Roll no: B-159

Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

Experiment no.7
Aim: Design Differential Amplifier

Software Used: AWR Design Environment 10

Theory:

Differential amplifiers are usually implemented with a basic circuit called long-tailed pair. This
circuit was originally implemented using a pair of vacuum tubes. The circuit works the same way
for all three-terminal devices with current gain. The long-tail resistor circuit bias points are
largely determined by Ohm's Law and less so by active component characteristics.
Configurations
A differential (long-tailed,[nb 2] emitter-coupled) pair amplifier consists of two amplifying stages
with common (emitter, source or cathode) degeneration.
Differential output
With two inputs and two outputs, this forms a differential amplifier stage (Fig. 2). The two bases
(or grids or gates) are inputs which are differentially amplified (subtracted and multiplied) by the
pair; they can be fed with a differential (balanced) input signal, or one input could be grounded
to form a phase circuit. An amplifier with differential output can drive floating load or another
stage with differential input.
Single-ended output
If the differential output is not desired, then only one output can be used (taken from just one of
the collectors (or anodes or drains), disregarding the other output without a collector inductor;
this configuration is referred to as single-ended output. The gain is half that of the stage with
differential output. To avoid sacrificing gain, a differential to single-ended converter can be
utilized. This is often implemented as a current mirror (Fig. 3).
Operation
To explain the circuit operation, four particular modes are isolated below although, in practice,
some of them act simultaneously and their effects are superimposed.
Biasing
In contrast with classic amplifying stages that are biased from the side of the base (and so they
are highly β-dependent), the differential pair is directly biased from the side of the emitters by
sinking/injecting the total quiescent current. The series negative feedback (the emitter
degeneration) makes the transistors act as voltage stabilizers; it forces them to adjust their
VBE voltages (base currents) to pass the quiescent current through their collector-emitter
junctions.[nb 3] So, due to the negative feedback, the quiescent current depends slightly on the
transistor's β.The biasing base currents needed to evoke the quiescent collector currents usually
come from the ground, pass through the input sources and enter the bases. So, the sources have
to be galvanic (DC) to ensure paths for the biasing currents and low resistive enough to not
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

create significant voltage drops across them. Otherwise, additional DC elements should be
connected between the bases and the ground (or the positive power supply).

Circuit Diagram:

Simulation Procedure:

The example you create in this chapter is available in its complete form as diff_amp.emp. To
access this file from a list of Getting Started example projects, choose File > Open Example to
display the Open Example Project dialog box, then CTRL-click the Keywords column header
and type "getting started" in the text box at the bottom of the dialog box. Youkan use this
example file as a reference.

To create a project:

1. Choose File > New with library > AWR Example Libraries >Generic_GenBic35.

2. Choose File > Save Project As. The Save As dialog box displays.

3. Navigate to the directory in which you want to save the project, type "diff_amp" as the project
name, and then click Save.
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

To create a schematic:

1. Choose Project > Add Schematic > New Schematic, or right-click Circuit Schematics in the
Project Browser and choose New Schematic, or click the New Schematic button on the toolbar.

2. Type "Diff Amp" as the schematic name and click Create. A schematic window displays.

3. In the Element Browser, expand the Libraries group and then expand the GenericGenBic35
subgroup. Click the Passives subgroup and then add a spiraling element as shown in the
following figure.

4. Click the CMOS subgroup, then select the nmos1 element and place it on the schematic as
shown in the following figure.

5. Wire the elements as shown.

6. Select everything by pressing Ctrl + A, select Edit > Mirror and click to the right of nmos or
the inductor element inside the schematic. The mirrored devices are added as shown in the
following figure.
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

7. Choose Draw > Add Equation. An edit box displays upon moving the cursor to the schematic
window. Click to place the equation box. Type "n=9.5" (without the quotes) in the edit box and
then click outside of the edit box.

8. Similarly, add equations "w=1" and "s=0.3" in the schematics as shown in the following
figure.

9. Hold down the Shift key and click the inductors one at a time to select them, then right-click
one of the inductors and choose Properties. The Element Options dialog box displays.

10.Set the parameters NTURNS=n, W=w and S=s as shown in the following figure. This sets the
parameters in both of the inductors.

11.Similarly, set the nmos parameters and wire the schematic as shown in the following figure.

Adding Pins:

1. In the Element Browser, expand the Ports group. Select the PORT_NAME element and
add it to the schematic as shown in the following figure
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

2. Rename all of the PORT_NAME elements as shown in the following figure. The names must
match exactly (case included) to properly work in the later stages of this example when using
symbols.

Creating a Test Bench:

1. Create a new schematic named "Test Bench".

2. Click the Sub button on the toolbar and select "Diff Amp" and add it to the schematic.

3. Choose Project > Circuit Symbol > Import Symbols. Browse to C:\Program
Files\AWR\AWRDE\10\Examples or C:\Program Files (x86) \AWR\AWRDE\10\Examples,
select the DiffAmp_example.syf file and click Import to import it. This file contains the two
symbols (Diff_Pair and Bias Tee) needed for this exercise. You can also create the symbols by
choosing Project > Circuit Symbols > Add Symbol.

4. Double-click the Diff Amp sub circuit and click the Symbol tab. In the drop-down list at the
top of the dialog box specify project, type "6" as Number of Nodes, and from the list of symbols
select Diff_Pair and click OK.
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

5. In the Project Browser, right-click Circuit Schematics and choose Import Schematics. Browse
to the C:\ProgramFiles\AWR\AWRDE\10\Examplesor C:\Program Files(x86)
\AWR\AWRDE\10\Examples directory, select the Bias_T. stifle and click Open to import it. The
following circuit displays.

6. Select the "Test Bench" schematic to make it active, then click the Sub button on the toolbar
and select "Bias T" and add it to the "Test Bench" schematic.

7. Double-click the Bias T sub circuit and click the Symbol tab. Type 3 as Number of Nodes, and
from the list of symbols select Bias Tee and click OK.

8. To add another Bias T sub circuit as shown in the following figure, click Bias T sub circuit in
the schematic to select it, press Ctrl +C to copy and CTRL+V to paste. While placing the
element, hold down the Shift key and right-click to flip the element. Click to place it as shown in
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

the following figure.

9. In the Element Browser, expand the General category, then expand the Passive category and
click the Power Divider subgroup. Add a MMCONV element to the schematic as shown in the
following figure. This element converts the signal to differential signal.

10. In the Element Browser, expand the Lumped Element category and then click the Resistor
subgroup. Add two RESelements to the output pins of the Diff Amp sub circuit as shown in the
following figure. Ensure that the resistor IDs match those shown. Set both R parametersto"1e6".
Make surenode1(with the "/" symbol) of the resistor is connected to the diff pair and node 2 is
grounded.

11. Add another RES element to the Diff pin of the MMCONV element as shown in the
following figure. Set the R parameter to "50".

12. In the Element Browser, expand the Sources category and then click the AC subgroup. Add
an AC_V element to the schematic as shown in the following figure. Set the Signal parameter to
Sinusoid, set Mag to "1" V, and Ang to "0”. The remaining parameters are unchanged.

13. In the Element Browser, expand the Sources category and then click the DC subgroup. Add
two DCVS elements to

the schematic as shown in the following figure. Set the V parameter of the DCVS connected to
the VDD pin to "3.3"V and the V parameter of the DCVS connected between the two Bias T sub
circuits to "2.6" V.
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

14. Ensure that all elements are grounded as shown in the figure. All voltage sources, the load
resistors, and the diff amp should be grounded.

Simulation Settings and Measurements:

1. Choose Options > Project Options. Click the Frequencies tab and set Sweep Type to Linear,
then enter "0.2", "3", and"0.2" respectively for Start(GHz), Stop(GHz) and Step(GHz), click
Apply and then OK.

2. To add DC annotations, right-click the "Test Bench" schematic in the Project Browser and
choose Add Annotation. From the Measurement list, select DCIA as shown in the following
figure and click Apply.

3. Select DCVA_N from the Measurement list and click Apply.

4. Select OpPnt_DC_E from the Measurement list and click OK.

5. Choose Simulate > Analyze or click the Analyze button on the toolbar. The DC operating
points will now display in the “Test Bench" schematic.
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

6. Click the Diff Amp sub circuit and click the Edit Sub circuit button (blue down arrow) on the
toolbar. Notice that the DC current and voltage are annotated in the Diff Amp schematic too.
Move the cursor over the nmos and notice that the operating points of the nonlinear DC
simulator for the device display as the tool tip, as shown in the following figure.

7. Choose Project > Add Graph and add a rectangular graph named "Output Voltage".

8. Choose Project>Add Measurement, select Nonlinear under Measurement Type and add a
measurement using the settings shown in the following figure. For +Measurement Component
click the Component Browser button to display the schematic as shown in the following figure.
Select RES.R1@1 from the Test point list, then click OK. Similarly, selectRES.R2@1 for
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

-Measurement Component, then click OK. You can select these nodes by directly clicking the
pins in the schematic opened in the Component Browser.

9. Add another rectangular graph named "Time Waveform".

10. Add an output time voltage measurement to the "Time Waveform “graph using he following
setting. Note that HSPICEis selected as Simulator.
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

12. Choose Options > Default Circuit Options then click the HSPICE tab and set the parameters
as shown in the following figure. Make sure to set Accurate=1 for meaningful results.

13. Click the Transient tab and set the transient parameters as shown in the following figure, then
click OK

14. Choose Simulate > Analyze or click the Analyze button on the toolbar. The simulation
response shown in the following graph should display.
Roll no: B-159
Name: Saurabh Charde Date:15/03/2020

15. Click the Tune button on the toolbar to display the Variable Tuner. Slide the tuner bar and
observe how the time waveform changes for each of the frequency points. Click Sweep to scale
the axes.

Simulation Result:

Conclusion: Hence we perform the experiment successfully.