Bernoulli’s Theorem

The Bernoulli’s Theorem states that the total energy of each particle in a fluid is the
same provided that no energy enters or leaves the system at any point.

 Bernoulli’s Equation

Consider a steady flow process.

Energy Equation:

P1 + K 1 +U 1 + p 1 V 1=P2 + K 2 +U 2 + p2 V 2

If flow is isothermal :T 2=T 1 ; U 2=U 1

P1 + K 1 + p 1 V 1=P2 + K 2 + p2 V 2

m 2 m
mg z1 + V 1 + p1 ( mv 1 ) =mg z 2 + V 22+ p 2 ( m v 2 )
2 2

Dividing by mg:

v 21 p1 v 22 p2
z 1+ + =z 2+ +
2 g γ1 2g γ2
where:
 The first term is referred to as the elevation or potential head.
 The second term is referred to as the velocity head.
 The third term is referred to as the pressure head.
 The sum of the three terms is called the total head.
 The sum of the pressure and elevation head is called the piezometric head.
 Static, Dynamic Hydrostatic, and Stagnation Pressures

Consider the pressure, velocity, and elevation head and multiply it by γ.

p v2 ρ v2
+ + z= p+ + ρgz=p T
γ 2g 2

where:
 p, Static pressure
ρV 2
 , Dynamic pressure
2
 ρgz, Hydrostatic pressure
 pT , Total pressure or stagnation pressure

Static, Dynamic, and Stagnation Pressures

a. Static pressure (P) – It does not incorporate any dynamic effects and it represents
the actual thermodynamic pressure of the fluid. This is the same as the pressure
used in thermodynamics and property tables.

b. Dynamic pressure (ρv2/2) – It represents the pressure rise when the fluid in motion is
brought to a stop isentropically.

c. Hydrostatic pressure (ρgz) – It is not pressure in a real sense since and it accounts for
the elevation effects such as the fluid weight on pressure.

d. Total pressure – The sum of the static, dynamic, and hydrostatic pressures.

e. Stagnation pressure – The sum of the static and dynamic pressures.

ρ v2
pS = p+
2
 Bernoulli’s Equation with Head Loss

Friction and other energy losses may occur between two points in a flow process.

V 21 P1 V 22 P2
z 1+ + =z 2+ + + H L
2g γ 2g γ 1−2

 Bernoulli’s Equation with Pump Head

Pumps are generally used to increase the total head of the system. (To raise liquids from
a lower to a higher elevation or to increase the pressure from one point to another).

V 21 P1 V 22 P 2
z 1+ + + H P=z 2 + +
2g γ 2g γ

 Bernoulli’s Equation with Turbine Head

Turbines received energy from flowing fluids and convert this mechanical work which in
form is converted into mechanical energy.

V 21 P1 V 22 P2
z 1+ + =z 2+ + + H T
2g γ 2g γ

 Power Equations
Pump Output W P=γQ H P
Turbine Input W T =γQ H T
For a Pumping System:

 Static suction head – head on suction side of pump in absence of flow, if fluid
surface is above pump center line.

 Static suction lift – head on suction side of pump in absence of flow, if fluid surface
is below pump center line.

 Static discharge head – head on discharge side of pump in absence of flow.

 Total Static head – difference in head between suction and discharge sides of
pump in the absence of flow; equals difference in elevation of free surfaces of the
fluid source and destination.