Tertiary explosives are explosives that are very insensitive to shock and cannot be reliably detonated by a small amount of primary explosive. They contain mainly inorganic nitrates and carbon-based fuels, and sometimes non-explosive substances like powdered aluminum. The most commonly used tertiary explosive is ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), which is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. ANFO accounts for almost 80% of mining blasts. Tertiary explosives also include slurry or "wet bag" explosives.
Tertiary explosives are explosives that are very insensitive to shock and cannot be reliably detonated by a small amount of primary explosive. They contain mainly inorganic nitrates and carbon-based fuels, and sometimes non-explosive substances like powdered aluminum. The most commonly used tertiary explosive is ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), which is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. ANFO accounts for almost 80% of mining blasts. Tertiary explosives also include slurry or "wet bag" explosives.
Tertiary explosives are explosives that are very insensitive to shock and cannot be reliably detonated by a small amount of primary explosive. They contain mainly inorganic nitrates and carbon-based fuels, and sometimes non-explosive substances like powdered aluminum. The most commonly used tertiary explosive is ammonium nitrate fuel oil (ANFO), which is a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. ANFO accounts for almost 80% of mining blasts. Tertiary explosives also include slurry or "wet bag" explosives.
Tertiary explosives are those which are very insensitive to shocks.
They cannot be reliably detonated
by a limited quantity of primary explosive. Therefore, the detonation device used for them contains a small quantity of secondary explosives. Explosives in a confined state that cannot be detonated by means of test blasting cap no. 8 are classified as tertiary explosives. Tertiary explosives are also called blasting agents. Tertiary explosives contain primarily an inorganic nitrate and a carbonaceous fuel. For certain purposes they also contain non-explosive substances like powdered aluminum. The most commonly used tertiary explosive is ANFO. Almost 80% of mining blasts are made by using it. ANFO is actually a mixture of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil. Slurry or “wet bag” explosives are also tertiary explosives. Apart from the above classification, explosives are also classified on other criteria such as their consistency or form. Permissible explosive is a term used to refer to low explosives which are somewhat freely permitted for use. They are often used for making fire crackers and entertainment fireworks. Manufacturers add several other ingredients to the explosives for some specific purposes. These include combustibles, oxygen carriers, antacids, absorbent and antifreeze.
Table 18.2 Chemicals used in explosives and fireworks.
Chalk/Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 Antacid Charcoal or Lampblack C Combustible Ethylene Glycol Dinitrate C2H4(NO3)2 Explosive Base and Antifreeze Kieselguhr SiO2 Absorbent Lead Azide Pb(N3)2 Primary Explosive Lead Styphnate PbC6H(NO2)3O2 Primary Explosive Liquid Oxygen O2 Oxygen Carrier Mercury Fulminate Hg(ONC)2 Primary Explosive Nitrocellulose (Guncotton) (C6H7(NO3)3O2)n Explosive Base, Gelatinizing Agent Nitroglycerin C3H5(NO3)3 Explosive base Paraffin CnH2n+2 Combustible Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate C5H8 N4O12 Explosive Base for Caps and Detonation Fuse ( PETN ) Potassium Nitrate KNO3 Oxygen Carrier Sodium Nitrate NaNO3 Oxygen Carrier Sulfur S Combustible Tetranitro diglycerine C6H10 N4O13 Explosive Base and Antifreeze Trinitrotoluene (TNT) C7H5 N3O6 Explosive Base Zinc Oxide ZnO Antacid Los explosivos terciarios son aquellos que son muy insensibles a los golpes. No pueden detonarse de forma fiable con una cantidad limitada de explosivo primario. Por lo tanto, el dispositivo de detonación utilizado para ellos contiene una pequeña cantidad de explosivos secundarios. Explosivos en estado confinado que no pueden detonarse mediante el detonador de prueba no. 8 se clasifican como explosivos terciarios. Los explosivos terciarios también se denominan agentes detonadores. Los explosivos terciarios contienen principalmente un nitrato inorgánico y un combustible carbonoso. Para ciertos fines también contienen sustancias no explosivas como el aluminio en polvo. El explosivo terciario más utilizado es el ANFO. Casi el 80% de las explosiones mineras se realizan con su uso. ANFO es en realidad una mezcla de nitrato de amonio y combustible petroleo. Los explosivos de lechada o de “bolsa húmeda” también son explosivos terciarios. Aparte de la clasificación anterior, los explosivos también se clasifican en otros criterios como su consistencia o forma. Explosivo permisible es un término que se usa para referirse a explosivos bajos cuyo uso se permite libremente. A menudo se utilizan para hacer petardos y fuegos artificiales de entretenimiento. Los fabricantes agregan varios otros ingredientes a los explosivos para algunos propósitos específicos. Estos incluyen combustibles, transportadores de oxígeno, antiácidos, absorbentes y anticongelantes.
Tabla 18.2 Productos químicos utilizados en explosivos y fuegos artificiales.
Base explosiva de nitrato de NH4 NO3 portador de oxígeno
amonio Tiza / Carbonato de calcio CaCO3 Antiácido Carbón o negro lámpara C Combustible Di nitrato de etilenglicol C2H4(NO3)2 Base explosiva y anticongelante Dióxido de silicio SiO2 Absorbente Plomo Acida Pb(N3)2 Explosivo primario Plomo Estañato PbC6H(NO2)3O2 Explosivo primario oxígeno líquido O2 Portador de oxígeno Fulminato de mercurio Hg(ONC)2 Explosivo primario Nitrocelulosa (Guncotton) (C6H7(NO3)3O2)n Base explosiva, agente gelatinizante Nitroglicerina C3H5(NO3)3 Base explosiva Parafina CnH2n+2 Combustible Tetranitrato de pentaeritritol C5H8 N4O12 Base explosiva para tapas y ( PETN ) fusible de detonación Fuse Nitrato de potasio KNO3 Portador de oxígeno Nitrato de sodio NaNO3 Portador de oxígeno Azufre S Combustible Tetranitro diglicerina C6H10 N4O13 Base explosiva y anticongelante Trinitrotolueno (TNT) C7H5 N3O6 Base explosiva óxido de zinc ZnO Antiácido