8

2. nghpaGuhz mikTk; rpwg;Gk;

2.1 Kd;Diu :

GJikiaNa cyfk; tpUk;Gk;. MapDk; cyfpilf; fhZk; gy

nghUl;fspYk; tho;tpay; KiwfspYk; kuNg Nghw;wg;gLfpd;wJ. kuG xd;Nw

Ke;ija epfo;Tfisj; jw;fhyj; jiyKiwapdUf;F vLj;Jf;$Wk; xU

epidtfk; Nghd;wJ. Guhz ,yf;fpak; mq;qdk; mike;jjhFk;. jkpopy;

Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tiffspy; Guhz ,yf;fpak; jdpj;j mikg;igAk;

,yf;fpar; rpwg;igAk; ngw;wjhFk;. ,t;tpay; Guhz ,yf;fpak; gw;wpAk;>

nghpaGuhzk; gw;wpAk; $WtNjhL> mjd; rpwg;gpidAk; $Wtjhf mikfpwJ.

2.2 njhlh;
njhlhepiyr;
;epiyr; nra;As; :

rq;f ,yf;fpaq;fs; jdpg;ghly; tbtk; nfhz;L tpsq;Ftd. gpd;dh;

Njhd;wpa ,yf;fpa tiffspy; ,ul;ilf; fhg;gpaq;fs; neLk; ghly; tbtk;

nfhz;lit. gf;jp ,yf;fpa fhyj;jpy; Njhd;wpa ghtpd tsh;r;rpapy; njhlh;

fUj;jhy; mike;j njhlh;epiyr; nra;As; kuG Njhd;wpaJ. ,jidj;

jz;bayq;fhuk;>

'nghUspDk; nrhy;ypDk; ,Utifj; njhlh;epiy"

(jz;b. 6)

vd;W $WtJld;> nghUl; njhlh;epiyr; nra;Aspd; tifahfg;

ngUq;fhg;gpak;> rpWfhg;gpak; vd;w ,uz;ilAk;>

'ngUq; fhg;gpaNk fhg;gpa nkd;whq;F

,uz;lh apaYk; nghUs;njhlh; epiyNa"
(jz;b. 7)
 9

vd;Wk; $Wfpd;wJ. ,jdhy; njhlh;epiyr; nra;Aspd; jd;ikahy; fhg;gpak;

mike;Js;sJ vd;gJ njw;nwd tpsq;Fk;. jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Guhz

,yf;fpaq;fSk; fhg;gpaq;fs; vdf; nfhs;sj;jf;fd.

2.3 Guhzk; :

„Guhzk;… vd;gJ tlnkhopapy; gapd;WtUk; nrhy;. njhy;fhg;gpah;

„njhd;ik… vd;W $Wfpwhh;. njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;Fk; fijaikg;igf;

nfhz;ld Guhzq;fs;. rpy fijfs; epd;W epyTfpd;wdƒ rpy fhy;Nfhs;

nfhs;shJ tsh;r;rpia vl;lhJ kbe;J tpLfpd;wd. ,d;wpUf;Fk;

,yf;fpaq;fs; ahTk; tha;nkhopf; fijfshf epytpa gpd;Ng Vl;L tbtj;ijg;

ngw;wd. ,g;Guhzq;fs; Fwpj;Jj; jkpoz;zy; $Wifapy;> 'Mq;fpyj;jpYs;s

„kpj;J… (myth) vd;w nrhy;> „%Njh];… (Muthos) vd;w fpNuf;fr; nrhy;ypd;

topg;gl;lJ. NkYk; nghUl;gug;G Nehf;fpy; Xh; mwpf;if> xU fij> xU ehlff;

fU vd;nwy;yhk; nghUs; jUk;. ,r;nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; vLj;jhz;l

mwpQh; gpNsl;Nlh> „Kj;NjhNyh[pah… (Muthologia) vd;gjw;Ff; fij $Wjy;

vd;W nghUs; nfhz;lhh;. ,d;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; „kpjhy[p… (Mythology) vd;gJ

Guhzf;fij Ma;T> Guhzf;fijg; nghUsikjp> Guhzf;fij tif vdg;

gy;NtW nghUs; jUfpwJ"1 vd;fpwhh;.

Guhjdk; kpf;fJ Guhzk; vdyhk;. fhyq;fhykhf kf;fspd; tho;tpay;

mbg;gilapy; mth;fs; tho;e;j tho;f;ifj; jj;Jtq;fs;> rlq;FKiwfs;>

gof;ftof;fq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs; Kjyhdit tha;nkhopahfg; Ngrg;gl;L

vOj;J tbtk; ngw;Ws;sd.

 10

Guhzq;fs; tho;tpd; epiyNgw;wpid kdpjh;fSf;F vLj;Jf;$Wk;

,ay;Gilad. rpwe;j ,yf;fpakhfg; gilf;ff; fw;gid Njit. czh;r;rpAk;>

fw;gidAk; ,y;iynadpy; ftpijapy; twl;rpAk;> gbf;Fk; khe;jh;fSf;F

kdr;rypg;Gk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt Gyth;fshy; fw;gidNahL $ba elg;gpay;

cz;ikfspd; ghpzkpg;Ng Guhz ,yf;fpaq;fs; MFk;. Guhzq;fspd;

cl;fUj;ij czh;e;J gbj;jhy; mtw;wpy; ghtpfg; gz;G njd;gLk;. ,it

Nkw;Nghf;fhd nghUisAk;> Mo;e;J gbf;Fk; NghJ cl;nghUisAk; nfhz;L

tpsq;Ffpd;wd. Guhzq;fisf; Fwpj;J fpUghde;jthhpahh;> 'Guhzk; vd;w

nrhy; goik vd;W nghUs;gLk;. Guhjdk; vd;w nrhy; Guhzk; vd kUtpaJ.

Guhzk; Vd;? ituj;ijr; Nrhjpg;gtDf;Fg; G+jf;fz;zhb ,d;wpaikahJ

Ntz;lg;ngWtJ Nghy; Ntjj;jpy; cs;s Ez;zpa nghUs;fis tphpj;Jf;

fhl;LtJ Guhzk; vd czh;f"2 vd;fpwhh;.

2.4 jkpopy; Guhzq;fs; :

jkpopy; Guhzk; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd;Kjypy; kzpNkfiyapy;

fhzKbfpwJ.

'fhjy; nfhz;L fly;tzd; Guhzk;

Xjpdd; ehuzd; fhg;ngd; Wiuj;jdd;"
(kzp. 27> 28> 29)

vd tUk; ghlybfspy; „fly; tz;zd; Guhzk;… vd;W Fwpg;gplg;gLtJ

tlnkhopapy; Njhd;wpa tp\;Z Guhzk; MFk;. rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; mUf

NjtidAk;> kzpNkfiyapy; Gj;j NjtidAk; Guhzd; vd;W $WtJk;

,j;jd;ikapNyNa MFk; (rpyk;G. 10. 179ƒ kzp. 27> 108).

 11

Guhzk; vd;w ngahpy; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Kjy; Guhzk; rptGuhzkhFk;.

,J rptngUkhidf; Fwpj;j E}yhFk;. vdpDk; fhg;gpa kuG rhh;e;j Guhz

,yf;fpaq;fs; gpd;dhspy;jhd; Njhd;wpd. ,jid> ' „Guhzk;… vd;w nrhy;

goik vd;Dk; nghUs; gag;gjhFk;. „rptGuhzk;… vd;gjw;Fr; rptdJ mehjp

Kiwahd goik vdj; jpUthrfj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLk;. njhy;fhg;gpah;

czh;j;Jk; njhd;ik> „Njhy;… vd;Dk; tdg;G goikNahL njhlh;GilaJ

vd;gJ ,q;Ff; fUjj;jf;fJ. njhd;ik vd;Dk; tdg;G E}Ny gpw;fhyj;Nj

Guhzq;fs; vd;W $wg;gLfpd;wJ vd;W jzpif Guhz ciuahrphpauhfpa

ngh.Nt. NrhkRe;judhh; $Wthh;. ,j; njhd;ik> Njhy; Mfpatw;iwf; fhg;gpa

,yf;fzkhf czh;j;Jk; gFjpfshff; fUJthh; fp.th. [fe;ehjd;" 3 vd;fpwhh;

e.,uhkypq;fk;.

fhg;gpa kuG rhh;e;j Guhzq;fs; gpd;dhspy;jhd; Njhd;wpd. ,jid

ntz;ghg; ghl;bay;>

'fhg;gpa khFq; FytuT fhhpif

ahg;gpw; GuhzNk ahk;"
(nt.gh. 66)

vd;W $WfpwJ. jkpopd; Guhzf; fhg;gpaq;fs; FytuT $Wtdthf kl;Lk;

mikatpy;iy. KOikahd fhg;gpa kuGfisf; nfhz;Lk; mikfpd;wd.

rq;fg; ghly;fspy; njhd;kf; fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rq;f

fhyj;jpy; fhg;gpa ,yf;fpak; Njhd;whikf;Ff; fhuzk; njhlh;epiyr; nra;As;

tif ,y;yhikahFk;. gf;jp ,af;ff; fhyj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dh; rkar; nry;thf;F

NkNyhq;fpajhy; Guhzq;fs; nry;thf;Fg; ngw;wd. njhd;kf; fijfisf;

fhg;gpa kugpw;F cl;gl;l tifapy; ,yf;fpakhfg; gilf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy;

 12

nghpaGuhzk; Kjyhtjhfj; Njhd;wpaJ. nghpaGuhzj;jpw;F Ke;ija

rPtfrpe;jhkzpapd; %y E}y; =Guhzk; vd;W miktJk;> rkz E}y;fspy;

xd;W NkUke;jpu Guhzk; vd;gJk; ,q;Ff; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;.

jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Guhz E}y;fs; fhg;gpa kugpy; NtWglhky;

KOikahd fhg;gpaq;fshfNt nfhs;sj;jf;fd. ,jid fp.th.[fe;ehjd;

fPo;f;fhZkhW $WtJ vz;zj;jf;fJ. 'jkpopy; Guhzj;ijAk; fhg;gpa

tiffspNy Nrh;g;gh;. mJTk; njhlh;epiyr; nra;ANs Mjypd; tlnkhopapy;

Guhzk; vd;gjw;Fj; jdpNa ,yf;fzq;fs; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;iwf;

fhg;gpaq;fNshL Nrh;f;fhky; jdpNa vz;ZtJ tlE}yhh; kuG. jkpopy;

mitAk; fhg;gpaq;fshfNt $wj;jFk;".4

jkpo;g; Guhzq;fs; njhd;kg; goq;fijfspd; mbg;gilapy; KOikahd

mstpy; rkak; rhh;e;J Njhd;wpa epiyapy; Guhzk; vd;Dk; ngaiug;

ngWfpd;wd. ,jidr; rpjk;gug; ghl;bay; Guhzj;ijf; fhg;gpaj;jpypUe;J

NtWgLj;jhJ xNu epiyapy; itj;J vz;Ztij>

'mwk; nghUspd;gk; tPl;bw; Fiwghlhfg;

ngWtJ fhg;gpa khFk; GuhzkhFk;"
(rp. gh. 43)

jkpo;g; Guhz E}y;fs; xU ika E}ypioahy; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;l gy;NtW

fijfspd; fsQ;rpakhf tpsq;FtijAk; fhz Kbfpd;wJ. ,yf;fpak;

fz;ljw;F ,yf;fzk; ,ak;Gk; Kiwahfj; njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;>

'fhg;gpak; mwk;Kjy; ehd;fpy; FiweTk;

Guhzk; gw;fij GideTk; vd;g"
(njh. tp. 55)

vd;Wiuf;fpwJ.
 13

jkpo;g; Guhz kuigf; fPo;tUkhW gFf;fyhk;:

mbahiug; guTk; : nghpaGuhzk;

Guhzq;fs; : Nra;j; njhz;lh; Guhzk;

jpUthjT+ubfs; Guhzk;

rPwhg;Guhzk;

,iwaUshly; Fwpj;j

Guhzq;fs; : fe;j Guhzk;

jpUtpisahly; Guhzk;

tpehafh; Guhzk;

jykfpik Fwpj;j Guhzq;fs;: jpUf;Fw;whyj; jyg;Guhzk;

rpjk;gu Guhzk;

jzpifg; Guhzk;

,j;jifa jkpo;g; Guhz kugpy; Njhd;wpa nghpaGuhzk; Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

2.5 nghpaGuhzk; :

jkpo; nkhopapy; cs;s vy;yhg; Guhzq;fSk;> ,jpfhrq;fSk; Mjpapy;

tlnkhopapy; ,lk;ngw;wit. ,uhkhazk; Mjpapy; thd;kPfp Kdptuhy;

tlnkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. kfhghujk; tpahruhy; tlnkhopapy; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ.

mjd; gpd;dNu ,it jkpopy; Njhd;wpd. Kjd; Kjyhfj; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa

Guhzk; nghpaGuhzk; MFk;. ,jw;F %ynkhop jkpNo. 'jkpo; nkhopapYs;s

nghpaGuhzj;ij „cgkd;dpA gf;j tpyhrk;… vd;W tlnkhopapy; gpw;ghL nkhop

ngah;j;jpUf;fpwhh;fs;. njd; nkhopapypUe;J tlnkhopf;Fr; nrd;w xNu E}y;

nghpaGuhzk;"5 vd;fpwhh; fpUghde;jthhpahh;.

 14

eh. nrauhkd;> 'Vida fhg;gpaq;fSf;Fk; nghpaGuhzj;jpw;Fk; cs;s

mbg;gilahd NtWghL xd;WsJ. fhg;gpaf; fijfs; tlehl;bypUe;J ,q;F

6
te;Js;sd. nghpaGuhzf; fij ,q;fpUe;J tlehL tiu nrd;Ws;sJ"

vd;fpwhh;.

nghpaGuhzj;ij vOjpa Nrf;fpohh; mjw;F ,l;l ngah; jpUj;njhz;lh;

Guhzk;.7

'nghq;fpa ,Uis Vidg;Gw ,Us; Nghf;Ffpd;w

nrq;fjputd; Nghy; ePf;Fk; jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;"

(nghpa. ghapuk; 10)

jpUj;njhz;lh;fs; ,iwtDf;F cs;sj;jpYk;> Gwj;jpYk; njhz;L

nra;fpd;wth;fs;. cs;sj;jpy; ,iwtDf;Fk; Gwj;jpy; ,iwabahh;fSf;Fk;

njhz;L Ghpe;J tho;fpd;wth;fs;.

'Efh; jUk; Gdpjh; Nguit

tpjpKiw cyfpdpy; tpsq;fp nty;fNt"
(nghpa. jpUf;. 4)

vd cs;sg; Gdpjh;fshfpa rptj;njhz;lh;fspd; ngUikapidr; Nrf;fpohNu

$wpAs;shh;. goq;fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j rptj;njhz;lh;fs; ,iwtDf;Fk;>

mbahh;fshfpa rptj;njhz;lh;fSf;Fk; jpUj;njhz;L Ghpe;j tuyhw;wpidf;

$Wfpd;wikapd; „jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;… vd;Dk; ngahpidr; Nrf;fpohh;

,g;Guhzj;jpw;Fr; #l;b kfpo;e;jhh;. ,d;W ngUtof;fhw;wpy; kpFjpahf

toq;fg;ngWk; ngah; „nghpaGuhzk;

nghpaGuhzk;… vd;gNj MFk;. nghpaGuhzk; vd;gjw;Fk;

E}ypd; mfj;Nj Nrf;fpohh; mfr;rhd;W je;Js;shh;.

'vLf;F khf;fij ,d;wkpo;r; nra;Asha;"

(nghpa. ghapuk; 3)
 15

,j;njhliu kh-nghpaƒ fij-Guhzk; vdg; gpd;dh; te;jth;fs; nghUs;

nfhz;L nghpaGuhzk; vdg; ngah; itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. 'nra;tjw;F mhpa

nray;fisr; nra;gth;fs; nghpah;" vd;W $Wtijg; Nghy nghpaGuhzj;Js;

$wg;ngWk; jpUj;njhz;lh;fs; xt;nthUtUk; rhjhuz khdplh;fs;.

fw;gidapYk; fhz ,ayhj mhpa nghpa nray;fisg; Ghpe;J

Md;wtpe;jlq;fpa Md;kPfr; nrk;ky;fs;. ,j;jifa nrk;ky;fisr; „nraw;fhpa

nra;th; nghpah;…8 vDk; jpUf;FwNshL xg;gplyhk;. „mstpyh ngUikah;

Mfpah;….9 vdNt ngUikf;Fhpa ehad;khh;fisg; gw;wpa tuyhW $wpdikapd;

„nghpaGuhzk;… vdg; ngah; ngw;wJ.

2.6 Nrf;fpohh; tuyhW :

Nrf;fpohhpd; ,aw;ngah; ,uhkj;Njth; vd;w mUz;nkhopj;Njth;.

njhz;il ehl;bYs;s Ntshsh; kugpy;> Nrf;fpohh; Fbapy; gpwe;jth;. meghad;

vd;Dk; rpwg;Gg; ngah; nfhz;l NrhoNte;jd; ,tiuj; jkf;F mikr;ruhf;fpf;

nfhz;lNjhL „cj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytd;… vd;w gl;lKk; nfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;jhd;.

,jid ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;> 'njhz;il ehl;L ,Ugj;J ehd;F Nfhl;lq;fSs;

xd;whfpa GypA+h;f; Nfhl;lj;jpy; Fd;iw tsehl;Lf; Fd;wj;J}hpy; Ntshsh;

kugpy; Nrf;fpohh; jpUkuG rpwe;jpUe;jJ. ,r;Nrf;fpohh; Fbapy; Ntshsh; kugpy;

,j;Njrk; ca;a mUz;nkhopj;Njth; mtjhuk; nra;jhh;. mtUila jk;gp

ghywhthah;. mUz;nkhopj; NjtuJ Gyikr;rpwg;G kpFjpg;gl mth;

Fbg;ngauhd Nrf;fpohh; vd;gjhy; Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mtuJ

ngUk;Gyikiaf; Nfs;tpAw;w megha NrhoNte;jd; mtiuj; jdJ Kjy;

mikr;ruhff; nfhz;lhd;. mtUf;F „cj;jk Nrhog; gy;ytuhad;… vd;w gl;lk;

nfhLj;jhd;"10 vd;Dk; $w;why; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpwhh;.

 16

2.6.1 Nrf;fpohhpd;
pohhpd; Fyk; :

fhpfhw; Nrhodhy; Fd;wj;J}hpy; ehw;gj;njl;lhapuk; Ntshsh; Fbfs;

Fbakh;j;jg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws; rpwg;Gw tpsq;fpaJ Nritah; Fb vd;Dk;

Nrf;fpohh; FbahFk;. ,f;Fb jiof;f> ,jd; jpyfkhf mUz;nkhopj; Njth;

vd;Dk; Nrf;fpohh; gpwe;jhh;. ,jidr; „Nritahh; Fyf;fhty…11 vd;Wk;>

„jpUj;njhz;l ed;dhl;L Ntshsh; Fyj;jpyfk;…12 vd;Wk; mikAk;

ghlybfshy; Nrf;fpohhpd; Fyg;ngUikia czuyhk;.

2.6.2 Nrf;fpohhpd; fhyk; :

Nrhog; Nguurpd; Kjyikr;ruhf tpsq;fpath; Nrf;fpohh;. ,th; tho;ej

;

fhyj;jpid Muha;e;J KbT nra;a mwpQh; gyUk; Kad;Ws;sdh;.

mwpQh;fspd; fUj;Jf;fspd; mbg;gilapy; ,tuJ fhyk; 12-Mk;

E}w;whz;ilr; rhh;e;jtuhff; fUjyhk;. NkYk; Nrf;fpohh; nghpaGuhzk;

ghLtjw;Ff; fhuzkha; ,Ue;j meghad; Fwpj;J „MarPh; meghad;… (ghapuk;

8)> „ntw;wp ntz;Fil meghad;…> „nra;a Nfhy; mgad;… (jpUkiyr; rpwg;G 12)

„nfhw;wtd; meghad;… (jpUehl;Lr; rpwg;G 35) vdg; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; gj;J

,lq;fspy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;. ,jid>

'nghpa Guhzk; ghLtpj;j Nrhoidf; Fwpf;Fk; nghOJ mtd; Ghpe;j

jpUg;gzpiaAk; Nrf;fpohh; $wpAs;shh;. jpy;iyg; Nguk;gyj;jpw;Fg; nghd;

Nta;e;j nra;jpapid %d;W ,lq;fspy; nkhope;Js;shh;. jpy;iyg;

Nguk;gyj;jpw;Fg; nghd; Nta;e;j Nrhod; ,uz;lhk; FNyhj;Jq;fd; vd;W

lhf;lh; kh. ,uhrkhzpf;fdhh; KbTfl;bdhh;. fy;ntl;Lk; rhd;W

gfh;e;Js;sJ. ,jid meghad; vd;Nw jpUth&h; tlnkhopf; fy;ntl;L

 17

$wpAs;sJ. vdNt ,uz;lhq; FNyhj;Jq;fDila fhyNk (fp.gp. 1113 - 1150)

Nrf;fpohh; fhykhFk;. rp.Nf. Rg;gpukzpa KjypahUk;> v];. itahGhpgps;isAk;

,f;fUj;ijNa $wpdh;"13 vd;fpwhh; nrh. gukrptk;.

2.6.3 Nrf;fpohhpd; fy;tp :

,yf;fpaq;fspd; top mwpag;gLk; Ntshz;Fbg; ngUikiaf; fhf;Fk;

tifapy; Nrf;fpohh; fy;tp> Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpdhh;. Ez;khz;

EioGyk; kpf;ftuhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;. ,tuJ fy;tpr;rpwg;G> „gf;jpr;Rit

edpnrhl;l nrhl;lg; ghba ftptyt…14 vd;Wk;> „rfyfyh gz;bjj; nja;tr;

irth;…15 vd;Wk; kPdhl;rpRe;juk; gps;is mth;fspd; ghlybfshy; fy;tpapy;

rpwe;j Nrf;fpohiu mwpa KbfpwJ.

2.7 nghpaGuhzk; vOe;j #oy; :

Nrhog; Nguurpy; ke;jphpahf ,Ue;jth; Nrf;fpohh;. kd;ddpd; topia

ey;topg;gLj;JNthh; mikr;rh;fs;. kd;dd; jtwhd topfspy; nry;Yk; NghJ

ke;jphp kd;did ey;topg;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gjid>

'gphpj;jYk; Ngzpf; nfhsYk; gphpj;jhh;g;

nghUj;jYk; ty;y jikr;R"
(Fws;. 633)

vd;ghh; ts;Sth;. jkpo; nkhopapd; ,yf;fpakhd rpe;jhkzpiag; gbj;jyhfhJ

vd mwpTWj;jpdhh; mikr;ruhd Nrf;fpohh;. ,e;E}y; kf;fis

ey;topg;gLj;jhJƒ kf;fSf;F ,Uikf;Fk; ed;ik gag;gJ rptf;fijfs; vdj;

njspe;jhh;. ,jid>
 18

'tPo;r;rpia Nehf;fp Ntfkhf Kd;Ndwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpw rKjhaj;ijj;

jLj;J epWj;jp NtW ghijapy; mioj;Jr; nry;y vd;d topia Nkw;nfhs;s

KbAk; vd;W Muha;fpd;whh; Nrf;fpohh;. tsj;jpy; tho;e;Jnfhz;L ,d;g

Ntl;ilahLfpd;w xU rKjhak; vt;tpjf; Fwpf;NfhSk; ,y;yhky;> fz;lNj

fhl;rp nfhz;lNj Nfhyk; vd;W thONkahdhy; mjd; tPo;r;rp ntFJ}uj;jpy;

,y;iy vd;gjid mwpTilNahh; ed;fwpth;. Mdhy; ,jid Nehpilahf

vLj;Jr; nrhd;dhy; rKjha kf;fs; mijf; Nfl;Lj; jpUe;Jthh;fs; vd;W

$wKbahJ. MfNtjhd; mwpQUk;> ftpQUk;> mUshsUk;> gf;jUk; Mfpa

Nrf;fpohh; mopit Nehf;fp Ntfkhfr; nrd;W nfhz;bUe;j jkpo;r;

rKjhaj;ijj; jLj;J epWj;jp Kd;NdWk; topiaf; fhl;Lfpd;whh;"16 vDk;

m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd; $w;why; tPo;r;rpiar; re;jpf;fg;NghFk; muir

epiyg;gLj;Jjy; nghUl;Lr; Nrf;fpohuhy; ghlg;gl;lJ nghpaGuhzk; vd;gJ

njspthfpd;wJ.

2.8 mbahh;fs; :

jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; mbahh;fspd; ngUikiaAk;> tuyhw;iwAk;

vLj;Jiuf;Fk; tho;f;if ,yf;fpak;. mbahh;fspd; tho;f;if cz;ikiar;

Nrf;fpohh; vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh; :

'G+jk; Ie;Jk; epiyapy; fyq;fpDk;

khnjhh; ghfh; kyh;j;jhs; kwg;gpyh;"
(nghpa. jpUf;. 7)

'NfLk; Mf;fKk; nfl;l jpUtpdhh;

XLQ; nrk;nghDk; xf;fNt Nehf;Fthh;
tPLk; Ntz;lh tpwypd; tpsq;fpdhh;"
(nghpa. jpUf;. 18)
 19

cly;> nghUs;> Mtp midj;Jk; Jwe;J ,iwg;nghUisg; gw;wpf;nfhs;s

Ntz;Lk; vd;W kdpj kdk; KaYk; Kaw;rp gf;jpahFk;.

mg;gh; jkJ Njthu jpUg;gjpfq;fspy; mbahh;fspd; nghJj;jd;ik

Fwpj;Jg; NgrpAs;s jpwj;ijj; Njthu xsp newpapy;>

'mq;fk; Fioj;J nka;tUe;jp mOthh;

kwthJ foy;epide;J tho;j;jpVj;jpg; Gfo;thh;
thahu jd;dbNa ghLk; njhz;lh;
,sk; gpiwapidr; #l;bAs;s rptdpd;
ghjj;jpidj; jpdk; njhOthh;"17

vd;W mbahhpd; epiyapidAk; nra;ifapidAk; nrq;fy;tuhag; gps;is

$Wfpwhh;. ,g;gz;G eyd;fSf;F ,yf;fzkha; jpfo;e;jth;fs; nghpaGuhzr;

rptdbahh;fs; vdyhk;.

2.9 %yq;fs;
fs; :

jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk; Nrf;fpohh; ,aw;Wtjw;F Mjhukhf mike;j

KjD}y; Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhuhy; ghlg;ngw;w „jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif… MFk;.

,jidr; Nrf;fpohh;>

'me;jk;,y; Gfo; Myhy Re;jud;

Re;juj; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifj; jkpo;
te;J ghba tz;zk; ciunra;Nthk;"

(nghpa. jpUf;. 11)

vd;W $Wfpwhh;. ,tUf;F mLj;J te;j ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp „jpUj;njhz;lh;

jpUte;jhjp…iar; rw;W tpsf;fkhf vOjpdhh;. ,t;tpuz;L E}y;fisAk; jk;

Guhzj;jpw;F mbg;gil Mjhukhff; nfhz;lhh; Nrf;fpohh;. NkYk;

ehad;khh;fspd; jpUg;gjpfq;fSk; Nrf;fpohUf;F cjtpa NtW E}y;fshFk;.

,jidNa>
 20

'goq;fhyj; jkpo;f; fy;ntl;Lf;fs;> nrg;NgLfs; ehad;khh;fspd;

rkfhy> gpw;fhy ,yf;fpaq;fs;> Xtpaq;fs;> rpw;gq;fs; cyf tof;fpw; Nfl;l

rhpj tuyhWfs; MfpadTk; Nrf;fpohh;f;Fj; JizGhpe;jd. ,it

vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf Mrphpah; mk;gyth; jpUtUs; ntspapNy mj;Jtpjkha;

epd;W> mUz;kakhd Qhdf; fz;zpdhy; vy;yh cz;ikfisAk; mtNd

fhl;lf; fz;L mwpe;jgb ghbdhh;. ,g;Guhzk; KOtJk; mUs; thf;fhfpa

Ntjk; vd;gJ Kf;fhYk; rj;jpaNkahk;"18 vd;fpwhh;. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa

Kjypahh; „Mrphpah; mwpe;jthW gfh;e;Njd;… vd;gjw;F MrphpaNu „ahdwpe;jgb

gfh;e;Njd;… (nghpa. 2: 5:1 : 429)> „mwpe;jgb Jjp nra;Njd;… (nghpa 2: 1: 1:

1259)> „thdpoy; czh;j;jpathW… (nghpa. ghapuk; 9) vd czh;j;jpathW

ciuj;jjhfr; Nrf;fpohh; jkJ jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sik

njhpayhk;.

2.10 nghpaGuhzg; gFg;G :

nghpaGuhzj;ij ,uz;L fhz;lq;fshfTk;> gjpd;%d;W

rUf;fq;fshfTk; Nrf;fpohh; gphpj;Js;shh;. ehyhapuj;J ,UE}w;W vz;gj;jhW

ghly;fs; (4286) ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

Nrf;fpohh; jhk; gphpj;Jf; nfhz;l xt;nthU rUf;fj;jpw;Fk;

jpUj;njhz;lj;njhifapd; xt;nthU ghlypd; njhlf;fj;jpidNa ngauhff;

nfhz;lhh;.
 21

ghlypd; ngah; rUf;fj;jpd; ngah;

jpy;iytho; me;jzh; jk; - jpy;iytho; me;jzh; rUf;fk;

,iy kype;j Nty; ek;gp - ,iy kype;j rUf;fk;

Kk;ikahy; cyfhz;l - Kk;ikahy; cyfhz;l rUf;fk;

jpUepd;w nrk;ikNa - jpUepd;w rUf;fk;

tk;gwh thptz;L - tk;gwh thptz;Lr; rUf;fk;

thh; nfhz;l tdKiyahh; - thh;nfhz;l tdKiyahh; rUf;fk;

ngha;abik ,y;yhj Gyth;f;Fk; - ngha;abik ,y;yhj Gyth; rUf;fk;

fiwf;fz;ld; foybNa - fiwfz;ld; rUf;fk;

fly; #o;e;j cynfyhk; - fly; #o;e;j rUf;fk;

gj;juha;g; gzpthh;fs; - gj;juha;g; gzpthh; rUf;fk;

kd;dpa rPh; kiwehtd; - kd;dparPh;r; rUf;fk;

Nkw;$wpa Kiwapy; rUf;fq;fs; Nrf;fpohuhy; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

,tw;Wld; Kjyhtjhfj; jpUkiyr; rUf;fKk;> ,Wjpahf nts;shidr;

rUf;fKkhfg; gjpd;%d;W rUf;fj;ijf; nfhz;Ls;sJ ,e;E}y;.

Kjw; fhz;lj;jpy; jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpy; ghapuk;> jpUkiyr; rpwg;G>

jpUehl;Lr; rpwg;G> jpUefur; rpwg;G> jpUf;$l;lr; rpwg;G> jLj;jhl;nfhz;l

Guhzk; vd Ke;E}w;wp ehw;gj;njhd;gJ jpUtpUj;jq;fs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

,uz;lhtJ rUf;fkhd jpy;iytho; me;jzh; rUf;fj;jpy; jpy;iytho;

me;jzh; Guhzk;> jpUePyfz;l ehadhh; Guhzk;> ,aw;gif ehadhh; Guhzk;>

,isahd;Fb khw ehadhh; Guhzk;> nka;g;nghUs; ehadhh; Guhzk;> tpwd;

kpz;l ehadhh; Guhzk;> mkh;ePjp ehadhh; Guhzk; Kjyhd VO

 22

ehad;khh;fspd; Guhzq;fSk; ,UE}w;W xd;W tpUj;jq;fSk;

ghlg;ngw;Ws;sd.

%d;whtjhd ,iykype;j rUf;fj;jpy; vwpgj;j ehadhh; Guhzk;>

Vdhjpehj ehadhh; Guhzk;> fz;zg;g ehadhh; Guhzk;> Fq;Fypaf; fiya

ehadhh; Guhzk;> khdf;fQ;rhw ehadhh; Guhzk;> mhpthl;lha ehadhh;

Guhzk;> Mdha ehadhh; Guhzk; Kjypa VO ehad;khh;fspd; Guhzq;fs;

ehD}w;wp ,Ugj;J ,uz;L ghly;fshfg; ghlg;ngw;Ws;sd.

ehd;fhtjhd Kk;ikahy; cyfhz;l rUf;fj;jpy; %h;j;jp ehadhh;

Guhzk;> KUf ehadhh; Guhzk;> cUj;jpugRgjp ehadhh; Guhzk;> jpUehisg;

Nghthh; Guhzk;> jpUf;Fwpg;Gj; njhz;lh; ehadhh; Guhzk;> rz;NlRu ehadhh;

Guhzk; Kjyhd MW ehad;khh;fspd; Guhzq;fs; ,UE}w;wp njhz;Z}w;W

vl;L jpUtpUj;jq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

Ie;jhtjhd jpUepd;w rUf;fj;jpy; jpUehTf;furh; ehadhh; Guhzk;>

Fyr;rpiw ehadhh; Guhzk;> ngUkpoiyf; FWk;g ehadhh; Guhzk;>

fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh; Guhzk;> mg;G+jp mbfs; ehadhh; Guhzk;> ekpee;jpabfs;

ehadhh; Guhzk; Mfpa VO ehad;khh;fspd; Guhzq;fs; mWE}w;W Kg;gj;J

%d;W jpUtpUj;jq;fsha; mike;Js;sd.

,uz;lhk; fhz;lj;jpy; mike;Js;s tk;gwh thptz;Lr; rUf;fj;jpy;

jpUQhdrk;ge;j ehadhh; Guhzk;> Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhh; Guhzk;>

jpU%yehadhh; Guhzk;> jz;babfs; ehadhh; Guhzk;> %h;f;fehadhh;

Guhzk;> Nrhkhrp khw ehadhh; Guhzk; vd;Dk; MW ehad;khh;fspd;

Guhzq;fs; Mapuj;J vOE}w;wp Kg;gj;NjO tpUj;jq;fspy; mike;Js;sd.

 23

thh; nfhz;l tdKiyahh; rUf;fj;jpy;> rhf;fpa ehadhh; Guhzk;>

rpwg;Gyp ehadhh; Guhzk;> rpWj;njhz;l ehadhh; Guhzk;> fowpw;wwpthh;

ehadhh; Guhzk;> fzehj ehadhh; Guhzk;> $w;Wt ehadhh; Guhzk; vd;w

MW ehad;khh;fspd; Guhzq;fs; Ke;E}w;W %d;W jpUtpUj;jq;fisf;

nfhz;Ls;sd.

ngha;abikapy;yhj Gyth; rUf;fj;jpy;> ngha;abikapy;yhj Gyth;

Guhzk;> Gfo;r;Nrho ehadhh; Guhzk;> eurpq;f Kidaiua ehadhh; Guhzk;>

mjpgj;j ehadhh; Guhzk;> fypf;fhk ehadhh; Guhzk;> fypa ehadhh; Guhzk;>

rj;jp ehadhh; Guhzk;> Iabfs; fhlth; Nfhd; ehadhh; Guhzk; Kjyhd

vl;L ehad;khh;fisf; Fwpj;j gFjpfs; E}w;wpg;gjpdhW jpUtpUj;jq;fisf;

nfhz;like;Js;sd.

fiwfz;ld; rUf;fj;jpy;> fzk;Gy;y ehadhh; Guhzk;> fhhp ehadhh;

Guhzk;> epd;wrPh; neLkhw ehadhh; Guhzk;> thapyhh; ehadhh; Guhzk;>

KidaLthh; ehadhh; Guhzk; vd Ie;J ehad;khh;fspd; tho;tpay;

epfo;Tfs; ehw;gj;njhd;W jpUtpUj;jq;fspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd.

fly; #o;e;j rUf;fj;jpy;> fow; rpq;f ehadhh; Guhzk;> ,lq;fop

ehadhh; Guhzk;> nrUj;Jiz ehadhh; Guhzk;> Gfo;j;Jiz ehadhh;

Guhzk;> Nfhl;Gyp ehadhh; Guhzk; Kjyhd Ie;J ehad;khh;fspd;

Guhzq;fSk; Ik;gj;njhd;W jpUtpUj;jq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

gj;juha; gzpthh; rUf;fj;jpy;> gj;juha; gzpthh; Guhzk;> gukidNa

ghLthh; Guhzk;> rpj;jj;ijr; rptd;ghNy itj;jhh; Guhzk;> jpUthUh;g;

gpwe;jhh; Guhzk;> Kg;NghJk; jpUNkdp jPz;Lthh; Guhzk;> KOePW G+rpa

 24

Kdpth; Guhzk;> mg;ghYk; mbr; rhh;e;jhh; Guhzk; Kjypa VO ehad;khh;fs;

Fwpj;j Guhzq;fSk; ,Ugj;J ehd;F tpUj;jq;fSk; mike;Js;sd.

kd;dparPh; rUf;fj;jpy;> G+ryhh; ehadhh; Guhzk;> kq;ifah;f;furpahh;

Guhzk;> Nerehadhh; Guhzk;> Nfhr;nrq;fl; Nrho ehadhh; Guhzk;>

jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghz ehadhh; Guhzk;> rila ehadhh; Guhzk;>

,irQhdpahh; Guhzk; vd;Dk; VO ehad;khh;fspd; Guhzq;fNshL

Ik;gj;njl;L tpUj;jq;fSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

,Wjpahf ,lk;ngw;Ws;s nts;shidr; rUf;fj;jpy;> Ik;gj;J %d;W

ghly;fSk; Re;ju%h;j;jp ehadhiug; gw;wpa nra;jpfSk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

Re;juh; $whj ,U rUf;fq;fs; Nrf;fpohuhy; jpUj;njhz;lj;

njhifapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. jpUkiyr; rUf;fk; Re;juupd; Kw;gpwg;G>

kz;Zyfg; gpwg;G Mfpa tuyhw;wpidf; $Wk; rUf;fkhfTk;> kz;Zyf

tho;tpdpd;W kPz;Lk; fapiyf;Fr; Re;juh; nrd;wjid nts;shidr;

rUf;fkhfTk; mikj;Jr; rUf;fq;fisg; gjpd;%d;whff; $wp epiwT

nra;Js;shh;. ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpiaAk; Nrf;fpohh; gpd;gw;wpAs;s

ghd;ikapid>

'Re;juh; ghba ehadhh; njhif mWgJ. ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp

Re;juiuAk;> „rilad; ,irQhdp fhjyd; jpUehtY}h;f; Nfhd; M&ud;…

vd;wtplj;Jf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s mth;jk; je;ij jhahfpa rila ehadhiuAk;>

,ir QhdpahiuAk; Nrh;j;J mWgj;J%th; Mf;fpdhh;. ,JNt mWgj;J %th;

vd;w vz; mike;jjw;Ff; fhuzk;"19 vd;fpwhh; K. mUzhr;ryk;.

 25

„jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif… mWgJ jdpabahh;fisAk; xd;gJ

njhifabahh;fisAk; $wp mWgj;njhd;gJ mbahh;fisf; $Wfpd;wJ.

„jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp… mWgj;J %d;W jdpabahh;fisAk; xd;gJ

njhifabahh;fisAk; Nrh;j;J vOgj;jpuz;L mbahh;fshff; $wpAs;sJ.

Nrf;fpohh; jk; Guhzj;Js; ,e;ehad;khh; mj;Jiz NgiuAk; jdpj;jdpahfg;

gjpndhU rUf;fq;fspy; mikj;Js;shh;. jpy;iytho; me;jzh; rUf;fk; Kjy;

kd;dparPh; rUf;fk; tiu ,lk;ngw;wth;fs; vOgj;njhd;W ehad;khh;fs;.

nts;shidr; rUf;fj;jpYk;> jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpYk; $wg;gLgth; Re;juh;.

rUf;fk; gjpd;%d;wDs; Nrf;fpohh; $wpAs;s jdpabahh;fs;>

njhifabahh;fs; Nrh;j;J nkhj;jk; vOgj;jpuz;L Ngh;fs; Mth;.

2.11 fijaikg;G :

Nrf;fpohh; $wpa jpUj;njhz;lj;; njhifapd; fijaikg;igr;

Nrf;fpohh; $wpapUf;Fk; Kiwikahy; fhg;gpa ,yf;fzj;jpw;F Vw;g ,uz;L

gFjpahff; $wyhk;. mitahtd :

1. Re;juh; gw;wpa fijaikg;G

2. Vida ehad;khh;fspd; fijaikg;G

,jid r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;>

'Vw;wj;jho;tpd;wp epfo;Tfs; Mw;nwhOf;fhff; Nfhh;f;fg;gl;lhy; mJ

fijf;F xU td;ikahd mikg;igf; nfhLf;f ,ayhJ. vdNt fij

mikg;gpw;Fj; jpUg;gq;fSk; rpf;fy;fSk; ,d;wpaikahjd Mfpd;wd. kdpj

tho;tpy; vd;Wk; vjph;nfhs;Sk; vspa nra;jpfis tpl tpag;Gk; fth;r;rpAk;

 26

nghUe;jpa nra;jpfs; fw;Nghiug; gpzpg;gjhy; mit fijaikg;Gf;F

cjTfpd;wd vd;W mwpQh; $Wth;.

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;lgb xU fhg;gpaj;jpd; fij mikg;G epiyf;F mf;fijia

cUthf;f mjd; ghLnghUs; mikAk;.

Re;juh; jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifapy; njhFj;Jf;$wpa mbahh;fspd;

tuyhWfisr; Nrf;fpohh; jk; fhg;gpag; gilg;Gf;Fhpa fijahf vLj;Jf;

nfhz;Ls;shh;. vdNt gy fijfshy; Mf;fg;gl;l E}y; nghpaGuhzk;.

Re;juUila fijaikg;G gpw ehad;khh;fspd; fijaikg;ig tpl NtWgl;Lr;

rpwg;ig cilajhfj; Njhd;WfpwJ. MfNt nghpaGuhz fijaikg;igg;

nghWj;jtiu mjd; fijia ,Utifapy; mZf Ntz;bAs;sJ. mit

xd;W Re;juh; fijaikg;Gƒ kw;nwhd;W gpw mbahh;fspd; fijaikg;G"20

vd;fpwhh;.

2.11.1 Re;juh; gw;wpa fijaikg;G :

Re;juh; jkJ ghly;fspd; ,Wjpapy; mbahdhfpa ahd; M&hpy;

vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; ,iwtDf;F mbik vd;W $WtJ Nghyr; Nrf;fpohUk;

xt;nthU rUf;fj;jpd; ,WjpapYk; Re;juhpd; Jjpapid mikj;Jg; Guhzk;

KOtJk; mtiuf; Fwpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. Mdhy; jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpd;

,WjpapYk; nts;shid rUf;fj;jpd; ,WjpapYk; Re;juh; Jjp ,lk;ngwtpy;iy.

Vnddpy; ,e;j ,U rUf;fk; KOtJk; Re;juiug; gw;wp KOikahff; $Wtjhy;

Jjp mikf;ftpy;iy vdyhk;. ,jid K. mUzhr;ryk;>

 27

'Re;juh; Jjpg;ghly;fs; midj;jpYk; mtUila tho;f;ifapy; epfo;ej

;

Kf;fpa epfo;r;rpfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. Re;juUila tho;f;if RUf;fkhfTk;>

njhlh;r;rpahfTk; nrhy;yg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,J jdpr;rpwg;gilaJ"21 vd;ghh;.

Nrf;fpohh; Re;juh; Fwpj;J Kjypy; jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpYk;> tk;gwh

thptz;Lr; rUf;fj;jpy; Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhh; Guhzj;jpYk;>

thh;f;nfhz;l tdKiyahh; rUf;fj;jpy; fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhh; Guhzj;jpYk;>

,Wjpapy; nts;shidr; rUf;fj;jpYk; tphpthff; $wpAs;shh;. xt;nthU

rUf;fj;jpd; ,WjpapYk; Re;juh; Jjpia itj;Js;sikahy; Guhzk; KOtJk;

Re;juh; gw;wpf; $wg;gl;Ls;sik njhpayhk;.

'„MUud; M&hpy; mk;khDf;fhNs… vd;W ghl;LNjhWk; tputpj;

jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif KOtJk; ek;gpfspd; rhpjk; gue;jikahy; mjd;

topj;jha; te;j topE}yhfpa ,g;Guhzj;jpYk; mt;thNw Guhzk; Kw;Wk; mth;

rhpjk; tputp epiwnta;JtJk; fhz;f"22 vd;ghh; rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;.

Re;juhpd; Kw;gpwg;G kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;J kzf;Nfhyj;jpy; ,iwtdhy;

jLj;jhl;nfhs;sg;ngw;W> Ke;ij tpjp $l;Lk; nrayhfg; guitahiu

kzj;jy;> jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifg; ghLjy; Mfpa Kd; epfo;r;rpfisj;

jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpy; mikj;Js;shh;. gy jpUj;jyq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W

,iwtid tzq;fpg; gjpfk; ghb jpUnthw;wpA+hpy; kPz;Lk; tpjp$l;lr;

nrayhy; rq;fpypahiu kze;J> Vah;;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhhpd; el;gpidg;

ngw;W tho;e;Jnfhz;bUg;gJ Nghd;w epfo;r;rpfs; Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk

ehadhh; Guhzj;jpYk;> fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhhpd; el;gpidg; ngWk;

 28

epiyapidf; fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhh; Guhzj;jpYk; $wpAs;shh;. ,q;qdk;

Re;juhpd; tho;tpy; epfo;e;j Kf;fpakhd epfo;r;rpfisf; $wpAs;shh; Nrf;fpohh;.

2.11.2 gpw ehad;khh;fspd; fijfs; :

Njthuk; ghba %thpy; xUtiuf; Fwpj;Jf; $wpa Nrf;fpohh; Vida

,U ehad;khh;fshfpa jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> jpUehTf;furh; Fwpj;J> jpUepd;w

rUf;fj;jpy; $Wfpwhh;. jpUehTf;furh; Guhzj;jpy; mg;G+jpabfshh;

Guhzj;ijr; RUf;fkhff; $wpAs;shh;23 vd;gijg; nghpaGuhzj;jpd;

jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh; Guhzk; top mwpayhk;.

tpz;zPh; ngha;j;jyhy; kd;Daph; thl;lk; fz;l jpUehTf;fur

ehadhUk;> jpUQhdrk;ge;j ehadhUk; jpUtPopkpoiyapy; gbf;fhR ngw;Wj;

jk;ikr; rhh;e;Njhh;f;nfy;yhk; czT gilj;J caph; nfhLj;jdh;.

jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh; Nkw;Fg; gPlj;jpy; gbf;fhR fz;nlLj;J mbahUf;F

czT Cl;baij mth;jk; Guhzj;jpy; $wpAs;shh;. 'jpUQhdrk;ge;j

ehadhh; fpof;Fg; gPlj;jpy; gbf;fhR fz;lJk;> nfhz;lJk;> rptj;njhz;lUf;F

Cl;baJk; ,th;jk; Guhzj;jpy; Nrf;fpohh; ghbdhh;"24 vd;W rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa

Kjypahh; $Wfpwhh;.

jpUkiwf; fhl;by; jpUf;Nfhapy; fjT %bapUe;J> jpUehTf;furUk;

jpUQhdrk;ge;jUk; ,iwtidg; ghbf; fjT jpwf;FkhWk; %bf;

nfhs;SkhWk; nra;jdh;. jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh; ghlf; fjT jpwf;f> jpUQhd

rk;ge;j ehadhh; ghlf; fjT %bf; nfhz;lJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpfisr; Nrf;fpohh;

jkJ E}ypy; jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; gj;Jg; ghly;fspYk;

jpUQhdrk;ge;j ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; gj;Jg; ghly;fspYk; ghbAs;shh;.25

 29

jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh; fapiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; ,iwtidf; fhzf;

fw;Ruj;jpy; nrd;wjidj; jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; Nrf;fpohh;

$wpAs;shh;. „jpUf;fapiyapy; tPw;wpUf;Fk; fhl;rpiaj; jpUitahw;wpy;

fhz;ghahf… vd;W ,iwtd; jpUitahw;wpy; fapiyehjuha; fhl;rp ey;fpd

NgW ngw;whh; jpUehTf;fuR ehadhh;.

jpy;iy tho; me;jzh; rUf;fj;jpy; ,sik midj;ijAk; njhiyj;J

KJik ngw;w gpd;G ,iwaUshy; njhiyj;j ,sikia kPz;Lk; ngw;W

kidtpAld; ey;tho;T ngw;w ehadhuhf tpsq;fpath; jpUePyfz;l ehadhh;.

jhd; vd;w vz;zkw;w xUtUf;F kidtp> kf;fs; vd;w cwNth>

cwtpw;Fhpa nghUNsh xd;Wkpy;iy vd;w vz;zj;Jld; tho;e;jhh; ,aw;gif

ehadhh;.

nry;t epiyapypUe;J epiy jho;e;j gpd;Gk; rptdbahh;f;F czT

gilf;Fk; nfhs;ifia caph;f; nfhs;ifaha; nfhz;lth; ,isahd;Fb khw

ehadhh;.

Nghh; Kidapy; tPo;j;j xz;zhj nka;g;nghUisg; ngha;Ntlk;

Gide;J Kj;jehjd; vd;w giftd; nka;g;nghUspd; capiuf; fth;e;j gpd;Gk;

rptj;njhz;ldhf Ntlk; Gide;jikahy; „,th; ek;kth;… vdf; $wp

mbatiug; Ngzpath; nka;g;nghUs; ehadhh;.

mbahiu tzq;fpa gpd;Ng ,iwtid tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w

nfhs;ifAld; tho;e;jth; tpwd;kpz;l ehadhh;. jpUth&h; jpahNfrid

tzq;fr; nrd;w Re;juh; mbahh;fis tzq;fhJ ,iwtid tzq;fr;

 30

nrd;wjhy; mbath; $l;lj;jpdpd;Wk; Re;juiuAk; rptidAk; tpyf;fpa JzpT

nfhz;l njhz;lh; tpud;kpz;l ehadhh;.

mbahh;fSf;Ff; NfhtzKk; mKJk; gilj;Jj; njhz;L nra;Ak;

ehspy; ,iwtd; mbahh; Ntlj;jpy; te;J Nfhtzk; xd;wpidf; nfhLj;J

ePuhbtpl;L thq;fpr; nry;tjhff; $wpr; nry;fpwhh;. ePuhb kPz;L te;j mbath;

Ntlk; G+z;l ,iwtd; Nfhtzj;ij tpdt> mjidf; fhzhJ jtpj;j

mkh;ePjpahhplk; jdJ Nfhtzj;jpd; vilf;F epfuhff; Nfhtzk; jUk;gb

Ntz;Lfpwhh;. Nfhtzj;jpw;F epfuhd vilf;F kidtp kf;fNshL jhDk;

epd;wgpd; Jyhf;Nfhy; Neuhf> ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg; ngw;wth; mkh;ej

P p

ehadhh;.

rptj;njhz;lh;fSf;Fj; jPq;F ,iog;gth;fis kOthy; jz;bg;gth;

vwpgj;j ehadhh;. rptfhkpahz;lhh; vDk; rptdbahiuf; fPNo js;spa gl;lj;J

ahidiaAk;> ghfidAk; tPo;j;jp ,Wjpapy; ,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy;

midj;Jk; caph; ngw;Wtpl ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;lth; ,th;.

thl;Nghh; gapw;rp nfhLg;gjpy; rpwe;jth; Vdhjpehj ehadhh;. mjp#ud;

vd;gtd; Vdhjp ehjehadhiu typa rz;ilf;F mioj;J> „,g;Nghhpy; ntw;wp

ngWgth; ,t;T+hpy; thl;g;Nghh; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; chpikiag; ngWth;… vd;whd;.

jpUePW mzpe;jtiuf; nfhy;yj; jfhJ vd;W vz;zpj; jd; capiuAk;

nghUl;lhff; nfhs;shky; ,we;J ehad;khh;fspy; xUtuhd jFjpiag;

ngw;wth; Vdhjpehj ehadhh;.

Ntl;Ltf; Fyj;jpy; gpwe;jtuhd fz;zg;g ehadhh; ngw;Nwhh;fshy;

jtkpUe;J ngw;w gps;is. md;ghy; jd;dpy; Ml;nfhs;sr; nra;jth;.

 31

,iwtDf;Fj; jd; fz;izf; nfhLj;Jj; jd; md;gpidr; rptd;ghy; itj;J

FWfpa fhyj;jpy; rptdpd; md;gpw;Fg; ghj;jpukhdth; ,th;.

jd; kidtpapd; kq;fy ehiz tpw;W ney; thq;fp tPl;bYs;s

tWikiag; Nghf;fhky; mg;gzj;jpy; ,iwtDf;Ff; Fq;fpypak; thq;fpj;

njhz;L nra;jth; Fq;Fypaf;fya ehadhh;. jpUg;gde;jhspy; jhlNfr;rug;

ngUkhd; rha;e;J xU Gwkhff; fhl;rpaspj;jtiu Neuhf;Fk; Kaw;rpapy;

kd;ddpd; gilfs; Njhy;tpAw;wij mwpe;J> fypah; mf;fapw;wpidj; jd;

fOj;jpy; fl;b ,Of;f ,iwtd; Neuhdhh;.

Nrdhjpgjpahf ,Ue;Jk; gzpTila tbTilauha; njhz;lh;f;F Vty;

nra;Ak; njhopy; G+z;lth; khdf;fQ;rhw ehadhh;. gyehs; kfg;NgW ,d;wp

,Ue;j ,tUf;F xU ngz; kfT gpwe;J kzg;gUtk; va;jpaJ. kzehsd;W

kf;fs; epuk;gpa khdf;fQ;rhuh; tPl;bDs; ,iwtd;> khtpujpfs; $l;lj;ijr;

Nrh;e;j xU Kdptuhf> ePW G+rpa Nkdpauha;j; Njhspy; gl;bif ,l;Lg;

GFe;jhh;. Kdptiu tzq;fpa mth; kfspd; Koq;fhy; msT Kbiag; ghh;jJ

;

mjprakhdhh;. jdJ kfspd; Kbiaf; Nfl;l rptdbahUf;F Kbiaf;

nfhLj;J rptdbahh; fUj;ij kdk; nfhz;L epd;whh; khdf;fQ;rhw ehadhh;.

jhadhh; vDk; ehadhh; ,iwtDf;F khtLtpidAk; nrt;thprpr;

Nrhw;iwAk; nrq;fPiuiaAk; md;whlk; gilf;Fk; njhz;il Nkw;nfhz;lhh;.

tWikAw;w NghJk; $ypf;F Ntiy nra;J ,iwj; njhz;L Ghpe;j ehspy;

gpurhjk; fPNo rpe;jptpl> rptDf;F czT gilf;f ,aytpy;iy vd;W kdk;

tUe;jp epd;W mhpthshy; fOj;ij mhpaYw;wtiu rptd; mioj;J epyj;jpy;

 32

rpe;jpa gpurhj cztpidj; jhd; Vw;Wf;nfhz;Nld; vd;W $w mhpthl;lha

ehadhh; vd;Dk; rpwg;G ngWfpwhh;.

FoNyhirahy; Gs;spdq;fisAk;> tpyq;FfisAk; jd;tag;gLj;jpa

ngUikf;Fhpa Mdhaehadhhpd; Foypirapy; ngUkhd; NjtpAld;

fhl;rpaspj;J> „,d;epd;w epiyNa jk;ghy; mizthk;… vdf; $wp

Mdhaehadhiuj; jk;KlNd mioj;Jr; nrd;whh;.

jpdKk; re;jdk; miuj;J ,iwtid topgl;l %h;j;jp ehadhhpd;

njhz;by; jil te;Jw;w NghJ jd; Koq;ifiaf; fy;ypy; Nja;j;J epd;w

,tiu ,iwtd; jLj;J mur gjtp mspj;Jg; Nghw;wpdhd;.

gRgjp ehadhh; vd;gth; Ntjj;jpYs;s cUj;jpuk; vDk; gFjpiaf;

fOj;jsT jz;zPhpy; epd;W %d;W NtisAk; nrhy;ypa fhuzj;jhy; cUj;jpu

gRgjp ehadhh; Mdhh;.

Giyah; ,dj;jpy; gpwe;j fhuzj;jhy; jpy;iyr; rpw;wk;gyj;jhid

tzq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W epidj;j ee;jdhh; vd;w jpUehisg; Nghthh;

ehadhhpd; vz;zk; <Nlw ,iwtid epide;J ,iwaUs; ngw;whh;. „,g;gpwtp

ePq;f vhpapil %o;fp Kg;Ghp E}y; khh;gUld; Kd; miztha;… vd;W ,iwtd;

$wj; jdJ gpwtpg; gpzpia mWj;J ,iwtdbr; nrd;whh; ,th;.

,iwad;ghpd; kdf;Fwpg;G mwpe;J njhz;L nra;jth; jpUf;Fwpg;Gj;

njhz;l ehadhh;. mbahh;fspd; mOf;file;j fe;ijfisr; Rj;jk; nra;Ak;

gzp nra;jth;. xUehs; fpoNtjpah; xUthpd; Miliaj; Jitj;J

ntapypd;ikahy; mtw;iw cyh;j;j Kbatpy;iy vd;W epidj;J

 33

jdf;Fj;jhNd jz;lid nfhLj;jhh;. mt;Ntisapy; ,iwaUisg; ngw;wth;

,th;.

gps;isf;fwp Ntz;Lk; vd;w rptdbahh;f;Fj; jd; kfidNa

mKJz;zf; nfhLj;jth; rpWj;njhz;l ehadhh;. rptdbahuhf te;j

,iwtdhy; jdJ xNu kftpid kPz;Lk; ngw;W ,iwtd; jpUf;fhl;rpapidg;

ngw;W mUs; ngw;wth; ,th;.

cyf caph;fs; jk;Ks; Ngrpf;nfhs;tij mwpe;Jnfhs;Sk; Mw;wy;

ngw;wth; Nrukhd; ngUkhs; vd;w fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhh;. ,iwtDf;Fr;

rptG+ir nra;J Kbj;j gpd;dh; ,iwtdpd; fhyb Xiriaf; Nfl;Fk; jpwd;

nfhz;l mbath; ,th;. Re;juh; nts;is ahidapy; Vwp kPz;Lk; fapiy

nrd;wijj; jkJ Qhdj;jhy; mwpe;jth;. clNd jhDk; fapiy Nehf;fpr;

nrd;wth; ,f;fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhh;.

Myag;gzpapy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath; fzehj ehadhh;. kyh; nfha;jy;>

khiy fl;Ljy;> jpUKiw vOJjy;> Kjyhdtw;iwr; nra;J fapiyapYs;s

fzq;fSf;Fj; jiytuhdth; ,th;.

rptDila jpUtbfisj; jiyapy; #l;b mijNa nghd;Kbaha;

nfhz;L murhz;lth; $w;Wt ehadhh;.

vwpgj;j ehadhUila Guhzj;jpy; gl;lj;J kd;ddpd; ahid nra;j

jtw;wpw;Fj; jiyiaAk; nfha;Jnfhs;s ths; nfhLj;J epd;w kd;dd; Gfo;r;

Nrhod;. Nghhpy; tPo;j;jpa jiyfspy; rlhKbAld; ePwzpe;j jiy ,Uf;ff;

 34

fz;L kdk; tUe;jp vhpapy; jd;id kha;j;Jf; nfhz;l rptj;njhz;lh; ,g;

Gfo;Nrho ehadhh;.

jpUthjpiu ehsd;W mbahh;fis tutioj;J mth;fSf;Fg; G+ridr;

nra;J> E}W nghw;fhRfs; nfhLj;J ,d;GWk; jd;ikah; eurpq;f Kidaiua

ehadhh;. Re;juiu mtUila ngw;Nwhh;fsplk; Ngrpj; jd; kfdhf Vw;Wf;

nfhz;lth; ,th;.

jpdKk; jhd; gpbf;Fk; kPd;fspy; xU kPd; el;lkhba ek;gUf;Nf vd;W

flypy; tpl;LtpLk; jd;ikAilath; mjpgj;j ehadhh;. tWikapYk; jhd;

ngw;w etuj;jpd kPidj; jhk; vLj;Jj; jk; tWikiag; Nghf;fpf;nfhs;shJ

,iwtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; nghUl;L flypy; tpl;L tpl;lth; ,th;.

rptdbahh;fs; te;Jw;w NghJ mth; ghjq;fisj; J}a;ik nra;J

mKjspf;Fk; jd;ikAilath; fypf;fhk ehadhh;. xU ehs; jd;dplk;

Fw;Nwty; nra;gth; rptdbahuhf te;Jw;w NghJ mth; ghjq;fSf;Fj; jz;zPh;

Cw;wpa kidtpapd; Kf NtWghl;bidf; fz;Zw;wTld; jdJ kidtpapd;

ifia mhpthshy; ntl;bdhh;. rptdbahh;fs; vdpy; NkNyhh;> fPNohh; vDk;

ghFghbd;wp topgl;lhh; ,f; fypf;fhk ehadhh;.

jpUnthw;wpA+h; Nfhapypd; cs;Sk; GwKk; tpsf;nfhpf;Fk; njhz;bid

Nkw;nfhz;lth; fypaehadhh;. jk; njhz;by; epw;f ,ayhJ nghUs; Fd;wpaJ.

mjdhy; vz;nza; vLf;Fk; nrf;fpy; khl;bw;Fg; gjpyhf jhNd nrf;fpOj;jhh;.

mf;$ypiaf; nfhz;L ,iwj;njhz;L nra;jhh;. ,Wjpapy; jkJ FUjpahy;

tpsf;nfhpf;fj; Jtq;Fifapy; ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;lhh;.

 35

rptdbahh;fis ahNuDk; Fiw $wpdhy; mth;fspd; ehf;fpid

,Oj;J itj;J mhpe;JtpLk; jd;ikapid cilath; rj;jp ehadhh;.

mjidNa jkJ njhz;lhfTk; nra;J te;jth; ,th;.

kd;duhf tho;e;j NghJ kdk;> nka;> nkhopfshy; ,iwtid epidf;f

KbahJ tUe;jpj; jkJ mur gjtpia kfdplk; xg;gilj;Jg; gy;NtW

jyq;fis tzq;fpg; ghkhiy ghbath; Iabfs; fhlth; Nfhd; ehadhh;.

,iwtdpd; Nfhapypy; xsptpsf;F Vw;Wtijf; nfhs;ifaha; nfhz;L

tho;e;J> Jd;gk; te;Jw;w NghJ jkJ jiy KbiaNa tpsf;fpy; itj;J

vhpj;jth; fzk;Gy;y ehadhh;.

„fhhpf;Nfhit… vd;Dk; E}iy vOjp xt;nthU kd;dhplj;Jk;

muq;Nfw;wp> ciu eaq;fs; nrhy;yp mth;fs; nfhLf;Fk; ghprpyhy;

mbahh;fSf;Fj; njhz;L Ghpe;jth; fhhp ehadhh;.

jpUQhdrk;ge;j ehadhuhy; jPz;bj; jpUePW ,lg;gl;l ngUikf;Fhpath;

epd;wrPh; neLkhw ehadhh;. rkzuha; ,Ue;J irt rkaj;ijj; rhh;e;J

njhz;L nra;jth; ,th;.

kdj;jpw;Fs; xsp Vw;wp Mde;jkhfpa jpUkQ;rdj;jhy; ,iwtDf;F

md;G vd;Dk; mKjk; gilj;J G+ir nra;J tho;ehisf; fopj;jth; thapyhh;

ehadhh;.

Nghhpy; Njhw;wth;f;F cjtp nra;J mjdhy; fpilf;Fk; nghUisf;

nfhz;L rptdbahh; njhz;bw;;fhff; nrytopj;jth; KidaLthh; ehadhh;.

 36

,iwtDf;Fr; rhj;Jk; G+tpidf; fow;rpq;fh; vd;w gy;yt kd;ddpd;

kidtp Kfh;e;J ghh;j;jhh; vDk; Fw;wj;jpw;fhf nrUj;Jiz ehadhh;; vDk;

md;gh; Fw;wk; vd;W $wp murpapd; %f;if mhpe;Jtpl;lhh;. ,jidf;

Nfs;tpAw;w fow;rpq;f ehadhh;; mg;G+tpid vLj;j iffSk;

jz;lidf;Fhpait vd;W $wpf; ifiaAk; mhpe;JtpLfpwhh;. jtW vd;W

fz;Zw;w NghJ kidtp> kf;fs; vd;w cwTk; Kd; epw;gjpy;iy vd;W

tho;e;jth;fs; ehad;khh;fs; vd;gjw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;lha; tpsq;fpath; ,f;

fow;rpq;f ehadhh;.

,iwj; njhz;bidAk; mbahh; njhz;bidAk; jiyaha njhz;lhff;

nfhz;L tho;e;jth; ,lq;fop ehadhh;. jk; tWikf; fhuzkhf

mbahh;fSf;F mKjspf;f Kbahj epiyapy; murDf;Fhpa muz;kidapy;

ney; Ftpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;s nfhl;lhuj;jpw;F te;J ney;iyj; jpUba NghJ

fhtyhsh; gpbj;J murdplk; xg;gilj;jdh;. jd; Ngr;rhw;wyhy; murdpd;

fz;izj; jpwe;jhh; ,lq;fopahh;. ney;iy itj;jpUe;j rhjhuz gz;lhuj;ij

tpl ,tNu rpwe;jth; vdg; gz;lhukhf murdhy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lth;

,lq;fop ehadhh;.

rptj;njhz;L Ghpe;J tho;ehs; KOtJk; rptDf;fhfj; jd;id

mw;gzpj;jth; nrUj;Jiz ehadhh;.

,iwtDf;F mgpNlfk; nra;Ak; Kf;fpa nghWg;gpy; ,Ue;j

Gfo;j;Jizahh; Chpy; gQ;rk; fhuzkhf gy ehs; cztpd;wp tho Nehpl;lJ.

grp kaf;fj;jhy; mgpNlf ePiu ,iwtd; kPJ Flj;NjhL Nghl;Ltpl;L

 37

kaf;fKw;w mthplk; gypgPlj;jpd; Nky; nghw;fhrpid itf;fpd;Nwhk; vd;W

$wp Jah; ePf;fpdhh; ,iwtd;. Gfo;j; Jizahh; ehadhh; Mdhh;.

,iwg;gzpf;fhf itj;jpUe;j new;$l;bidg; gphpj;J cz;l

cwtpdh;fis ntl;b tPo;j;jpath; Nfhl;Gyp ehadhh;. mf;fzNk ,iwtd;

Njhd;wp ,we;jth;fis tPLNgW va;JkhW nra;J Ml;nfhs;sg;ngw;wth; ,th;.

Mfk Kiwg;gb ,iwtDf;nfhU jpUf;Nfhapy; vOg;g epidj;j G+ryhh;

ehadhh; ,Wjpapy; mjw;Fhpag; nghUs;fisr; Nrh;f;f ,ayhJ my;yYw;whh;.

vdNt kdjpw;Fs; Myak; vOg;gpdhh;. gy;yt kd;dd; vOg;gpa fhQ;rp

fapyhaehjh; jpUf;NfhapYf;Ff; FlKOf;Fr; nra;tjw;fhd ehSk;

kdf;Nfhapy; vOg;gpa G+ryhh; ehadhh; FlKOf;fpw;Ff; Fwpj;j ehSk;

xd;whf ,Uf;f ,iwtd; G+ryhh; ehadhh; vOg;gpa Nfhapy; FlKOf;Ff;Fr;

nry;tjhfg; gy;yt kd;dDf;Ff; fdtpy; $w> tpag;gile;j kd;dd; G+ryhh;

ehadhhpd; Nfhapiyf; fhzr; nry;fpd;whd;. G+ryhh; ehadhhpd;

kdf;Nfhapiyf; fz;L mtiu tzq;fp tpl;Lr; nrd;whd;. ,iwtDf;F

kdjpw;Fs; Nfhapy; vOg;gpath; G+ryhh; ehadhh;.

fztdhd epd;wrPh; neLkhw ehadhiu kdkhw;wk; nra;aj; jpUQhdr;

rk;ge;j ehadhiu kJiuf;F tutioj;J kd;didj; jpUj;jpath;

kq;ifah;f;furpahh;.

jd; cly; typikahy; nea;Ak; Jzpfis ,iwtdpd; mbahh;f;F

cilahfTk;> NfhtzkhfTk; nfhLj;J kfpo;e;jth; Nerehadhh;.

 38

jpUthidf;fhtpy; ntz;ehty; kuj;jpd; fPo; ,ypq;fj;jpd; Nky;

rUFfs; tpohjthW rpye;jp tiy xd;iwf; fl;baJ. mr;rptDf;F

mf;fhl;bYs;s ahid xd;W mgpNlfk; nra;jJ. mq;Ff; fl;bAs;s rpye;jp

tiyia ahid jd; Jjpf;ifahy; khw;w> rpye;jp ahidapd; Jjpf;ifapDs;

nrd;W fbj;jjhy; typ jhq;fpf; nfhs;shJ Jbj;Jj; jdJ Jjpf;ifapidf;

fy;ypy; mbj;jJ. ,jdhy; ahidAk; rpye;jpAk; ,we;jd. gpw;fhyj;jpy;

Nfhr;nrq;fzhd; vDk; kd;ddhfg; gpwe;jJ rpye;jp. ,k;kd;dd; fl;ba

Nfhapy;fs; ahTk; fhyj;jhy; mopahJ epiyj;Js;sd. ,tNu Nfhr;nrq;fz

ehadhh;.

aho; thrpj;J ,iwtdhy; Ml;nfhs;sg;gl;lth; jpUePyfz;l aho;g;ghz

ehadhh;.

fapiyapypUe;J te;j Re;juiu kz;Zyfpy; <d;w je;ijahh; rila

ehadhh;.

Re;juiug; ngw;nwLj;J eurpq;f Kidahh; jj;njLj;j Ntisapy;

NtjidAw;w Re;juhpd; jha; ,irapy; ty;y ,irQhdpahh;.

tprhu rh;kh; vd;gth; jpdKk; gRf;fis Nka;j;J mtw;wpd; ghiy

,iwtDf;F mgpNlfk; nra;tijg; ghh;j;j je;ijahh; G+irf;Fhpa ghiyf;

fhyhy; vl;b cijj;jhh;. ,jdhy; Mj;jpukile;j mth; nghWikapoe;J

mUfpypUe;j Nfhyhy; je;ijapd; fhypy; mbf;Fk; NghJ mJ Nfhlhhpahf khwp

mth; fhiy ntl;baJ. mj;jUzj;jpy; ,iwtd; Njhd;wp „jhij ,dp cdf;F

ehk;… vd Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. mth; rz;NlRu ehadhh; Mdhh;.

 39

rptdbahh;f;F mKJ}l;bj; jpUePw;Wg;ig> Nfhtzk; Kjypatw;NwhL

mbahh;f;F Ntz;Lk; nghUis ms;sp toq;Fk; ,ay;Gilath; Fyr;rpiw

ehadhh;. kq;ifah;f;furpahh; irt rkaj;ij tplhJ gw;wp epw;f cjtpahf

,Ue;jth; ,th;.

mbahh; gzp nra;jiyNa ngUk; Ngwhff; nfhz;L mth;fSf;F

md;Gld; mKJ}l;b> ngUk; nghUisAk; nfhLj;jth; ngUkpoiyf; FWk;g

ehadhh;. Re;juh; ngUikia mwpe;J Nahf epiyapy; mtiuNa epide;J

fapiy nrd;w mtNuhL njhlh;e;J gpukehb topahff; fUj;ijr; nrYj;jpf;

fghyk; jpwf;ff; fapiyia mile;jth; ,th;.

,iwabahh;fisg; Ngzpa ngUe;jifahh; fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;.

khq;fdpahy; Nrhjid te;Jw;w NghJ cyf ,d;gj;ij kwe;J ,iwtid

ehbg; NgAU nfhz;lhh;. jpUthyq;fhl;by; ,iwtd; jpUtbf;fPo; vd;Wk;

Gfo;ghLk; NgW ngw;wth; ,th;.

jpUehTf;furiuNa epide;J mth; ngahpy; mbahh;fSf;Fj;

jz;zPh;g;ge;jy; mikj;jth; mg;G+jpabfs; ehadhh;. jk; tPl;bYs;s

Foe;ijfSf;Fk;> khL> fd;Wfs; midj;Jf;Fk; jpUehTf;fur ehadhhpd;

ngaiur; #l;b kfpo;e;jth; ,th;.

rptngUkhDf;Fg; G+ir nra;Ak; NghJ mth; NkdpapypUe;j rpye;jpia

thahy; Cjp mg;Gwg;gLj;jpa kidtp kPJ Nfhgk; nfhz;L cd;id

kidtpahf Vw;Wf;nfhs;s khl;Nld; vd;W $wpdhh;. ,iwtd; jpUtUshy;

kidtpia kPz;Lk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;lth; jpUePyef;f ehadhh;.

 40

,iwtd; jpUtUshy; jz;zPhpy; gy ehl;fs; tpsf;nfhpj;jth;

ekpee;jpab ehadhh;.

rptngUkhidg; guitahh; tPl;bw;Fj; J}jhf Re;juh; mDg;gpajhy;

mth; kPJ kpFe;j Nfhgk; nfhz;bUe;j Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhh;

,Wjpapy; Re;juhplk; neUq;fpa el;GwTf; nfhz;L jpfo;e;jhh;.

%yd; vDk; ,ilad; clk;gpy; $L tpl;Lf; $L ghAk; cj;jpahy;

GFe;J gRf;fisf; fhj;jth; jpU%yehadhh;. ,Wjptiu jpU%y ehadhuhf

tho;e;jth;. jpUke;jpuk; vDk; mhpa E}yhy; ,iwj;njhz;L nra;jth; ,th;.

fz; ghh;it ,y;yhj NghJk; Fsk; ntl;Ljy; Kjyhd ,iwg;gzpiar;

nra;jth; jz;babfs; ehadhh;. ,Wjpapy; ,iw mUshy; tpopfisg; ngw;wth;.

#jhl;lj;jpd; %ykhfg; nghUs; ngw;W mbath;f;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpath;

%h;f;f ehadhh;.

rptngUkhidg; Nghw;w gy ahfq;fisr; nra;jth; Nrhkhrp khw

ehadhh;. jpUth&h; nrd;W Re;ju%h;j;jp ehaduhy; md;G G+z;L el;igg;

ngw;W tPLNgW ngw;whh;.

,iwtd; kPJ fy;nywpe;J ,iw mUisg; ngw;wth; rhf;fpa ehadhh;.

Gj;j rkaj;ij tpl;L irt rkaj;ijr; rhh;e;jth; ,th;.

,ue;J nry;gth;f;F ,y;iynad;dhJ nfhLf;Fk; ,ay;Gilath;

rpwg;Gyp ehadhh;. mbahh;fisg; Ngzp rptj;njhz;lhw;wpath; ,th;.

 41

Nkw;$wpa ehad;khh;fs; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; Guhzj; jiytuhf

,lk;ngWk; Re;juiuj; jtpu VidNahh; Mth;.

2.12 ngUq;fhg;gpa mikg;G :

jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Guhzq;fs; ngUk;ghYk; tlnkhopg; Guhz kugpidg;

gpd;gw;w> nghpaGuhzj;jpy; jkpo;f; fhg;gpa kuNg gpd;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sJ. mwk;>

nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL Mfpa ehd;F cWjpg; nghUl;fSk; Fd;whky;

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; nghUe;jp tUtijf; fw;Nghh; ed;F czuyhk;. vdNt

nghpaGuhzj;ijr; irt ,yf;fpakhf my;yhky; KOikahd ngUq;

fhg;gpakhfTk; fUJth;. fp.t. [fe;ehjd;> 'ngUq;fhg;gpaj;Jf;Fhpa

,t;tUzidfs; Vidj; njhlh;epiyr; nra;Al;fSf;Fk; chpaitjhd;.

Mifahy; ,t;tUzidfisg; Guhz fhg;gpaq;fspYk; fhzyhk;"26

vd;fpwhh;. Gyth; gp.uh.eluhrd;> ',‡J xU ngUq;fhg;gpak; mq;qdkpd;wpg;

gy rhpjq;fs; Nrh;e;j xU Nfhit vdr; rpyh; vz;Zth;. mJ rhpad;W.

xg;Gah;tw;w Re;ju%h;j;jpfisj; jiytuhfTk;> guitahh;> rq;fpypahh; vd;w

,UtiuAk; jiytpauhfTk; nfhz;L mth;fs; fapiyapypUe;J cyFa;aTk;

irt newpNahq;fTk; G+Tyfj;jpy; mtjhpj;J kze;J cyfj;jhh;f;F mwk;>

nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL vd;w ehd;F cWjpg; nghUs;fisAk; czh;j;jp ca;tpj;J

kPz;Lk; jpUf;fapiyr; Nrh;e;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fhg;gpaj;jpd; cl;nghUs;. ,jpy;

jiytd; jiytpah; $l;lk; - gphpT - Gytp Kjypa mfg;nghUSk;> kiy> fly;>

ehL> efh;> gUtk;> #hpad; cjak;> mj;jkdk; Kjypatw;wpd; rpwg;Gk;>

ngUk;nghOJ vd;Dk; gFg;GfSk; ke;jpuk;> J}J> ,fy;> ntd;wp KjypadTk;

rpwg;gpf;fg;gl;L> fhz;lk;> rUf;fk;> Guhzk; vDk; gphpTfSld; ngUq;fhg;gpa

 42

cWg;Gf;fs; Kw;Wk; rpwg;gha; mwpaf; fplf;Fk; ,J ngUq;fhg;gpakhFk; vd;W

rp.Nf. Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh; $Wfpwhh;"27 vd;fpwhh;.

NkYk;> ngUq;fhg;gpaj;jpd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jz;bayq;fhuk;>

'ngUq;fhg;gpa epiy NgRq; fhiy

tho;j;J tzf;fk; tUnghU sptw;wpndhd;
Nww;Gilj; jhfp Kd;tu tpad;W
ehw;nghUs; gaf;Fk; eilnewpj; jhfpj;
jd;dpf hpy;yhj; jiytid Ailj;jha;
kiy fldhL tsefh; gUtk;
,URlh; Njhw;wnkd; wpidnad Gide;J
ed;kzk; Gzh;jy; nghd;Kbf; ftpj;jy;
G+k;nghop Dfh;jy; Gdy; tpisahly;
Njk;nkhop kJf;fdp rpWtiug; ngWjy;
Gytpapw; Gyj;jy; fy;tpapw; fspj;jnyd;W
,d;dd Gide;j ed;dilj; jhfp
ke;jpue; J}J nrytpfy; ntd;wp
re;jpapw; njhlh;e;J rUf;f kpyk;gfk;
ghpr;Nrj nkd;Dk; ghd;ikapd; tpsq;fp
neUq;fpa RitAk; ghtKk; tpUk;gf;
fw;Nwhh; GidAk; ngw;wpj; njd;g"
(jz;b. 8)

vd;W $WfpwJ. ,e;E}w;gh $Wk; nra;jpfisf; fPo;f;fhZk; epiyapy; gFj;Jf;

nfhs;syhk;.

1. fhg;gpaj; njhlf;fk;

2. ehw;nghUs; ciuj;jy;

3. tUzidj; jpwk;

4. fijf; $Wfs;

5. E}w; gFg;G

6. ghtpfg; gz;G
 43

2.12.1 fhg;gpaj; njhlf;fk; :

„jpy;iytho; me;jzh;jk; mbahh;f;Fk; mbNad;… vd;W Re;juh;

jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif ghLtjw;F Kjy; mbahf vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhh;.

njhz;lh; rPh; guTthuhfpa Nrf;fpohUk; ,iwtid ,iwQ;r mrhPhp thf;fhf

„cyF vyhk; czh;e;J Xjw;F mhpatd;… vd Kjyb vLj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;.

tho;j;J> tzf;fk;> tUnghUs; ciuj;jy; Mfpatw;Ws; Vw;Gilait

fhg;gpaj; njhlf;fj;jpy; tUtJ kuG. E}y; njhlf;fj;jpy; „eluhrh; tzf;fk;…>

„eluhrh; ghjk; tzq;Fjy;… Kjyhd ,U ghly;fSk; nghpaGuhzj;jpy;

tho;j;J> tzf;fkhf ,lk;ngw;W eluhr ngUkhdpd; ngUikia tho;j;jp

tzf;fk; njhptpg;gjhf mike;Js;sJ. tpehafh; tzf;fKk; ,lk;

ngw;Ws;sJ.

'cyFvyhk; czh;e;J Xjw;F mhpatd;

epyT cyhtpa ePh;kyp Ntzpad;
myF,y; Nrhjpad; mk;gyj;J MLthd;
kyh;rpyk;Gmb tho;j;jp tzq;F thk;"

(nghpa. 1:1:1:1)

„cynfyhk;… vd;W jpy;iyf; $j;jd; mbnaLj;Jf; nfhLj;j Kjw;

ghl;bNyNa „tzq;Fthk;… vd;wjhy; „nja;t tzf;fKk;…> „tho;j;jp… vd;wjhy;

„tho;j;Jk;… $wg;gl;ld. kyh;rpyk;gb tho;j;jp vd;wjhy; ,iwtd; jpUtbiaNa

gw;Wf; Nfhlhff; nfhz;L tho;e;J ca;e;j mbahh;fisf; Fwpg;gjhff;

28
nfhz;L „tUnghUs;… ciuj;jYk; mikfpwJ" vd;fpwhh; nrh.gukrptk;.

2.12.2 ehw;nghUs; ciuj;jy; :

E}nydg;gLtJ mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gkhfpa Kg;nghUisj; jOtp tUk;

vd;gJ>
 44

'me;epiy kUq;fpd; mwKj yhfpa

Kk;Kjw; nghUl;Fk; chpa vd;g"
(njhy;. nghUs;. 411)

vd;w njhy;fhg;gpa E}w;ghtpYk; gpd;dh; Njhd;wpa gf;jp ,yf;fpar;

nry;thf;fhYk; rkaf; fUj;jpay;fspd; tsh;r;rpahYk; E}ypd; gaid ed;D}y;>

„mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;> tPL…

(ed;. 10)

vd ehd;fhff; $WfpwJ.

2.12.2.1 mwk; :

,iwik jOtpa fhg;gpaj;jpy; mwk; ntspg;gl epw;wy; ,ay;G. 'mwd;

vdg;gLtJ ,y;tho;f;ifNaƒ gpwd; gopg;gJ ,y;yhapd; JwtwKk;

,y;tho;f;ifapd; ghw;gl;lNj"29 vd;fpwhh; jpUts;Sth;. jpUts;StUk;

,y;ywj;jpy; Jwtwk; Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; mwk; vd;W $Wfpwhh;.

mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khh;fspy; fhg;gpaj; jiyth; kw;Wk; gpw

ehad;khh;fspy; %h;j;jpahh;> mg;gh;> rz;Nlrh; Mfpa %tiuj; jtpu mWgJ

ehad;khh;fSk; ,y;ywj;jpy; <Lgl;L mbahh;f;Fj; njhz;lhw;wpdh;.

nja;tg;Gyth; fUj;ij Vw;w Nrf;fpohh; E}y; KOtJk; mwj;ij

typAWj;jpDk; Kjypy; kDePjpr;Nrhod; thapyhf mwj;ij typAWj;jpAs;shh;.

'kd;dd; caph;;j;Nj kyh;jiy Ayfk;" (Gwk;. 186) vdg; Gwg;ghly; $Wjy; Nghy

kd;dd; %ykhf typAWj;Jk; Kfkhf>

'mwk;nghUs; ,d;gk;Md mwnewp tohky; Gy;yp

kwk;fbe;J murh; Nghw;w itafk; fhf;Fk; ehspy;
rpwe;jey; jtj;jhy; Nktp jpUkzp tapw;wpd; ike;jd;
gpwe;jdd; cyfk; Nghw;wg; Ngh;mhpf; FUis md;dhd;"
(nghpa. 1:1:4:17)
 45

mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gj;jhy; ,iwtid tzq;Fk; Kiwia kd;dd;

iff;nfhz;lJ Nghy; kf;fSk; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vd;W typAWj;JfpwJ.

2.12.2.2 nghUs; :

„nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy;… vd;gjw;Nfw;g tho;e;J fhl;bath;fs;

ehad;khh;fs;. mwj;jhd; tUtNj nghUs;.

'mwdPDk; ,d;gKk; <Dk; jpwdwpe;J

jPjpd;wp te;j nghUs;"
(Fws;. 753)

jpUehTf;furh; jkJ jkf;ifahUld; Nrh;e;J jhk; ngw;w nghUs;

midj;ijAk; ahth;f;Fk; <e;J kfpoe;jhh;. „nghUs;… vDk; nrhy;

rptguk;nghUs; vd;gNj mbahh;fspd; kdf;Fwpg;G.

2.12.2.3 ,d;gk; :

,t;Tyfpy; ngw;w nghUshy; kf;fs; ,d;gk; Ja;j;jdh;. fstpay;>

fw;gpay; vd ,Utif ,d;gKk; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; cs;sJ. Re;juh; guitahh;

,d;gpay; tho;f;ifapid Kd; epfo;thfj; jpUkiyr;rpwg;gpy; ,iwtd;

Mizg;gb fhjy; ,d;gk; Ja;f;Fk; jd;ikia>

'Mjp%h;j;jp mtd; jpwk; Nehf;fpNa

khjh;Nky; kdk; itj;jid njd;Gtp
kPJ Njhd;wpmk; nky;ypa yhUld;
fhjy; ,d;gk; fye;J miztha;vd"
(nghpa. 1:1:2:27)
vd;W $Wtjhy; mwpayhk;.

fw;gpay; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; gpw ehad;khh;fs; rhpijapy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,isahd;Fb khw ehadhh; mtuJ kidtpahh;>

 46

kq;ifah;f;furpahh;-epd;wrPh; neLkhwd; ehadhh;> fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;-

gukjj;jd; KjyhNdhh; Guhzj;jpy; fw;G tho;tpidf; Fwpj;Jf; fhzyhk;.

2.12.2.4 tPL :

,t;Tyf ,d;gj;ijf; fle;J Md;khf;fs; ,iwtNdhL fyf;Fk; newp

tPLNgwhFk;. gpwg;gpd;ik newp tPL NgwhFk;. gpwg;gpd;ik> tpLgLjy; gpwtpj;

Jd;gj;jpd;W tpLgLjy; tPL30 vd;fpwhh; rp.Nf. Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;.

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; ehad;khh;fs; tho;f;ifapy; mbahh;fisg;

Ngzp> nghUl;nry;tk; midj;Jk; ,oe;j epiyapYk; jk; epiy khwhJ

nfhz;l nfhs;ifapy; epiyNgWilauha; tho;e;jth;fs;. tPLNgW ngw

Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ nfhs;ifay;yƒ nra;j nray;fshy; tPL NgW mth;fisj;

Njb te;jJ.

'$Lk; md;gpdpw; Fk;gplNy ad;wp

tPLk; Ntz;lh tpwypd; tpsq;fpdhh;"

(nghpa. 1:1:5:8)

,t;thW ehw;nghUSk; ,f;fhg;gpaj;Js; fye;;J epw;gij Nkw;$wpa juTfshy;

mwpayhk;.

2.12.3 fhg;gpaj; jiytd; :

nghpaGuhzj;Js; mWgj;J %d;W ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhW $wg;gbDk;>

jpUQhdr;rk;ge;jiuf; Fwpj;J mjpfkhd ghly;fs; ghlg;gbDk;> ,iwtDf;F

mZf;fj; njhz;luhff; fapiyapypUe;J kz;Zyfg; gpwg;ngLj;j jk;gpuhd;

NjhoNd ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiyth; Mthh;. ,jidNa rp.Nf. Rg;gpukzpa

 47

Kjypahh;> 'jpUf;fapiyapy; ,iwtdpd; mZf;fj; njhz;luhf ,Ue;j

Re;juNu ek;gpah&uh; kz;Zyfpy; gpwe;J> tho;e;J gpd; fye;J mizAkhW

,iwtd; Mjp%h;j;jpahy; mDg;gg; ngw;wth;"31 vd;Wk;> 'jiykfd;

xUtidg; gw;wpa fhtpaj;Js; gytif Fzk;> nra;if cila khe;jh; gyh;

thpDk;> mth;fs; jiytdpd; ngUikAk;> jiyikAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;

JizahfNt mikth;. mth;jk; njhlh;ghYk; nra;ifahYk; cld;ghlhapDk;

vjph;kiwahapDk; jiykfd; khz;Gah;Nt czh;j;jg;gLk;32 vd;fpwhh;

v.NtyhAjd;.

'Guhzj;jpd; njhlf;fk; Kjy; ,Wjp tiu $wg;gLgth; Re;juNu.

Nrf;fpohUf;F xNu ehadhiu guTjy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w vz;zk; ,Ue;jhYk;

midtiuAk; Gfo;e;J guTjy; Ntz;Lk; vDk; cah;e;j vz;zj;jhy;

Re;juUf;F ,uz;L rUf;fq;fisf; $wp NkYk; gy Guhzq;fspy; mtiug;

gw;wpa nra;jpfisf; $Wfpwhh;. Nrf;fpohUk; ,tiuNa fhg;gpaj; jiytuhf

fUJfpwhh; vd;gjidr; Re;juUf;F mth; jkJ fhg;gpaj;jpy; nfhLj;Js;s

Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jhy; mwpayhk;. ,jdhy;> ,f;fhg;gpaj;jpd; jiyth; Re;juNu.

E}ypd; njhlf;fj;jpYk; KbtpYk; ,th; tuyhW Ngrg;gLfpwJ"33 vd;fpwhh;

Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp.

jpUkiyr; rUf;fk;> nts;shidr; rUf;fk; Mfpa ,uz;L

rUf;fq;fspYk; Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhh; Guhzk;> fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhh;

Guhzk; Mfpa ,U Guhzq;fspYkhf ehd;F ,lq;fspy; ,th; ngUik

mjpfkhfg; Ngrg;gLfpwJ. rilag;g ehadhh;> ,irQhdpahh; MfpNahh;

Guhzj;jpYs;Sk; gjpndhU rUf;fq;fspd; ,WjpapYk; ,tUila Jjp

itf;fg;ngw;Ws;sJ.
 48

fhtpaj;Js; mfg;nghUs; Jiwapid mikj;jy; Kiwapy; Re;juh;

tho;f;ifapy; kl;LNk Nrf;fpohh; $wpAs;shh;.

fhg;gpaj;Js; mfg;nghUs; Jiw ,lk;ngWjy; Ntz;Lk;. NtW

ehad;khh;fspd; tho;f;ifapy; $whJ ek;gpah&uh; tho;f;ifapy; kl;Lk;

Nrf;fpohh; $wpdhh;. ed;kzk; Gzh;jiy Vida ehad;khh;fspd;

tho;f;ifapy; epfo;e;jjhfr; Nrf;fpohh; $wpDk; (fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;

Guhzj;jpy; „fspkfpo; Rw;wk; Nghw;wf; fy;ahzk; nra;jhh;fs; nghpa. 1: 5: 4: 11)

G+k;nghopy; Efh;jy;> Gdy; tpisahly;> Gytpaw; Gyj;jy;> fytpapw; fyj;jy;

vd;w fhtpa cWg;Gf;fis mq;Ff; $wtpy;iy. M&uh; tho;f;ifapy; jhd;

moFgl $wpAs;shh;.

kw;w ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhw;wpidf; $Wtjw;F Kd; mthpd; ehL>

efuk;> Chpidf; Fwpj;Jr; RUf;fkhff; $wpdhh;. ek;gpah&uh; fhtpaj; jiyth;

vDk; fhuzk; gw;wpf; fhtpaj; njhlf;fj;jpd;fz; mtUila ehL Nrho

ehl;bidAk;> efuk; jpUth&hpidAk; mjpfkhd ghly;fspy; ghbAs;sikahy;

Nrf;fpohUk; jk;gpuhd; Njhouhfpa ek;gpah&uuhfpa Re;juiuNa fhg;gpaj;

jiytuhf epide;Js;sikahy; mtNu fhg;gpaj; jiytuhfpwhh;.

2.12.4 tUzidj; jpwk; :

kpfg;nghpa mstpy; nra;jpfisj; jhq;fpAs;s ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs;

tUzidfSf;Fg; nghpJk; ,lk; jUtdthFk;. nghpaGuhzj;Js;

ehad;khh;fspd; rhpjj;ijf; $Wk; Kd;dh; mth;fs; gpwe;j Ch; kw;Wk; ehl;bd;

tUzidfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. nghpaGuhzj;jpy; fhg;gpaj; jiyth;

ek;gpah&uh; vDk; fhuzj;jpdhy; fhg;gpaj; njhlf;fj;jpd;fz; mtUila

 49

ehlhfpa Nrho ehl;bidAk;> efuk; jpUth&hpidAk; ghLk; ghly;fspYk;

tUzidfs; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. fhg;gpa cWg;Gfshfpa ,tw;iwj;

jdpj;jdpahf jpUehl;Lr; rpwg;G> jpUefur; rpwg;G vd;W Nrf;fpohh; jkJ

Guhzj;Js; jdpaplk; nfhLj;Jr; rpwg;gpj;Js;shh;.

,aw;ifapy; ,ay;gha; epfOk; epfo;tpYk; Nrf;fpohh; rptdbahh;fisNa

tUzpf;Fk; jd;ikahff; fPo;tUk; ghliyf; fhl;lyhk;.

'gj;jpapd; ghyh;Mfpg; gukDf;F Mshk; md;gh;

jj;jkpy; $bdhh;fs; jiyapdhy; tzq;Fkh Nghy;
nkha;j;jePs; gj;jpapd;ghy; Kjph;jiy tzq;fp kw;iw
tpj;jfh; jd;ikNghy tpise;j rhyp vy;yhk;"

(nghpa. 1: 1: 3: 22)

gj;jpapdhy; topgl;L rptdhh;f;F Msha; xOq;Ffpd;w md;guhapdhh;

$Ltuhapd; xUtiu xUth; jiyjho;e;J tzq;FtJ Nghy new;gaph;fs;

ahTk; ePz;l epuypid ciladthfp Kjph;e;j fjpuhfpa jiyfis vjpnujph;

jho;j;jp> Nkw;$wpa mbath;fspd; rpthDgtj; jd;ik Nghy; tpise;jd vDk;

ghly; Nrf;fpohhpd; tUzidj; jpwj;jpidg; giwrhw;Wtjha; mike;Js;sJ.

2.12.4.1 kiy

jpUkiy vd;Dk; fapiy kiy tUzidapy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

'nghd;dpd; ntz;jpU ePW Gide;Jvdg;

gd;Dk; ePs;gdp khy;tiug; ghyJ
jd;id ahh;f;Fk; mwpTmwpahd; vd;Wk;
kd;dptho; fapiyj; jpUkh kiy"
(nghpa. 1:1:2:1)

vd;W jpUkiy tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

 50

nghd;dpd; Nky; ntz;jpUePW Gide;jJ Nghd;W gdp%ba

,kakiyapd;ghy; ahuhYk; mwpe;J nfhs;Stjw;F mhpatuha; jpfo;gth;

rptdhh; vd;Wk; ePq;fhky; nghUe;jp tho;tJ fapiy vd;Dk; jpUkiy vd;W

kiy tUzid Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.

2.12. 4.2 ehL :

jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpy; Nrho ehl;bd; rpwg;G $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

'ghl;L,ay; jkpo;ciu gapd;w vy;iyAs;

Nfhl;Lcah; gdptiuf; Fd;wpd; cr;rpapy;
#l;ba tsh;Gypr; Nrhoh; fhtphp
ehl;L,ay; gjid ahd;etpyy; cw;wdd;"

(nghpa. 1:1:3:1)

,kaj;jpd; cr;rpapy; Gypf;nfhbia ehl;ba tPuNkk;ghLw;w Nrho kd;dh;fSf;F

chpaJkhfpa fhtphpahW #og;ngw;w Nrhots ehl;bd; ngUikiaf; $Wfpwhh;

Nrf;fpohh; vDk; ,g;ghly; mbfspy; „ehL… rpwg;gpf;fg;gLfpwJ. gpw

ehad;khh;fspd; Guhzj;jpy; mtuth; ehLfs; tUzpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

2.12.4.3 efh; :

jpUth&h; jpUefur; rpwg;G jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ.

'nrhd;d ehl;bilj; njhd;ikapy; kpf;fJ

kd;Dk; khky uhd; topgl;lJ
td;dp MW kjpnghjp nrQ;rilr;
nrd;dp ahh; jpUth&h;j; jpUefh;"
(nghpa. 1:1:4:1)

Nrho ehl;bd;fz; td;dpAk; fq;ifAk; kjpAk; nghjpe;J fplf;Fk; rpte;j

rilKbauhfpa rptgpuhd; vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; jpUth&h; goikapDk;

goikahdJ. mg;gioa efhpy;>

 51

'jho;e;j Ntzpah; irth; jNghjdh;

tho;e;j rpe;ij Kdpth; kiwath;
tPo;e;j ,d;gj; JiwAs; tpuTthh;
#o;e;j gy;NtW ,lj;jJmj; njhy;efh;"

(nghpa. 1: 1: 4: 11)

jho;e;j rilapdh;> irth;> ngUk; jtk; Nkw;nfhs;Nthh;> tho;tpid

KOikaha; ,iwg;gw;wpy; nrYj;jpa Kdpth;> Ntjpah;> Nghpd;gj; Jiwapy;

%o;fpa rptr; nry;th;fs; #o;e;jpUf;Fk; jpUg;gjpNa jpUth&h; vd;gjhy; efh;

rpwg;gpid czuyhk;.

2.12.4.4 MW :

Nrho ehl;by; ghAk; fhtphp MwhdJ Guhzj;Js; rpwg;Gg; ngWfpwJ.

'Mjp khjtKdp mfj;jpad; jU

G+jePh;f; fkz;lyk; nghope;j fhtphp
khjh; kz;kle;ij nghd;khh;gpy; jho;e;Njhh;
XjePH; epj;jpyj; jhkk; xf;Fkhy;"
(nghpa. 1:1:3:2)

vDk; ghlybfspy; MjpKdptuhfpa mfj;jpahpd; fkz;lyj;jpdpd;W ngUfpa

ngUnts;skhfpa fhtphpahwhdJ mofpa epykfspd; nghd;kakhd khh;gpy;

jto;e;J tpisahLfpd;w Fsph;e;j ePhpy; Njhd;wpa xg;gw;w Kj;J khiyia

xj;jpUf;Fk; vdf;; fhtphp Mw;wpd; rpwg;G $wg;gLfpd;wJ.

2.12.4.5 ,URlh;j; Njhw;wk; :

'Nghj Qhdg; Gfypg; Gdpjiur;

rPj Kj;jpd; rptpifNky; Vw;wplf;
fhjy; nra;gtd; Nghyf; fUq;fly; kPJ
Njhpd; te;J va;jpdd; nta;atd;"

(nghpa. 2: 1: 1: 209)

vd;w ,g;ghlypy; nka;Q;Qhdk; ngw;w Gfypg; Gdpjiuf; Fsph;e;j Kj;Jr;

rptpifapy; NkNy fz;L tzq;fpl kpf;f md;Gilahd; Nghyf; fjputd;

 52

fPiof; flypd; Nky; Njhd;wpdhd; vdr; #hpaj; Njhw;wk; jpUQhdr;

rk;ge;jehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ.

fjpNuhd; flypDs; kiwe;j gpd; epd;wpLk; ,utpy; ntz;ikahd kjpak;

Njhd;Wk; vd jpUQhdrk;ge;j ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; kjpapd; Njhw;wk;

Gyg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ:

'Ntiymoy; fjph;gbe;j tpad;fq;Fy; ntz;kjpak;

NrhiynjhWk; Eioe;J Gwg;gLk;nghOJ Jijje;jkyh;g;
ghy;mize;J kJj;Njha;e;J jhjise;J gapd;Wme;jp
khiy vOk; nrt;nthspa kjpak; Nghy; tjpAkhy;"

(nghpa 2: 1: 1: 8)

,t;thW kiy> fly;> MW> ehL> efuk;> ,URlh; Kjyhdit

Nrf;fpohhpd; tUzidj; jpwj;jhy; nghpaGuhzj;jpy; fhg;gpaf; $Wfshf

,lk;ngw;Ws;sd.

2.12.5 fijf; $Wfs; :

,d;gpay; epfo;tpd; njhlf;fkhf kzk; Ghpjy; $wg;gLfpwJ.

jLj;jhl;nfhz;l Guhzj;Js; ek;gpah&uh; guitahiuj; jpUkzk; nra;J

nfhz;lijAk; (jLj;. Guh. 180) Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy;

ek;gpah&uh; rq;fpypahiuj; jpUkzk; Ghpe;jijAk; fhzyhk; (nghpa. 2: 1: 2:

266).

fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhh; ek;gpah&iu muz;kidg; nghopypy; ,Uj;jp

kfpo;tpg;gJ. fowpw;wwpthh; ehadhh; Guhzj;Js; (nghpa. 2: 2: 4: 154)

$wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Gdy; tpisahl;Lk;;> cz;lhl;Lr; rpwg;Gk; fowpw;wwpthh;

 53

ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; Re;juhpd; thapyhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ (nghpa. 2: 2: 4:

155).

Foe;ijg;NgW vd;w epiyapy; riladhUk; ,irQhdpahUk;

„ek;gpah&uiuAk;…> ehfDk; jj;ijAk; „jpz;zd;… vd;w fz;zg;g ehadhiuAk;>

GfodhUk; khjpdpahUk; „kUzPf;fpahh;… vd;w ehTf;furiuAk;> rptghj

,UjaUk; gftjpahUk; „jpUQhdrk;ge;jiuAk;… <d;nwLj;Jg; NgW

ngw;Nwhuhfj; jpfOk; rpwg;G nghpaGuhzj;Js; Ngrg;gLfpwJ.

rpw;wpd;gr; nra;jpahf tpsq;Fk; Gytpapw; Gyj;jy;> fytpapw; fyj;jy;

vd;gd td;njhz;luhfpa Re;juh;> guitahh; rq;fpypahNuhL KiwNa Gytpapw;

Gye;Jk; fytpapw; fspj;Jk; tho;e;jik Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhh;

Guhzj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ.

'gz;Lepfo; ghd;ikapdhy; gRgjpjhd; mUshNy

tz;Lmkh; G+q;Foyhiu kzk;Gzh;e;j td;njhz;lh;
Gz;lhpfj;J mtd;tdg;igg; Gwk;fz;l J}eyj;ijf;
fz;LNfl;L cz;Lcaph;j;J cw;Wmkh;e;jpUe;jhh; fhjypdhy;"

(nghpa 2: 1: 2: 267)

vDk; ghlypy; Re;juh; rq;fpypahhpd; ngU moF eyj;jpidg; ngUtpUg;gpdhy;

fz;Lk; Nfl;Lk; cz;Lk; caph;j;Jk; mDgtpj;J te;j fytpapw; fspj;jy;

epfo;r;rp $wg;gl;Ls;sik mwpayhk;. NkYk;>

'ahopd;nkhop vopy;KWty; ,UFioNky; fil gpwOk;

kiotpop tdKiyahh; kzpmy;Fy; Jiwgbe;J
tPOk;mth;f;F ,ilNjhd;wp kpFk;Gytp Gzh;r;rpf;fz;
CopMk; xUfzk;jhd; mt;top xUfzk;Mk;

(nghpa. 2 : 1: 2: 268)

vDk; ghlypy; M&uh; rq;fpypahh; vd;w ,UtUf;Fk; ,ilNa cz;lhfpd;w

GytpapYk; Gzh;r;rpapYk; KiwNa xUfzk; X&opahf ePl;bf;Fk; mt;Nth&op

 54

xU fzkhfr; RUq;Fk; vdf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,g;ghlypy; rq;fpypahh;

Re;juhpd; Gytp Rl;lg;gLtJ fhzyhk;.

guitahh;> Re;juh; rq;fpypahiuj; jpUkzk; nra;jij mwpe;J mth; kPJ

Gytp nfhz;lij>

'kd;G+thsp kiofopahh;
kwthh; epidahh; tha;tps;shh;
vd;GCL cUf;Fk; GytpNah
gphpNth ,uz;bd; ,ilg;gl;lhh;"

(nghpa. 2: 1: 2: 315)

vDk; ,g;ghly; guitahh; Re;juh; kPJ nfhz;l Gytpiaf; $Wtij czuyhk;.

2.12.6 muR Kiw epfo;Tfs; :

2.12.6.1 Kb ftpj;jy; :

Kb ftpj;jyhfpa muR Vw;Fk; epfo;T nghpaGuhzj;jpy; fowpw;wwpthh;

ehadhh;> %h;j;jp ehadhh;> $w;Wt ehadhh; Guhzq;fspy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ.

%h;j;jp ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; $wg;gLk; nra;jp tUkhW:

'ntq;fz; fspw;wpd; kpir epd;Wk; ,opr;rpNthpj;

njhq;fy;Rlh; khiyfs;#o; Kb#L fhiy
mq;fz; nfhLGf;F mhpahrdj;JVw;wp xw;iwj;
jpq;fs; Filf;fPo; chpikr;nray; #o;e;Jnra;thh;"

(nghpa. 1: 4:1:37)

Kb #bLk; mitapy; mofhd rpk;khrdj;jpy; xg;Gah;tw;w re;jputl;lf;

Filapd; fPo; muNrhr;Rk; epiyf;F Vw;g Kb #Ljw;Fhpa rlq;;Ffs;

ed;Kiwapy; vz;zpr; nra;jdh; vDk; ghlypy; Kb ftpj;jy;

$wg;gl;Ls;sikf; fhzyhk;.
 55

2.12.6.2 ke;jpuk; :

ke;jpuk; vd;gJ MNyhrid vd;gjhFk;. fd;wpidj; Njh;r;rf;fuj;jpy;

Vw;wpf; nfhd;w kfidf; Fw;wthspahff; $wpa jha;g;gRtpw;F ePjp nra;jy;

nghUl;L mikr;rNuhL MuhAk; murpay; $W jpUefur; rpwg;gpy;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

'ke;jphpfs; mJfz;L kd;dtid mbtzq;fpr;

rpe;ijjsh;e;J mUStJ kw;W,jw;Fj; jPh;Tmd;why;
nfhe;Jmyh;jhh; ike;jid Kd;Nfhtij nra;jhh;f;F kiw
me;jzh;fs; tpjpj;jKiw topepWj;jy; mwk;vd;whh;"

(nghpa. 1: 1: 4: 34)

mikr;rh;fs; murid tzq;fp muNr ePq;fs; kdk; jsUjy; ,g;gopf;Fj;

jPh;thfhJ. gpd; M tij nra;jhh;f;F me;jzh;fs; tpjpj;j topNa Ek;

ike;jDf;F Kiw nra;tjhFk;. mJNt mwnewpAkhFk; vd;wdh;. ,t;thW

fd;wpidj; Njh;r;rf;fuj;jpy; Vw;wpf; nfhd;w kfidf; Fw;wthspahff; $wpa

jha;g;gRtpw;F ePjp nra;jy; nghUl;L mikr;rNuhL MuhAk; murpay; epfo;T

jpUefur; rpwg;gpy; $wg;gLfpwJ.

2.12.6.3 J}J :

mfj;J}J ,f;fhg;gpaj;Js; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ek;gpah&h; kPJ Gytp

nfhz;bUe;j guitahh;ghy; ,iwtNd J}jhfr; nrd;wik Vah;Nfhd;

fypf;fhk ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; $wg;gLfpwJ.

'md;G Ntz;Lk; jk;ngUkhd; mbahh; Ntz;bw;Nw Ntz;b

Kd;G epd;W tpz;zg;gk; nra;j ek;gpKfk; Nehf;fpj;
Jd;gk; xop ePahk;cdf;F Xh;J}jd; Mfp ,g;nghONj
nghd;nra; kzpg;G+z; guitghy; Nghfpd;Nwhk; vd;WmUs; nra;jhh;"

(nghpa. 2: 1: 2: 329)
 56

ek;gpah&uh; Kfj;jpid Nehf;fp> „eP ,dp cd; Jah;fistha;…> ahk; cdf;fhfj;

J}Jtdha; ,g;nghONj guitahhpd; khspiff;Fr; nry;fpd;Nwhk; vd

,iwtNd J}jhfr; nrd;wik Vah;Nfhd; fypf;fhk ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy;

$wg;gLfpwJ.

2.12.6.4 nryT> ,fy;> ntd;wp :

Gfo;r; Nrhodhh;> mjpfd; vd;Dk; kd;dd; jpiw nrYj;j kWj;j NghJ

mtid vjph;j;Jg; gil ngUf;fp te;jik nryT vd;Dk; Nghh; epfo;Tld;

xg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Gfo;r;Nrhodhh; mjpfd; vd;Dk; kd;dNdhL khWgl;Lr; rkh; Ghpaj; jk;

giltPuh;fis mikr;rNuhL mDg;gpdhh;. mjpfNdhL Nghh; Ghpe;J ntw;wp

ngw;w epfo;T Gfo;r; Nrho ehadhh; Guhzj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ (nghpa. 2:3: 2:

18> 20-29> 30).

2.12.7 fhg;gpag; gFg;G :

gue;j fijg; gFjpiaf; nfhz;l ngUq;fhg;gpak; fijapd; jd;ikf;F

Vw;wthW ngUk; gFjpapidAk;> cl;gFjpapidAk; nfhz;L mikAk;.

fhz;lk;> ,yk;gfk;> ghpr;Nrjk;> glyk;> rUf;fk;> fhij> Guhzk; Mfpait

,g;gFg;GfSf;Fs; ,lk;ngWk; ngah;fshFk;. ,tw;Ws; fhz;lk; vd;gJ

fhg;gpaj;jpd; ngUk; gFjpahFk; vd;gjidj; jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fspd; top

czuyhk;. fhz;lk; vd;w ngUk; gFg;G fij epfo;Tf; fsj;ij ikakpl;Nlh>

fij khe;jiu ikakpl;Nlh mikAk;.

 57

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; Kjy; fhz;lk;> ,uz;lhk; fhz;lk; vd;W

,lk;ngw;Ws;s ,U fhz;lq;fSk; mtw;wpy; $wg;gLk; Vida gFg;GfSk;

fijkhe;jh; (ehad;khh;fs;) mth;jk; nray;fisr; rhh;e;J mikfpd;wd.

nghpaGuhzj;jpy; cl;gFg;Gf;fshfr; rUf;fk;> Guhzk; vd;Dk; gFjpfs;

mikfpd;wd. Kjy; rUf;fkhf mike;Js;s jpUkiyr; rUf;fk; vd;Dk;

gFjpapy; ghapuk;> mitalf;fk;> jpUkiyr; rpwg;G> ehl;Lr; rpwg;G> efur; rpwg;G>

jpUf;$l;lr; rpwg;G> jLj;jhl;nfhz;l Guhzk; Kjyhd gFjpfs;

,lk;ngw;Ws;sd. ,ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; jpy;iytho; me;jzh; rUf;fk; Kjy;

KbT tiu „rUf;fk;… vd;Dk; cl;gFjpf;Fs; xt;nthU ehad;khUila

GuhzKk; ,lk;ngw;Ws;sJ. ,g;Guhzk; gjpd;%d;W rUf;fj;ijf;nfhz;L

tpsq;FfpwJ.

2.13 ghtpfg; gz;G :

'ghtpfk; vd;gJ fhg;gpag; gz;Ng" (jz;b. 91) vdj; jz;bayq;fhuk;

$Wk;. ftpQd; ntspg;gilahfNth Fwpg;ghfNth E}y; %yk; czh;j;j

tpUk;gpa fUj;Nj fhg;gpaj;jpd; gz;ghf mikAk;.

jpUj;njhz;lh;fsJ tuyhw;wpidf; $Wk; E}yhfg; nghpaGuhzk;

mike;Js;sJ vd;gjidg; ghapur; nra;Ashy; mwpayhk;.

'msT ,yhj ngUikah; Mfpa

msT,yh mbahh; Gfo; $WNtd;
msT$l ciug;G mhpJ MapDk;
msT,y; Mir Jug;g miwFNtd;"

(nghpa. 1:1:1:5)
 58

vd;W Nrf;fpohh; ghLfpwhh;. NkYk; ehad;khh;fspy; xg;Gah;tw;w Re;ju%h;j;jp

ehadhiuj; jiytuhfTk;> guitahh;> rq;fpypahh; vd;w ,UtiuAk;

jiytpauhfTk; nfhz;L mth;fs; fapiyapypUe;J> cyFa;aTk; irtnewp

Xq;fTk;> G+Tyfj;jpy; mtjhpj;J kze;J cyfj;jhh;f;F mwk;> nghUs;> ,d;gk;>

tPL vDk; cWjpg; nghUs;fisAk; czh;j;jp ca;tpj;J kPz;Lk; fapiyiar;

Nrh;e;jhh;fs; vd;gJ fhg;gpaj;jpd; cl;nghUs;.

2.14 E}w;rpwg;G :

irt rka cyfpy; Kjd;ikahd Guhzq;fspy; nghpaGuhzk;>

fe;jGuhzk;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; Mfpad kpfTk; tpje;J Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

,jid Nrh.e. fe;jrhkp> ',iwtdpd; %d;W fz;fisg; Nghy ek; nre;jkpo;

nkhopapYk; %d;W rpwe;j Guhzq;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. mit Nrf;fpohhpd;

jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> fr;rpag;ghpd; fe;jGuhzk;> guQ;Nrhjpahhpd;

jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk; vd;gdthFk;. ,k;%d;W ftpQhpYk; Nrf;fpohh;

fhyj;jhy; Kw;gl;lth;"34 vd;fpwhh;.

'gpwnkhopf; fijfsd;wpj; jkpo; kf;fspd; jkpo; nkhopapd;

njhd;ikkpf;f rptnewpf; nfhs;;ifapy; Cwpr; nrk;khe;J epd;w mhpa nghpa

kf;fspd; tho;tpd; epfo;Tfisj; jkpopy; Kjy; fhg;gpakhf> tuyhw;Wf;

fhg;gpakhf mikj;j ngUik jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzj;jpw;Fk; mjid mikj;j

Nrf;fpohh; ngUkhDf;Fk; cz;L"35 vd;fpwhh; gp.uh.eluhrd;. ,th; $w;why;

jkpo; nkhopAk; jkpo; kf;fSk; ngw;w ngUk; Ngw;wpid czuKbfpwJ.

fpUghde;jthhpahh;> 'mbahh;fspd; ngUikia mstpl KbahJ.

gjpdhapuj;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l ftpfSila ,uhkhazk;> ghujk;> fe;jGuhzk;

 59

vd;w E}y;fSf;Fg; nghpaGuhzk; vd;W ngah; tutpy;iy. Rkhh; ehyhapuk;

ghly;fs; cila jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzj;Jf;Nf nghpaGuhzk; vd;W ngah;

te;jJ"36 vd;W $Wtjhy; E}ypd; ngUik ,ilf;fhyj;jpYk; jw;fhyj;jpYk;

rkepiyapy; epd;W epyTtijg; giwrhw;Wtjha; mikfpwJ.

tho;f;ifapd; mDgtg; gbfspy; Muha;e;J njspe;J KbntLf;fg;ngw;w

tsh;e;j xU newp rpe;ijapy; njspTkhfpj; njsptpDs; rptKkhfp vd;W

jpUKiw rpwg;gpf;Fk; jpUnewp. „rptk;… ngah; kl;Lkd;wp mJNt ,d;gk;>

nka;Azh;T> jpUtb> Qhdk;> cyfk; vy;yhTkha; vd;wpUe;jth;fs; mbahh;fs;.

mth;fis cyfwpar; nra;Ak; Kaw;rp ,e;E}ypd; rpwg;G vdyhk;.

nghpaGuhzk; Fwpj;j nrhw;nghopTfs; ,e;E}y; Njhd;wpajpypUe;J

,d;Wtiu eilngw;Wf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wd.

2.15 top E}y;fs; :

xU E}ypd; ngUik vd;gJ gy jiyKiwfSf;F epiyj;J epw;gNjhL

kl;Lkpd;wp> me;E}ypy; <LgLk; Gyth;fs; mjNdhL kdk; xd;wpg; gy top

E}y;fisg; gilg;gJkhFk;.

nghpaGuhzk; ve;j tlnkhop E}ypypUe;Jk; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;ljd;W.

,jw;F Kjy; E}yhfpa jpUj;njhz;lj; njhifAk;> top E}yhfpa ek;gpapd;

jpUte;jhjpAk; jdpj;jkpo; E}y;fshFk;.

nghpaGuhzj;ijg; gpd;gw;wp tlnkhopapy; Njhd;wpaJ „cgkd;dpa gf;j

tpyhrk;… vd;w E}y; vd;gJ mwpQh; gyhpd; fUj;jhFk;. njYq;F> fd;dl

nkhopapy; ufisfSk; ,jidj; njhlh;e;J Njhd;wpd. `hp`uh; fd;dlj;jpy;

 60

„ufis… vd;w ,yf;fpa tifapy; ,e;ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhWfisj;

jdpj;jdpahfg; ghbAs;shh;.

2.16
2.16 njhFg;Giu :

tlnkhopahy; „Guhzk;… vd;W toq;fg;gbDk; tlnkhop kuigg;

gpd;gw;whky; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Guhzk; nghpaGuhzk;.

nghpa Guhzj;jpw;F %yE}y; Re;juh; vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lj; njhif>

ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp vOjpa jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp Mfpa ,uz;Lk; jkpo;

E}y;fNs MFk;. Re;juh; $whj ,uz;L rUf;fq;fisr; Nrf;fpohh; $Wfpwhh;.

mt;tpuz;L rUf;fq;fspYk; Re;juiug; guTfpwhh;. Re;juh; mWgJ

ehad;khh;fisf; $Wfpwhh;. Nrf;fpohh; ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gpfisg; gpd;gw;wp

Re;juh;> ,irQhdpah;> riladhh; MfpNahiur; Nrh;j;J mWgj;J %d;W

ehad;khh;fisf; $Wfpwhh;.

Nrf;fpohhpd; fhyk; mth; jkJ Guhzj;Js; Gfo;e;Jiuj;j meghad;

tho;e;j 12-Mk; E}w;whz;L vd;gJ epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Nrf;fpohh; ,aw;wpAs;s nghpaGuhzj;Js; Re;juh; fij> gpw

ehad;khh;fspd; fij vd ,Utifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;L Re;juiuf; $wpAs;s

jd;ikahy; mtiuNa fhg;gpaj; jiytuhfr; Nrf;fpohh; $wpAs;sik

njhpag;gLfpwJ.

nghpaGuhzk; jkpo;f; fhg;gpa kuig Kw;wpYk; gpd;gw;Wtjhf

mikj;Js;shh; Nrf;fpohh;. ghl;Lilj; jiytd; Re;juh; vd;gjhYk; Kg;gjpw;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l ehad;khh;fspd; ehL NrhoehL vd;gjhYk;> jpUkiyr; rUf;fj;jpy;

 61

ehL> efuk; MW Mfpatw;iw tUzpf;Fk; NghJ Nrf;fpohhpd; Nrho ehl;bd;

gw;W GdyhfpwJ. nghpaGuhzj;jpy; ghtpfg; gz;ghf mbahiu guTjy;> mbahh;

rpwg;Gf; $Wjy; kw;Wk; ,iwtdpd; mZf;fj; njhz;luhf ,Ue;j Re;juhpd;

rpwg;Gf; $Wjy; mikfpwJ.

nghpaGuhzk; rptdpd; ngUikia mbahh;fspd; %ykhf vLj;Jf;

$Wk; rpwg;Gf;Fhpa topghl;L E}yhFk;. nghpaGuhzk; jkpopy; Njhd;wpa Guhz

E}y;. ,jidg; gpd;gw;wp tlnkhopapYk;> fd;dlj;jpYk; njYq;fpYk; gy top

E}y;fs; Njhd;wpd. nghpaGuhzk; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpy; rpwg;ghd Guhz E}y;

vDk; Nghw;WjYf;Fhpa E}y;fspy; Kjyhtjhd ,lj;jpidg; ngw;Wj;

jpfo;fpwJ.
 62

Fwpg;Gfs;

1. jkpoz;zy;> „itia… - Ma;Tf;fl;Liu kyh; (%d;W)> g.409.

2. fpUghde;j thhpahh;> fe;jNts; fUiz> g.6.

3. e.,uhkypq;fk;> fe;jGuhz Muha;r;rp> g.104.

4. fp.th.[fe;ehjd;> jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fs;> gf;.134-135.

5. fpUghde;j thhpahh;> rptdUl; nry;th;> g.13.

6. eh.nrauhkd;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa newpfs;> g.128.

7. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> ghapuk; 10.

8. Fws;> 26.

9. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> mitalf;fk;> 5.

10. kh.,uhrkhzpf;fdhh;> nghpaGuhz Muha;r;rp> g.6.

11. kPdhl;rpRe;juk; gps;is> Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj; jkpo;> g.78.

12. NkyJ> g.111.

13. nrh.gukrptk;> Nrf;fpohhpd; ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> gf;.52> 53.

14. kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is> Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpo;> g.22.

15. NkyJ.

16. m.r.Qhdrk;ge;jd;> rpj;jpu nghpaGuhzk; (trdk;)> Kd;Diu.

17. t.R.nrq;fy;tuhag;gps;is> Njthu xspnewp> g.16.

18. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> Kjw;gFjp> g.49.

19. K.mUzhryk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW 12Mk; E}w;whz;L> gf;.155> 156.

20. r.Nt.Rg;gpukzpad;> fhg;gpag; Gidj;jpwd;> gf;.64> 65.

21. K.mUzhr;ryk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> 12Mk; E}w;whz;L> g.162.

 63

22. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> g.427.

23. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> jpUehTf;furh;

Guhzk;> gh.201 Kjy; 427 tiu.

24. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> ehd;fhk; gFjp>

g.684.

25. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> jpUehTf;furh;

Guhzk; 266 Kjy; 275 tiuƒ jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; Guhzk; 580 Kjy; 389

tiu.

26. fp.t.[fe;ehjd;> jkpo;f; fhg;gpaq;fs;> g.146.

27. gp.uh.eluhrd;> jpUj;njhz;lj;njhif vd;Dk; nghpaGuhzk;> gf;.33>34.

28. nrh.gukrptk;> Nrf;fpohhpd; ,yf;fpaj;jpwd;> g.55.

29. Fws;> 49.

30. rp.Nf.Rg;gpukzpa Kjypahh;> jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;> Kjw;gFjp> g.178.

31. NkyJ> jpUkiyr; rpwg;G> 27.

32. v.NtyhAjd;> Nrf;fpohh; czh;j;Jk; rpe;jidj; Njd;> g.11.

33. Nrh.e.fe;jrhkp> jkpopyf;fpar; nry;tk;> njhFjp-4> g.35.

34. NkyJ> g.33.

35. gp.uh. eluhrd;> jpUj;njhz;;lj; njhif vd;Dk; nghpaGuhzk;> g.2.

36. fpUghde;jthhpahh;> rptdUl; nry;th;> g.41.