Chemical engineering Evaporator

Evaporation
Prepared
by:
Hussein Maytham Saied

Branch
Environment Engineering

Type of study
Morning
Supervised by:
Dr. May Ali Alsaffar

Academic Year 2019-2020

Abstract
 Chemical engineering Evaporator

Evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a

chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor. The liquid
is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas form of the targeted substance in
that process. ater can be removed from solutions in ways other than
evaporation, including membrane processes, liquid-liquid extractions,
crystallization, and precipitation. Evaporation can be distinguished from
some other drying methods in that the final product of evaporation is a
concentrated liquid, not a solid. It is also relatively simple to use and
understand since it has been widely used on a large scale, and many
techniques are generally well known. In order to concentrate a product by
water removal, an auxiliary phase is used which allows for easy transport
of the solvent (water) rather than the solute. Water vapor is used as the
auxiliary phase when concentrating non-volatile components, such as
proteins and sugars. Heat is added to the solution, and part of the solvent
is converted into vapor. Heat is the main tool in evaporation, and the
process occurs more readily at high temperature and low pressures. Heat
is needed to provide enough energy for the molecules of the solvent to
leave the solution and move into the air surrounding the solution.

Table of contents
Subject Page
 Chemical engineering Evaporator

1-Introduction 1
1-1.background 1
1-2.The purpose of evaporation process 1
2-Method of evaporation process 2
3
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3- Types of evaporators 4
4-Factors affecting evaporation 4
5- evaporation process Application 5
6- Advantages & dis-advantages 6
7- Discussion 6
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8-Conclusion 8
9-Recommendation 8
10-Reference 9
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1-Introduction
1-1.background
Evaporation is an important unit operation commonly employed to remove
water from dilute liquid foods to obtain concentrated liquid products (for e.g.
manufacture of tomato puree from juice). Removal of water from foods
provides microbiological stability and assists in reducing packaging,
transportation and storage costs. Evaporation is also a necessary step before
drying and crystallization process. Evaporation differs from dehydration, since
the final product of evaporation process remains in liquid state. The
evaporator in which the vapour produced are discarded without further
utilizing its inherent heat is called a single effect evaporator, whereas the
evaporator in which the inherent heat of the vapour is reused again as heating
medium is called a multiple effect evaporator. The evaporation process is
largely dependent on the principle of heat transfer and the factors, which
hamper heat transfer, are the major impediments for the process. Some of
these factors are: (1) Boiling point rise, (2) Heat sensitivity of the liquid, (3)
Fouling & foaming properties of the food, etc. Boiling point elevation of a
solution (liquid food) is defined as the increase in boiling point over that of
pure water, at a given pressure. A simple method to estimate boiling point
elevation is the use of Duhring’s rule. The Duhring’s rule states that a linear
relationship exists between the boiling point temperature of a solution and the
boiling point temperature of water at the same pressure.

1-2.T The purpose of evaporation:

The purpose of evaporation is to concentrate a solution of a nonvolatile solute
(i.e., solids) and a solvent (i.e., liquid), which is typically water. Evaporating a
portion of the solvent concentrates the solute into a more-viscous liquid
product. Evaporation is regularly used in the food processing, chemical, kraft
paper, and pharmaceutical industries to produce liquid concentrates.

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2:Methods of Evaporation unit :

 Single-effect evaporators:
Single-effect evaporators are often used when the required capacity of operation
is relatively small and/or the cost of steam is relatively cheap compared to the
evaporator cost. However, for large-capacity operation, using more than one
effect will markedly reduce steam costs.
A simplified diagram of a single-stage or single-effect evaporator is given in
Fig.1. The feed enters at TF K and saturated steam at Ts enters the heat-
exchange section. Condensed steam leaves as condensate or drips. Since the
solution in the evaporator is assumed to be completely mixed, the concentrated
product and the solution in the evaporator have the same composition and
temperature Tt, which is the boiling point of the solution. The temperature of
the vapor is also Tt, since it is in equilibrium with the boiling solution. The
pressure is P1, which is the vapor pressure of the solution at Tt.

FIG1
 Forward-feed multiple-effect evaporators
This method of operation is used when the feed is hot or when the final
concentrated product might be damaged at high temperatures. The boiling
temperatures decrease from effect to effect. This means that if the first effect is
at P1= 1 atm abs pressure, the last effect will be under vacuum at a pressure P3.
A simplified diagram of a forward-feed triple-effect evaporation system is
shown in Fig.2. If the feed to the first effect is near the boiling point at the
pressure in the first effect 1 kg of steam will evaporate almost 1 kg of water.
The first effect operates at a high-enough temperature so that the evaporated
water serves as the heating medium to the second effect. Here, again, almost

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another kg of water is evaporated, which can be used as the heating medium to

the third effect.

FIG2

 Backward-feed multiple-effect evaporators

In the backward-feed operation shown in Fig.3 for a triple-effect evaporator, the

fresh feed enters the last and coldest effect and continues on until the
concentrated product leaves the first effect. This method of reverse feed is
advantageous when the fresh feed is cold, since a smaller amount of liquid must
be heated to the higher temperatures in the second and first effects. However,
liquid pumps are used in each effect, since the flow is from low to high
pressure. This method is also used when the concentrated product is highly
viscous. The high temperatures in the early effects reduce the viscosity and give
reasonable heat-transfer coefficients

FIG3

 . Parallel-feed multiple-effect evaporators

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Parallel feed in multiple-effect evaporators involves the adding of fresh feed

and the withdrawal of concentrated product from each effect. The vapor from
each effect is still used to heat the next effect. This method of operation is
mainly used when the feed is almost saturated and solid crystals are the
product, as in the evaporation of brine to make salt.

3-Types of evaporators:
 Natural/forced circulation evaporator
Natural circulation evaporators are based on the natural circulation of the
product caused by the density differences that arise from heating. In an
evaporator using tubing, after the water begins to boil, bubbles will rise and
cause circulation, facilitating the separation of the liquid and the vapor at the top
of the heating tubes. The amount of evaporation that takes place depends on the
temperature difference between the steam and the solution.
 Rising film (Long Tube Vertical) evaporator

A rising film evaporator In this type of evaporator, boiling takes place inside the
tubes, due to heating made (usually by steam) outside the same. Submergence is
therefore not desired; the creation of water vapor bubbles inside the tube creates
an ascensional flow enhancing the heat transfer coefficient.

 Climbing and falling-film plate evaporator

This type of plate evaporator is frequently applied in the dairy and fermentation
industries since they have spatial flexibility. A negative point of this type of
evaporator is that it is limited in its ability to treat viscous or solid-containing
products. There are other types of plate evaporators, which work with only
climbing film.

 Agitated thin film evaporators

Agitated thin-film evaporation has been very successful with difficult-to-handle
products. Simply stated, the method quickly separates the volatile from the less
volatile components using indirect heat transfer and mechanical agitation of the
flowing product film under controlled conditions. The separation is normally
made under vacuum conditions to maximize ∆T while maintaining the most
favorable product temperature so that the product only sees equilibrium
conditions inside the evaporator and can maximize volatile stripping and
recovery.

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4-Factors affecting process:

 Concentration in the liquid
 Solubility
 Temperature sensitivity of materials
 Foaming and frothing
 Pressure & Temperature
 Scale deposition
 Materials of construction

5-Evaporation process application:

 Chemical industries
Contaminated waste often occurs in the chemical industry, which can be
stored in large settling ponds. Water can be removed from this waste sludge
using the E46. This makes it easier to transport, and it can be safely and
inexpensively disposed of.
 Lithium Extraction
For the process of recovering lithium, saline water is pumped to the surface
and passed through a chain of evaporation ponds. There, natural evaporation
takes place by the sun. It can only be further processed after several months
when the lithium chloride in the ponds has reached the necessary
concentration.
 Salt Production
 Other applications
In mining (especially in copper mines), open cut mines, food production,
etc.

6- Advantages & dis-advantages:

Advantages:

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 High heat transfer rates at high temperature differences leads to quick

process.
 Ease of cleaning
 Relatively inexpensive

Dis-advantages:

 Large floor space and weight

 Poor heat transfer at low temperature differences
 Not use for thermo-labile product

7-Discussion
Q1:what is evaporation process?

A:Evaporation refers to the process of heating liquid to the boiling point to

remove water as vapors.

Q2:What is the simple principle of evaporation unit operation?

A: The driving force for heat transfer is the difference in temperature between
the steam in the coils and the product in the pan. The steam is produced in large
boilers, generally tube and chest heat exchangers. The steam temperature is a
function of the steam pressure. Water boils at 100° C at 1 atm., but at other
pressures the boiling point changes. At its boiling point, the steam condenses in
the coils and gives up its latent heat. If the steam temperature is too high, burn-
on/fouling increases so there are limits to how high steam temperatures can go.
The product is also at its boiling point. The boiling point can be elevated with
an increase in solute concentration. This boiling point elevation works on the
same principles as freezing point depression

Q3: What is Methods of Evaporation unit??

A:

 Single-effect evaporators
 Forward-feed multiple-effect evaporators
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 Backward-feed multiple-effect evaporators

 Parallel-feed multiple-effect evaporators

Q4: What is the difference between single and multiple effect evaporators ?

A: In a single-effect evaporator, steam provides energy for vaporization and the

vapor product is condensed and removed from the system. In a double-effect
evaporator, the vapor product off the first effect is used to provide energy for a
second vaporization unit. Triple- effect evaporator problems are familiar to
generations of engineering students. In a multiple effect arrangement, the latent
heat of the vapor product off of an effect is used to heat the following effect.
Effects are thus numbered beginning with the one heated by steam. It will have
the highest pressure. Vapor from Effect I will be used to heat Effect II, which
consequently will operate at lower pressure. This continues through the train:
pressure drops through the sequence so that the hot vapor will travel from one
effect to the next

Q5: what is the applications of evaporation unit?

A:

 Chemical industries
 Lithium Extraction
 Salt Production
 Other applications(In mining, , food production, etc.)

8-Conclusion:
As mentioned above Evaporation is an important unit operation commonly
employed to remove water from dilute liquid foods to obtain concentrated liquid
products there is many types and methods used in evaporators but the main
purpose of evaporator is is to concentrate a solution of a nonvolatile solute
there is many factors affecting the rate of evaporation such as solubility,
temperature , pressure….etc. and we as an engineer’s find the best conditions in
order to give maximum rate the driving force for this transfer process to occur

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is the difference in temperature between two regions according to the type of

evaporator used.

9-Recommendation:
In order for more understanding of evaporation process recommended the
following:

 Study with more details the effect of various factors on the rate of
evaporation .
 Learn how to design optimum design of evaporation unit in order to get
optimum results.
 Learn how to calculate the rate of evaporation for various types of
evaporators.
 Study Vacuum evaporation technique since This technique represents a
major breakthrough in the treatment of liquid effluents
 It is especially important to know what problems probably concern with
evaporator and learn how to fix them.
 Study how to select specific type of evaporator for specific operation

10-References:
 http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/SeparationsChemical/
Evaporators/Evaporators.html
 https://www.emicontrols.com/en/evaporation/areas
 https://images.app.goo.gl/jhZmUMKzAh9CoMddA
 http://eagri.org/eagri50/AENG252/pdf/lec10.pdf
 Tomczyk, John; Silberstein, Eugene; Whitman, Bill; Johnson, Bill
(2016). Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology (8 ed.).
Cengage Learning. pp. 518–519.
 "Forced Circulation Evaporator & Crystallizer Products". Thermal
Kinetics Engineering, PLLC. Retrieved 2018-04-30.

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