INTRODUCTION:-

Agriculture is the largest private enterprise in India and will continue to be the lifeline of Indian
economy in the future. Indian agriculture sector has only 0.2 % growth rate. It comprises 13.7 %
of total GDP in 2015 and half of the total work force (BANR/NRC; Roychowdhury et al.). It is
estimated that overall food demand will rise in the proportion of world population. Global
population is continuously increasing at the rate of above 1.8 % annually, and it will reach to the
point from today’s calculated 7.4 billion to an anticipated demographical data of 9.6 billion by
2050. After green revolution, the chemical-based fertilizers and pesticides have enormously
boosted the agricultural production. However, their indiscriminate use, besides imposing a
detrimental effect on atmosphere has developed the resistance in insects against common
pesticides. Therefore, establishing an environmental friendly coexisting mechanism on our planet
Earth is of utmost importance. Most of the fertile soils in favorable environments are being
diverted toward alternate uses due to increasing urbanization which creates pressure to expand
agriculture. The agrochemicals cannot increase crop yield beyond a threshold level. Moreover,
due to lack of knowledge, farmers use more agrochemicals than the recommended level. This
excessive application of agrochemicals leads to negative impact on consumer health and loss of
soil fertility as they increase salt content of the soil (Swapna). This poor cropping has resulted in
new challenges for agricultural productivity. External environments such as biotic (plant
pathogens) and abiotic (excess or deficient water and nutrients, high or low temperature, and soil
salinity) are dominant factors affecting crop production. Therefore, to increase actual yield of
various crops, there is a need to modify abiotic and biotic factors in such a way that they will
become capable to fulfill our agricultural demands, where the conventional agriculture practices
disappoint. Recently, toxic effects of agrochemicals on human life and environment have shifted
the focus on eco-friendly alternatives. Promotion of biofertilizer-based organic farming is need
of the hour as demand for safe and residue-free food is gradually rising with high pace.

Bio fertilizers: An Alternative of Chemical Fertilizers:-

Biofertilizers are the microbial inoculants that colonize the rhizosphere and improve plant
growth by enhancing nutrient accessibility to plants. Microorganisms residing in rhizosphere
immensely facilitate trace element’s uptake. They may act as biocontrol agent, by means of
antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic microorganisms, interfering in the bacterial
quorum sensing systems, etc. However, biofertilizers perform more than one mechanism for
accomplishing plant growth enhancement (Rani et al.; Suyal et al.; Kumar et al). These abilities
are of great agriculture importance as far as crop yield and soil fertility improvement is
concerned, thus decreasing the ill effects of chemical-based fertilizers in our environment. For
instance, excessive use of chemical N fertilizers causes soil acidification and, thus, groundwater
and atmospheric pollution. Nonetheless, synthesis of chemical fertilizers is highly energy-
consuming processes.

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 Chemical-based fertilizers impose long-lasting effects on the atmosphere in terms of carbon
footprint, eutrophication, and soil fertility decline. Vast research program on beneficial microbes
has resulted in the formulation of biofertilizers, which are capable to satisfy the needs of
sustainable agricultural plants. Sustainable agricultural practices using biofertilizers and
biopesticides consisting potential microbes elevate plant health by multiple means in comparison
of their synthetic counterparts. Such agricultural practice uses special farming techniques in
order to fully utilize environmental resources besides ensuring that no harm was done to it.

The Rhizosphere Microbioms:-

The soil portion which is in immediate vicinity of root is termed as “rhizosphere,” While soil-
inhabiting bacteria, able to colonize the rhizosphere, are termed as “rhizobacteria.” Besides
giving the physical support and facilitating nutrient and water absorption, plants secrete a
versatile range of compounds. These compounds may attract a wide range of metabolically
diverse soil-inhabiting microbial communities. Root exudates are organic compounds secreted
by plant roots. Various chemical compounds which are found in root exudation alter the soil’s
physiochemical qualities. By this way root exudates regulate microbial community structure and
Function. Furthermore, root exudates secreted by different plant species have versatile array of
chemicals. Thus, amounts and composition of exudates may constitute the variation in microbial
community dynamics. Root exudates provide a highly nutritious carbon diet to the rhizobacteria.
Predominant molecules found in exudates are organic acids, sugars, amino acids, nucleobases,
and vitamins (Keiluweit et al.)However, root exudates composition is dependent upon both plant
and microorganism’s species and their physiological condition (Wang et al.). Additionally, root
exudates help in developing symbiotic plant microbe interactions. Root exudates also hamper the
growth of the competing plant (Wang et al.). Some amount of exudates are utilized by adjacent
microbes as nutrient source in their metabolic processes, while few microorganism-derived
compounds are further absorbed by plants for their developmental benefits (Keiluweit et al.).
Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are the group of soil bacteria residing either
around or at the plant root surface and benefitting plant through different means.

PGPR have direct or indirect role in plant growth and development through synthesis of different
chemical regulators in the rhizosphere close proximity. PGPR directly help plant development by
helping them in macro and micro mineral nutrient uptake as well as by modulating plant
hormone levels. Indirectly PGPR boost plant health through declining the detrimental effects of
different phytopathogens on plant development .The rhizobacterial potential to utilize organic
acids as carbon resources is correlated with rhizosphere competence (Lagos et al.). Pseudomonas
spp. has the potential to metabolize malate and succinate by greater efficiency than glucose and
fructose, during the course of rhizosphere competence. Flagellar mobility, lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) structure, chemotaxis, the outer membrane protein OprF, and, to some extent, pili are all
crucial for competitive root colonization (Lugtenberg and Kamilova). Agglutinin is a

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glycoprotein complex of roots thought to facilitate short-term adherence of Pseudomonas sp.
(Zhang et al.).

Endophytic Bacteria as Potent Biofertilizer

Endophytic bacteria enhance plant development in nonleguminous crops and enhance their
nutritional level through N2 fixation, phosphate solubilization, and siderophore production
(Szilagyi-Zecchin et al.). Besides biofertilization, endophytic bacteria also increase plant growth
and yield through producing phytostimulators, like phytohormones, the cofactor
pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), and the volatile acetoin. Endophytic bacteria can help plant to
combat stress through the production of stress modulators like the enzyme ACC-deaminase,
which helps in plant growth and development by reducing plant ethylene levels as well as
indirectly through biological control or biotization. Some fungi are also associated in endophytic
association, viz., Trichoderma stromaticum, T. evansi, T. amazonicum, T. martiale,
T. theobromicola, T. taxi, etc. Few reports reveal that Trichoderma spp. induce transcriptomic
changes in plants when associated with them as endophytes. Few species of Trichoderma aid
plants to escape diseases and abiotic stresses (Baeet al.). Few fungal endophytes prefer to inhabit
surface of glandular trichomes and form structures termed as appressoria (Bailey et al.).

Groups of Biofertilizers

(1)Nitrogen Fixers
Nitrogen plays a vital role to sustain life on Earth. It is a major component of nucleic acids,
proteins, and macromolecules. Nitrogen contributes to 4 % and 3 % dry weight of plants and
human body, respectively (Cheng). Nitrogen facilitates photosynthesis in plants as it is essential
for chlorophyll synthesis. Even though nitrogen is one of the most abundant elements (nitrogen
gas (N2) contributes to 78 % of the Earth’s atmosphere), plants can only utilize reduced forms of
this element. To sustain life processes, nitrogen gets converted from one form to another. During
this transformation nitrogen moves in between the atmosphere, land, and living system, and this
is called nitrogen cycle.
Thus, nitrogen cycle results in the conversion of nitrogen to distinct chemical forms. This
conversion may happen via biological as well as physical means. Main steps in the nitrogen
cycle are fixation, nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification. There are many routes to fix
atmospheric nitrogen. Lightning fix nearly 1 % of the total N2 per year (∼3 × 1014 g/year). In
order to fix large amount of nitrogen for commercial utility, Haber–Bosch process is used
especially for the production of nitrogenous fertilizer (∼49 % of the total N2 fixed/year). In
1908, Fritz Haber invented the process of industrial N2 fixation. Later Carl Bosch increased the
efficiency by using high pressure (200 atm) and temperature (450 °C) to convert atmospheric
N2 to NH3 in the presence of Fe as catalysts (Smil). Every year early 50 % of the nitrogen is
biologically fixed. Among microbes, diazotrophs play a crucial role in this process. They utilize

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various metabolic pathways in the presence of nitrogenase that is a chief metalloenzyme which
facilitates the conversion of N2 to NH3.
Diazotrophs are widely distributed in nature and are emerging as an economically
beneficial alternative against chemical fertilizers. They can be classified as:

(a) Symbiotic nitrogen fixers are from rhizobiaceae family. They form symbiotic
association with leguminous plants (e.g., Rhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium) while
Frankia with nonleguminous trees. Symbiotic relation is established by unique interaction
between host and bacteria that results in nodulation. Rhizobium resides intracellularly within
root nodules.

(b)Nonsymbiotic (free-living/associative or endophytic) example of nitrogen-fixing

nonsymbiotic forms are Cyanobacteria (Anabaena, Nostoc), Azospirillum, Azotobacter,
Beijerinckia, Klebsiella, Clostridium, etc. However, they provide a little fraction of the total
nitrogen fixed to the host plant (bacterially associated)

(2) Nitrogenases
Biological conversion of N2 to NH3 is by nitrogenases which act as catalyst. Nitrogenases are
metalloenzymes with complex and conserved structural features. They comprise of two parts: the
small dimeric component called iron (Fe) protein and a heterotetrameric component,
molybdenum–iron (Mo–Fe) protein. Fe protein actively donates electron to Mo–Fe protein-
containing catalytic site. Other families of nitrogenase share common features except different
central metal atoms (Mo, V, Fe). All nitrogenase contains a small component called Fe protein,
i.e., dinitrogenase reductase. Fe protein comprises of [4Fe-4S] cluster that actively delivers
electron to the Mo–Fe protein (dinitrogenase) in the presence of Mg ion. Larger component
protein contains two metal clusters. One is active metal cluster and another is P-cluster, i.e.,
[8Fe-7S] that is an intermediate during electron transfer. A set of operons encode the nitrogenase
in nitrogen-fixing bacteria that is comprised of structural genes (nifHDK), regulatory genes
(nifLA), and rest which are supplementary genes. Free-living diazotrophs, K. pneumoniae, are
studied as a model organism to examine nitrogenase regulation, its biosynthesis, and how it
assembles (Desnoues et al.). K. pneumonia nif cluster consists of 20 genes located in 24 kbp
DNA region (Fischer). Group of structural genes, i.e., nif- HDK encodes for three entities of Mo
nitrogenase. In maximum nitrogen-fixingprokaryotic microorganism, nifHDK genes form one
unit to transcribe nifH gene.

To ensure the activation of apo–Fe protein, i.e., NifH, products of nifM nifH, nifS,
and nifU are essential, while activation of apo–MoFe protein needs minimum six
genes nifH, nifQ nifE, nifB, and nifN to facilitate FeMoCo biosynthesis. There is significant
similarity between nifDK and nifEN. Now it is well established that product of nifEN forms a

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scaffold for the synthesis of FeMoCo which is then transferredto nifDK complex. The gene
product of nifB, termed NifB-co, is an iron- and sulfur-containing precursor of FeMoCo. Gene
product of nifQ is suspected to be engaged in forming molybdenum sulphur precursor and has
specific metal-binding sequences (Cys-X4-Cys-X2-Cys-X5-Cys) (Einsle et al.). The gene
product of nifV is homocitrate synthase and is essential for FeMoCo biosynthesis. The nifW is
involved in the early assembly of MoFe protein but gene product of nifW prevents MoFe protein
from oxygen. The function of nifY gene product is same as that of γ protein. The nifF and nifJ
gene products are required to synthesize specific components of electron transfer chain. In this
electron transfer chain, electrons are transferredfrom pyruvate to flavodoxin and received by Fe
protein of nitrogenase. nifM gene product is important for both stabilization and maturation of
nifH gene product though its major role is still unknown.

Further, many organisms have nifS and nifU. Thus, the products of at least 12 nif genes are
necessary to initiate synthesis of active and stable molybdenum nitrogenase (Rubio and Ludden).
The nifH gene is a useful tool to characterize the diazotrophic communities (Suyal et al).

The bioavailable form of nitrogen is limited and crop growth depends upon bioavailable
nitrogen. Because of all these facts, nitrogen fertilizer-manufacturing industries have flourished
all over the world (Reich et al.). Nowadays nearly60 % synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is being
consumed solely by cereals, while irrigated paddy cultivation uses approximately 10 % of such
fertilizers. Half of the total fertilizer applied to field is used by plants, and the rest half results in
nitrate (S. Tomer et al). contamination in ground and soil water, therefore leading to serious
health problems and imparting threat to the concept of sustainable development. Furthermore,
manufacturing N fertilizer is highly energy-consuming process. It consumes six times more
energy than that is required to produce either potassium or phosphate fertilizers. Nevertheless,
the efficiency of added nitrogen fertilizer is very low. The primary causes of low nitrogen
fertilizer efficiency are denitrification, leaching losses, and NH3 volatilization. Denitrification
and NH3 volatilization produce greenhouse gases like N2O and NH3 and thus cause atmospheric
pollution and groundwater toxicity. Moreover, the long-term use of nitrogen fertilizer depletes
the soil organic matter (Liao et al.). One way to overcome the harmful effects of synthetic
nitrogen fertilizer is to use plant growth-promoting diazotrophic bacteria as bioinoculants (Suyal
et al.; Kumar et al.). The need of the hour is to promote sustainable agricultural practices by
making use of PGPR (plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria) especially in economically
important crops.

(3) Phosphate Solubilizers

P is present in abundance in both organic and inorganic form in soil; still plant available form of
P is usually low. Insoluble forms of P are found relatively in higher amount. But, plants only

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absorb P that is available in two forms, one in monobasic form (H2PO4−) and other in form of
diabasic (HPO4−2) ions (Bagyaraj et al.).

However, as per the reports, of the total P existing, only 0.1 % is present in soluble form and is
free for plant assimilation.The unavailable phosphorus exists either as an inorganic mineral such
as apatite or as one of the many organic forms such as soil phytate, phosphotriesters, and
phosphomonesters (Bagyaraj et al.). Farmers apply phosphatic fertilizers in agricultural fields to
combat the P deficiency in soils. Plants have restricted efficiency toward utilization of applied
phosphatic fertilizers. Remaining unused phosphatic fertilizers get quickly transformed into
inaccessible P complexes. Regular long-term application of phosphate fertilizers is detrimental to
environment, and sometimes it is unaffordable to the farmers of developing nations.
Microorganisms having the potential to convert plant unavailable insoluble P into plant available
soluble P are called P-solubilizing microorganisms (PSMs). PSMs are environmentally safe and
economically feasible alternative of chemical-based phosphatic fertilizers.

Most significant phosphate-solubilizing bacterial genera are reported Azotobacter, Beijerinckia,

Bacillus, Burkholderia, Erwinia, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium,
Serratia, Rhizobium, etc. Solubilization of inorganic phosphorus involves the synthesis of
organic acids which are of low-molecular weight by different soil-inhabiting bacteria (Singh et
al.; Rani et al.). Conversion of organic phosphorus into inorganic phosphorusis called
phosphorus mineralization. Phosphorus mineralization takes place via several phosphatases
synthesized by soil microorganisms (Bagyaraj et al.).However, a sole bacterial strain is found to
be able to mineralize organic phosphorus and phosphate solubilization as well (Tao et al. 2008).
Inoculation of phosphate solubilizer either alone (Singh et al.) or in combination with some other
potential PGPR has been well reported (Zaidi and Khan; Vikram and Hamzehzarghani). Besides
increasing accessibility of plant available P to the plants, PSB also made other elemental
nutrients available through synthesizing plant growth promontory substances (Ahemad and
Kibret).

Biofertilizers for Mountain Ecosystems

Diazotrophy at mountain ecosystems is considered good plant growth-promoting property for
cold climate agriculture and is reported by distinct research teams (Breitbarth et al; Suyal et al.).
These ecosystems contain a series of different climatic zones within small distances and
elevations, displaying the diverse microhabitats (Regato and Salman). They are delicate and
susceptible to any change and thus grow well only in specific environmental conditions.

Moreover, changes caused by infrastructure development, excessive tourism, overutilization

of natural resources, land use pattern, habitat loss, and long-term changes in the Earth’s climate
are exerting an additional pressure on these ecosystems. They harbor a variety of psychrophilic

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and psychrotolerant bacterial communities (Suyal et al.). Kumar et al. and Shukla et al. reported
the effect of psychrotolerant diazotrophic bacteria isolated from Western Himalayan region on
plant growth promotion of various hill cultivated crops. Few psychrotolerant species of genus
Pseudomonas have been found capable to fix nitrogen at low temperature 4–10 °C but with a
significant reduction in the nitrogenase activity (Eckford et al.; Kumar et al.). Further,
occurrence of nifH gene, an indication of diazotrophy, is also reported in psychrotolerant species
of Paenibacillus (Rodríguez-Diazet al.), Arthrobacter, and Rhodococcus (Suyal et al.). Low
temperature adversely affects the rate of N2 fixation (Soni et al.). Temperature below 9 °C is
generally considered as the limiting temperature for nitrogen fixation (Simonet al.). In recent
past, seven diazotrophs which are able to survive in low temperature have been isolated from
kidney bean’s rhizosphere from Kumaun, Himalaya. Among them proteome of Pseudomonas
migulae strain S10724 has already been listed (Suyal et al.).

Indirect Mechanism of Crop Improvement

Increased level of salt in soil possesses major threat to crops and other important plants. The
bacteria Pseudomonas is of utmost importance in these areas as it is able to use many substrates,
produces a diverse range of compounds, as well as easily conquers rhizosphere, thus helping
plant to withstand unfavorable situations. PGPR can act as prominent substitute to overcome
plant stress caused by salinity, as well as it induces the host resistance mechanism and direct
antagonistic interaction with pathogens.

Vermicomposting-

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vermicomposting is the operation of the composting process of organic material by involving
earthworms. It is a sustainable biofertilizer generated from organic wastes. Vermicompst is an
excellent source of nutrition for vegetables, ornamentals, fruits and plantation crops. Using
vermicompst one can get 10-15% more crop yield, besides improvement in the quality of
products. For the first time, in 1970, vermicomposting was started in Ontario (Cannada). In
recent years the USA, Japan and philipines are the leaders of vermicompst producers. So far least
attention has been paid in India. But in recent year, government and non government
organization(NGOs) are trying to popularize the vermicomposting process.
Through an NGO, Pithoragarh muncipilaty (Uttranchal) has started vermicomposting by using a
thermotolerant earthworm Eisenia foetida. Vermicomposting is also done at Shanti Kunj
(Haridawar). One kg earthworm can consume 1 kg organic materials in a day. They secrete a
casting which is rich in Ca, Mg, K, N and available P. Depending substrate quality
vermicompost consist of 2.5-3% and, 1-1.5% P and 1.5-2.0% K, useful microorganisim
(bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, protozoa), hormones enzymes and vitamins.

Earthworms make tunnels and mix soil. Thus they aerate the soil which promotes the growth of
bacteria and actinomycetes. Consequently microbial activity of soil is increase due to increase in
enzymatic and biological activity of earthworms. About 500 species for earthworm are known in
India and over 3000, in the world. The most common member of the earthworm to be used in
vermicomposting includes Eisenia andrie. E.foetida ,dravida willsii, Endrileu euginee, Lamito.

Process of vermicomposting-
It can be done in pits or concrete tanks, wells or wooden crates. A pit of 2x1x1m 3 dimension is
dug under a shade to prevent the entry of water during rain. Wooden bricks or pebbles are spread
on the bottom of pit followed by coarse sand facilitate the drainage; It is covered by a layer of
loamy soil which is moistened and inoculated by earthworms. It is covered by small lumps of
fresh or dry cattle dung followed by a layer of hay or dry leaves or agrowastes. Every day for
about 20-25 days water is sprinkled over it to keep the entire set up moist. Until the pit is full dry
and green leaves are put into the pit in each week. Vermicompost is ready after 40-45 days.
Vermicompost appears soft, spongy, dark brown with sweet smelling. Then it is harvested and
kept in dark. It is sieved and packed in polythene to retain 20% moisten contents.

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Medicinal plants

 Makoi- is a herb found abundantly growing in all parts of the globe. In India it grows as
a weed in all the dry areas. It is a short-lived perennial herb that is native to Eurasia
Makoy is a small, erect, and delicate annual herb with soft and smooth branches and
stems. It has alternate , egg shaped leaves with white, cream and violet flowers in
clusters. Its fruits are purple or black in color when ripe. Each 100gm of makoi consist of
82.1% moisture , 5.9% proteins, 1% fats, 2.1% minerals and 8.9% carbohydrates.
Calcium, iron, phosphorus, niacin and vitamin C are the vitamins and minerals present in
this herb. This herb belongs to the family of soloanaceae. In Ayurveda Makoy ark is
recommended as a Rasayan. It is antiallergic, antidiabetic, laxative cardiotonic and also a
very good herbal diuretic.
Botanical name – solanum Nigrum

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 Parts used for medicinal purpose:-
 Whole plant
 Fresh leaves
 Fruits
Important characterstics of makoi- its Toxicity. Makoi is a very poisonous plant and thereby , not
meant for any kind of use in the pediatric age group. That’s why is uses in extra doses often leads
to death from cardiac arrhythmia, vomiting, Diarrhea, convulsions or may be even paralysis
attack in severe cases. Its leaves have a strong purgative action when consumed and stimulates a
strong sweating response. It promotes perspiration which helps in maintaining the body
temperature.

Uses of Makoy
 The juice of this herb is commonly used to treat the fever and to alleviate pain.
 The juice of Makoi leaves is used in treating the mouth ulcers. This juice is also used to
counter difficulty menses.
 Makoi also helps in relieving pain in the ears.
 Its fruit is used as a cosmetic, as rubbing its seeds on the cheeks helps remove freckles.
 It is very good herbal remedy for asthma as it removes catarrhal matter and phlegm from
the bronchial tubes.
 Makoi also play a role in supporting the joints by helping in the treatment of rheumatic
pain and gout.

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  Makoi is a key ingredient in various medicines prepared to resolve various liver
disorders.
 Its barrier are poisonous, which believes to get destroyed while but boiling them and
make them safer to be used for preservatives, jams, and pies.

 Bakuchi

Bakuchi (Psoralea corylifolia Linn.) is widely described in the Ayurvedic classics for the
treatment of skin diseases. This herb has its own ethno-medicinal importance since it plays
a significant role in the treatment of various diseases. It is having both curative and
nutritive values. Bakuchi is described in Shaka varga by Charaka and Vriddha vagbhatta.
It is used as single drug and in compound formulations. Bakuchi is used in various Ayurvedic
treatments as in Kushtha (skin disorders); Keshya and Tvachya (Hair and Skin treatments);
Krimi (as a germicidal); Shwasa and Kasa (Bronchial Asthama and Cough); Pandu (Anaemia)
and Shotha (Oedema).The most amazing aspect of this plant is that every part of it is useful.
Roots, stems, leaves,seeds, and whatever blooms it has, all are used to treat a variety of skin
problems, such as leukoderma, skin rashes, infections, and others. It is given the name Kushta
nashini (leprosy destroyer). P. corylifolia Linn. is a very ancient remedy for leukoderma; it has
been tried extensively not only by the practitioners of the Indian medicine but also by the
followers of the Western system.The furanocoumarins, which contain psoralens, promote
pigmentation. In this study, review of various uses of Bakuchi is done through
Brihat trayees, other samhitas, and various Nighantus. It will give an insight into its
pharmacological properties, therapeutic ordietary utility as conceived by various authors
at different stage of the history.

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Seed contain an essential oil (0.05%), non-volatile oil, a dark brown resin, and traces of
alkaloidal substance. Two new benzofuran derivatives - corylifonol and isocorylifonol - were
isolated from the seeds. Very high concentrations genistein have been found in
the leaves of Psoralea corylifolia Linn.

Therapeutic uses
 The plant is used both internally as well as externally. The powder is used by Vaidyas
internally for leprosy and leukoderma and externally in the form of paste and ointment.
 Psoralen and isopsoralen obtained from the seeds are being invest against several diseases
including AIDS.
 The seeds are prescribed with the other drug combination in snake bite and scorpion
sting.

 In deafness of ears, the seeds powder mixed with musali (Curculigo orchioides Gaetrn.)
is suggested to be taken oraly. The seeds oil is used in elephantiasis. The essential oil has
powerful effect against the skin streptococci.
 It has a specific effect on the arterioles of the subcapillary plexuses; these it dilates so that
in this area plasma is increased.
 The skin become red, the melanoblasts are stimulated leading to pigment formation.
 Bakuchi is mainly known for its therapeutic properties shwitrahara (reduces leucoderma),
 kushthghna (skin diseases), Vishghna (Anti toxic) property in different dosage form.
 The seeds have great medicinal value. They are purgative, antipyretic, anthelmintic, they
are good for heart troubles, asthma, leucoderma, urinary discharges; and they heal ulcers,
skin diseases and scabies. The seeds are useful as an antiseptic, antibacterial and
antiemetic; they are used as diuretic, irritant, nervine tonic and carminative.
 They are useful in haemorrhoids and impotency. P. Corylifolia is used to promote bone
calcification, making it useful for treating osteoporosis and bone fractures. Katsura et al
proved that bakuchiol is a useful compound against oral pathogens and has a great
potential for use in food additives and mouthwashes for preventing and treating dental
caries. The cell growth of S. mutans was inhibited in a bakuchiol concentration dependent
manner and the growth of S. mutans was completely prevented with 20 μg of
bakuchiol/mL.Psoralea seed extract has been found to stimulate the immune system in
mice.

 Common Name: Barachi, Bakuchi, Babchi, Bavacalu

 Botanical Name: Psoralea corylifolia
 Active Agents: psoralen, bakuchiol, limonene, linalool, angelicin, elemene, isopsoralen,
bavachalcone, bavachin, 6-prenylnaringenin, corylifol, isobavachalcone, corylin,

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 psoralidin, corylifolin, methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, bavachromanol and
neobavaisoflavone

 Uses of Bakuchi
 Hair Growth: Rub this oil on the scalp for a few minutes. Continue this process for
some weeks. After a few days, the color of the scalp-skin will turn red. Stop the treatment
at this stage.
 Skin Ailments: Mix 2 drops of Babchi oil + 1 drop of Lavender oil + 1 drop of Orange
oil + 1 drop of Frankincense oil with 2.5 ml of Jojoba oil and apply on skin affected by
ringworm, vitiligo, eczema and inflamed papules.
 Leucoderma: Mix black sesame seed powder + bakuchi seed powder + turmeric powder
in equal parts. Take 1-2 gms every day.
 Bone Health: Massage with 5 drops of Babchi oil + 2 drops of Black Cumin oil + 2
drops of Birch oil with 10 ml of sesame oil to strengthen bones and enhance calcium in
the system.
 Respiratory Issues: Perform steam inhalation with 2 drops of Bakuchi oil along with 1
drop of Peppermint oil.
 Aphrodisiac: Massage the lower back, abdomen and genital organs with 2 drops of
Babchi oil + 2 drops of Ylang Ylang oil + 2 drops of Cinnamon oil blended with 3 ml of
Jojoba oil to enhance mood, relax nerves, uplift the senses and stimulate the reproductive
organs.

 Hibiscus
Recent years have witnessed enhanced research work reported on plants and plant
products Additionally, plants can be an excellent source of natural antioxidants and can be
effectively used in the food industry as a source of dietary supplements or as natural antioxidants
to preserve the quality and improve the shelf-life of food products (Tiwari et al., 2009; Voon et
al., 2012).In addition to the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities exhibited by plants or their
extracts, they can also be used as natural colorants of foodstuffs; as in most of the cases, they are

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believed

to be safe, and non-toxic to humans (Rymbai et al., 2011; Boo et al., 2012; Gupta and Nair,
2012). Of late, many reports are available wherein flowers or their extracts have been shown to
exhibit rich antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (Shyu et al., 2009; Jo et al., 2012; Voon
et al., 2012). Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (family; Malvaceae) is a profusely flowering, perennial,
woody ornamental shrub distributed widely in the tropical regions. Previous studies have
indicated H. rosa-sinensis to possess bioactive properties and is recommended to be used as an
herbal alternative to cure many diseases (Obi et al., 1998). On the other hand, Cassia bicapsularis
L. (or Senna bicapsularis L.) (family; Fabaceae) is one of the common flowering, ornamental
plant belonging to Cassia species which is widely distributed in South American and tropical
countries. Traditionally, plants belonging to Cassia species are believed to possess medicinal
values. The herb Hibiscus rosa sinensis L. (Malvaceae) is native to China. Many species of
Hibiscus are grown for their showy flowers. It is a shrub widely cultivated in the tropics as an
ornamental plant and has several forms with varying colours of flowers. Hibiscus has also
medicinal properties and takes part as a primary ingredient in many herbal teas. The red flowered
variety is preferred in medicine. There was various studies reported that variety of Hibiscus
plants have different medicinal properties. This review mainly focused on the therapeutic
potential of the Hibiscus rosa sinensis plant and its applications.

Classification

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 Kingdom Plantae-Plants
Subkingdom Tracheobionta-Vascular plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta-Seed plants
Division Magnoliophyta-Flowering plants
Class Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons
Subclass Dilleniidae
Order Malvales
Family Malvaceae-Mallow family
Genus Hibiscus L.-Rosemallow
Species Hibiscusrosasinensis

Description
Hibiscus rosa sinensis commonly known as red Hibiscus. It is large shrub and has variable
structure. It may be upright or broad and spreading. The tree grows up to 4.7 meter tall. All
verity of Hibiscus flowers has the stalks of the stamens (the pollan producing part) and the style
is fused into along column that is exerted from the centre of the widely spreading petals.
The red variety of Hibiscus flowers is very large and can up to 15cm long. The petals may be
smooth or scalloped, single or double depends on the cultivated varieties. The anther which is
pollan producing part can be seen part way up the column and five round stigma lobes (on to
which pollan lands in order for fertilization to occur) are visible at the tip of the column.
The leaves of the Hibiscus are ovate in shape (wider at the base than at tip) and grow from 5 to
15 cam long arranged alternatively on the branches. The leaves may be variegated or dark green
and the margins are toothed with lighter patches. The fruit of the red Hibiscus is dry, five parted
capsule that contains up to three seeds, each of which is kidney shaped and 2.5 cm long.

Geographical Distribution
The origin and historical distribution of red Hibiscus is unknown. The genus Hibiscus contains
approximately 200 species distributed throughout tropical and subtropical regions. Hibiscus is
commonly cultivated in garden ornamental from sea level to 500m altitude. It is frost sensitive
and will freeze in mild winters but will resprout from the base in spring. It does best in full sun in
well drained fertile soil high in organic matter.

Species Interconnections and Interdependencies

The morphology of the flowers suggests pollination by hummingbirds and sunbirds that are
attracted to nectar producing, red flowers (Prendergast H. D. V. Prendergast, Pollination of
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Biotropica.

Traditional Uses

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In India, Hibiscus flowers and leaves are used for the abortion, antifertility, contraceptive,
Diuretic, Menorrhagia, Bronchitis, Emmengogue, Demulcent, Cough (Jadhav et al. (V. M.
Jadhav, R. M. Thorat, V. J. Kadam and N. S. Sathe, Traditional medicinal uses of Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis, J. Pharm. Res. 2(8) (2009),). In Africa and neighbouring tropical countries has lengthy
history, Hibiscus flowers have been used in sachets and perfumes. In areas of Northern Nigeria,
Hibiscus has been used to treat constipation. The fleshy red calyx is used in the preparation of
jam, jellies and cold and warm teas and drinks. The leaves have been used like spinach.
The leaves are used in traditional medicines as emollients and aperients to treat burning
sensations, skin disease, and constipation 3 (Kirtikar and Basu (K. R. Kirtikar and B. D. Basu,
Indian Medicinal Plants, International Book Distributors, Dehradun, India, 1999,). In Egypt, the
plant used for the treatment of cardiac and nerve diseases and has been described as diuretic. In
Japan, Hibiscus leaves are used as antidiarrheal. Iran, sour tea used for the treatment of
hypertension. In western countries, Hibiscus flowers often are found as component of herbal tea
mixture. In Thailand, people consume Roselle juice to quench thirst.

is a genus of flowering plants in the mallow family, Malvaceae. The genus is quite large,
comprising several hundred species that are native to warm temperate, subtropical and tropical
regions throughout the world. Member species are renowned for their large, showy flowers and
those species are commonly known simply as “hibiscus”, or less widely known as rose mallow.
Other names include hardy hibiscus, rose of sharon, and tropical hibiscus. The
genus includes both annual and perennial herbaceous plants, as well as woody shrubs and small
trees. The generic name is derived from the Greek name ἰβίσκος (ibískos) which Pedanius
Dioscorides gave to Althaea officinalis (c. 40–90 AD).(Lawton,Barbara perry (2004))
Several species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants, notably Hibiscus syriacus and
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis.
A tea made from hibiscus flowers is known by many names around the world and is served both
hot and cold. The beverage is known for its red colour, tart flavour, and vitamin C content.
The leaves are alternate, ovate to lanceolate, often with a toothed or lobed margin. The flowers
are large, conspicuous, trumpet-shaped, with five or more petals, colour from white to pink, red,
orange, peach, yellow or purple, and from 4–18 cm broad. Flower colour in certain species, such
as H. mutabilis and H. tiliaceus, changes with age. The fruit is a dry five-lobed capsule,
containing several seeds in each lobe, which are released when the capsule dehisces (splits open)
at maturity. It is of red and white colours. It is an example of complete flowers. Hibiscus is a
very hardy, versatile plant and in tropical conditions it can enhance the beauty of any garden.
Being versatile it adapts itself easily to balcony gardens in crammed urban spaces and can be
easily grown in pots as a creeper or even in hanging pots. It is a perennial and flowers through
the year. As it comes in a variety of colors, it's a plant which can add vibrancy to any garden.
The only infestation that gardeners need to be vigilant about is mealybug. Mealybug infestations
are easy to spot as it is clearly visible as a distinct white cottony infestation on buds, leaves or

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even stems. To protect the plant you need to trim away the infected part, spray with water, and
apply an appropriate pesticide.

 Uses:-
 Paper One species of Hibiscus, known as kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus), is extensively
used in paper-making.
 Rope and construction
The inner bark of the sea hibiscus (Hibiscus tiliaceus), also called 'hau', is used in
Polynesia for making rope, and the wood for making canoe floats.[citation needed] The
ropes on the missionary ship Messenger of Peace were made of fibres from hibiscus
trees.
 Beverage
Hibiscus tea The tea made of the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa is known by many names
in many countries around the world and is served both hot and cold. The beverage is well
known for its red colour, tartness and unique flavour. Additionally, it is highly nutritious
because of its vitamin C content.
 It is known as bissap in West Africa, "Gul e Khatmi" in Urdu & Persian, agua de
jamaica in Mexico and Central America (the flower being flor de jamaica) and Orhul in
India. Some refer to it as roselle, a common name for the hibiscus flower. In Jamaica,
Trinidad and many other islands in the Caribbean, the drink is known as sorrel (Hibiscus
sabdariffa; not to be confused with Rumex acetosa, a species sharing the common name
sorrel). In Ghana, the drink is known as soobolo in one of the local languages.
 In Cambodia, a cold beverage can be prepared by first steeping the petals in hot water
until the colors are leached from the petals, then adding lime juice (which turns the
beverage from dark brown/red to a bright red), sweeteners (sugar/honey) and finally cold
water/ice cubes. In the Arab world, hibiscus tea is known as karkadé and is served as
both a hot and a cold drink.
 Food
Dried hibiscus is edible, and it is often a delicacy in Mexico. It can also be candied and
used as a garnish, usually for desserts.The roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) is used as a
vegetable. The species Hibiscus suratensis Linn synonymous to Hibiscus aculeatus G.
Don is noted in Visayas in the Philippines as being a souring ingredient for almost all
local vegetables and menus. Known as labog in the Visayan area, (or labuag/sapinit in
Tagalog), the species is an ingredient in cooking native chicken soup. Hibiscus species
are used as food plants by the larvae of some lepidopteran species, including Chionodes
hibiscella, Hypercompe hambletoni, the nutmeg moth, and the turnip moth.
 Folk medicine
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is described as having a number of medical uses in Indian
Ayurveda. Claimed effects on blood pressureEdit

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  It has been claimed that sour teas derived from Hibiscus sabdariffa may lower blood
pressure.

 Precautions and contraindications

 Pregnancy and lactation
While the mechanism is not well understood, previous animal studies have demonstrated both an
inhibitory effect of H. sabdariffa on muscle tone and the anti-fertility effects of Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis, respectively. The extract of H. sabdariffa has been shown to stimulate contraction of
the rat bladder and uterus; the H.rosa-sinensis extract has exhibited contraceptive effects in the
form of estrogen activity in rats. These findings have not been observed in humans. The
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is also thought to have emmenagogue effects which can stimulate
menstruation and, in some women, cause an abortion. Due to the documented adverse effects in
animal studies and the reported pharmacological properties, the H. sabdariffa and H.rosa-
sinensis are not recommended for use during pregnancy.

Drug interactions
It is postulated that H. sabdariffa interacts with diclofenac, chloroquine and acetaminophen by
altering the pharmacokinetics. In healthy human volunteers, the H. sabdariffa extract was found
to reduce the excretion of diclofenac upon co-administration. Additionally, co-administration of
Karkade (H. sabdariffa), a common Sudanese beverage, was found to reduce chloroquine
bioavailability.However, no statistically significant changes were observed in the
pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen when administered with the Zobo (H.sabdariffa) drink.
Further studies are needed to demonstrate clinical significance.

Ajmodha or Celery

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(Apium graveolens) is a marshland plant in the family Apiaceae that has been cultivated as a
vegetable since antiquity. Celery has a long fibrous stalk tapering into leaves. Depending on
location and cultivar, either its stalks, leaves or hypocotyl are eaten and used in cooking. Celery
seed is also used as a spice and its extracts have been used in herbal medicine.
Celery is rich in vitamins, carotene, protein, cellulose and other nutrients and is a good source of
flavonoids, volatile oil and antioxidants. Celery can also be utilized in chemical and medicine
industries . With increasing living standards and health awareness, the consumption and potential
efficacy of celery have been constantly exploited and developed. Studies on celery have mainly
focused on cultivation, breeding and chemical composition. With the rapid development of
molecular biology and the emergence of new technologies, including transcriptome sequencing,
small RNA sequencing, protein sequencing, genome sequencing and digital expression profile, a
large amount of data resources and efficient research methods have been applied to investigate
vegetable crops. As an important vegetable in the Apiaceae family, celery has been explored
worldwide and many relevant aspects have been elucidated. In this review, research
achievements in genetic breeding, genome discovery, function genes and chemical composition
are summarized to provide a useful potential reference for celery breeding and utilization
Fusarium yellow, incited by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Apii, is one of the most
important diseases that threaten celery growth and yield worldwide.

Chemical compounds

Flavonoids
Flavonoids are one of the most important secondary metabolites in celery, and most flavonoids
exist with the formation of glycosides. Flavonoids, including apigenin, luteolin, kaempferol,
isorhamnetin and quercetin, were isolated from celery. Studies of the biological activity of
flavonoids demonstrated that this kind of compounds has antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-
oxidation, antitumor and cardiovascular protective functions. Both the flavonoids extracted from
celery root and leaves are good scavengers of hydroxyl (OH) and 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) radicals and can reduce the lipid peroxidation intensity in liposomes.

Essential oils
Essential oils, also known as volatile oils, are nature complex substances in plants with peculiar
odors and are widely used in food, cosmetics and medicine industries. With a special fragrance,
the composition of essential oils in celery has been extensively studied, and its main components
include a series of terpene compounds, phenolic compounds, esters and aromatic compounds.
The volatile oils of leaves, stalks and roots of celery were extracted and compared, and the
results showed that the leaves have the highest proportion of essential

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oils and aroma extracts, followed by stalks and roots . Using gas chromatography (GC) and GC-
mass spectrometry (GC-MS) technologies, 18 compounds were identified from the essential oil
of celery seeds, and the main compounds of the essential oil are limonene
(31.15%), beta-selinene (22.28%) and p-cresyl isovalerate (14.94%).

Vitamins and minerals

Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients from daily diets and they help bodies work
properly. Celery is recognized for its vitamins and minerals. High level of vitamin C was
detected in different celery varieties. The dynamic change of ascorbic acid (AsA) 6 M.-Y. LI ET
AL. contents were analyzed in different varieties, tissues and growth stages of celery, and result
showed that AsA contents are higher in leaf blades than in petioles.

Turmeric or Curcuma longa

It is a perennial herb and member of the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family, and is cultivated
extensively in Asian countries. The rhizome, the portion of the plant used medicinally as a
yellow powder which is used as a flavor in many cuisines and as a medicines to treat many
diseases particularly as an anti-inflammatory and for the treatment of flatulence, jaundice,
menstrual difficulties, hematuria, hemorrhage, and colic or can be applied as an ointment to treat
many skin diseases. The active constituents of turmeric are the flavonoids curcumin
(diferuloylmethane) and various volatile oils, including tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone.
Water and fat soluble extracts of turmeric and its curcumin component exhibit strong antioxidant
activity, comparable to vitamins C and E. Turmeric’s hepatoprotective effect is mainly a result of

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its antioxidant properties resulting in enhanced cellular resistance to oxidative damage as well as
its ability to decrease the formation of proinflammatory cytokines.
Curcuma longa, or turmeric is a perennial herb and member of the Zingiberaceae (ginger) family
and is cultivated extensively in Asia mostly in India and China. The rhizome, the portion of the
plant used medicinally, yields a yellow powder. Dried Curcuma longa is the source of turmeric,
the ingredient that gives curry powder its characteristic yellow color. It has many names such as
Curcum in the Arab region, Indian saffron, Haridra (Sanskrit, Ayurvedic), Jianghuang (yellow
ginger in Chinese), Kyoo or Ukon (Japanese). Turmeric has been used in Asian cuisines for both
its flavor and color and in the Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine particularly as an anti-
inflammatory and for the treatment of jaundice, menstrual difficulties, hematuria, hemorrhage,
and colic. It is official in the Pharmacopoeia of China as well as in other Asian countries such as
Japan and Korea and its usage covers a wide range of health indications. Turmeric is comprised
of a group of three curcuminoids: curcumin (diferuloylmethane), demethoxycurcumin, and
bisdemethoxycurcumin , as well as volatile oils (tumerone, atlantone, and zingiberone), sugars,
proteins, and resins. The Curcumin is a lipophilic polyphenol that is nearly insoluble in water but
is quite stable in the acidic pH of the stomach.

MEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL

PROPERTIES OF TURMERIC

Anti-inflammatory properties
Oral administration of curcumin in instances of acute inflammation was found to be as effective
as cortisone or phenylbutazone. Oral administration of Curcuma longa significantly reduced
inflammatory swelling . C. longa’s anti-inflammatory properties may be attributed to its ability
to inhibit both biosynthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins from arachidonic acid, and
neutrophil function during inflammatory states. Curcuminoids also inhibit LOX, COX,
phospholipases, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxane, nitric oxide elastase, hyaluronidase,
collagenase, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interferon inducible protein, TNF and
interleukin-12. They also decrease prostaglandin formation and inhibit leukotriene biosynthesis
via the lipoxygenase pathway. Early function (significantly decreased serum creatinine 48 hours
post-transplant) was achieved in 43% of subjects in the control group, 71% of those in the
lowdose treatment group. Since the amount of quercetin in the compound was minimal, the
majority of benefit is thought to be due to curcumin’s anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity.
Likely mechanisms for improved early function of transplanted kidneys include induction of the
hemeoxygenase enzyme, and proinflammatory cytokines, and scavenging of free radicals
associated with tissue damage.

Antioxidant properties

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Water and fat-soluble extracts of turmeric and its curcumin component exhibit strong antioxidant
activity, comparable to vitamins C and E. A study of ischemia demonstrated that curcumin
pretreatment decreased ischemia-induced changes in the heart. An in vitro study measuring the
effect of curcumin on endothelial heme oxygenase-1, an inducible stress protein, was conducted
utilizing bovine aortic endothelial cells. Incubation with curcumin resulted in enhanced cellular
resistance to oxidative damage.
Nagabhushan et al. 1987 tested curcumin against tobacco products and several environmental
mutagens in a Salmonella/microsome test with or without Aroclor 1254- induced rat liver
homogenate (S-9 mix), in order to determine the difference between mutagens. Curcumin
inhibited the mutagenicity of bidi smoke condensate, cigarette smoke condensate and masheri (a
tobacco product) and tobacco extracts in a dose-dependent manner. Curcumin is only
antimutagenic against mutagens which require metabolic activation. Curcumin was found to
block cyclosporine A-resistant phorbol myristate acetate + anti-CD28 pathway of T-cell
proliferation.

Hepatoprotective properties
Turmeric is known to have a hepatoprotective characteristic similar to silymarin. Studies have
demonstrated turmeric’s hepatoprotective properties from a variety of hepatotoxic injuries,
including carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) galactosamine and acetaminophen (paracetamol).

Turmeric’s hepatoprotective effect is mainly a result of its antioxidant properties, as well as its
ability to decrease the formation of proinflammatory cytokines. Curcumin administration
significantly decreased liver injury. Turmeric reduced infection with Aspergillus parasiticus
and inhibited fungal aflatoxin production by 90%. Turmeric and curcumin also reversed biliary
hyperplasia, fatty changes, and necrosis induced by aflatoxin production. Sodium curcuminate, a
salt of curcumin, also exerts choleretic properties by increasing biliary excretion of bile salts,
cholesterol, and bilirubin, as well as increasing bile solubility, therefore possibly preventing and
treating cholelithiasis. Curcumin also protects cells against lipid peroxidation induced by
paracetamol. This may be due to the antioxidative properties of the phenolic groups of curcumin.
Curcumin was found to decrease serum aspartate transaminase and alkaline phosphatase activity,
and free fatty acid, cholesterol and phospholipid levels. Tacrine is known for its T-cell
destructive activity and hepatotoxicity. In a study with cultures of human hepatocytes, which had
been destroyed by tacrine, curcumin showed to be nearly ten times more effective than the
regular treatment, ascorbic acid .

Anticarcinogenic properties
Animal research demonstrates inhibition at all three stages of carcinogenesis-initiation,
promotion, and progression. During initiation and promotion, curcumin modulates transcription
factors controlling phase I and II detoxification of carcinogens; down-regulates

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proinflammatory cytokines, free radical-activated transcription factors, and arachidonic acid
metabolism vicyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways; and scavenges
free radicals.

Antidiabetic properties
A hexane extract (containing ar-turmerone), ethanolic extract (containing containing ar-
turmerone, curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin) and ethanolic extract
from the residue of the hexane extraction (containing curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and
bisdemethoxycurcumin) were found to dose-dependently stimulate adipocyte differentiation. The
results indicate that turmeric ethanolic extract containing both curcuminoids and
sesquiterpenoids is more strongly hypoglycemic than either curcuminoids or sesquiterpenoids.

Arandi /Castor

It is botanically named as Ricinus communis Linn. belongs to family Euphorbiaceae. It is also

known as ‘Eranda’ in Sanskrit.The plant is a tall, stout and glaucous perennial shrub. The plant is
a native of Africa. It is extensively cultivated for its oil bearing seeds. It has become naturalized
in many parts of India. The castor oil and its uses are well known to all, but the use of leaves as
medicine is less known. The leaf juice is given as an emetic in narcotic poisoning. The decoction
of leaves is a purgative, lactagogue and emmenagogue. A poultice of the leaves is applied to
boils and swellings. The hot leaves are applied over the abdomen of children to relieve
flatulence. In women the leaves promote menstrual flow. Tender leaves cure pain in bladder.
Leaves are also recommended to relieve headache and joint pains. The castor seeds are studied

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for its pharmacognosy but, there are no reports on leaves of the said plant. The present study was
therefore undertaken to put forth the pharmacopeial standards for the Castor leaves.

Dhataki or Dhai

it is deciduous shrub with numerous fluted branches. This shrub has spreading branches

reaching height upto 5-12mt. Branches of this shrubs are long and multi spreading and stem is
fluted and long. Bark of the shrub is smooth and reddish brown in color with very thin nad small
fibrous strips. Leaves are about 5-9cm long, oblong or ovate and lanceolate. These shrub bears
numerous flowers that are bright red in color. Small flower of this herb grow singly or in groups
along the twig and branches. Every flower of this herb, brone a tiny stem, slender tube, curved
and greenish base. Fruits are capsule about 1cm long, ellipsoid and membranous and it contains
very minute, brown colored smooth seeds. Shrub is overloaded with bright red flowers in the
month of febraruy to April and its leaves shed off and new leaves appear, from april to june.

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General information
Fire-flame bush, shinajitea and woodfordia all are common names of Dhataki. In Ayurveda this
herb is used for various medicinal properties mentioned in Sanskrit scripture. Acharya charka
consider this herb in ‘’asava yoni’’. Flowers are astringent and analgesics and used for preparing
various medicines in Ayurvedic medicine system. In Ayurvedic scriptures this possesses various
properties like fertility agent, antidiarrheal, erysipelas, poisoning and menstrual disorders.

Leaves and twigs of this plant produce a yellow dye that is used for printing. Petals of this plant
yield a red colored dye. Dried extract of this herb is extracted by five different solvents that are
water, methanol, ethanol, choloroform and ether. Methonolic extract of this herb is very effective
against bacterial infections for both gram positive and gram negative bacteria
Bark of this tree is pungent, acrid, cooling and uterine sedative. It is used for treating various
disorders like leprosy, erysipelas, thirst, dysentery and various disease of blood. This herb is not
only used to ferment assay and arishta, but for color and taste. Main chemical compound
available in the flowers of dhataki are tannins and cyaniding, diglucoside, octacosanol are
isolated from the leaves. Leaves are rich in ellagic acid. Dhataki also contains woodfordins
A,B,C,D,E and F, trimeric hydrolysable tannins and tertrameric hydrolysable tannins.

Habitat
Dhataki is medicinal herb of Ayurvedic medicine system and it is native to Asia and Africa. In
india and it is abundantly distributed throughout north india, to an ascending altitude of 1500mt.
Mostly it is available in waste lands and open grass lands but it is also cultivated in the garden
during the summer months. It is also available in Madagascar, Pakistan, Ceylon, Nepal , Bhutan
and china. In india plant of woodforida is distributed in Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram and west
Bengal.

Classification
Kingdom - plantae
Order - Myrtales
Genus - woodfordia

Botanical name- woodfordia fruticosa

Uses:-
 Dhataki is very beneficial herb to cure range of vast disease. It is used to cure diarrhea,
piles and dysentery because it is a powerful astringent.

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 Dhataki flower applied externally to relive burning sensation of skin. Flowers are
sprinkled over wounds and ulcers for quick heal and to stop discharge and granulation.

 Flowers of this herb are immune modulatory and herb is also used to boost up immunity
and overall body health

 Flowers and roots are very effective in curing rheumatism, lumbar and rib fractures, and
foot and mouth disease.

 It is also used in the treatment of fever that is caused due to pitta dosha

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