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Lesson Iv Sliding Contact Bearings: Definitions and Useful Information
Lesson Iv Sliding Contact Bearings: Definitions and Useful Information
LESSON IV
Bearing – is a machine member that supports another part that rotates, slides, or oscillates in or on it.
Sliding contact bearing – is a bearing that permits constrained relative motion of rigid parts; lubricant is generally
inserted or supplied between the mating surfaces to reduce friction and wear, and to carry away the heat generated.
Rolling-element bearing – a bearing where surfaces are non-conformed and motion is primarily rolling; it composed of
rolling elements interposed between an outer and inner rings.
Non-conformal surfaces – are surfaces that do not conform to each other very well as in the rolling-element bearings.
Tribology – is the study of lubrication, friction, and wear of moving or stationary parts.
Lubrication – is the process of separating relatively moving parts or elements for the purpose of reducing the friction,
wear, and heating of parts.
Lubricant – is any substance, when inserted between moving surfaces, reduces friction, wear, and heating of the surfaces;
and provides smooth running and satisfactory life for machine elements.
Viscosity – is the measure of the resistance to flow of the fluid or the property that resists shearing of the fluid or
lubricant.
Absolute viscosity or dynamic viscosity – is the ratio of the fluid layer shearing stress to that of its shear strain rate.
Kinematic Viscosity – is the ratio of absolute viscosity and the density of the fluid or lubricant.
Shear strain rate of a particular fluid layer is the ratio of velocity to that of its perpendicular distance from the stationary
surfaces.
Babbit – is a tin or lead base alloy that is used as bearing material.
Plain bearings are bearings that provide sliding contact between mating surfaces.
1) Pure sliding without the benefit of a liquid or gaseous lubricating medium between the moving surfaces such as with
the dry operation of nylon or Teflon
2) With hydrodynamic lubrication in which a wedge or film buildup of lubricating medium is produced, with either
whole or partial separation of the bearing surfaces
3) With hydrostatic lubrication in which a lubricating medium is introduced under pressure between the mating
surfaces causing a force opposite to the applied load and a lifting or separation of these surfaces.
4) With a hybrid form or combination of hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sliding Contact (plain) Bearings as Compared with Rolling Contact (antifriction)
Bearings
Advantages:
1) Require less space 2) Quieter in operation
3) Lower in cost, particularly in high-volume production 4) Have greater rigidity
5) Their life is generally not limited by fatigue
Disadvantages:
1) Have higher frictional properties resulting in higher power consumption
2) More susceptible to damage from foreign material in lubrication system
3) Have more stringent lubrication requirements; and 4) are more susceptible to damage from interrupted lubrication
supply.
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
Group I – are those whose values either are given or are under the control of the designer:
1) The viscosity of the lubricant 2) The load per unit of projected bearing area
3) The speed of rotating element in rpm 4) The bearing dimensions
Group II – are the dependent variables; the designer cannot control these except indirectly by changing one or more of
the first group.
1) The coefficient of friction 2) The temperature rise
3) The flow of oil 4) The minimum film thickness, h0.
JOURNAL BEARINGS
Journal bearing is the one that supports radial loads and furnishes lateral support to rotating shaft.
Journal bearing is composed of two principal parts: the Journal which is the inside cylindrical part, usually a
rotating or an oscillating member; and the Bearing which is the surrounding shell or the bushing, may be stationary
as on the line shaft bearing or moving as on a crankpin.
1. Clearance bearing – a journal bearing where the radius of the journal is less than the radius of the bushing or
bearing.
Clearance refers to the thickness of the space allowed for the lubricant that separates the parts having relative
motion.
2. Fitted journal bearing – is the one where the radii of the journal and the bushing are equal; it must be a partial
bearing and the journal must run eccentric with the bushing in order to provide space for the lubricant.
1. Centrally loaded bearing – is a partial journal bearing where the line of action of the load or bearing reaction is
bisecting the arc of the partial bearing.
2. Eccentrically loaded bearing or Offset bearing – is the one where the line of action of the load is passing to one side
of the center.
1. Circumferential-groove bearing
This has an oil groove extending circumferentially around the bearing. The oil is maintained under pressure in
the groove. The groove divides the bearing into two shorter bearings that tend to run at a slightly greater
eccentricity.
The advantage in terms of stability for this bearing is slight.
This bearing is most commonly used in reciprocating-load main and connecting rod bearing because of the
uniformity of oil distribution.
2. Cylindrical-overshot bearing
This bearing is used where surface speeds of 10,000 fpm or more exist, and where additional oil flow is desired
to maintain a reasonable bearing temperature.
This bearing has a wide circumferential groove extending from one axial oil groove to the other over the upper
half of the bearing. Oil is usually admitted to the trailing edge oil groove. An inlet orifice is used to control the
oil flow. Cooler operation results from the elimination of shearing action over a large section of the upper half of
the bearing and, to a great extent, from the additional flow of cool oil over the top half of the bearing.
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
3. Pressure bearing
This bearing employs a groove over the top half of the bearing. The groove terminates at a sharp dam about 45
degrees beyond the vertical in the direction of shaft rotation. Oil is pumped into this groove by shear action from
the rotation of the shaft and is then stopped by the dam.
This bearing design has primary disadvantage: Dirt in the oil will tend to abrade the sharp edge of the dam and
impair ability to create high pressures.
4. Multiple-groove bearing
This bearing is sometimes used to provide increased oil flow. The interruptions in the oil film also appear to
give this bearing some merit as a stable design.
Section A-A
A
5. Elliptical Bearing
This bearing is not truly elliptical but formed from two sections of a cylinder. This two-piece bearing has a large
clearance in the direction of the split and a smaller clearance in the load direction at right angles to the split.
At light loads, the shaft runs eccentric to both halves of the bearing, and the elliptical bearing has a higher oil
flow than the corresponding cylindrical bearing.
The elliptical bearing will run cooler and will be more stable than a cylindrical bearing.
6. Elliptical-overshot bearing
Elliptical-overshot bearing is elliptical bearing in which the upper half is relieved by a wide oil groove
connecting the axial oil grooves. This bearing is analogous to cylindrical-overshot bearing.
7. Displaced Elliptical Bearing
Displaced elliptical bearing shifts the centers of the two bearing arcs in both a horizontal and a vertical direction.
This bearing design has greater stiffness than a cylindrical bearing, in both horizontal and vertical directions,
with substantially higher oil flow.
This bearing has not been extensively used, but offers the prospect of high stability and cool operation.
8. Three-lobe Bearing
Three-lobe bearing is made up in cross section of three circular arcs.
This bearing is most effective as anti-oil whip bearing when the centers of curvature of each of the three lobes
lie well outside the clearance circle that the shaft center can describe within the bearing. Three axial oil-feed
grooves are used.
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
It is a more difficult design to manufacture, because it is almost necessary to make it in three parts instead of
two.
9. Pivoted-shoe Bearing
Pivoted-shoe bearing is one of the most stable bearings. The bearing surface is divided into three or more
segments, each of which is pivoted at the center.
In operation, each shoe tilts to form a wedge-shaped oil film, thus creating a force tending to push the shaft
toward the center of the bearing.
For single-direction rotation, the shoes are sometimes pivoted near one end and forced toward the shaft by
springs.
HYDROSTATIC BEARINGS
Hydrostatic bearings are used when operating conditions require full film lubrication that cannot be developed
hydro-dynamically.
The hydrostatically lubricated bearing, either thrust or radial, is supplied with lubricant under pressure from an
external source.
These bearings are used in many applications including machine tools, rolling mills, and other heavily loaded slow-
moving machinery.
The load-carrying ability of a sliding bearing depends upon the kind of fluid film that is formed between its moving
surfaces.
The formation of this film is dependent, in part, on the design of the bearing and, in part, on the speed of rotation.
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
1. Hydrodynamic lubrication – is lubrication where the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by a
relatively thick film of lubricant, so as to prevent metal-to-metal contact; and where the stability of the film can be
explained by the laws of fluid mechanics.
2. Hydrostatic lubrication – is lubrication obtained by introducing the lubricant, which is sometimes air or water, into
the load-bearing area at a pressure high enough to separate the surfaces with a relatively thick film of lubricant. This
lubrication does not require motion of one surface relative to another.
3. Elastohydrodynamic lubrication – is the phenomena that occur when the lubricant is introduced between surfaces
that are in rolling contact, such as mating gears or rolling bearings. It is a lubrication condition where nonconformal
surfaces are completely separated by lubricant film and no asperities are in contact.
4. Boundary lubrication – is a lubrication condition where considerably asperity interaction occurs between solids and
lubrication mechanism is governed by properties of thin surface films that are of molecular proportion.
5. Solid film lubrication – is a lubrication condition that used graphite or molybdenum disulfide when the bearings are
to separate at extreme temperature.
Lubricants: The value of an oil as a lubricant depends mainly on its film-forming capacity, that is, its capability to maintain a
film of oil between the bearing surfaces. The film forming capacity depends to a large extent on the viscosity of the oil, but
this should not be understood to mean that oil of the highest viscosity is always the most suitable lubricant. For practical
reasons, an oil of the lowest viscosity that will retain an unbroken oil film between the bearing surfaces is the most suitable
for purposes of lubrication. A higher viscosity than that necessary to maintain the oil film results in a waste of power due to
the expenditure of energy necessary to overcome the internal friction of the oil itself Machinery’s Handbook 26).
Grease: packed in a cavity surrounding the bushing is less adequate than an oil system, but it has the advantage of being
more or less permanent. Although hydrodynamic lubrication is possible under certain very favorable circumstances,
boundary lubrication is the usual state (Machinery’s Handbook 26).
Lubricant Selection
In selecting lubricants for journal bearing operation, several factors must be considered:
1. Type of operation (full, mixed, or boundary film) anticipated
2. Surface speed
3. Bearing loading.
h Shearing Area
Stationary Surface
Based from Newton postulate, to make velocity of the streamline constant the shearing force is directly proportional
to the product of the shearing area and the shear strain rate.
V V
FA or F A Eq. 4.1
h h
F A Shear Stress
Eq. 4.2
V h Shear Strain Rate
Therefore,
Absolute viscosity is the ratio of the shear stress to that of the shear strain rate
Shear strain rate of a particular fluid layer is the ratio of its velocity to that of its perpendicular distance from the
stationary surface.
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
Kinematic Viscosity is the ratio of the absolute viscosity to that of the density of the fluid.
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
Practice Problem: Convert an absolute viscosity of a) 0.05 N-s/m 2 into reyn, centipoise, and poise; and b) 1 Reyn into
centipoise.
1. Fatigue resistance
o It is the ability of the bearing lining material to withstand repeated applications of stress and strain without cracking,
flaking, or being destroyed by some other means.
2. Embeddability
o It is the ability of the bearing lining material to absorb or embed within itself any of the larger of the small dirt
particles present in a lubrication system.
Poor embeddability permits particles circulating around the bearing to score both the bearing surface and the
journal or shaft.
Good embeddability will permit these particles to be trapped and forced into the bearing surface and out of the
way where they can do no harm.
3. Compatibility or anti-scoring tendencies permit the shaft and bearing to “get along” with each other.
o It is the ability of bearing material to resist galling or seizing under conditions of metal-to-metal contact such as at
startup. This characteristic is most truly a bearing property, because contact between the bearing and shaft in good
designs occurs only at startup.
4. Conformability
o It is defined as malleability or as the ability of the bearing material to creep or flow slightly under load, as in the
initial stages of running, to permit the shaft and bearing contours to conform with each other or to compensate for
non-uniform loading caused by misalignment.
6. Corrosion resistance
o This bearing material property is required to resist attack by organic acids that are sometimes formed in oils at
operating conditions.
As shown in figure 4.2 below, the journal will run concentrically when one of the following conditions prevails:
1. The radial load acting on the bearing is negligible (approximately zero) or the journal is lightly loaded
2. The viscosity of the lubricant is infinite
3. The speed of the journal is infinite
Journal or
Shaft
Lubricant
Bushing or
Bearing
L
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
Lubricant h
Bearing
F
h
2r
V V
FA or F A Eq. 4.4
h h
Where, F = friction force A = surface area of a journal in contact with the lubricant
A=2rL=dL L = bearing length
V = journal surface speed V = 2 r Ns
Ns = rotational speed of the journal, rps = absolute viscosity of the lubricant
h = radial clearance for concentric journal bearing
4 2 r3 L Ns 2 r3 L
Tf F r Eq. 4.6
h h
o Friction torque equation is known as Petroff’s Equation after N. Petrov who formulated the said equation in
1883.
F 4 2 r 2 L Ns
f Eq. 4.7
W hW
Frictional Work
U f F Vm Eq. 4.8
Frictional Horsepower
Tn F Vm
fHp Eq. 4.9
63 000 33 000
Where, n = rotational speed of the journal, rpm Vm = journal surface speed in fpm
Uf = frictional work, ft-lb/min.
W
Bearing Pressure or Unit Loading, p Eq.4.10
LD
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
Ns
Bearing Modulus, BearingModulus Eq. 4.11
p
Where, = viscosity, Reyn Ns = journal rps
p = bearing pressure, psi
1. Operating Parameters
a) Bearing number, also called Sommerfeld Number b) Diameter to width or length ratio, D/L
c) Angular extent of journal (full or partial bearing)
2. Performance Parameters
a) Eccentricity, e b) Location of minimum film thickness, sometimes called attitude angle
c) Coefficient of sliding friction d) Total and side-leakage volumetric flow rates of lubricant, q and qs.
e) Angle of maximum pressure f) Location of terminating pressure
g) Temperature rise due to lubricant shearing
Diametral Clearance, Cd, - the difference of bearing diameter and the journal diameter.
C
Radial Clearance, C r d - the difference of bearing radius and the journal radius.
2
Minimum Oil Film Thickness, ho, - the minimum distance between the bearing and journal surfaces separated by the film
of the lubricant.
C
Eccentricity, e d h o , - the distance between the centers of the bearing and the journal
2
e
L
ho
A Vips DL Vips 4 2 r 3 Ns
Tf F r r Eq. 4.12
h Cd Cr
2
Frictional Work
Uf Ff Vm Eq. 4.13
Ff Vm Tf n
fHp Eq. 4.14
33 000 63 000
2 2
Ns r Ns D
S Eq. 4.15
p Cr p Cd
ho
S Function of Sommerfeld Number
Cr
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
D r
f f S Function of Sommerfeld Number
C
d Cr
q
S Function of Sommerfeld Number
r Cr Ns L
qs
S Function of Sommerfeld Number
q
c t o
S Function of Sommerfeld Number
p
p
S Function of Sommerfeld Number
pmax
Note that the Sommerfeld number, S, and all the variables as function of S are obtained from Table AT 20 to 23,
p598-600, Design of Machine Elements by Faires.
W W
p Eq. 4.16
LD 2r L
Ex. # 4.1] A 3” x 3” full bearing supports a load of 900 lb., C d / D = 0.0015, n = 400 rpm. The temperature of the SAE 40W
oil is maintained at 140 oF ( = 7.2 x 10-6 Reyn). Considering the bearing lightly loaded, compute the a) frictional torque; b)
frictional Hp; and c) coefficient of friction.
W = 900 lb
Given: A lightly loaded journal bearing
Required:
a) Frictional torque 3”
b) Frictional Hp
c) Coefficient of friction F
h
3”
Solution:
a) Solving for the frictional torque, considering SAE 40W
Tf
6
4 2 r 3 LNs 4 2 r 2 LNs 4 7.2 x 10 1.5 3 400
2 2
Cr h 0.0015 60
Tf = 8.527 in-lb ans.
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
Tf n 8.527 400
fHp 0.054 Hp ans.
63000 63 000
Ff T 8.527
f f 0.006 ans.
W r W 1.5 900
Ex. # 4.2] A shaft revolving at 1740 rpm is supported by a bearing with a length of 105 mm and a diameter of 64 mm. If the
load is light and SAE oil # 20 ( = 2.4 x 10-6 Reyn) is used with an average temperature of 65 oC and diametral clearance of
0.138 mm, what would be the loss of power due toi friction. Express the answer in kW.
Solution:
r = 32 mm = 1.26 inches L = 105 mm = 4.134 inches
N = 1740 / 60 = 29 rps C = 0.138 / 2 = 0.069 mm = 0.0027 inch
Tf
4 2 r 3 L Ns
4 2.4 x 10 6 2 1.26
3
4.134 29
8.356 in lb
Cr 0.0027
Tf n 8.356 1740
Solving for the Frictional Power, fHp 0.2308 Hp 0.172 kW ans.
63 000 63 000
Ex. # 4.3] The main bearings of a one-cylinder steam engine are 152 mm diameter and 280 mm long and support a load of 4
000 kg. The bearings are well ventilated and are heavy in construction. The coefficient of friction in bearings is 0.017 and
crankshaft rotates at 450 rpm. Bearing diametral clearance is 0.152 mm. Determine a) the unit loading; and b) the friction
loss per bearing.
W = 40000/2 = 2000 kg
Solution:
a) Solving for the Unit Loading
2 n f Ff D 2 n
fP Tf Tf
60 2 60
Direction: Solve the following problems and select the correct answer of each question.
1. The shaft revolving at 1740 rpm is supported by a journal bearing with a length of 105 mm, and a bushing diameter of 64
mm. The load is light and SAE 30W is used with an average temperature of 150 oF and the diametral clearance of 0.136
mm.
A. What is the journal diameter?
a) 63.864 mm b) 64.863 mm c) 66.834 mm d) 68.463 mm
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
3. It is a machine member that supports another part that rotates, slides, or oscillates in or on it.
a) Pulley b) Key c) Bearing d) Shaft
4. It is a bearing that permits constrained relative motion of rigid parts; lubricant is generally inserted or supplied between
the mating surfaces to reduce friction and wear, and to carry away the heat generated.
a) Sliding Contact Bearing b) Rolling Contact Bearing c) Thrust Bearing d) Journal Bearing
5. These are surfaces that do not conform to each other very well as in the rolling-element bearings.
a) Conformal surfaces b) Non-conformal surfaces c) Sliding surfaces d) Rolling surfaces
6. The study of lubrication, friction, and wear of moving or stationary parts is known as:
a) Lubrication b) Tribology c) Hydrodynamics d) Hydrostatics
7. A bearing where surfaces are non-conformed and motion is primarily rolling; it composed of rolling elements interposed
between an outer ring and inner ring.
a) Sliding-element bearing b) Rolling-element bearing
c) Conformal surfaces bearing d) Non-conformal surfaces bearing
8. It is the process of separating relatively moving parts or elements for the purpose of reducing the friction, wear, and
heating of parts.
a) Lubrication b) Tribology c) Bearing d) Sliding
9. It is considered as any substance, when inserted between moving surfaces, reduces friction, wear, and heating of the
surfaces; and provides smooth running and satisfactory life for machine elements.
a) Oil b) Grease c) Lubricant d) Babbit
10. The measure of the resistance to flow of the fluid or the property that resists shearing of the fluid or lubricant is known
as:
a) Lubricant b) Viscosity c) Kinematic Viscosity d) Shear strain
11. It is the ratio of the fluid layer shearing stress to that of its shear strain rate.
a) Kinematic viscosity b) Dynamic viscosity c) Lubrication d) Fluid shear stress
12. It is the ratio of absolute viscosity and the density of the fluid or lubricant.
a) Absolute viscosity b) Dynamic viscosity c) Viscosity d) Kinematic viscosity
13. This is the ratio of velocity of a particular fluid layer to that of its perpendicular distance from the stationary surfaces.
a) Fluid shear stress b) Fluid shear strain rate c) Absolute viscosity d) Dynamic viscosity
15. A bearing that supports radial loads and furnishes lateral support to rotating shaft.
a) Radial bearing or Journal bearing b) Guide bearing c) Thrust bearing d) Slipper or slider bearing
16. A bearing that primarily guides the motion of a machine member without specific regard to the direction of load
application.
a) Radial bearing or Journal bearing b) Guide bearing c) Thrust bearing d) Slipper or slider bearing
17. A bearing that carries a load collinear to the axis or a bearing designed to support axial load of the rotating element.
a) Radial bearing or Journal bearing b) Guide bearing
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
18. A bearing in which two surfaces are flat and nearly parallel and the relative motion is translation.
a) Radial bearing or Journal bearing b) Guide bearing
c) Thrust bearing d) Slipper or slider bearing
19. A bearing that supports radial loads and furnishes lateral support to rotating shaft.
a) Journal bearing b) Roller bearing c) Ball bearing d) Thrust bearing
20. The inside cylindrical part of a journal bearing, usually a rotating or an oscillating member.
a) Bearing b) Journal c) Key d) Bushing
21. The surrounding shell or the bushing, may be stationary as on the line shaft bearing or moving as on a crankpin.
a) Bearing b) Journal c) Key d) Shaft
22. It is defined as malleability or as the ability of the bearing material to creep or flow slightly under load, as in the initial
stages of running, to permit the shaft and bearing contours to conform with each other or to compensate for non-uniform
loading caused by misalignment.
a) Conformability b) Embeddability c) Compatibility d) High thermal conductivity
23. A bearing material property that is required to resist attack by organic acids that are sometimes formed in oils at
operating conditions.
a) Conformability b) Corrosion Resistance c) Compatibility d) High thermal conductivity
24. It is a bearing with the angle of contact of the bushing or bearing with the journal is 360o.
a) Partial Journal Bearing b) Full Journal Bearing c) Clearance Bearing d) Fitted journal Bearing
25. A bearing with angle of contact of the bushing or bearing with the journal is 180 o or less, 120o the common value is said
to be:
a) Partial Journal Bearing b) Full Journal Bearing c) Clearance Bearing d) Fitted journal Bearing
26. It is a journal bearing where the radius of the journal is less than the radius of the bushing or bearing.
a) Partial Journal Bearing b) Full Journal Bearing c) Clearance Bearing d) Fitted journal Bearing
27. It refers to the thickness of the space allowed for the lubricant that separates the bearing parts having relative motion.
a) Clearance b) Lubricant film thickness c) Radial clearance d) Diametral clearance
28. A journal bearing where the radii of the journal and the bushing are equal; it must be a partial bearing and the journal
must run eccentric with the bushing in order to provide space for the lubricant.
a) Partial Journal Bearing b) Full Journal Bearing c) Clearance Bearing d) Fitted journal Bearing
29. It is a type of lubrication where the load-carrying surfaces of the bearing are separated by a relatively thick film of
lubricant, so as to prevent metal-to-metal contact; and where the stability of the film can be explained by the laws of fluid
mechanics.
a) Hydrodynamic Lubrication b) Hydrostatic Lubrication
c) Boundary Lubrication d) Solid Film Lubrication
30. It is lubrication obtained by introducing the lubricant, which is sometimes air or water, into the load-bearing area at a
pressure high enough to separate the surfaces with a relatively thick film of lubricant. This lubrication does not require
motion of one surface relative to another.
a) Hydrodynamic Lubrication b) Hydrostatic Lubrication
c) Boundary Lubrication d) Solid Film Lubrication
31. The phenomena that occur when the lubricant is introduced between surfaces that are in rolling contact, such as mating
gears or rolling bearings. It is a lubrication condition where non-conformal surfaces are completely separated by
lubricant film and no asperities are in contact.
a) Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication b) Hydrostatic Lubrication
c) Boundary Lubrication d) Solid Film Lubrication
32. It is a lubrication condition where considerably asperity interaction occurs between solids and lubrication mechanism is
governed by properties of thin surface films that are of molecular proportion.
a) Hydrodynamic Lubrication b) Hydrostatic Lubrication
c) Boundary Lubrication d) Solid Film Lubrication
33. It is a lubrication condition that used graphite or molybdenum disulfide when the bearings are to separate at extreme
temperature.
a) Hydrodynamic Lubrication b) Hydrostatic Lubrication
c) Boundary Lubrication d) Solid Film Lubrication
34. Which of the following equations is the Petroff’s Equation for frictional torque of a journal bearing?
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
2 2
ns D ns D 4 2 r 3 L n s 4 2 r 3 L n s
a) S b) T f c) T f d) Tf
p Cd p Cd Cd Cr
35. In the equations below, identify the equation of Sommerfeld Number or journal bearing characteristic number.
n r 2 D n r 2
a) S s S
s
b) f
p Cr Cd p Cr
2
ns D 4 2 r 3 L n s
c) S d) Tf
p Cd Cd
36. A journal bearing with diameter of 76.2 mm is subjected to a load of 4900 N while rotating at 200 rpm. If its coefficient
of friction is 0.02 and L/D = 2.5, find its projected area in mm2.
a) 14 516.1 mm2 b) 14 615.1 mm2 c) 14 165.1 mm2 d) 14 156.1 mm2
ANSWERS
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JCSD MECHANICAL ENGINEERING REVIEWER MACHINE DESIGN: SLIDING CONTACT BEARING
6. b
7. b
8. a
9. c
10. b
11. b
12. d
13. b
14. a
15. a
16. b
17. c
18. d
19. a
20. b
21. a
22. a
23. b
24. b
25. a
26. c
27. a
28. d
29. a
30. b
31. a
32. c
33. d
34. d
35. c
36. a
33