‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ‬

‫‪Series of real numbers‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺑﻧﺩ ﺳﻧﺩﺭﺱ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻌﺑﻳﺭ‬
‫⋯ ‪𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑎3 +‬‬

‫∞∑ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﻧﻬﺎﺋﻳﺔ ‪.infinite series‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺧﺗﺻﺎﺭ 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪𝑖𝑖=1‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪.‬‬

‫⋯ ‪a. 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +‬‬
‫‪1 1 1‬‬
‫⋯ ‪b. 1 + + + +‬‬
‫‪2 3 4‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪c. 1 +‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫⋯‪+‬‬
‫‪2 2 32 42‬‬
‫⋯ ‪d. 2 + 0 + 2 + 0 +‬‬

‫∞∑ ﻳﻛﺗﺏ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﻭﺭﺓ‬

‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻲ 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪i=1‬‬
‫‪n‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ‪𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = � 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑎2 + ⋯ +‬‬

‫‪i=1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ } 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆{ ﻓﺈﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪𝑖𝑖=1‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ⋯ ‪ 1 − 1 + 1 − 1 +‬ﻓﺎﻥ ‪ 𝑆𝑆2𝑛𝑛−1 = 1‬ﺍﻣﺎ ‪. 𝑆𝑆2𝑛𝑛 = 0‬‬

‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ S‬ﻋﻧﺩﺋ ٍﺫ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‪ .‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ } 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆{ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪i=1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ‪ convergent‬ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ ‪. S‬‬ ‫ﺳﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪i=1‬‬
‫∞‬

‫𝑆𝑆 = 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 ‪� 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖 = lim‬‬

‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪i=1‬‬
‫∞‬
‫ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪.divergent‬‬ ‫𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪∑i=1‬‬ ‫ﺃﻣﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ } 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆{ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩﺋﺫ ﺳﻧﻘﻭﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬

‫ﺃﻻﻥ ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﻭ ﺃﻣﻛﺎﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺇﻳﺟﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺟﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫∞‬

‫𝑖𝑖 � ‪a.‬‬
‫‪i=1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺑﺩﺍﻳﺔ ﻧﺟﺩ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‪:‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫)‪𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1‬‬
‫= 𝑖𝑖 � = 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖=1‬‬

‫)‪𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬
‫�‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺃﻻﻥ ﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﻻﻥ ﻧﺧﺗﺑﺭ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ �‬
‫ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻡ ﻻ ؟ ﻻﺣﻅ ﺍﻥ‬
‫)‪𝑛𝑛(𝑛𝑛 + 1‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫∞=‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ∞ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫� ‪b.‬‬
‫𝑖𝑖‪2‬‬
‫‪i=1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪1 3 7‬‬ ‫‪2𝑛𝑛 − 1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪{𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 } = � , , , … ,‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫…‬ ‫�‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪�1‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫�‬
‫‪2 4 8‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ } 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆{ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺣﺩ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪.1‬‬
‫∞‬

‫𝑖𝑖)‪c. �(−1‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖=0‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫∞} 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆{‬
‫} … ‪𝑛𝑛 =0 = {1,0,1,0,‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 ∞→𝑛𝑛𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫� ‪d.‬‬
‫‪3𝑖𝑖−1‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖=1‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫� = } 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆{‬ ‫�� 𝑛𝑛 ‪= � �1 −‬‬
‫‪3𝑖𝑖−1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖=1‬‬

‫ﻭ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫= � 𝑛𝑛 ‪�1 −‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ‪ .‬ﺃﻱ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫�‬ ‫=‬
‫‪3𝑖𝑖−1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖=1‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪.1‬ﺃﻻﻥ ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﺄﺧﺫ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ﻟﻠﺣﺩ 𝑛𝑛 ﻟﻛﻝ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ‪ .‬ﺳﻧﻼﺣﻅ‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬

‫∞ = 𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 2‬‬

‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ = 𝑛𝑛)‪𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (−1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫‪=0‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪3𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﺎﻥ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ‪ n‬ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ∞ → 𝑛𝑛 ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺳﺎﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺻﻔﺭ‪.‬‬

‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻥ ‪. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 0‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺑﺭﻫﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪i=1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬

‫‪ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 0‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺃﻥ ﻋﻛﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻫﻧﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻻ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺻﺣﻳﺣﺎ ﺩﺍﺋﻣﺎ ً‪ .‬ﻓﺈﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫∞∑ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬
‫𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪i=1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ )‬
‫‪i=1‬‬ ‫‪ . 5‬ﻻﺣﻅ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (1/𝑛𝑛) = 0‬ﺇﻻ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫ﺳﻧﺑﺭﻫﻧﻬﺎ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ً (‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ‪divergent test‬‬

‫∞∑ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺑﺭﻫﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 ≠ 0‬ﻓﺎﻥ 𝑖𝑖𝑎𝑎 ‪i=1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬

‫‪4𝑛𝑛 2 −𝑛𝑛 3‬‬

‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪10+2𝑛𝑛 3‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ‬

‫‪4𝑛𝑛2 − 𝑛𝑛3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪≠0‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 10 + 2𝑛𝑛3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ n‬ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻻ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺻﻔﺭ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺭﻫﻧﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪.1‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻭ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 ∑ ﻭ ) 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ‪∑(𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 ∓‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ∑(𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 ∓ 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ) = ∑ 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 ∓ ∑ 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 .2‬ﻭ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ 𝑐𝑐 = 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 ∑‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﺎﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎𝑐𝑐 ∑ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺗﻳﻥ ﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﺟﻣﻌﻬﻣﺎ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺃﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ‪Special series‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ‪geometric series‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ‬
‫∞∑‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫∞‬
‫𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ‪ ∑𝑛𝑛=1‬ﺃﻭ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛−1‬‬

‫ﻳﺳﻣﻰ ‪ r‬ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻛﻝ ﺣﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺑﻘﻪ ﻫﻲ ‪ r‬ﺣﻳﺙ ‪.𝑎𝑎 ≠ 0‬‬
‫‪𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛−1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎 ‪𝑟𝑟𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑎𝑟𝑟 3 + ⋯ +‬‬
‫) 𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟‪𝑎𝑎(1−‬‬ ‫𝑎𝑎‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎‬
‫= 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 ⟹ 𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎 ‪𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 − 𝑟𝑟𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 𝑎𝑎 −‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫𝑟𝑟‪1−‬‬ ‫𝑟𝑟‪1−‬‬ ‫𝑟𝑟‪1−‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﺄﺧﺫ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫𝑎𝑎‬ ‫𝑟𝑟𝑎𝑎‬ ‫𝑎𝑎‬ ‫𝑎𝑎‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=�‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑟𝑟 ‪𝑛𝑛→∞ 1 −‬‬ ‫𝑟𝑟 ‪1 −‬‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛 𝑟𝑟 ‪1 − 𝑟𝑟 1 −‬‬
‫ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ‪ .−1 < 𝑟𝑟 < 1‬ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺟﻌﻝ ‪ 𝑟𝑟 = 1‬ﻷﻧﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ‬
‫‪ −1 < 𝑟𝑟 < 1‬ﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺳﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑟 𝑛𝑛 = 0‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫𝑎𝑎‬
‫= 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑟𝑟 ‪1 −‬‬
‫‪ |𝑟𝑟| < 1‬ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ‬
‫𝑎𝑎‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ‬
‫‪1−r‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .1‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺁﻻﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺟﺩ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫� ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪2𝑛𝑛−1‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝑟𝑟 = , 𝑎𝑎 = 1, |𝑟𝑟| = < 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ‪.2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
 ‫∞‬

‫‪𝑏𝑏. � 9−𝑛𝑛+2 4𝑛𝑛+1‬‬

‫‪𝑛𝑛 =1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪4 𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫‪4 𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1 9‬‬
‫‪−𝑛𝑛+2 𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫∞∑ =‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1 9‬‬
‫‪−(𝑛𝑛 −2) 𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫∞∑ =‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ =‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫‪9𝑛𝑛 −2‬‬ ‫‪9𝑛𝑛 −1 9−1‬‬
‫‪4 𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬
‫∞∑ )‪= 16(9‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪9𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬
‫‪4 𝑛𝑛−1‬‬
‫∞∑ =‬
‫�‪𝑛𝑛=1 144 �9‬‬ ‫)*(‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ )*( ﻫﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ‪ . 𝑎𝑎 = 144, 𝑟𝑟 = < 1‬ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪9‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫∞‬
‫‪144‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪1296‬‬
‫= ‪� 9−𝑛𝑛 +2 4𝑛𝑛+1‬‬ ‫= )‪= (144‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪4 5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 =1‬‬ ‫‪1−9‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪(−4)3‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺟﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ‪𝑛𝑛=0 𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫∞∑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0 9‬‬
‫‪−𝑛𝑛 +2 𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .2‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪1296‬‬ ‫‪2916‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0 9‬‬
‫‪−𝑛𝑛+2 𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫∞∑ ‪= 92 (4) +‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1 9‬‬
‫‪−𝑛𝑛+2 𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪= 324 +‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫∞∑ ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=3 9‬‬
‫‪−𝑛𝑛 +2 𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ 1‬ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻹﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﺳﻛﻭﺏ ‪telescoping series‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﺳﻡ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﻳﺣﺩﺙ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﻬﻡ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻷﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺟﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺃﻥ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬

‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫� ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛2‬‬ ‫‪+ 3𝑛𝑛 + 2‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 =0‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=0‬‬ ‫)∗∗(‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖 2 +3𝑖𝑖+2‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺳﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖 2 + 3𝑖𝑖 + 2 (𝑖𝑖 + 2)(𝑖𝑖 + 1) 𝑖𝑖 + 1 𝑖𝑖 + 2‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻌﻭﻳﺽ ﻓﻲ )∗∗( ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫� ‪𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=0‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪� = �1 − 2� + �2 − 3� + �3 − 4� + ⋯ +‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖+1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖𝑖+2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫)‪�𝑛𝑛 − 𝑛𝑛 +1� + (𝑛𝑛+1 − 𝑛𝑛+2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪=1−‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻧﻧﺎ ﺣﺫﻓﻧﺎ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻻ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﺻﻝ ﺍﺳﻡ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﺳﻛﻭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﻻﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �1 −‬‬ ‫‪�=1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 + 2‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1‬ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ‬
‫ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ‪. 1‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫� ‪𝑏𝑏.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛2 + 4𝑛𝑛 + 3‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1‬‬ ‫)∗∗(‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖 2 +4𝑖𝑖+3‬‬
‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺔ ﺍﻟﻛﺳﻭﺭ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛 = ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1‬‬ ‫� ‪= ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫�‬ ‫� ‪= ∑𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑖=1 � −‬‬
‫‪𝑖𝑖 2 +4𝑖𝑖+3‬‬ ‫‪𝑖𝑖+1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖𝑖+3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪𝑖𝑖+1‬‬ ‫‪𝑖𝑖+3‬‬
‫‪1 1 1‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬ ‫‪1 1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪�� − � + � − � + � − � + ⋯ + � −‬‬ ‫(‪�+‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫�)‬
‫‪2 2 4‬‬ ‫‪3 5‬‬ ‫‪4 6‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 + 2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑛𝑛 + 3‬‬
‫‪1 1 1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= � + −‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫�‬
‫‪2 2 3 𝑛𝑛 + 2 𝑛𝑛 + 3‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﻻﻥ‬
‫‪1 5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑛𝑛𝑆𝑆 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬
‫‪� −‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫=�‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 2 6‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 + 2 𝑛𝑛 + 3‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻣﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﺟﺯﺋﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 5/12‬ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻭ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻋﻬﺎ ﻳﺳﺎﻭﻱ ‪. 5/12‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﻛﻝ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﺟﺯﺋﺔ ﻛﺳﺭﻫﺎ ﺗﺩﻋﻰ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﺳﻛﻭﺏ‪ .‬ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻠﻳﺳﻛﻭﺏ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺫﻑ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺁﻻﺗﻳﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺗﻠﻳﺳﻛﻭﺏ ﻻﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺣﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻣﻭﺟﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺫﻑ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪3+2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ =‬
‫� ‪𝑛𝑛 =1‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫�‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +3𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪.‬‬
‫(‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪−9‬‬ ‫‪−𝑛𝑛+2 𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺟﺩ ﻣﺟﻣﻭﻉ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ )‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +4𝑛𝑛 +3‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
 ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﻳﺔ ‪harmonic series‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻭ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ) ﺳﻧﺑﺭﻫﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺑﻌﺩ( ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ 𝑛𝑛 ‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﺭﻫﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬
‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫� ‪𝒂𝒂.‬‬ ‫� ‪𝒃𝒃.‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛=4‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝒂𝒂.‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1 = 5 ∑𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪ 5‬ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻳﺿﺎ َ‪.‬‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪ ∑𝑛𝑛=1‬ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝒃𝒃.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1 = 1 + +‬‬ ‫∞∑ ‪+‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=4‬‬ ‫⟹‬ ‫∞∑‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=4 𝑛𝑛 = �∑𝑛𝑛=1 𝑛𝑛 � −‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﻁﺭﺡ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﺩﺩﺍً ﺛﺎﺑﺗﺎ ً ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫∞∑‬
‫ﻭ ﺃﻻﻥ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛 ‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻳﺿﺎ ً‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﻧﺟﻣﻊ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻁﺭﺡ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺛﺎﺑﺕ ﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ )ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ( ﻓﺈﻧﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ )ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ‪integral test‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ )𝑥𝑥(𝑓𝑓 ﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣﺭﺓ ﻭ ﻣﻭﺟﺑﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ )∞‪ [𝑘𝑘,‬ﻭ ﻛﺫﻟﻙ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 = )𝑛𝑛(𝑓𝑓‬
‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫∞‬
‫∞∑ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝑥𝑥(𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘∫ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘=𝑛𝑛‬
‫∞‬
‫∞∑ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑)𝑥𝑥(𝑓𝑓 𝑘𝑘∫ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 𝑘𝑘=𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫∞‬ ‫∞‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫� ‪𝒂𝒂.‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪𝒃𝒃. � 𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 −‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 =2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 =0‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫= )𝑥𝑥(𝑓𝑓 ﻣﻭﺟﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺍﺯﺩﻳﺎﺩ ﻗﻳﻡ 𝑥𝑥 ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻝ‪ .a .‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫𝑥𝑥 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥‬
‫ﺗﻧﺎﻗﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﻘﻲ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ‬
‫∞‬ ‫𝑡𝑡‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫�‬ ‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑‬ ‫‪𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑥𝑥)|𝑡𝑡2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑥‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫∞→𝑡𝑡‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫𝑥𝑥‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫∞→𝑡𝑡‬

‫‪= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑡) − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 2 = ∞.‬‬

‫∞→𝑡𝑡‬
‫ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﺗﻬﻳﺔ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ‪.‬‬
‫‪4‬‬
 ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ 𝑥𝑥‪ 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 −‬ﻣﻭﺟﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻅ 𝑥𝑥‪𝑓𝑓́ (𝑥𝑥) = (1 − 2𝑥𝑥 2 ) 𝑒𝑒 −‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ −‬ﻭ‬ ‫‪ 𝑥𝑥 = ±‬ﻭ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺍﻥ ‪ n‬ﺗﺑﺩﺃ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﺳﻧﻬﻣﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﺟﺔ ﻟﻠﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪√2‬‬ ‫‪√2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ �0‬ﻭ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫�‪,‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﺓ )𝑥𝑥( ́𝑓𝑓 ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫‪√2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫�‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ �∞ ‪,‬‬
‫‪√2‬‬

‫∞‬
‫‪−𝑥𝑥 2‬‬
‫𝑡𝑡‬
‫𝑡𝑡 ‪1 −𝑥𝑥 2‬‬
‫‪−𝑥𝑥 2‬‬
‫�� 𝑒𝑒 ‪� 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �−‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪𝑡𝑡→∞ 0‬‬ ‫∞→𝑡𝑡‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪1 1 −𝑡𝑡 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= � 𝑒𝑒 ‪= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � −‬‬
‫‪𝑡𝑡→∞ 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻗﻳﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻧﺗﻬﻳﺔ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﺭﻫﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‪the p-series test p -‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ‪ 𝑝𝑝 > 1‬ﻭ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ‪.𝑝𝑝 ≤ 1‬‬
‫𝑘𝑘=𝑛𝑛‬ ‫ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ‪ 𝑘𝑘 > 0‬ﻓﺎﻥ‬
‫𝑝𝑝 𝑛𝑛‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ﻭ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=4‬‬ ‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫𝑛𝑛√‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 7‬‬

‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭ ﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 ‪ln‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ‪,‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ‪,‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ‪,‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 =1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ‪,‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛√ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪√2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛+100‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ‪comparison test‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻅﻧﺎ ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻛﻳﻑ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺗﻝ ﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻥ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ ﻟﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﻁﻳﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﻻﻥ ﻟﻭ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪𝑛𝑛 +3‬‬
‫∞‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪ ∫0‬ﻭ ﻧﺣﻥ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﺄﻛﺩﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻻﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺟﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑‬
‫𝑥𝑥‪𝑥𝑥+3‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ‪ .‬ﻟﺣﺱ ﺍﻟﺣﻅ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺭ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺳﻧﺳﻣﻳﻪ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ‪comparison test‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻭ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻥ ‪ 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 , 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ≥ 0‬ﻟﻛﻝ 𝑛𝑛 ﻭ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ﻟﻛﻝ 𝑛𝑛 ﻓﺎﻥ‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻣﺛﻼً ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﺧﻣﺳﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ‬
‫‪ 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 , 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ≥ 0‬ﺍﻭ ﻻ ﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ≤ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ﻓﻳﻣﻛﻧﻧﺎ ﺍﻫﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺑﺩء ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺣﻘﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ‪ .‬ﻋﻧﺩ ﺋﺫ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺁﻭ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪𝑛𝑛 +3‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫<‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪𝑛𝑛+3‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪3‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑏𝑏.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫) 𝑛𝑛( ‪𝑛𝑛 2 −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ )𝑛𝑛( ‪ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2‬ﻣﺣﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﺑﻳﻥ ‪ -1‬ﻭ ‪ 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﻭﻑ ﻻ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﺍً ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺗﺭﺏ 𝑛𝑛 ﻣﻥ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﻭﻟﺩ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﺎﻻﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﺗﺗﺻﺭﻑ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﺑﺷﻛﻝ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻪ ﻟـ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺣﺯﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻻ ﺍﻧﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﺑﺭﻫﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪ .‬ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺻﻐﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬

‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫)𝑛𝑛( ‪𝑛𝑛 2 −𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +2‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑐𝑐.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 4 +5‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻻ ﺗﺿﻳﻑ ‪ 2‬ﻭ ‪ 5‬ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺳﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺣﺯﺭ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫=‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 4‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬
‫ﺳﻧﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺟﺩ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻛﺑﺭ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪𝑛𝑛2 + 2 𝑛𝑛2 + 2‬‬

‫<‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛4 + 5‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛4‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻫﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻝ ﺟﻣﻊ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺗﻳﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ =‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ‪+‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 4‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 4‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 4‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +2‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 4‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +2‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 4 +5‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﺣﻳﺎﻥ ﻳﺻﻌﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺃﺧﺭ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺳﻧﺳﻣﻳﻪ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ‪. limit comparison test‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ‪limit comparison test‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ ﻛﻝ ﻣﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻭ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺍﻥ ‪ 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 , 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ≥ 0‬ﻟﻛﻝ 𝑛𝑛 ﻭ ﻟﻳﻛﻥ‬

‫𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑐𝑐‬
‫𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ∞ < 𝑐𝑐 < ‪ 0‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻛﻼﻫﻣﺎ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑐𝑐 ﻓﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﻧﻔﺱ ﺍﻟﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻧﺧﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻁ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺿﻊ‬
‫𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎 ∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﺃﺳﻬﻝ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪3𝑛𝑛 −‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻅ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﺧﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻧﺩﺳﻳﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪3‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‪1 3𝑛𝑛 −‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬

‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑐𝑐‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫�‬ ‫‪= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �1 −‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪3‬‬
‫�‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 3‬‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﺃﻻﻥ ﻧﺣﺗﺎﺝ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻟﻭﺑﺗﺎﻝ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻛﻲ ﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ‪𝑐𝑐 = 1 −‬‬ ‫∞ < ‪= 1, 0 < 𝑐𝑐 = 1‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛→∞ 3𝑛𝑛 ln 3‬‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‪4𝑛𝑛 2 +‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑏𝑏.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=2 3‬‬
‫‪√𝑛𝑛 7 +𝑛𝑛 3‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺑﺳﻁ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﺑﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﻌﺩﺩﺓ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺟﺫﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺗﺳﻠﻙ‬
‫ﺣﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ ﻛﺎﻷﺗﻲ‬

‫‪𝑛𝑛2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪√𝑛𝑛7‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛3‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛3‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻁﻲ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‪ . 𝑝𝑝 -‬ﺍﻻﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4𝑛𝑛2 +𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛3‬‬ ‫‪4𝑛𝑛3 +𝑛𝑛3‬‬ ‫)𝑛𝑛‪𝑛𝑛3 (4+‬‬
‫= 𝑐𝑐‬ ‫‪𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 3‬‬ ‫‪= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 3‬‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫∞ < ‪= 4, 0 < 𝑐𝑐 = 4‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ �𝑛𝑛7 +𝑛𝑛3 1‬‬ ‫) ‪𝑛𝑛→∞ �𝑛𝑛7 (1+ 1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 3 3‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 �1+‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛4‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺗﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻻﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪alternating series test‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﻷﺧﻳﺭﻳﻥ ﺍﺣﺗﺟﻧﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺟﻣﻳﻊ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻭﺟﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺑﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﻳﺭ‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺿﻣﻥ ﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺳﺎﻟﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻻﻥ ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﻘﺩﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪ .alternating series‬ﻫﻲ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺣﺩﻭﺩﻫﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺣﺩ ﺍﻟﺻﻳﻐﺗﻳﻥ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺗﻳﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = (−1)𝑛𝑛 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ,‬‬ ‫‪𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ≥ 0‬‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = (−1)𝑛𝑛+1 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ,‬‬ ‫‪𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ≥ 0‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ‪alternating series test‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﺃﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 𝑛𝑛)‪ 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = (−1‬ﺍﻭ 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ‪ 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = (−1)𝑛𝑛+1‬ﻭ ‪ .𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 ≥ 0‬ﺍﺫﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ‬

‫‪1. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = 0‬‬

‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬
‫ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻗﺻﺔ } 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏{ ‪2.‬‬

‫ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﺃﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻳﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﻓﻘﻁ ﻋﻥ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻻ ﻳﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻱ ﺷﻲء ﻋﻥ ﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﺩ ﻣﻧﺗﻪ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﻟﻠﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺯﺍﻳﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‬

‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎‪ 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ℎ‬ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﻓﻘﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﻩ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ﻭ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛 = 0‬‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ‪2.‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫‪= 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛+1‬‬

‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(−1)𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 2‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑏𝑏.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +5‬‬

‫ﻻﺣﻅ‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪𝑛𝑛2‬‬
‫‪𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 2‬‬ ‫‪=1≠0‬‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 + 5‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺗﺣﻘﻕ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻻ ﺩﺍﻋﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﺄﻛﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁ ﺍﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﺑﺣﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺃﺧﺭ ﻟﻠﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﺛﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺿﻝ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪(−1)𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛2‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫=‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � � 𝑛𝑛)‪� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (−1‬‬ ‫)‪� = � 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (−1)𝑛𝑛 � (1‬‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛2 + 5‬‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛2 + 5‬‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ � 𝑛𝑛)‪= � 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 (−1‬‬

‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ‪cos‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑐𝑐.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛√‬

‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ 𝑛𝑛)‪ . cos 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = (−1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻛﺗﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺻﻳﻐﺔ‬
‫𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 ‪cos‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−1‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=2‬‬ ‫∞∑ =‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=2‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛√‬ ‫𝑛𝑛√‬

‫ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛 = 0.‬‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫√ ∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ‪2.‬‬ ‫>‬ ‫‪= 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛√‬ ‫‪√𝑛𝑛+1‬‬

‫ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬ ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻛﻼ ﺍﻟﺷﺭﻁﻳﻥ ﻣﺗﺣﻘﻘﻳﻥ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛√ ‪(−1)𝑛𝑛 −3‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺭﻳﻥ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 +4‬‬

‫ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻕ ‪absolute convergence‬‬

‫ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﺩﻋﻧﺎ ﻧﺑﺩﺃ ﺑﺗﻌﺭﻳﻔﻪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺭﻳﻑ‪ .‬ﺗﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪ absolute convergence‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ‬

‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ | 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎|∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻳﻥ ﺍﻥ | 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎|∑ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩﺋﺫ ﺳﻧﺳﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ‪.conditional convergence‬‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺅﻛﺩ ﺍﻟﺣﻘﻳﻘﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻕ ﺃﻗﻭﻯ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻱ‪ .‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻱ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫‪ .3‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﺎﻧﻪ ﻟﻳﺱ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺿﺭﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻳﺎ ً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺎ ً ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﻻﺣﻅﻧﺎ ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ ً ﺃﻥ ﺗﻠﻙ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻻﻥ‬

‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫� ‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ = �‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻣﺭ ﻣﺳﺑﻘﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﻛﺎﻣﻝ‪.‬‬

‫‪(−1)𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑏𝑏.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻻﻥ‬

‫‪(−1)𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫∞∑‬
‫� ‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ = �‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 =1‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬

‫ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻝ‪ -p-‬ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﻁﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛 ‪sin‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑐𝑐.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬

‫ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻟﻳﺳﺕ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﻓﺄﻧﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻫﻧﺎ ﻭ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻣﺎ ﺳﻧﺧﺗﺑﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻅ‬
‫𝑛𝑛 ‪sin‬‬ ‫|𝑛𝑛 ‪|sin‬‬
‫∞∑‬
‫� ‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ = �‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬

‫ﻟﺩﻳﻧﺎ‬
‫| 𝑛𝑛 ‪|sin‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫≤‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻫﻲ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺃﻻﻥ ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﻌﻠﻡ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛 ‪sin‬‬ ‫|𝑛𝑛 ‪|sin‬‬
‫∞∑ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫∞∑ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 3‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ratio test‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺿﻭﻉ ﺳﻧﻠﻘﻲ ﻧﻅﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻡ‬
‫ﻻ ‪ .‬ﻧﺣﻥ ﻧﻌﺭﻑ ﺍﻧﻪ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻓﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﻳﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﻫﺫﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ratio test‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻳﻛﻥ‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫�‬
‫𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬

‫‪.1‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 < 1‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 > 1‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 = 1‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ) ﻟﺫﺍ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ( ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﺃﻳﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−10‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫)‪4 2𝑛𝑛 +1 (𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬
‫ﻻﺣﻅ ﺃﻥ‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫)‪(−10)𝑛𝑛 +1 4 2𝑛𝑛 +1 (𝑛𝑛+1‬‬ ‫)‪−10(𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫)‪4 2𝑛𝑛 +3 (𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−10‬‬ ‫)‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 4 2 (𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫=‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪<1‬‬
‫‪16 𝑛𝑛 →∞ 𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 < 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫!𝑛𝑛‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑏𝑏.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪5‬‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪(𝑛𝑛+1)! 5‬‬ ‫!𝑛𝑛)‪(𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �‬ ‫‪=∞>1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫!𝑛𝑛 ‪5𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫! 𝑛𝑛‪5‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 > 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑐𝑐.‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪𝑛𝑛=2 (2‬‬ ‫!)‪−1‬‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫‪(𝑛𝑛 +1)2‬‬ ‫!)‪(2𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬ ‫!)‪(𝑛𝑛 +1)2 (2𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫𝑛𝑛(‪� = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �(2‬‬ ‫!)‪� = lim ((2𝑛𝑛+1‬‬ ‫)‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫!)‪+1)−1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬

‫‪(𝑛𝑛 +1)2‬‬ ‫!)‪(2𝑛𝑛 −1‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‪= 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ((2𝑛𝑛+1)(2𝑛𝑛)(2‬‬ ‫‪)=0<1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫!)‪−1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2‬‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 < 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−1‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑑𝑑.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +1‬‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫‪(−1)𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +1‬‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫‪� = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 �(𝑛𝑛+1)2‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛( 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪+1)2 +1‬‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 = 1‬ﺳﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﻳﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﺷﻳﺋﺎ ً ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻫﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﻠﺟﺄ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻅ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛2+1 = 0.‬‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫= 𝑛𝑛𝑏𝑏 ‪2.‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛( >‬ ‫‪= 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛+1‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 2 +1‬‬ ‫‪+1)2 +1‬‬

‫ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑒𝑒.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=2‬‬ ‫‪2𝑛𝑛 +7‬‬
‫‪𝑎𝑎 𝑛𝑛 +1‬‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛+3‬‬ ‫‪2𝑛𝑛 +7‬‬ ‫)‪(𝑛𝑛 +3)(2𝑛𝑛 +7‬‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �‬ ‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = �‬ ‫‪=1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎‬ ‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 2(𝑛𝑛 +1)+7 𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬ ‫)‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ (2𝑛𝑛 +9)(𝑛𝑛 +2‬‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 = 1‬ﺳﻭﻑ ﻟﻥ ﻳﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﺷﻳﺋﺎ ً ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻫﻧﺎ‪ .‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﻠﺟﺄ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺧﺭ ﻭ ﻫﻭ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ‪ .‬ﻻﺣﻅ ﺍﻥ‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 + 2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙‬ ‫‪= ≠0‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛 →∞ 2𝑛𝑛 + 7‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫ﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩ‪.‬‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ‪root test‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺃﺧﺭ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺳﻧﺩﺭﺳﻪ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺳﻳﺧﺑﺭﻧﺎ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﻓﻳﻣﺎ ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ‪root test‬‬

‫ﻟﺗﻛﻥ 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎 ∑ ﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻭ ﻟﻳﻛﻥ‬
‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫| 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎|� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛| 𝑛𝑛𝑎𝑎| 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﻓﺎﻥ‬

‫‪.1‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 < 1‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪.2‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 > 1‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺃﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 = 1‬ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺷﺭﻭﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻁﻠﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻘﺎﺭﺏ ) ﻟﺫﺍ ﻧﺳﺗﺧﺩﻡ‬
‫ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺃﺧﺭ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ( ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ‪. 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 1 .‬‬
‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﻣﺛﺎﻝ‪ .‬ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻳﺎ ً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻼﺕ ﺍﻵﺗﻳﺔ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑎𝑎.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=1‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‪31+2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪𝐿𝐿 = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 � 1+2𝑛𝑛 � = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 = ∞ > 1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛+2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 > 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺃﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪5𝑛𝑛 −3𝑛𝑛 3‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑏𝑏.‬‬
‫� ‪𝑛𝑛=0‬‬ ‫�‬
‫‪7𝑛𝑛 3 +2‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛‬
‫𝑛𝑛‪5𝑛𝑛 − 3‬‬ ‫‪5𝑛𝑛 − 3𝑛𝑛3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫�� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = � �‬ ‫‪� = �− � < 1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪7𝑛𝑛3 + 2‬‬ ‫∞→𝑛𝑛‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪7𝑛𝑛 + 2‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 < 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﻘﺎﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫𝑛𝑛)‪(−12‬‬
‫∞∑ ‪𝑐𝑐.‬‬
‫‪𝑛𝑛=3‬‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛)‪(−12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬
‫� 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿𝐿‬ ‫‪� = 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 1 = 12 > 1‬‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬ ‫𝑛𝑛‬
‫𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛‬
‫∞→ 𝑛𝑛‬

‫ﺑﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ‪ 𝐿𝐿 > 1‬ﻟﺫﺍ ﺣﺳﺏ ﺍﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺟﺫﺭ ﺳﻧﺣﺻﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋﺩﺓ‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬