 4.2 : Whip Antenna A Whip antenna is a simplest type of radio antenna, it consists
of a conductive wire rod such that its length is half of the length of the maximum wavelength the antenna will have to
generate. This wire rod is split at the middle portion, and the two sections are separated by an insulator material. Each rod is
connected to a coaxial cable 32 at the end closest to the middle of the antenna. Radio frequency voltages are applied to whip
antennas at the centre, between the two conductors. They are used alone as an antennas, especially in some television
antennas and as the driven elements in other types of antennas. Whip provides the best performance if it is more than a half-
wavelength above the ground, surface of a body of water or horizontal conducting medium such as sheet-metal roofing. The
element should be placed at a certain wavelength away from electrically conducting obstacles such as utility wires, supporting
towers and other antennas.. Whip antennas were invented in 1886 by a German physicist named Heinrich Hertz. These
antennas are also referred to as a doublet and make up the main RF radiating and receiving element in different sophisticated
type of antennas.Whip antennas are balanced and they are bilaterally symmetrical, also they are fed with balanced, parallel
wire RF transmission lines. 4.2 POWER GAIN ANALYSIS Using the above digital receiver and antenna we had done power gain
analysis of various FM channels available at our area CONCLUSION: We get highest gain of about 30 dBµV at a frequency of
91.1MHz. Hence, we will use this frequency to design out hardware circuit for harvesting RF energy. 33 4.3 POWER LOSS
ANALYSIS We will perform transmission of signals using a wire and two Whip antennas. Here we will transmit a 91.1MHz signal
and will receive it at receiving end to get its gain. Theory & Formulas used : The loss in signal strength is characterised by free
space path loss. It depends on frequency of transmitting wave, antenna gain, and distance between transmitter and receiver.
For a transmitter and receiver, the power received by the receiving antenna is governed by the Friis transmission formula
For a transmitter and receiver, the power received by the receiving antenna is governed by the Friis transmission formula
given below : where, PR is the received power PT is the transmitted power GT is the transmitting antenna gain GR is the
receiving antenna gain λ is the wavelength of transmitting wave R is the distance of separation between transmitting and
receiving antenna The free space path loss is given by, Where, PL is the free space path loss f is the frequency of transmitting
wave. 34 4.3.1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1. Using a Wire for Transmission : Power gain at 91.1 MHz = 57 dBµV. 2. Using Two Whip
Antennas Table 5 – Gains at Different Angles Conclusion : Received power varies little with rotation or orientation of the
antenna.

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