S HIVAJ I A ND H IS TI M ES

J A D U N AT H § A RKAR , M A.

I ndian Edu c a tiona l Se rv ic e ( Bib ar)

,

R e vis e d wO d l
e n a rg e d

LO NG M A NS GREEN AN D CO
. .

39 PATERN O STER RO W LO . ND ON
m n i ow sm u t new Y O RK
‘

FO URTH Av en ue .

1920
SH I V AJ I A N D H I S T I M ES

J A D UN A TH § ARKA R , M A .

I n dia n E du c a t ia na l Se r vic e ( Bih a r) ,

SE CO ND ED I TI O N

R e vis e d a nd ,
e n la rg e d

LO NG M ANS GREE N A ND CO
, .

39 PATERNO ST ER RO W L OND ON
.

FO U RTH AVEN U E AN D 3O TH S TREET. N EW Y O RK

1 920
 WO RKS B Y PR O F .
J AD UN A TH S ARKAR .

H isto ry O f Aurangz ib b a s e d , o rig ina l s o u r c e s

on .

Vo l . 1 . Rei g n o f Sh a h J a h a n .

ll . Wa r o f S u cce s s ion .

l ll . Northern i ndi a l 65 8 l 68 l ,
-
.

lv . So u thern I ndi a l 645 l 68 9 ,

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.

Sh ivan and H is T im e s, or ig ina l life b a s e d o n a

an

e x ha u s t i ve s tu dy o f P e rs ia n M a ra t h i a nd H i ,

s o u r ces , a nd E ng lis h D u t c h a n d P o rt u g u e s
R e co r ds zu d edition revi s ed a n d enl a r g ed
.
, .

St udie s in M ughal I ndia 22 h is tor ic a l es s a ys ,

.

E conom ic
s of B r it ish I ndia,
4t h edition b ro u g ht , up to l 9l 7 .

Ane cdo t e s of Aurangz ib ,

( Pe r i a;
s i e xt o f A k ha m 1 A la m g zr z with En g li s h
- ~

t ra ns . note s a n d a li fe Of A u r a n gz ib )
,
.

a t dy o f it s m a chinery O ffici a l du tie s po li cy

s u , , ,

proced u re a chievement s a n d f a il u re
, .

Chaitanya s L ife
’
and T each ings ,
tra ns l a ted from the int 1 6th cent u ry Ben g a li
'

sa s

bio gr a phy .
 P R E FACE .

F irs t E dit io n ( Ap ri l , ,

A new f Shiv a j i
life a n d
'

an d critic a l t dy
s u o s

c h a r a cter h a s lon g been du e

« a s the l a s t s chol a rly
,

w ork on th e su bject w a s compo s ed by Ca pt a in ,

J a me s Gr a nt D u ff a centu ry ag o a n d a v a s t m a s s
, ,
“

”of ori g in a l m a teri a l u nk nown t o him h a s become

a cce ss ible t o th e s tu dent s ince then To p u t the .

c a s e briefly the pre s ent work difie rs from h is

,

~
eminently re a da ble a n d s till v a lu a ble H is to ry o f the
M a h ra tt a s (3 V ol s
, in the ri g i d preference O f
c ontempor a ry records t o l a ter comp il a tio ns a n d the ,

exh a u s tive a nd min u te u s e O f the a v a il a ble s o u rces ,

b oth printed a n d M S —in Pers i a n En g li s h M a r a thi

.
, ,

a n d Hindi a s well a s the D u tch Record s in the I n di a

,

O ffice L ondon
, .

The pre s ent work m a rks a n a dva nce o n Gra nt

D u ff s H is t o ry in three point s in p a rtic ul a r
i '

Firs t a mon g Pers i a n m a teri a l s his only a u th o

,

r it i e s were Kh a fi Kh a n w h o w rote 1 0
, 8 ye a rs a fter
th e birth o f Sh iv a j i a n d i s a dmittedly u nreli a ble
‘

wh ere he doe s n o t borrow f a ithfu lly from e a rlier

writers a n d Bhim s en a n incorrect a nd brief tr a ns la
, ,

tion o f who s e Jo u rn a l (by Jon a th a n Scott l 7 94) ,

a lone w a s t hen a v a il a ble I h a ve o n the oth er h a nd

.
, ,

re lied on th e a b s ol u tely contempor a ry o ffici a l hi s torie s

‘
6 SH l V AJ l .

of Sh a h J a h a n a nd Au r a n g z ib M u h a mm a d a n d ? ,

Ali A di l Sh a h m a ny hi s toric a l letters in Pers i a n

, , .

the ent ire l etter book s O f J ai Sin g h a nd Au r an g z ib

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,

daily bu lle t ins o f Aur a n gz ib s Co u rt a n d the fu l l

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o
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text o f Bhim s en a s wel l a s a nother contempora ry

Hindu hi s tori a n in Pers i a n viz l shw ar das N a g a r
, .
, ,

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a ll o f which were u n kno w n t o Gr a nt Du fi .

Second ly he re l ied t o o mu ch o n the u ncritic a l

,

a n d O ften delibe ra te ly f a l s e C h it n is B a khar writte n ,

1 83 ye a rs a fter Shiv a j i s birth while I h a ve preferre d

'

th e work O f Sh iv a j i s cou rtier Sa bh a s a d a n d a l so

'

, ,

”
incorpo r a ted wh a tever i s v a l u a ble a n d a bove
su s pici on in t h e m a ss o f M a r a thi m a teri a l s p u bli s hed

by a b a nd o f devoted I ndi a n workers a t P u n a a nd

r

S a t a ra du rin g the l a s t 40 ye a rs Gra nt D u fi more .

,

o ver worked o u s in g l e m a nu s cript s of the M a r a thi

,

chronicl e s b u t we l ive in a h a ppier a g e when the s e

s o u rce s h a ve been c a ref u l ly edited with v a r ia tions

O f re a din g a n d note s .

Third ly the En g l i s h a n d Du tch F a ctory Re cord s

,

h a ve be en more minu te ly s e a rched by me a n d eve ry “

u s efu l inform a tion h a s been extr a cted from them .

Two minor improvement s which I hop e wil l

'

, ,

be a ppreci a ted by the re a der a re the ex a ct po s itio ns

'

O f a ll the p la ce s mentioned tr a ced wi t h t h e he lp o f

,

the extremely a ccu ra te Government S u rvey m a p s , .

a n d the chronolo g y w hich is the mo s t det a i l ed

'

, ,

po ss ib l e in the exi s ting s t a te o f o u r knowled g e a nd

corrects Gra nt Du ff s n u mero u s in a ccu ra cies in thi s
’

re spect
 PREFACE . 7

F rom the pu rely liter a ry point o f v iew the boo k ,

wo u ld h a ve g a ined m u ch by bein g m a de shorter Bu t .

s o m a ny f a l s e l e g end s a bo u t Shiv a j i a re c u rrent in o u r

’

cou ntry a n d t h e Sh iv a j i myth is developin g so f a st

'

( a ttended a t times with the f a bric a tion o f docu ments) ,

th a t l h a ve con s idered it nece s s a ry in the intere s ts o f

hi storic a l tru th t o g ive every f a ct however s m a ll , ,

abo u t him th a t h a s be en a s cert a ined o n u nimpe a ch

-

a ble evidence a n d t o di s cu s s the prob a bilitie s o f t h e

other s .

The M a ra th a s were only o n e a mon g the m a ny

thre a ds in the t a n g led web o f D ecc a n hi s tory in th e
Seventeenth cent u ry Therefore t o u nders t a n d th e
. ,

tru e c a u s e s a nd fu ll con s eq u ence s o f Sh iv a j i s o w n

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"

a ct s a nd policy it is nece s s a ry t o h a ve a det a iled

,

knowled g e of the intern a l a ff a irs O f th e M u g h a l

empire Bij a p u r a n d G o lk o nd a a l s o
, The pre s ent .

work is more th a n a mere bio g r a phy O f Shiva ; i t

freq u ently de a l s with th e contempora ry his tory o f
the s e three M u slim St a te s thou g h a n exh a u s tive
,

tre a tment Of the s u bject belon g s t o my H is to ry o f

A u ra ng z i b V o l I V
, .

Se con d E d it ion
( J u ne , ,

I n the s econd edition occ a sion h a s been t a ke n

,

to enl a rg e the book a n d su bject it to a minu t e

revi s ion a n d correction —the mo s t notice a ble ,

exa mple O f the l a s t mentioned bein g the po s ition O f

-

Pond a in Ch X Amon g th e more impo rt a nt

. .

a dd ition s a r e a critic a l ex a min a tion of the evidence

for the J a v l i a nd Afz a l Kh a n a fia irs a fu ll di s c u s s ion ,

8 S H I V AJ I .
[ PREFACE

of the re a l na tu re o f t he
M a r a t h i s o u rc e s a n d a c o m
i im e f the evi d ent i l v l e f the
‘

p a r a t v e e s t at o a a u o

Eng lish Pe rsi an an d M ar a thi records an a cco u nt o f

. ,

t he very first b a ttle be tw een t he Eng li s h a nd the «

M a r at has (h ere p u bli she d fo r the firs t time) Shiv aj i s

'

letter o f prote st a g ai n s t the j a z iya a nd a lon g note ,

o n his perso na l a pp e a r a nce a n d ext a n t portr a its l .

h a ve a l s o i ns ert e d at the proper pl a ce s note s o n the

extent o f h is domi nio n in I 648 1 655 1 660 an d , , ,

1 6 7 4 5 which to g ether w ith their extent a t h is de a th

-
,

( prev io u s l y g iven)will en a ble the re a der to remember

the br o ad O utline s o f his t erritori a l exp a n s ion a nd
thu s t a ke a b ird s eye view o f the g rowth O f h is
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-

power in su cce ss ive a g e s Hi s mo s t a u thenti c

.

portr a it h a s a ls o been reprod u ce d in this edition

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.

J AD UNATl I -
SARKAR .
 CO N T E N T S .

P r e fa c e
"

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C h a p te r I . T h e L a nd a nd t h e Pe o p l e 1 — 18
Pop u l a tion spe a kin g M a r a thi l —bo u nd a rie s o f
Z—r a inf a ll a nd crop s 3 —
,

M a h a r a shtr a i s ol a ted
v a l l eys o f the we s tern belt S hil l fort s 6—a ll
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.

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peop l e work h a rd 7—ch a r a cter : l a ck o f ele g a nce

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a nd t as te 9 — pride co u r a g e a n d h a rdine s s 9 s oci a l

— —
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e qu a lity l O re li g io u s r eformers l l litera t u re a nd

l a n g u a g e l Z—min s trel s l 4—M a r ath a s a n a tion l 5
, ,

, , ,

defect s o f ch a r a cter 1 7 , .

C h a pte r I L .
B o yh o o d a nd Y o u th —
19 54

Birth o f Sh iv a ji l 9— ne g l ected by f a ther Z l

lonely bo yhood Z l —mi s era bl e con diti o n o f Pu n a
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23— D a d a j i Kond dev s improvement s 24 —love o f

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j u s tice 25—Sh iv a j i s edu c a tion 25—the M a v a ls

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— —
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d d 8 S h
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d e s cribe 2 7 s u bd u ed by D a a j i 2 iv aji s

Hind u s pirit 29— l ove o f independence 30—d ecline

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Bij a pu r 32~ Shiv a c a ptu re s To m a 32—s eize s

, ,

of

33—g a in s
,

P u n a di s trict forts 34— 1 nv a de s N

“

Konk a n 35—Sh a hji impri s oned 37—S hiv a a ppe a ls

.
, ,

M u r a d 40—Sh a hji rele a s ed why ? 4 l —B a ji

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to , ,

Sh ya m r a j e s expedition 42— M o re s Of J a v l i 43
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Mores m u rdered 45 critici s m o f Shiv a s cond u ct

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46 —g a ins from the conq u e s t of J a v li 4 7—e a rly

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48 —extent Of territory 49—Ap p e nd ix 1

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O fficers , , .

M u rder o f th e More s evidence d i scu ss ed 5 0 , , .

C h a pt e r " I F i r s t W a r s . w i t h M u gh a l s
a nd B i j a p u r 55 —81

Shiva s e a rly ne g oti a tion s with Au r a n gz ib 55

'

r a id s J u nn a r a nd Ahm a dn a g a r 5 6 —M u g h a l defen s ive

,

me a s u re s 5 7—N a s iri Kh a n defe a t s Shiv a 5 8

,

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 IO S HI V AJ I .

A u r a n gz ib g u a rds frontier 5 9—Shiva m a ke s pe a ce

— —
,

f 62
'

6l Au a n g ib s
r z di s tru s t o him Bij a pu r Govern
ment s end s Afz a l Kh a n a g a ins t Shiv a 63—h is :
,

65—Afz al s doin g s a t W a 66 —Sh iv a s

,
' t

s a crile g e s
i

perplexity 67—envoy from A fz a l 68—Af z a l re a che s

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p l a ce o f meetin g 7 l —the a fir a y 7 2—Afz a l s a rmy

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7 4— l oc a l le g end s a bo u t Af z a l 76—the
, ,

a tt a cked , ,

Afz a l Kh a n b a ll a d 77— M a r a th a V iew o f t h e

u "

a ffa ir , 7 8 —A p p e n d ix I ] Ad a ir Of A fz a l Kh a n .
,

evidence di s cu s s ed 7 9 , .

Ch a p t e r I V . S t r e nu o u s W a r fa r e —
82 110 “

Sh a i s t a Kh a n V iceroy o f D ecc a n 82—Siddi

’

J a u h a r be s ie g e s Shiv a in P a nh a l a 83— Shiva s

'

e s c a pe g a ll a ntry O f B a ji Pra bh u 84—Sh a i s t a Kh a n s

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m a rch o n Pu n a —s ie g e o f Ch ak a n 8 7— Fir a n g j i '

—
,

8 9— M u g h a ls in N Konk a n
,

N a rs a l a 9 l Net a ji s
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,

di s a s tro u s retre a t 9l — ni g ht a tt a ck o n Sh a i s t a Kh a n -

93—S u r a t d e s c n b e d 98 —
,

p a nic a n d ne g l ect o f ,

defence 99— heroic a ction o f En g li sh f a ctors l O l

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Sh iv a j i s firs t s a ck O f S u r a t l 03— a ttempt on h is life

’

l O 6 —J a s w a n t s s ie g e o f Kond a ma l O 9—Shiv a s
, ,
' '

movement s in l 664 l 09 , .

Ch a p te r V . Sh i va j i a nd J ai S i n gh III —I ST
'

J i aSin g h s ent to D ecc a n l l l —h is ch a ra cter .

p l a n o f w a r l l 5 —u nite s a ll the enemi e s o f

,

l l Z— h is
Shiva l l 5 the a tre o f w a r de s cribed l l B— M u g h a l
,
’

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o u tpo sts I ZO — m a rch on Pu r a n d a r l Z l —Pu ra n d a r

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hi ll de s cribed l 24— M U g h a l s ie g e p o s it io n s t l 25
, ,

l 26 —
, r

V a j r a g a rh s tormed D a u d Kh a n s fa ith l e s s
'

l Z 7—Shiv a s
,

condu ct vill a g e s ra va g ed l 28
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Ma r a th a s m a ke divers ion s B O — o u ter towers O f A

l 32— M u ra r Ba ji e de a th l 35
,

Pu r a n da r s torm ed
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Shiv a op en s ne g oti a tions l 36— vi s its J a i Sin g h 1 37

— t re a ty o f P u ra n da r its t e rm s | 39 Shiva vi s its
, ,

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,

D ilir l 4 l — fort s delivered l 42— J a i Sin g h inva de s

Bij a p u r l 45 —Shiv a c a pt u re s forts fo r M u g h a l s
, ,

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 C ONTENT S Il
"

a nd fi g ht s B l j p
a u ri a rmy l 46— retre a t from Bi j a p u r

— —
, ,

l 4 7 Shiv a s ent a g a in s t P a nh a l a why ? l 4 8 f a il s to ,

s torm it l SO
,
— Net a ji de s ert s to Bij a p u r i 5 0 ,
.

C h a pt e r V I . V i s i t t o Au r a n gzib —
I 52 17 9

Shiva s relu ct a nce to g o to A u ra n gz ib s Co u rt

' '

l SZ—hope s held o u t to him 153—h is a rr a n g ement s

,

—
,

fo r home defence d u rin g h is a bs ence 1 55 a ss ert s

—
.

h is di g nity at A u r n
a g a b a d i S6 h is a u dience with
—
,

A u r a n g z ib 1 5 7 is pl a ced nder g rd
u u a l 6 l — a ppe a l s
—
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Au r a n gz ib s ch a n g e s O f
'

prime mini ter l 6 2

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to s-
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po l icy t o Shiva l 63— J a i Sin g h s a dvice l 63—Shiv a

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—
,

e s c a pe s from A g r a by s tr a t a g em l 66 h u e a n d cry ,

l 69— a dventu re s d u rin g

,

i 68— Shiv a a t M a thu r a

fli g ht l 7 l — retu rn s home l 73—Sh a m b h u j i s retu rn
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l 7 4— J a i Sin g h s a nxietie s d u rin g Shiv a s fli g ht | 7 5

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renewed M a r a th a ho s ti litie s l 7 6 -J a i Sin g h s plot to

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.

c a tch Sh iv a j i l 7 8 , .

Ch a pt e r V I I . 1667 —167 0 —
1 8 0 21 21
D e a th O f J a i Sin g h l BO —d i s u nion in M u g h a l
l Sl —Shiv a m a ke s pe a ce with
,
'

viceroy s c a mp
Emperor a g a in l 8 3—S h a mbh u s ent t o A u ra n g a b a d
,

l 8 5—c a u s e s Of Shiv a s ru ptu re with M u g h a l s 1 86

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c a ptu re s Kgn d a n a n a med S ing h g a rh l 88 —s ie g e s O f

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M a h u li l 8 9 —D a u d Kh a n s vi g oro u s c a mp a i g n l 90
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D il ir di s o b ey s Prince M u a zz a m l 92— inve s ti g a ti on ,

b y l ftikh a r Kh a n l 93— D il ir p u rs u ed by M u a zz a m
l 95—s econd l oot o f Su r a t i 98 —refu g ee s a t Sw a lly
, ,

Z O I — freq u ent p a nic a n d ru in o f commerce a t Su ra t

, ,

203—Sh iv a j i g a in s b a ttle Of V a ni
,

205 — s a ck o f
.

K a rinj a Z O B—Shiv a c a pt u re s Sa lh ir Z l l —Chh a tr a Sa l

,

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Bu n de la vi s it s Shiv a ,

Ch a pt e r VI I I S t r u g gl e w i th th e
—
.

M u gh a l s , 167 0 167 4 —
2 1 3 2 31
L a r g e a rmie s s ent a g a ins t Shiv a 2 l 3—D a u d ,
'

'

Kh a n s c a mp a i g n in the Ch a ndor ra n g e 2 1 4 ,
 12 SH l V AJ l .

fM a ha b a t inv a de s M a h a r a s htr a m a ss a cre o f P u n a

2 1 6 —defe a t o f i kh l a s Kh a n ne a r Sa lhi r
, ,

2l 7
M u g h a ls expe ll ed from P u n a 2l 7—M a ra th a s con
.

q u er J a wh a r a n d Ra mn a g a r 2 l 8 — cha u th dem a nded ,

—
f rom S u r a t Z l 9 Ko l i Ra j a h s Z Z I — M u g h a l O ffi cers
de s ert to Shiva ZZ Z—ra id into Ber a r 223— s u cces s fu l
, ,

p u rsu it b y M u g h a l s 223— Ped g a on M u g h a l b a s e

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225 —Sh iv a fa i l s a t Shivner 226—g a in s S a t a ra a nd

, , ,

P a nh a la 227 ra id s Bij a p u ri K a n a r a 228—b a ttle O f

,

—
Umr a ni 230— defe a t a n d de a th o f Pr a t a p Ra o 23l
, ,

—H a m b ir Ra o s ra id s 232—Ba hl o l s victory 234

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234—M u g h a l
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D ilir defe a ted b y Shiv a power

we a kened 235—extent O f Shiv a s territory 236
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Ch a pte r I X Co r o na t i o n o f S h i v a j l
. 2 38 —25 9
W hy Shiv w nted to be crowned 238 —G g a a a a

Bh a tt a decl a re s him a K s h a triy a 24 l —prep a r a tion s

,

fo r coron a tion 24 l — re l i g io u s ceremonie s 24 2

°

, ,

Shiva perfo rms pen a nce a n d is m a de a K sh a triy a ,

b u t is denied Vedic m a nt r a s 244— l a vi sh g i ft s 245

24 7—coron a tion h a ll
, ,

b a th o n coron a tion d a y
de s cri b ed 24 7—enthronement 249 —
,

O xin de n pre
25 0— s treet proce s s ion a t Ra i g a rh 25 0—co s t
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s ented

25 2—loot o f M u g h a l c am p 25 3— ra id
, ,

O f coron a tion

into B a g la n a a n d Kh a ndes h 25 4—into Ko lh a p u r

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, ,

25 5 — B a h a d u r Kh a n deceive d b y pretended n e g o t ia
tions 255 — M a r a th a a ctivitie s 25 7—Shiv a s i ll ne ss
'

25 8 —M u g h a ls inv a de Bij a p u r 25 9
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C h a p te r X . S o u th K o nk a n 6? K a na r a —
2 6 0 2 92

K a n a ra u p l a nd s a n d co a s t 260—tr a de a nd ports ,

26 l —Ru s t a m i Z a m a n s concert with Shiv a 262

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En g li s h co ll i s ion w ith Shiv a a t Ra j p r

a u 26 4— En g li s h ,

b roker s a n d Mr G yffa r d impri s oned by M a ra th a s ,

264— re l e a s ed 265 — En g l i s hmen fight a g a in s t Shiv a

.

—
,

a t P a nh a l a —
266 Ra j a p u r fa cto rs s ei ed
z 266 A di l
Sh a h inv a de s Bedna r 268 —Shiv a in S Konk a n
, ,

co a s t 269—di s orders in the co a s t 270—Shiva s

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 CONTENT S . 1 33

doin g s in K a n a r a 272—loot o f Ba rc e lo re a nd bl a ck
m a i li n g o f K a rw a r 27 4—Bij a p u r is recover a n d l ose
,

5 Konk a n 27 7—s ie g e o f Pond a r a is ed 280—l

,

to
c a ptu re G o a by s tra t a g em detected z8 l —rebel li on
. , ,

o f Ru s t a m i Z a m a n 282—s a ck O f H u bli 283—B a hlo l

, ,

- -

expel s M a r a th a s from K a rwa r di strict 284—Shiv a s

, ,
'
.

—
,

5
'

r
g a nd r a id into K a n a r a f a il s 28 Mi a n S a hib s
rebe llion in Bi j a p u ri K a n a ra 286—Shiva c a ptu re s
,
.

Pond a 288 —a n d other fort s 290—M a r a th a f a i l u re in

,

, ,

S u nd a a nd s u cce s s in Bedna r 291 , .

Ch a pte r X I . N a v a l E nt e r p r i s e s —
2 93 5 2 1

The Siddia o f J a njira 293—Shiva s e a rly co nflicts

'

with Sid dis 295—S hiv a c a pt u re s D a nd a 296

,

Vy a nk o ji D a tto V iceroy 297—S hiv a s n av y de s cribed

, ,
'

— —
, , .

298 his s i l or 299 h is merc a ntile m a rine 299

doin g s o f M a ra th a fleet 300—revolu tion a t J a njira :
a s , ,

Siddi s enter M u g h a l s ervice 302—Portu g u e s e defe a t

,

M a r a th a fleet 304—Sid dis recover D a nd a 305

,

Shiv a s e ffort s f a il 307—n a v a l w a r l 672 75 308

, ,
'
-
,

b a tt l e O f Sa t a v l i 31 0 g r a nd a ss a u lt on J a nj i ra b y h -
“

M a r a th a s 3l l —n a v a l w a r l 67 6 80 31 2—M a r a t h a s
,

- ;
, ,

fortify Kh a nde ri 3l 5 — n a v a l b a ttle s w ith the En g li sh

3l 6 —En g li sh m a ke pe a ce 3l 9—Sidd ia fort ify U nd e ri
, ,

a n d bo m b a rd Kh a n d e ri 320 ~

,
.

Ch a pte r X I I . I nva s i o n of th e K a r na t a —
k 5 2 2 35 2 .

Shiv a s need of mo ney 322—Ka m a t a k : it s

'

we a lth 323—Vy a nk o j i a nd h is mini ster q u a rrel 325

,

—Bi j a pu r in dis order 327—Shiva s ecu res M ha }

'

, ,

ne u tra l ity 328—a nd a l l ia nc e w ith Go lk o nd a 3 9

,

—h is gr a nd entry
, ,

s t rict di s cipline in Shiv a s a rmy 330

'

—
,

into H a i d a r a b a d 3 3 l a u die nce w ith Qu tb Sh a h

‘

334—tre a ty with G o l k o n da 335 —fe a s t s a n d revie w s

, , .

336 —pil g rim a g e to Shr i Sh e il a 338 —relig iou s fre nzy

, ,

339—m a rch e s by M a dr a s city 339 J inj i fort

,

— ,

— Tiru v a di 34 l —s ie g e O f
,

c p re d 3 4 0 s ie g e of
'

a t u
— defe a t o f Sher Kh a n 342—pre s ents
, ,

l
V el ore 3 4,Z ,
 14
“

from M a dra s fa ctors 34 0 a n —

d 3 3 bl a ckm a i l from
4
fiN a y a k O f M a du ra 34 4—S h iv a invites V y a n k o j i to
,

interv iew 344 —fl i g ht O f Vy a n k o j i 345 —

,

, Shiv a a t ,

V riddh a ch a l a m 347 — as ks fo r s ie g e en g ineers from -

— —
,

7M a dra s 4
3 7 enter s My s ore p l a te a u 3 48 V e llore ,

—
,

4 v a l u e o f Shiv a s c onq u e s ts in
'

c a p it u l a t e s
f

3 9
349—V y a nk o j i
,

Ka m a t a k a tt a ck s Shiva s a g ent
'

35 0—pe a ce
,

Sh a nt a j i M a dra s pl a ins res tored t o

, ,

Vy a n k o j i 35 2 ,

C h a pt e r X I I I . H is L a s t Y e ar s —
35 3 38 3

Ro u te o f retu rn from Ka m a t a k 35 3—fight with

S a vitri Ba i 35 4—a ttempt t o g a in Bij a p u r fort b y
,

—
,

b ribery 35 5 Sh a m b h u j i a tt a ck s G o a territory 356

, ,

Pe s hw a p lu nders Trim b a k N a s ik 35 7— the Mi s ma s o f -

,

K op a l di s trict 35 7— a nnex a tions beyond Tu n g a

—
,

bh a dra 35 8 s econd f a i lu re a t Shivner 359 d i s order

-

in Bij a p u r a nd we a kne ss o f M a s a u d 36 l —
, ,

Sh a m b h u ji ,

de s erts to D ilir 362— M a r a th a s tr a t a g em to s eize ,

a u —
Bij p r ort detected 363 M u g h a ls a n d Bij a p u r is
f , ,

(
a g a in s t Shiv a 364— D ilir c a ptu re s Bhu p a l g a r h 364
, ,

M a ra th a s fi g ht i khl a s Kh a n 365 — a n d c a ptu re a '

iM u g h a l convoy a t K a rk a m b 366—
,

S h iv a j i s l etter to
'

—
,

A u ra n g z ib a g a in s t the j a z iya 366 D ilir inv a de s

—
,

Bij a p u r 37 l Shiv a ar rive s ne a r Bij a p u r t o hel p

37 2—D ilir r a v a g e s environ s Of Bij a p u r 373 s a cks —
, ,

37 4—Sh a m b h u ji retu rn s to fa ther

,

A thni , 37 5
Shi v a j i defe a ted by D ilir 37 6 —fortifie s P a nh a l a a s a
,
'

ref u g e 37 6—ra id s Kh a nde s h 377—s a ck o f J a l n a 37 7

,
“

—cu rs e O f s a int 378—Shiv a defe a ted by Ra n m a st

, , ,

Kh a n 37 8—e s c a pe s with he a vy lo s s 37 9—a nxiety

,
V

380—l ect u res t o Sh a mbh u 38 0

,

a bo u t s u cce s s ion

i ntri g u es a mon g Shiv a s wive s 382—de a th o f Shi v aji

, ,
'

382—w a s he poi s oned ? 383

, ,

"

C h a pt e r XI V S h i v a j i a n d t h e E ng l i s h
—
.

m e r ch a nt s o f t h e W e s t Co a s t 3 8 4 4 04
Ra j a p u r f a ctors kept in pri s on , 384 —
4 hei r
 C ONT ENT S . 15

'

wr a n g 1e with S u ra t C o u ncil 386—En g li s h think o f

— —
,
"

n a v a l repris a l 386 pri s oners rele as ed 3 7 En g 1ié h

8, ,

n e g oti a te fo r compen s a tion fo r Ra j a p u r f a ctory 389

—the s ecret a im s o f the two p a rtie s 389—d elica te
,

po s ition o f the En g li s h 391—Ra m Sh e nv i s report

,
'

39l —M a ra th a envoy a t Bomb a y 392— mis s ion O f

,

L t Us tick 393—emb a ss y Of Niccol ls 395—S hiv a s

,
'

letter t o Bomb a y 396 his ev a s ivene s s 397—emb a ss y

. , ,
"
-

O xi n de n 398— it s re s u lt 399—Ra j a p u r f a ctors

, ,

O f
—A u s ten s emb a s s y 4 01
, ,

400
'

interview Shiv a
indemnity in kind 403—Ra j a p u r indemnity how fa r
, ,

p a id 404
, .

s
Ch a pte r XV G o v e r nm e nt I ns ti t u t i o ns
—
. , ,

a n d p o l i cy 4 05 4 26

Extent of h is k ingdom 405 — three province s

4 05 —belt of territory s u bject to c h a u th 407— n a t u re
, ,

O f c ha u t h 407— h is a nn u a l re ve nue 408 — ho a rded

tre a s u re 4 08 —s tren gth O f his a rmy 409— e l eph a nts
, ,

4 1 0—e a rly a dmini s tr a tive O fficers 4 1 0

, ,

a n d a rti l lery , ,

— a s h ta p ra dh a ns their powers 4 1 1— their title s a n d

-
,

d u tie s 4 1 2— K a y a s th a clerk s 4 1 3— Arm y : org a ni s a

, ,

tion o f forts 4 1 4 —C a v a l ry 4 1 5— inf a ntry 4 1 6

4 1 6—how h is a rmy s u b s i s ted 4 1 7
, , ,

s a l a rie s O f o ffi cers

—Re ve nue s ys tem 4 1 8—no f a rmin g O f revenu e no
, ,

, ,

mi lit a ry fie fs 4 1 9— di s trict a dmini str a tion 420

‘

—
,

4 1 Ra md a s 42 1— pr a ctic a 1 effect
,

re l ig i ous po l icy 2
"

, ,

O f Shiv a j i s re g u l a tion s 423

'

s pirit o f bri g a nd a g e
423—Au ra n g zi b s de s p a ir o f s u bd u in g Shiv a j i 4 24
, ,
'

4 24—Shiv a s pers on a l a ppe a r a nce 425

,
'

a necdote s , ,

h is portr a its 426 , .

C h a pte r XV I . S h iv a ): s a ch i e ve m e nt ,

c h a r ac te r a nd pl a c e i n H i s t o r y 4 2 7 -4 4 9
Sh iv aj i s forei g n policy like t h a t O f M us li m k in gs
'

427 m u lk g ir i 428 —c a u s e s o f h is f a il u re to b u ild an

.
~
- -

—
,

end ring St te
u a 4 29 rev iv a l O f Hindu orthodoxy
4 29—c a s te q u a rrel s a n d divi s ions 430—no elev a ti on
, ,
-

,
I6 S H l V AJ l .

of p o e ple 4 32 — evi l f tocr cy 4 33 — ne g lect o f

the economic f a ctor 4 33—nece s s ity of ra ids a nd
, s o a u a ,

their rui no u s effect 434—exce s s O f trickery a nd

,

— Wel l e s ley 436

.

intri gu e 435 fa i lu re a g a in s t

Ch aract e r O f Sh iv a j i 436—his pol iti c a l ide a l 438

, ,

n a tu ra l in s ecu rity O f kin g dom 439—re a dine s s fo r

,

'

439—h is re l a tions
,

w a r a condition Of h is exi s tence

with Bij a p u r 440—his tru e g re a tne s s 440—the l a s t
,

cons tru ctive g eni u s a m o n g Hindu s 44 1 —h is infl u ence

, ,

o n the Hind u s p i rit 4 43

,

A p p e n d ix I I I Ch a r a cter o f M a ra thi record s a bo ut

.

Sh iv a j i 4 45
, .

B i b l i o gr a p h y
Abbr e vi a t i o ns
 CH
H r 1

I
L
i SH I V A I 0 0 1
r ( J r 1
‘

Fo u r cent u rie s a g o the n a me M a ha ra s h tra w a s con -

fined t o the we s tern ed g e O f the D ecc a n p l a te a u ,

{ e
. t o a tr a ct b o u nded o n the north by the T a p t i
. .
,

o n t h e s o u th b y the u pper co u rs e s O f the Kri s hn a

( pro b a bly the W a rn a ) a n d o n the e a s t b y the Sin a

*
, .

The cra d l e l a nd O f M a h a r a shtra w a s there fore

-
, ,

formed by the N a s ik P u n a a n d S a t a r a di s tricts p a rt s , ,

o f Ahm a dn a g a r a nd Shol a p u r a nd prob a bly the ,

we tern co e of
s m r Au a —
ra n g b a d a rou g h tot a l of ,

s q u a re mi le s The M a ra th a r a ce w a s a ls o .

s ett l ed in Konk a n or the n a rrow l a nd between the

W e s tern Gh a ts a nd the I ndi a n O ce a n Here the

di s trict s o f Th a n a Ko la ba an d Ra t n ag m a n d the ,

St a te O f Sav a nt va di —with a tot a l a re a of over -

,

s q u ar e mil e s —a re now predomin a nt ly ,

M a ra thi s pe a kin g ; b u t in the 1 6t h cent u ry a co u s i

-

d e r a hl e portion O f the popu l a ti o n proba bly o n e h a l f ,

-
,

be lon g ed to oth e r ra ce s a n d s p oke other ton gu e s .

Fo u r cent u ri es a g o th e popu l a tion of M a h a r a shtr a

w a s very thin a n d fore s ts covered mu ch of the l a n d .

The we stern ed g e Of the D ecc a n p la te a u i s su b j e ct

t o a low a n d u ncert a in r a inf a l l cu ltiv a tion is poor ,

Th e Wo rd D o k kan e xp re s s e s th e co u n t ry w a te r e d by
th e u p pe r G od a v ar i an d th a t l yi n g be tw e e n th a t r iv e r an d th e

K r i s h na Th e M a h a r as h tra l ms ti m e
' '

. na rne a so se e at o ne to

h a v e be e n re str i cte d to t h is t rac t . Fo r th a t c o u n try is , i n th e

P u ra ii as an d O th e r w o rk s , di s t i ng u is h e d on th e o ne h a n d fr o m
N rt h e rn K nka n
o o an d fr o m th e re g io ns on e i th e r si de o f th e

Narm a da and the T a p ti , as w e ll as fro m V i da rb h a or Be ra r .

( Bo rn Ca z . . i .
pt . 11 .
'

p . 1 34 , 5 87 ; x xi v .
 S TE RIL E RO CKY C O UN TRY . 3

an d prec a rio u s long the n a rro w , an d it is only a

m a rg ins O f the few rivers th a t th e {pe a s a nt is a ss u red

o f a g ood retu rn for h i s l a bo u r F ro m ne a rly th e .

who l e Of the W e s tern D ecc a n t he he a vy C lo u ds of

the S W mon soo n a r e ei ther s h u t o u t by the Cha t
. .
‘

r a n g e or if they s u rm ou nt th i s ba m er th ey s a i l
, , ,

a w a y to the e a s t l e a ving the l a nd u nwa tered a n d

u nti ll ed so th a t the D ecc a n g enera lly s pe a kin g
, , ,

yield s to m u ch l a bo u r a b a re me a su re O f
(M o ra l a nd M a t P rog 191 1 1 2 . .
-
,

p .

Th e rai n is p re c i p i tate d on th e co a s t - l i ne K on kan ]

at an a v e ra g e o f 1 00 to 1 20 i nc h e s [ i n th e ye a r .
] O n ce th e

[ of th e We s t e r n G h a t s ] is p a s se d th e
"

c re s t , p re c i p i t a t i o n

de c r e a se s v e ry rap i dl y , u nt i l .
a be lt is re a c he d on l y 35 m il e s
f ro m th e h il l s w h e re th e r ai n a f ll is v e ry p re car i o u s an d
a v e ra g e s on ly a b o u t 17 i n c h e s . F u rth e r e a st a g a in , th e S . W .

m o nso o n is n e a rl y sp e n t , but the i n fl u e n ce o f t he N . E .

m o n s o o n b e g i n s t o be fe l t '
an d th e ra i n a f ll o f
K h a n de s h , we ge t t he De ccan p ro p e r d iv ide d i n t o t h re e t r ac ts

[ unn i n g p a ral le l
r to th e G h a ts an d ca ll e d ] t he Da n g or M av a l
t o th e w e s t the , T ra nsi ti o n in the c e n tr e , an d th e De sh , or

b la ck -
so i l p lain to th e e as t . T he so i l , ho w e v e r . is no t fe rti le ,

an d th e re a re ra n g e s O f ba r e ro c ky h i l l s ru n ni n g e a st an d w e s t,

s p u rs so to sp e a k o f th e G h a ts , w h ich ne i the r s t o re wa te r fo r
cu l t iv a t io n no r a tt ra c t th e Kam atak th e

D ha rw a r , Be l g a u m , an d B i j a p u r d i s t r ic t s ] h a s a m o re ce r ta i n

( Ce n su s f
"

an d m o re co p i o u s ra i n a f ll an d m o re fe r ti l e so i l . o

I n di a , 1 91 1 , v ii . pt . I , pp . 4 Th e w e s t e rn h i lly b e l t is ca lle d
D a n g i n th e no r th Ba g l a n a ) M a va l i n ,
th e ce ntre

the N ik P n
as , u a an d Sa ta ra d is tr i c ts ) . an d M a l la d i n th e so u t h
K rnatak )a . Th e Konk an , on th e oth e r ha nd , is an are a
 4 S H I V AJ I .
[ Cl i -
. 1 .

ch a s oi l rice c u ltiv a tion is impo ss ib le a n d

In su ,

whe a t a n d bar ley g row in very s m a ll q u a ntitie s The .

s t a p l e crop O f mo s t o f thi s re g ion i s the h a rdy mi l l et ,

—j a w a r i b a j ra a nd ra g i or m a ize Bu t even the s e

, .

c a nnot a lw a y s b e depended u pon O ne ye a r the r a in .

wo u ld f a i l the s pro u tin g pl a nts wo u ld be s corched

,

b y the s u n or the yo u n g he a d s O f g r a in w o u l d s hrink

.

a nd wither b e fore they c a n g row to fu lne s s a n d

ripen a n d there wou l d be f a mine t hro u g ho ut the
,

l en g th a n d bre adth Of the l a n d The s o il covered .

,

with b a re rock a t p la ce s a n d with on ly a thin l a yer

O f mou l d a t other s wo u ld be b a ked t o a brown d u s t
, ,

n o t a g reen bl a de wo u ld be s een a nywhere a n d in ,

a ddition to the h u m a n victim s the c a tt l e wo u l d peri s h

b y ten s O f th o u s a nd .

§2 . I s o la t i o n o f t h e P eo p le .

The broken rocky n a tu re Of th e co u ntry a n d

i t s a bu nd a n ce o f fore s ts whi l e it kept the pop u l a t ion ,

/ d o w n a ls o m a de tra ve l lin g di fficu lt a n d u nprofit a b le

T
,
.

Th ere were no rich co u rt s pop u lo u s citie s or thrivin g ,

m a rt s to a ttr a ct merch a nt s N o r were there re g u l a r .

oc ca s ion s fo r the m a rch Of l a rg e bodie s Of s o l dier s ,

a s from o n e province o f a comp a ct a n d mi g hty

e mpire t o a nother The cou ntry w a s c u t u p b y
.

o f c e rta in an d h e a vy ra i n a f ll , w i th ri c e fo r th e p re d o m i n a n t
c ro p ,
"

an d l
a o ng th e —
se a c oa s t , w h e re v e r t h e re is a ny

fr i n g e f p a l m s m a n g o g r o v e s a nd p l a i n ta i n o r ch a rds a d d to
O ,
-

th e b e a u t y O f t h e l a n dsc a p e a n d th e w e a l th O f th e i nh a b i ta n t s .

Thal i a an d Ka nara ar e fo re s t -c l a d di s tr i c ts .
"

( I bi d ) .
 SM ALL I S O LAT ED D I ST R I C TS . 5 »

N a t u re int o s m a ll comp a rtment s in which the n a tive s

l ive d i s ol a ted s e lf cont a ined live s
-
th e world ,

forg ettin g a nd by th e world forg ot .

Thi s w a s tru e in a s peci al de g ree of the be l t

lyin g immedi a tely e a s t o f the Gh a ts The empire s .

o f the centr a l a n d more l evel portion o f the t a ble

l a nd bo th in Hind u time s a nd M u s lim h a d s ent

, ,

forth their conq u e rin g ho s ts we s tw a r ds b u t the ,

flood o f inv a s ion h a d been broken a t the foot o f the

hil l s o r their n u mero u s s p u rs o r where a thin , ,

s tre a m o f it h a d po u red thro u g h the p a s s e s it h a d ,

retired a fter a s hort a n d u nprofit a ble sta y I n their

. ,
.

ru g g ed a nd inhos pit a ble nook s the n a tive s h a d

fo u nd s a fety a nd p e a ce wh ile the richer pl a in s h a d
,

been the s cene s o f revo lu tion a n d ra pine .

Thi s n a tu r a l i s o l a tion of the we s tern be lt w a s

no do u b t occ a s ion a lly broken by the pil g rim th e ,

tr a der a n d the s oldier o f fortu ne Acro s s thi s ru g g ed

, .

tr a ct l a y a l l the ro u te s from the o ce a n ports o f o u r -

we s tern co a s t to the rich c a pit a ls a nd m a rts o f

Centra l D ecc a n Thro u g h it a lone co u l d the s tre a m
.

o f recru it s from Per s i a Ar a bi a Tu rkey A bys s ini a

, ,

a n d even C entr a l As i a re a ch the we l com i n g M u s lim

C o u rt s o f Ku lb a r g a Bid a r Ahm a dn a g a r Bij a p u r a nd

‘

, , ,

Co lk o n da . Thro u g h M a h a r a s htr a a lone co u ld the

c loth , met a l wa re a nd s pice s of the u pper God a v a ri
-

a n d Kri s hn a v a lley s re a ch their port s of emb a rk a tion

fo r Eu rope .

Then a g a in the s terile s oil dis cou r a g ed it s s on s

, ,

from the th a nkle s s t a s k of tillin g it Stron g mu scle s .

 S H I V AJ ] .
[ Cl l
-
. 1 .

an d to u t he a rts fou nd g re a ter rew a rd s a nd a hi gh er

s

po s iti on by s ervin g in the a rmie s of the mi g hty

mona rchie s o f the centr a l p l a te a u An a b le p a rti s a n .

l e ad er w a s s u re of hi g h p a y no b l e r a nk a n d it , ,

mi gh t be the pro u d po si ti on o f a ki n g m a ker at -

,

a ny o f the se Co u r t s w hich were con st a ntly a t w a r

,

with their neig hbo u rs a n d prep ar ed to bid hi g h fo r

,

the la nce s o f u sefu l con do tt ie ri from the D es h tra ct .

Bu t su ch occ a s ion a l vis itors o n ly b r o u g ht a

b re a th o f the o u ter worl d t o the se q u e s tered v a l e s
o f M a h a r a s htr a ; they d id no t di s tu rb the noi s e l e ss

tenor o f the life of the n a tive s fo r the n a tive s them

,

s elve s h a d h a rd ly oc ca s i o n t o move Even when .

they went a b ro a d as s o ldie rs they u su a lly s ettl ed

,

there in the fie fs g ive n to th em a n d ra rely retu rned

t o their b a rren a nces tr a l hom e s .

The M a r a th a p eop l e s in bo rn love o f in d e p e n

'

dence a nd is o l a ti on Wa s g r ea t ly he lped by N atu re ,

which provided t hem with m a ny re a dy m a de a n d -

e a s i ly d e fens ib le for t s cl o s e a t h a nd where they ,

c p ld q u i ck l y flee fo r refu g e a nd whence they co u ld

o

fi t
l er a ten a cio u s re s i s t a nce U n
. li ke th e G a n g etic
p la in thi s co u ntry cou l d not b e co nq u ered a n d
,

a nnexed by o n e c a v a l ry d a s h or even one ye a r s

c a mp ai g nin g H e re the n a tive s h a d the ch a nce o f
.
o

m a ki n g a lo ng s tru g gl e a g a in st s u peri or nu m b ers

a nd , it m a y b e o f recoverin g th eir own when th e
,

inv a der w a s wo rn o u t . The whol e o f the Ch a t s

a n d nei g hbou rin g mo u nta in s often termin a te tow a rd s

the to p in a w a ll of smooth rock the hi ghe st point s ,

 NAT U R AL F O R T S O N H ILL TOPS -
. 7

o f which we ll a s det a ched portions o n insu l a ted

, as

hil ls form n a tu r a l f o rtre s s e s where the only l a bo u r

, ,

req u ired is to g e t a cce ss to the l evel s p a ce which ,

g ener a l l y lie s o n the s u mmit V a rio u s prince s a t .

di fferent time s ha ve cu t fli g ht s o f s tep s o r windin g

ro a d s u p the rock s fortified the entr a nce with a ,

s u c c e s s io n o f g a tew a y s a n d erected towers t o c o m

'

m a nd the a pproa che s a n d th u s s tu dded the whol e

'

o f the re g ion a bo u t the Ch a t s a nd their br a nche s

l n m a ny o f them there a r e s prin g s/

" "

with fort s .

o f th e fine s t w a ter a nd in a ll a s u pply c a n be ,

s ec u red in t a nk s o r re s ervoir s d u rin g th e periodic a l

, ,

r a in s from M a y t o O ctobe r The s oft tr a p d is

"

s o lvin g h a s expo s ed t he h a rd b a s a lt in s teep s c a rpe d

precipice s a n d s mooth top s which fo rm n a t u r a l ,

*
fort s .

§3 . P o ve r ty ,
si m p li c ity an d e q u a l i ty o f s oc ie ty .

ln ch a co u ntry n o m a n c a n a fford to le a d
su

a s h eltered life There w a s no p a r a s ite cl a ss in

.

a ncient M a h a r a s htr a Even the vill a g e he a dmen . ,

who neither s owed n o r s p u n h a d to work a s ,

collectors o f revenu e loc a l j u d g e s a n d p a rochi a l ,

policemen t o e a rn th e fee o n which they lived

, .

There w a s h a rdly a rich m a n except the tr a der ,

w ho w a s a lso the on ly b a nker o f thi s primitive

s ociety Even the l a ndlords were rich r a ther in
.

g r a in he a p s a nd a rmed ret a iner s th a n in g old a n d

-

*
E l p h i ns t o n e
'

s Hi s to ry , 6 th e d . 6l5 . D u ff . i . 7 . B o rn .

xv ii i .
pt . I . pp . 9 lO-
x ix . l6 .
 8 SH I V AJ I .
[ CI l -
. 1 .

i lver Some temp le s e s peci a lly a t the chief ce n tre s

s .
,

of pi lg rim a g e h a d a cc u m u l a tions o f we a lth b u t

,
,

their income w a s prec a rio u s entire ly dependent o n ,

vol u nt a ry g ift a n d incomp a ra b ly s m al ler th a n t h e

,

the g r a nd M a dra s temp l e s .

a s ociety s o circu ms t a nced every m a n a nd , ,

o ften every wom a n h a s to work a nd work with t h e

,

h a nd E le g a nce a n d refinement c a nnot g row he re

. .

I f c u lt u re c a n b e ri g ht ly defined a s the emp loyme n t

o f the inte l l ect in p l e a s u re then there is n o r o o m ,

fo r cu lt u re a mon g men who h a ve to s a cri fi ce p le a su r e

to the ba re nece ss a rie s o f l ife Where N a tu re .

enforce s a Sp a rt a n s imp licity there c a n b e no ,

lu xu ry no l e a rned l eis u re ( except a mon g the prie s ts )

, ,

no ae s thetic development n o p o li s hed m a nners ev e n , .

The M a r a th a s when they ro s e t o po li tic a l

,

power did not impre s s the s ubject pop u la tion

,

f a vo u ra b ly T o the over po li shed dec a dent s o f the

.
-

M u gh a l c a pit a ls the w a rri or s from the So u th

,

a ppe a red a s a r a ce o f u p s t a rt s in s o l ent in pro sperity , ,

a nd l a ckin g in g r a ce refinement a n d even g ood

,

m a nners They h a d no t a s te fo r the fine a rt s no

. ,

e l e g a nc e o f a ddre ss no a ptit u de fo r the a menitie s

,

o f s oci a l life Even th eir hors em a n ship w a s a wkw a rd

.

a nd g r a ce l e ss tho u g h eminently
, pr a ctic a l The .

'

L pe rio d o f M a r a th a a s cendency h a s not l eft l ndi a

f

richer b y a s in g l e g r a nd b u i ldin g or be a u tifu l pictu re , ,

o r fi ne ly written m a n u s cript Even the p a l a ce s of .

th e Pe s hwa s a r e lo w me a n lookin g flim s y s tru ctu re s

,
-
, .

w ith s m a ll room s a nd n a rrow s t irc e

a a s s— re lieved
 10 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . 1 .

Bu t the b a s i s their ch a r a cte r rem a ined th e o f

s a me — a ctivity , co u ra g e s e lf re li a nce s e lf re s pect
, ,
-
,
-

a n d l ove o f eq u a lity W ith the lo ss o f their o w n .

t c a pit a ls o n the G od a va ri a n d the Kri s hn a .

in the 1 4th centu ry th ey were pre ss ed b a ck t o the ,

s teri l e we s tern ed g e o f the p l a te a u a nd b ec a m e

poorer a n d more i s o l a ted I n the lo ne ly s tru g g l e .

with N a tu re a n d b e a s t s they deve loped g re a te r ,

cu nnin g withou t los in g their v a lo u r a nd h a rdine s s

,
. .

l n de e d in their combin a tion o f co u ra g e c l everne s s

, ,

a n d power o f end u r a nce — i n their a bi l ity t o p l a n a n d , .

execu te s u rpri s e s a n d n igh t a t t a c k s in the s ki ll o f ~

,

their s o ldier s to extric a te them s elve s from a ti gh t

corner o r v a ry their t a ctic s a ccordin g t o the ch a n g in g
ph a s e s o f a b a ttl e witho u t w a itin g fo r g u id a nc e ,

from a s u —
perior the M a r a th a s re s em b l e the ,

A fg h a n s mo s t a mon g a l l A s i a tic r a ce s .

So ci a l di s tinctio n s were fewer a n d mu ch le s s .

s h a rp a mon g the l 6t h cent u ry M a r a th a s th a n a mon g

richer a nd more civi li s ed comm u nities The rich .

m a n w a s n o t imme a s u ra b ly a bove the poor in s u ch

a s imp l e s ociety ; a nd even the poore s t m a n h a d

h i s v a lu e a s a fi g hter or indi s pen s a b l e la bo u rer ; a t
l e a s t he pre s erv ed h is s e l f res pect b eca u s e wher e
,
-
,

fe w h a d a nyt hin g t o s p a re none w a s tempted t o ,

p e as a n t ry ( o f the K u nb i c
as te )
, The y a re h a rd -
w ki
or ng.

te m pe ra t e , h o s p ita b l e , fo n d o f th e i r c h i l d re n an d k i nd to

At th e th e y l in d
'

s t ra n g e rs . sa m e tim e a re c ru e re v e ng e , an

l do m he a t
'
se s cru p e l to c e i th e r Go v e rn m e n t or th e i r c re d it o rs .

(Bo m . Ga z . xv i i i .
pt . I ,
 R EL I GI O US REFO RMER S . II

lea d the p a mpered l ife o f the profe s s ion al be g g a rs .

a n d h a n g er s o u o f Ag r a o r D elhi
-
Poverty a n d im
.

memori a l cu s tom a like pre s erved the wom a nkind o f

M a h a ra shtra ( except a m o n g thos e c a s te s th a t a s pired
to be Ksh a t riya s) fro m s eclu s ion in the h a rem a n d ,

thu s the e ffective s tren g t h o f s ociety w a s do u bled ,

whi l e life g a ined in he a lth a n d s w eetne ss .

§5 . R e l ig io u s t e a c h e rs .

The sa me s e ns e o f eq u a lity w a s fo s tered b y

re lig ion The Br a h m a n s n o do u b t tried to m a int a in
.
, ,

their mono p oly o f the s a cred lore a n d t h e ir a loofne s s

from other c a s te s a s a s or t o f s piritu a l a ri s tocr a cy .

Bu t s trong re l i g io u s movement s a r o s e a n d s wept

thro u g h the l en g th a n d b re a dth o f the l a nd te a chin g ,

the s a nc ere birth th e ,

s u p e n o n ty a ai to mere ritu a l
~
,

a n d th e onene s s o f a l l tru e be l ievers before Go d .

Th e s e pop u l a r movement s were ho s tile to the

h a u g hty c la im s of the Bra hm a n hiera rchy a nd their ,

chief centre w a s P a ndh a rpu r o n e o f the mo s t f a mo u s

,

s e a t s o f pil g rim a g e in the l a nd .

Like the Prote s t a nt Refor m a tion in Eu rope in

the i 6t h cen t u ry there w a s a reli g io u s s oci a l a nd
, , ,

liter a ry reviv a l a n d Reform a tion in l ndi a b u t not a bl y ,

in the D eccan in the l 5 th a nd l 6th centu rie s Thi s .

re li g io u s reviv a l w a s n o t Bra hm a nic a l in it s ortho

doxy it w a s heterodox in it s s pirit o f prote s t a g a in s t
form s a n d ceremonie s a n d cl a s s di s tinction s b a s ed
o n birth ,
a n d ethic a l in it s preference o f a p u re he a rt ,
 SH I V AJ I

a n d o f the la w o f love to a ll other a cq u ired merit s ,

a nd g ood work s Thi s re li g io u s reviv a l w a s the

.

work a ls o o f the peop le o f the m a s s e s a nd not o f , ,

.
the cl a s s e s At it s he a d were s a int s a n d prophe ts
.
,

poet s a n d phi l o s ophers who s p a r n g chiefly fr om the

.
,

l ower orders o f s ociety — t a i lors c a rpenter s potters , , , ,

g a rdeners s hop keeper s b a rb ers a nd even m a h a rs

-
, , ,

( s c a v e n g e rsF m o r e often th a n Br a hm a n s The .

n a me s o f T u k a r a m [ born a b o u t i 5 68 ] of Ra md a s ,

[ b l 608 ] o f V a m a n P a ndit [ b 1 636 ] a n d o f E k n a t h

. .

[ b. 1 5 28 ] s ti ll ret a in their a s cendency over the mind s

o f t h e peop l e of M a h a r a s h tr a (Ra n a d e I O ; a ls o .
,

B o m Ga z xx 4 73 Sa rde s a i i 38
. . .
, .

The f a i rs he ld a t the chief p l a ce s o f pi lg rim a g e

on p a rtic u la r ho ly d a ys tended to fo s ter a s en s e o f
Hindu u nity l ike the n a ti o n a l g a me s of a ncient
,

M u g h t o a l e s s er extent b ec a u s e c a s te h a s ,

alw a y s rem a ined w ith u s a di s inte g r a tin g for ce .

The s e shrine s b ec a me di s tribu tin g centre s o f cu lt

a n d c u ltu re a n d broke , down tri b al or p a rochi a l
n a rrowne s s tho u g h impercepti b ly
, .

§6 . L i t e ra t u r e an d L a ng u a g e .

L itera t u re nother bond o f u nion in a fforded a

M a h a ra shtr a l t s theme s were t a ken fro m the

.

a ncient s criptu re s a n d epic s which a r e the herit a g e

o f a ll the Hindu s The devotio n a l s ong s a n d mora l .

m a xim s o f popu l a r te a chers like Tu k a r a m a n d

Ra md a s V a m a n P a ndit a nd Moro P a nt m a de their
, ,

w a y to every home where M a r a thi l etters co u l d be

 O LD M ARATH I P ROSE . I3

re a d . I n every town an d vi ll a g e in the D ecc a n

an d Konk a n ,e s peci a lly d u rin g the r a in s the pio u s ,

M a r a th a wil l be fo u nd enjoyin g with h is f a mi ly a n d

friend s th e recit a tion of the P o th i o f Shr idh a r
[b . a nd enjoyin g it indeed Except a n .

occas ion a l g ent l e la u g h or a s i g h o r a te a r no t a

, , ,

s o u nd di s tu rb s the r a pt s ilence of the a u dience ,

u n l e ss when o ne of thos e p a ss a g es o f su preme

p a tho s is re a ched which affects the wh o le of the
,

li s teners s im u lt a neo u s ly with a n o u tbu rs t o f emotion

which drown s the voice o f the re a der (A cworth s
'

B a lla ds xxvii )
, .

The s implicity a n d u niformity o f e a rly M a ra th a

s ociety a r e a ls o re fl ected in th e l a n g u a g e Their .

poetry cons i s ted o f s hort j i n g l e s a nd a p o p t he grns o r

monotono u s metric al C o u p l et s like the epic s —with ,

no lyric o u tbu rs t no lon g fl o w in g s onoro u s vers e s

,
-
,

no delic a te pl a y o n th e who l e g a m u t o f s ou nd s L ik e .

the other d a u gh ters o f S a n s krit the M a r a thi vern a ,

cu l a r h a d n o liter a ry pro s e ti ll we ll i nto th e 1 8 th

cent u ry The pro s e th a t w a s cre a ted by the o ffici a l
.

cl as s in th eir letters a n d chronic l e s w a s a b a r b a rou s ,

.

j a r g on compo s ed ne a rly three fo u rth s o f Pers i a n -

word s a nd g rote s q u e litera l tra n s l a tion s o f Pers i a n

idi o m s The hi g h ly Sa n s k rit ise d ele g a nt a n d v a ried
. ,

pro s e th a t is n o w u s ed is a cre a tion o f th e Briti s h

,

p eriod . R
( ja w a d e viii , lntro
. fu l.ly di s c u s ses the
Per s i a n element ) .

O n the whole it m a y be s a id th a t th e wr itten

[ M a r a thi ] poetry con , s i s tin g a s it doe s in s u ch very
 S H I V AJ I .

[ lI
C-
, 1 .

la r g e me a s u re o f mora l di s q u i s itions an d re fl ections ,

an the pr a is e s of thi s deity o r tha t is litt l e known

d ,

t o the ryots a n d the M av a l is of M a h a ra s htr a a n d

‘

th a t it wo u ld not comm a nd their a ttention o r

a dmi ra tion if it were M a h a r a s htra where ,

the im men s e m a jority of the pe a s a ntry c a n ne ither

re a d nor write it is a mere tr u i s m to s a y th a t th e
,

l iter a t u re o f thei r co u ntry is a b s ol u tely u nkno wn t o

them *
I t is not to be s u ppo s ed however th a t th ey
.
,
-
,

a re withou t a poetry o f t h e n o w n With the .

M a ra t h a s the fee lin g s o f the common s h a ve t a ken

,

s h a pe in the b a l l a d s which a re the g enu ine e mb o di

,

ment o f na tion a l the p l a ins of the

D ecc a n a nd the deep v a lley s an d bo l d rid g e s o f the
,

Sa hy a dri s from vi lla g e to vi lla g e the h u m b l e

, ,

Go n dha li ( min s trel)s til l tr a ve ls a n d s til l t o ra p t a n d ,

excited a u diences s in gs o f the g re a t d a ys w hen the

a rmed f a ther s o f the men a ro u nd him g a ve l a w s a t

the s pe a r s point t o a ll the prince s o f l ndi a or

'

retre a ted wo u nded a n d di s m a yed be fore the s word

of the s e a dwe ll ing s tra n g er
-
(A cworth a n d .

lig r a m P o w a da s i a n d ii ) Bu t thi s n a tion a l

, , .

ba ll a d l iter a tu re w a s the cre a tion of the a g e o f

c c e ss o r s .

Not on ly w a s their liter a tu re poor b u t their ,

pop u l a r s po ken ton gu e w a s a ro u g h pra ctic a l s peech ,

Bu t t he e n ti re m as s o f l e g e nd s an d t ra d i ti o ns o f th e

r a ce w as th e co m mo n p ro p e r ty o f all l
c a ss e s o f p e op le
t h ro u g ho u t th e l a nd an d g a ve th e m cu l t u ral h o mo ge n e i ty .
 COMM UN I TY OF M ARATHA L I FE . IS

i nc a p a ble of expre ss in g the ceremonio u s cou rte s y ,

indi rectn e s s a nd de lic a te s h a de s o f me a nin g o f the

'

?hi g h l y developed Urd u l a n g u a g e The democr a tic .

temper of the M a ra th a p e ople is s hown by their

h a vin g no re s pe c t fu l m ode o f a ddre s s like the a p
( yo u r hono u r ) of Northern i ndi a ; a ll r a nks a r e
" "

t h e e d a nd t h o u e d .

Th u s a rem a rk a ble commu nity of l a n gu a g e

, ,

creed a n d life w a s a t t a ined in M a h a ra shtra in the

,

1 7 th centu ry even before politic a l u nity w a s c o n

,

ferred by Sh iv a j i Wh a t litt l e w a s w a n tin g to ,

s olid a rity of the people w a s s u ppli e d b y h is cre a tion

of a n a tion a l St a te the lon g s tru gg le w ith the ,

inv a der from D elh i u nder his s on s a nd the ,

exp a n s ion o f the ra ce u nder the Pe s hw a s Th u s in .

,

the e nd a tribe —o r r a ther a collection o f tribe s a nd

,

c a s te s — w a s fu s e d into a a n d by the e n d o i
'

the l 8t h cent u ry a M a ra th a p eo p le in the po litica l

i

a n d c u ltu r al s en s e s of the term h a d been form ed ,

tho u g h c a s te di s tinctions s ti ll rem a ined Th u s hi story .

h a s mou lded s ociety .

§7 . M a ra tha s o l d iers an d p e a sa n t s o f t o - da y .

The b a ckbone o f Shiv aji s army w a s compo s ed

'

o f the pe a s a ntry who belon g ed t o two lo w c a s te s, ,

n a med M a ra t ha a n d K u n b i The M a r a th a c a s te —a .
,

The M a ra thas a re a n a ti o n , d fro m

an the B ra h m a n :

g l o ry
"
to t he ry o t the y in th e fa c t .
( Acw o rth an d Shah
Po w a da s )
'

g ra m s , ni .
 S H lV AJ l

n a me which s ho u ld n o t be a pp l ied to a ll M a r a thi

s pe a kin g pe op l e in g enera l —n u mbered five mi ll ion s , .

a nd the Ku n b i s ( o f the Bomb a y Pre s idency a lone)

'
‘

two a n d a h a l f mi llion s in l 9l l a n d th ey be a r th e
, ,

fo llowin g ch a r a cter in o u r ti me s
a ra t h a s ( i s the c a ste s o c a ll ed) .

a r e s imp l e , t a n d l iber a l co u rteo u s , ,

a nd , wh en kind ly tre a ted t rus tin g They a r e a

, .

m a nly a nd inte lli g ent r a ce pro u d o f their forme r

“

g re a tne s s fond of show a n d c a ref u l to hide poverty

, , ,

more a ctive a n d better m a de th a n the

,

K u nbi s m a ny o f the M a ra th a s even a mon g the

, ,

p oorer cl a ss e s h a ve a n a ir o f re finement (Th ey

,
.

t a ke a nim a l food n
,
an rink toddy
a nd other l iq u ors th e
,
u No c a s te
s u pp l ie s the Bomb a y a rmy with s o m a ny recru it s a s

the Ra tn a g iri M a r a th a s O thers g o into the po lice

.

o r find emp l oyment a s me s s en g ers L ike the Ku nb i s . ,

orderly we ll b eh a ved
,
- a nd , g ood tempered th e -
,

M a ra th a s s u rp a ss them in cou ra g e a n d g enero s ity .

Very fru g a l u n a ss u min g

,
r e s pect a b l e a nd ,

a r e a very re l i g io u s c la ss .

”
T he D ecc a n Ku nbi s a r e [ n o w ] a ll cu l tiv a tor s ,

s te a dy ahm g r A very q u iet e a sy

. . ,

tempered a n d orderly cl a s s s in gu l a rly free fro m , .

.

crime they h a ve mu ch re s pect fo r th e g ods I n th e

,
.

D ecca n they a r e s tron g h a rdy end u rin g a nd

, ,

m u s cu l a r [ b u t in Konk a n s m a ll e r d a rker a n d more

, , ,

s l i g ht ly made ] The K u nbi wom en l ike their ,

h u sb a nd s a r e s tron g a n d h a rdy b u t the vei l e d

, ,
18 S HI V AJ I .
I CH . 1 .

ins o lvency a s to h is a vers ion t o t o u ch h is ho a rded

,

tre a su re for the a nnu a l expe n s e s o f h is a rmy .

Bu t the M a r a th a s h a ve a hi s toric a dv a nt a g e o f
u niq u e import a nce in the l n d ia o f to d a y Their -
.

ne a r a nce stors h a d f a ced de a th in a h u ndred b a ttle

fi e l d s h a d led a rmie s a n d deb a ted in the ch a m b er
,

o f dip l om a cy h a d m a n a g ed the fin a nce s of kin g dom s

,

a n d g r a ppled with the pro b lem s of empire ; they

h a d he l pe d to m a ke l n di a n hi s tory in the immedi a te
a n d n o t yet for g otten p a s t The memo ry of the se
.

thin g s is a price l e s s a s s et to their r a ce I n the .

combi n a tion of intel lect u a l keenne ss p a tient indu s try , ,

s imp l ici t y o f l ife devotion to the nobler ide a ls o f

,

m a n in the cou r a g e nece s s a ry for tr a n s l a tin g tho u g ht

,

into deed in the s pirit o f s a crifice g rit o f ch a ra ct er

, , ,

a nd a diffu s ed s en s e of d e mocr a tic e qu a lity the ,

v a s t mi ddle c la s s o f modern M a h a ra s htr a h a ve no

s u pe rior a n d h a rd ly a n y eq u a l a mon g the o t her r a ce s

of I ndi a W o u l d th a t they a l s o po s s e s s ed the

.

org a ni s in g s ki ll the po wer of c o oper a tion the t a ct

,
-
,
i

in the m a n a g e m e nt of ins tru ment s a n d co ll e a gu e s ,

the fore s i g ht a nd the s a vin g common s ens e o f the

,

A n g lo S a xon r a ce !
-
 C H A PTE R l l .

BO Y H O O D AN D Y O U TH . 1 627 1 656
- .

Sh i vaj i b irt h d infa n cy

’

§l . s an .

Sh a hj 1 Bh o n s la c a pt a in o f mercen a rie s
, a ,

be lon g ed to a M a r a th a f a mily th a t h a d mi g r a ted from

D a u la t a b a d a n d entered the s erv ice o f th e Niz a m
‘

Sh a hi S u lt a n s of Ahm a dn a g ar Some o f h is kin s men

.

h ad heir ret a ine rs a nd ri s en

‘

to hi g h r a nk e a rly a n s re 1 g n Sh iv a j i .
,

the s econd s o n of Sh a hj l w a s born in the hi ll fort

,
-

o f Shivner ,
which towers over the city o f J u nn ar ,

in the extreme north o f the P u n a di s trict H is mother .

Jij a Ba i ( a d a u g hter o f the a ri s tocr a tic L u khji J a da v

of Sindkhed) h a d pr a yed to th e l oc a l g odde ss ,

Sh iva B a i for th e g ood o f her expected Child a n d

-
,

n a med h 1 m a fter th a t deity .

O f the exa ct d a te o f his birth a nd the incident s

o f h is bo y hoo d there is no contempora ry record
, .

Even Krish n a j i A n a nt Sa bh a s a d writin g in l 694 is

‘

, ,

s ilent o n the se p oint s The e a rlie s t mention o f them

.

i s fo u nd in work s compo s ed l 50 ye a rs a fter h is birt h ,

when the Sh iv a j i myth h a d been f u lly developed

a mon g the M a r a th a s a nd b a s ele ss le g end s a nd deli

bera te f a bri ca tion s h a d entirely overs pre a d the fe w

hi storic tru th s a bo u t him th a t were s ti ll pre s erve d in
 S H I V AJ I .

u nwri tten memory They p l a ce h is birth o n 6t h .

A pri l 1 627 O r ne a r a b o u t th a t d a te
,
*
.

Th e storie s told in the l a ter M a r a th i b a kha rs '

a b o u t the hi s tory o f h is p a rent s d u rin g the ye a r pre

“

cedin g h is birt h a n d the event s o f his o w n li fe u p t o

the a g e o f twenty a re in m a ny point s contra ry t o ,

a u thentic hi s tory a n d in o thers improb a ble or a t a ll

, , ,

events u n su pported by a ny evidence

, .

W e know from the contempor a ry Pers i a n

hi s torie s th a t Sh a hji led a rovin g li fe s u bj ect to ,

freq u ent c h a n g e o f pl a ce a n d enemy a tt a ck s d u rin g ,

m u ch o f the period 1 630 t o 1 636 U nder the s e .

ci rc u m s t a nce s he wo u ld n a t u ra l ly h a ve left h is wi fe
’

a n d inf a nt so n fo r s a fety in a s tron g hold like Shivner .

Bu t in re a lity he s eem s to h a ve de s erted bo th

, , A .

l a ter tr a dition a l work a s s ert s th a t a t thi s time h is .

e ld e s t so n Sh a m b hu j i w a s ki lled a t K a n ak giri a n d
he conceived a deep ro oted a vers ion to L u k hj i J a d a v -

a n d h is fa mi l y a n d a fter s a yin g th a t h is s u rv ivin g

,

o ff s prin g from J a da v s d a u g hter wo u ld come to n o

’

Th i s re a s on i n g 1 s u nconvincin g a n d f a lsified by d a te s .

I t is however beyond di sp u te th a t Jij a Ba i no w l o s t

, ,

*
T . 5 . 6a ; D ig . 53 ; Chit . T he Z e dh e C h ro n o l o g y
( i n Cha tu rt ha Sa m . B ri tta , 1 7 5) i s l
c e ar ly w ro n g a bo u t th e ye ar

Ch it
'

o f h i s b i r th . Th e tr a di t i o ns a b o u t Sh iv aj i s a nce s t o rs : .

14 18 -
, D ig . 31 43 T S
-
, .
‘

. l a 4 b Sa hh
-
, . 5 ( m e a g re ) Kh a fi Kh an

g iv e s so m e l e g e n ds a b ou t th e o rigi n an d m e a ni n g o f B h o ns l a
f Sh a h j i
'

( ‘
i . 111 1 hav e nar ra t e d th e co rre c t h is t o ry o s

l i fe up to 1 636 i n M o de r n R e vi e w , Se p t . 1 91 7 .
 J 630] JI JA B A1 D ESE RTED . 2I

h u s b a nd s love prob a bly with the lo s s o f

'

her ,

y o u th a n d Sh a hji a b a ndoned her a n d her new b

,
-

s o n a n d took a yo u n g er a n d more be a u tifu l wife

Tu k a B a i Mohite o n whom a n d who s e s o n V ya nk o j i

,

h e l a vi shed a ll h is a ffection a n d we a lth (Chit 22

’
. .

D ig 5 3 a n d 6 4 ; T 5 9a ; S h e d
. . . .

I t is expre s s ly s t a ted in the contempo r a ry

P a dis ha hna m a h ( l B 15 0) th a t in M a rch 1 636
. .

S h a h j i s f a mily w a s livin g a t Sh iv ngr Thi s show s

'

t h a t Shiv a did not re s ide a t P u n a till a fter 1 636 Thi s .

view is s u pported by the Ta rikh i Sh i va i i ( 8a ) which - -

,

s t a te s th a t a fter ente rin g Bij a p u r s ervice (O cto b er

1 636) a n d s ecu rin g from th a t Government a g r a nt
o f t h e whole co u ntry from Ch a k a n to l n d a p u r a n d

Shirw a l a s h is j a g i r Sh a hj i a ppointed D a d aj i
, ,

K ond dev a s a dmini s tr a tor of the tra ct a n d told him

-
,

My wife Jij a Ba i i s livin g in the fort o f Shivner a nd

“

h a s bro u g ht forth a so n n a med Sh iv a j i Brin g her .

a n d her s o n a n d keep them in yo u r ch a r g e [ a t P u n a ]

a n d s u pply them with money for their nece s s a ry

expen s e s Shiv a j i w a s there fore pra ctic a lly a
"

. , ,

s tr a n g er to h is f a ther for s ever a l ye a r s a fter h i s birth .

'

Her h u s b a nd s ne g lect drove the mind of Jij a

sp g rew up
*

in s olitu de a m a te , witho u t brother s i s ter

or f a ther The i s o la tion o f their life drew mother
.

a n d s o n very clo s e to g ether a n d inten s ifi ed h is love

fo r her till it bec a me a lmo s t a n a dor a tion for a deity .

From a very e a rly a g e he w a s n a t u r a lly thrown o n

,
22 S H I V AJ I .
[ C1 1 -
. 11 .

his re s o u rce s a n d le a rnt to c a rry o u t h is o w n

ow n ,

ide a s u n a ided a n d to t a ke the initi a tive with o u t a n y

,

s en s e o f s u bordin a tion o r re s pon s ibility t o s ome hi g her

a u tho rity l n the condition o f the home s o f their

.

boyhood their e a rly life a n d tra inin g a n d t he

, ,

deve l opment o f their ch a ra cter — e ven a s in the s tep s ,

b y which they mo u nted t o throne s —the for s a ken s o n ,

o f Sh a hji B h o n s l a w a s the ex a ct p a r a ll e l o f the

fors a ken s o n o f H a s s a n Su r a 1 a n d Sher Sh a h .

were no t only a like in C h a r a cter g eni u s als o ,

g r ew u p a mid s t like circ u m s t a nce s

§2 . C
o dit io n n o f the P u na j a g ir 1 637 , .

W he n the end o f O cto b er 1636 Sh a hj 1 m a de

, at ,

pe a c e with the M u g h a ls , he h a d t o cede t o them

Shivner Trimba k a nd fo u r other fort s He ret a ined
, .

in B a l a g h a t o r the t a ble l a nd onl y his a n c e s t r a l j a gi r l

o f P u n a a nd S u p a formerly he l d u nder Niz a m Sh a h

,

a n d henceforth u nd e r A di l Sh a h The e s t a te incl u ded .

the P u n a dis tr ict from Ch a k a n to i nd a pu r S u p a , ,

Shirw a l W a i , W a lti)a n d J a dg ir ( T S or a , . .

tra ct b o u n ded o n the we s t by the Gh a t s o n the north ,

b y the Ghod river on the e a s t by the Bhim a a n d o n ,

the s o u th b y the Nira river Sh a hji when retiring to .

,

Bij a p u r in 1636 p l a ced thi s j a g ir in ch a rg e of a

,

Bra hm a n n a med D a da j i Kond dev w ho h a d g a ined -

,

a dmini s tr a tive s ki ll a nd experience as the l a nd

s tew a rd ( ku l ka rn i)o f M a lth a n
*
Jij a Ba i a n d Shiva
'

*
C h it . 19 an d D ig . 47 ca ll h i m k u lk a r n i o f M al t h a n i n
P a ta s su bdi v i s i o n . Bu t T . S . 80 s a ys th a t he w as fo r m e r l y
1 636 ] DE S O LAT I ON OF PUNA D I S TR IC T . 23;

were no wremoved from Shivner to P u n a a nd D a d a n .

w a s a ppointed their g u a rdi a n .

The P u n a di s trict th a t D a d a j i took over w a s in

a s a d ly ru ined condi t ion Six ye a rs o f w a rf ar e h a d .

de s ol a ted the l a nd an d the work o f the inv a din g , .

s o l diery h a d been comp l eted a fter their dep a rt u re by

ro b ber chief s who tried to profit by the a n a rchy ,

.

l ndeed the province h a d s o recent ly p a s s ed from the

,
.

Niz a m Sh a hi owners hip to th a t o f Bij a p u r th a t the

-

a u thori t y o f th e new Govern ment h a d n o t y e t be en

e s t a bli s hed there I t w a s only the ru le o f a s tron g

.

j a g ird a r th a t co ul d h a ve g iven pe a ce a nd pro s perity

t o the di s trict b u t d u rin g l 630 l 636 Sh a hji h a d been ~

forced to le a d a li fe o f con s t a nt movement d a n g er ,

a n d w a rf a re The P u n a a n d Th a n a di s trict s a t the

.

extreme north we s tern co m er o f the kin g dom o f-

.

Bij a p u r there fore formed a N o m a n s L a nd with

’

, , ,

none t o a d mini s ter a nd defend them ;

I n 1 630 Sh a hji h a d pl u ndered a n d s eized t h e

Niz a m Sh a hi co u ntry ro u nd P u n a Soon a ft erw a rd s
-
.

a Bij a p u ri a rmy h a d l ooted a n d b u rnt P u n a ln d a pu r ,

a n d other vil l a g e s o f Sh a hji a n d

"

tot a ll y de s o la te d
n

them .
(B S Next he h a d recovered po s s e s
. .

s ion o f them by force Then h a d followed the .

f a mine o f l 63l l 632 t h e mo s t terri ble in the s a d

-
,

k u lka rni o f H i n g an i B u r d i an d D hu li ga o n . Th e re is a H ing ona

B u zu rg , 3 m . s . w . o f P u na .
( I nd A tlas 39 S W ) A
. , . . c ri ti c

s u gg e s t s t he e m e nda ti o n H i n g a n i B e ra di an d D e val g a o n , w h i ch

I a cce pt .
 24 S H I V AJ I .
[ li
C —1 1
. .

hi s tory o f the D ecc a n ( P a d l A The J u nn a r

. . .

o r North P u n a tr a ct w a s the s cene o f freq u ent M u g h a l

inva s ions in | 634 D u rin g Kh a n i Z a m a n s

'

- -

c a mp a i g n a g a ins t Sh a hj l ( J u ly—O cto b er l 636) he ,

penetr a ted to P u n a b u t there w a s pro b a bly nothing

,

l eft for him to p lu nder o r b u rn there D u rin g the .

dis s o l u tion o f the A hm a dna g a r s u l t a n a te a reven u e ,

fa rmer ( d e s h p a n d e ) n a med Moro T a nd e v a pro u d ,

re b e l we ll a cq u a inted with the co u ntry ro u nd the

,

Bhim a ha d ra i s ed a t u m u lt a n d s eized the nei g hbo u r

,

hood o f P u n a The s e di s orders h a d dev a st a ted the

.

who le kin g dom from A hm a dn a g a r t o the bo u nd a ry

o f W a i a n d Shirw a l ( T 5 8a ) . . . .

The de s o la tion c a u s ed by m a n preyin g o n hi s

s pecie s f a vo u red the g rowth o f wi l d b e a s t s The .

P u n a di strict e s peci a lly the Sa hy a dri hi ll s ide formin g

,
-

i ts we s tern border w a s now infe s ted b y l a rg e n u m b er s

,

o f wo lve s which thinned the pop u l a tion a n d hindered

,

c u ltiv a tion D a da j i Kond dev o ffered rew a rd s t o the

.
-

hi llmen fo r ki llin g the wolve s a n d th u s c l e a red the

who l e tr a ct o f the s e pe st s in a s hort time He .

conci li a ted the hi ll men a nd tempted them t o s ett le

w in the v a l l eys a n d extend c u ltiv a tion b y o fferin g very

l iber a l term s L e a s e s were g r a nted to the e ffect th a t

.

the new ten a nts s ho u ld p a y a rent o f on ly Re I in .

the firs t ye a r Rs 3 in the s econd Rs 6 in the third

, .
, . ,

Rs 9 in the fo u rth Rs 1 0 in the fi fth Rs 20 in the

.
, .
, .

s ixth a n d the s a me r a te a s the o l der ten a nt s from the

7 t h ye a r onw a rd s Th u s the who l e co u ntry w a s

.

bro u g ht u nder ti ll a g e ( T 5 9a ; D ig H3 ;
. . . .
 S H l V AJ l .

tin g ridin g a n d other a ccomp li s hment s

,
*
(9a ) . .

wei g ht o f evidence is in fa vo u r o f the view th a t

Shiv a j i w a s u n l ettered like three other heroe s o f ,

m e d im v a l l ndi a — A kb a r H a id a r Al i a n d Ra njit
, , ,

Sin g h The m a ny Eu rope a ns w h o vi s ited him neve r

.

s a w him write a ny t hin g when they pre s ented a ny

petition t o him the Ra j a h a lw a ys p a s s ed it o n to h is
mini s ters to b e re a d t o him N o piece o f writin g in .

h is own h a nd is known to e x is t l .
’ ‘

Bu t tho u g h he m ay not ha ve pored over book s ,

he cert a in ly m a s tered th e content s o f the tw o g re a t

Hind u epics by l is tenin g to recit a tions a n d s tory
te llin g s The no b l e ex a mp l e s o f doin g a n d s u fferin g
. ,

o f a ction a n d s a crifice o f mi lit a ry s ki l l a n d s t a te c

, ra ft ,

which the s torie s o f Ra m a a n d the P a nd a v a s a fford ,

the po litic a l l e s s on s a n d mora l m a xim s with which

the s e epics a re fi ll ed deep ly I mpre s s ed h is yo u n g ,

l oved to di s tr a ction M g a nd
so a n d s o u g ht the s ociety o f Hind u a n d
ng ( k )
'

s i rt a n

M u s l im s a int s wherever he went The w a nt o f b ook .

No m e n t io n is m a de o f b o o k le a rn i n g
-
. Ch i t n is , 28 ,

va gu e ly s ays th a t Sh iv a j i at th e a ge o f te n be ca m e v e ry l e a r ne d
( ba h u t vi d va n .
) D ig . 85 g iv e s a l o n g l is t o f e v e ry k no w n a rt

an d s ci e n c e as m a s t e re d b y h i m i n b o yh o o d !

1 A t th e
‘
l
c o n c u s io n o f a le tt e r to Ra m das th e re a re a fe w
w o r ds w h i ch h ave be e n ta k e n by the e dit o r o f Ra m da si
P a t ra vy a va ha r ( M r D e v ) a s Sh iv a j i s w r i t i n g Bu t th i s l e t te r
'

. .

h a s n o t ye t be e n c ri t i c a lly e x a m i n e d b y a ny e xp e rt or
”
i n de p e n de n t h i s t o r i an . Th e se v e ry re ce n t d i s c o v e ri e s in

M ah a ra sh t ra re q u i re c o rro b o ra t io n b e fo re th e y ca n be a cce p te d
 M AV L E PE O P L E OF w . GHIAT S . 27

§4 . Th e M a va ls occ u p ie d .

le a rnin g therefore did n o t le a ve h is mind a du ll a n d

, ,

s teri l e s oil n o r imp a ir h is e fficiency a s a m a n o f a ction

,

in a world th a t w a s medi aev a l .

Th e be lt o f the P u n a di s trict ru nnin g a lon g

w e ste m
'

the We s tern Gh a t s fo r a l en g th o f 90 mi l e s a n d a
J bre a dth o f 1 2 t o 24 mi l e s i s known a o r the
‘

S u n s et L a nd I t is extremely ru g g ed a
. t able ,

l a nds c u t o n every s ide by deep windin g v a l ley s

Fro m the v a lleys hil ls o f v a rio u s hei g hts a n d form s
‘
,
.

ri s e terr a ce a bove t erra ce with s teep s ide s often

, ,

s trewn with bl a ck b a s a l t b o ul der s Where th e tree s

h a ve been s p a red they clothe the hi ll s ide s with a ,
-

den s e g rowth mixed with a l mo s t imp a ss a ble bru s h

wood Here a n d there a r e p a tche s o f a ncient e ver
.

g reen fore s t s The people in the northern v a ll eys

V a re Koli s a n d in the s o u thern v a l leys M a r a th a s .

They h a ve a s tron g s tr a in o f hi ll blood a n d a re d a rk

.
-
,

W I ry a n d s a l low The c li m a te I s dry a n d I nv i g o ra tI n g

. . . ,

the a i r 1 3 1 g ter a nd the he a t l e s s g p p r e s siye th a n I n

,

mo s t p a rt s o f W e s tern o r So u thern l n dia (B o rn . .

Ca z xviii pt I pp 2 I 3
. . .
, .
, ,

I n pop u l a r
peech the v a ll eys into which thi s s ,

we s tern be lt is divi ded a r e col l ective ly known a s the

t w e lve M a va ls tho u g h their n a me s end with t h e
,

word s n e r a n d khore a s wel l a s m a va l a n d their ,

nu mber exceed s twe lve A M a r a thi b a l l a d s pe a ks .

o f 1 2 M a v a ls u nder J u nn a r a n d twe lve other s u nder

Pu na .
 S H I V AJ I

e s t a b li s hed comple te m a stery over the

I
.
M av l oc a l chief s ( de s h pa n de s)were mo s tly
.

won over Tho s e w ho de fied h is a u thority were

.

defe a ted a n d cru s hed Th u s p ea ce a n d pro s perity

*
.

were e s t a b li s hed in th a t re g ion a nd it bec a me a s o u rce

o f we a lth a n d s tren g th to the o w ner o f P u n a ins te a d ,

of bein g a n u nprofit a b l e a n d even d a n g ero u s

po s s e ss ion (S a b b 7 Chit . From thi s re g ion
. .

Shiv a j i drew h is b e s t s oldiers h is e a rlie s t comra de s , ,

a n d h is mo s t devoted fo l lowers Y e s a j i K a nk a n d .

B a ji Pa s a lk a r were M a v le C hieft a ins o f h is own a g e

"

they g a thered ro u nd him very e a rly a n d were enrol led

a s his firs t c a pt a in s So a ls o w a s Ta n a j i M a l u s a re
.
, , ,

a yo u n g d e s h m u k h of Konk a n ( Chit . .

§ 5 S h i va ): 3 ch o ic e o f a ca re e r
. .

I n their comp a ny yo u n g Shiv a j i w a ndered over

t h e hill s a nd fore s t s of the Sa hya dri r a n g e a n d a lon g
‘

the m a ze s o f the river va lleys th u s h a rdenin g him s e l f ,

to a life o f priv a tion a n d s tren u o u s exertion a s we ll

‘

*
Ra j . xv . 31 6 an d 393 re c o r ds th e s t o ry o f o ne o f h is
r e v e rs e s :
"
D a daj i K on d de v
-
ca m e to Sh iv a p u r . Am ong th e

1 2 M a v al s , Kri sh n a j i N a ya k B a n da l . th e de s h m u kh o f H i rd a s
M a v al l a n ds
'

. had se iz e d a no t he r m an s an d re fu se d to g ive

th e m D a d aj i m a r c h e d a g a i ns t h im b ut w d e fe a te d d
“

up . , as an

fo r c e d to re t re a t to Sh iv a p u r . He th e n s e nt Ka nh o j i N a ya k
Z e d he to p e rs u a d e K r i sh n a n an d o th e r M a v a l d e s h m u k hs to

C h i t n is that Ba ndal fu s e d
"
co m e fo r an i n t e r v ie w . , 33 , s a ys re

to co m e an d w ait on Sh iv aj i , w ho m a r ch e d a g a i ns t h im ,

c a p t u re d an d p ut h im to d e a th . T h i s i s i n c o r re c t , as the

su b j u g a tio n o f th e M a v a l s w as co m p e l te d b y D a d aj i .
 EA R L Y I D EAL S 29
’

S H I VAJ I S .

as g ettin g a fi r s t h a nd know l ed g e o
- f the co u ntry a n d
it s peop l e D u rin g h is re s idence a t P u n a h is pl a s tic
.

mind w a s profo u nd ly infl u enced by the re a din g s from

the Hindu epics a nd s a cre d book s given by h is .

g u a rdi a n a n d other Br a hm a n s a n d s ti l l more by the ,

te a chin g o f h is mother The deep ly reli g io u s a lmo s t .

,

I as cetic life th a t Jij a Ba i l e d a mid s t ne g lect a n d

,
.

s olit u de imp a rted b y it s ex a mp l e even more th a n by ,

her precept s a s toic a l e a rn e s tne ss min g led with

,

reli g io u s fervo u r to the ch a r a cter o f Shiva He be g a n .

t o l ove independence a n d lo a the a life o f s ervile

l u x u ry in the p a y o f s ome M u s lim kin g I t is h o w . ,

ever extremely do u btf u l if a t thi s time he conceived

, ,

a n y g ener a l de s i g n o f freein g h is brother Hind u s from

the in s u l t s a n d o u tra g e s to which they were often

s u bjected by the domin a nt M u s l im pop u l a tion
*
An . .

indepen dent s overei g nty fo r him s e lf he cert a in ly

coveted a s the l iber a tor o f the

w a rds .
(Chit 29 ; D ig 1 00 1 03
. .
-
,

The incon s t a ncy intri gu e a n d b lood s hed which

,

s t a ined the C o u rt o f Bij a p u r in tho s e d a ys foreboded

fo r it a downf a ll like th a t o f Ahm a dn a g a r M u gh a l .

s ervice w a s a n o better al tern a t ive t o Sh iv a j i The .

imperi a li s ts h a d ki lled Kh e lo ji Bh o n s la h is g r a nd ,

*
B a s a t i n i S a la t i n
- -
, 332 an d 334 , fra nk ly de s c ri be s i n d e ta il
I ho w th e H i ndus w e re de p re s se d as a de l i be ra te p o l i cy o f th e

Sta t e o f B i j a p u r i n t h e p a l m y da ys o f M u h am m a d A dil S h a h .
 30 S H I V AJ l .
[ cw II .

nc l e a n d their s u perior re s o u rce s a nd org a ni s a tion

u ,

m a de it u n like ly fo r the Hindu s of the D ecc a n t o

e njoy g re a ter to l er a tion o r power u nder them th a n
u nder the we a ker a n d s m a ll er s u lt a n a tes cl o s e
by . Moreover t o the D e cc a n is bo t h Hind u a n d
, ,

M u h a mm a d a n D e l hi w a s a fa r o ff city with a n a l ien

,
-
,

s peech a n d a n a l ien ru l in g r a ce who wo u ld pitile s s ly ,

di s c a rd their s o u thern in s tru ment s a fter s ervice h a d

been t a ken from them A c a r e e r o f independence
'

w a s n o do u b t ri s ky to Sh iv a j i b u t it h a d u ndre a mt o f
,

a dv a nt a g e s to compen s a te for the ri s k s if only he ,

co u l d s u cceed .

O
the q u e s tion o f h is f u t u re c a reer he c a me into
n

conflict with his g u a rdi a n D a d a j i Kond dev w a s .

-
,

no do u bt a n a bl e a n d hone s t l a n d s tew a rd a m a n o f
,
-
,

methodic a l h a b it s l e a din g a s ober b la me l e ss a n d

,

h u mdru m life b u t q u ite inc a p a b le o f lofty ide a ls

, ,

d a rin g a mbition or fa r o ff vi s ion Shiv a j i s l ove o f

'
-
.

a dvent u re a n d independence a ppe a red to h is g u a rdi a n

a s the s i g n o f a n u n t u tored a nd w a yw a rd s pirit which ,

wo u l d ru in h is life s ch a nce s He a rg u ed lon g with

'

dv is e d him t o fol low the foo tste p s of his

a nce s tors a nd ri s e t o we a lth a nd po s ition a s a n
obedient v a s s a l a n d c a pt a in o f mercen a rie s u nder
A di l Sh a h The yo u n g l a d s a ss oci a tion with the hi ll
'

b ri g a nds a n d h is proj ec ts a bo u t robbery a n d s u rpri s e

of fort s fi ll ed D a da j i with a pprehens ions a bo u t h is
fu t u re He comp la ined t o Sh a hji b u t witho u t
.
,

s u cceedin g in e ffectin g a reform W orn o u t by a nxiety .

 F I RS T C O NQU ES T S 31
'

1 64 7 ] S H I V AJ I S .

v an d age Kond dev died e a rly in

, D a da j i - , an d
JSh iv a j i bec a me h is o w n m a s ter a t the a g e o f tw enty .

Sh i va j i f fo rts 1 64 6 1 64 7
’

§6 . s e ar ly co nq u e s t o ,
-
.

The de a th o f D a da j i Kond dev fo u nd -

fo r h is t a s k He h a d a l re a dy been tra ine

.

e xerci s e s a nd civil a dmini s tra tio n ; he h a

lia ris e d him s e lf with the troop s o f h is f a ther s
'

j a g ir a nd the peop le he wo u l d h a ve to
i niti a tive a n d power o f comm a nd h a d be en free ly
developed in him wi tho u t check o r interference from
h is g u a rdi a n A dmini s tr a tive order s h a d fo r s ome
.

time before thi s b een i s s u ed in h is n a me a s h i s ,

f a ther s repre s ent a tive whi l e D a da j i Kond dev h a d

'
-
,

s tood by w a tchin g h is p u pil Shiv a j i h a d a l s o t a ken .

p a rt with h is mother o r h is t u tor in s ome j u dici a l

, ,

inve s ti g a tions a nd p u b lic deci s ions o f l e g a l di s p u te s

The b a nd o f o fficers a lre a dy g a thered ro u nd him

were men of tried a bility a n d devotion to hi m .

Shya m ra j N ilk a nt h Ra nj h e k a r ( the correct form of the

n a me is R o z e ka r a ccordin g to s ome modern M a ra th a
,

s cho l a rs ) w a s the Ch a nce llor ( p e s h w a ); B a lkri s hn a

D ik s h it w as A cco u nt a nt Gener a l ( m a j m u a da r) -

*
L e t te rs S a na dsan 111d gi ve s 1 64 7 a s th e ye a r o f
, ,

D a da j i 8 de a t h A m a h z o r is s u e d by h im o n 31 M a y 1 646 is
.

e x t a n t ( Ra j iv 80; c f xv i
. . T S 1 06 s a ys th a t i n u tt e r
. . . .

d is g u s t a t Sh iv a j i s w a yw a rdne ss D ada j i to o k p o is o n w h e n
'

Sh iv a w as 17 ye a rs o l d D i g u 1 1 9 asse rts th a t he d ie d I n 1 640

.

( w ro n g ) D ig . 1 1 3- 1 1 7 . Ch it . 29 31 -
.

l i h av e m isse d t he re fe re nc e a nd ca n no t ma ke th e bo ve
" '

, a

s ta t e m e n t w i th co n fi d e nce (T ry Raj xv xv i ii ) . . ,
- .
 32 S HI V AI I .
( C H II . .

Son a j i P a nt w a s s ecret a ry ( da b ir) a n d Ra g hu

n a th B a lla l Korde w a s p a ym a s ter (s a b n is ) The s e .

fo u r o ffi cer s ha d been s ent by Sh a hj i a b o u t 1639 To .

them Sh iv aj i n o w a dded T u k o ji Chor M a ra th a a s

comm a nder— in chie f ( s a r i n a u b a t)a n d N a r a y a n P a n
- - -
t
a s divi s ion a l p a ym a s ter (Sa b h 7 a nd 8 Ch it 2 1
. . .

T S
. .

The ye a r 1 646 m a rks a cri s i s in the hi s tory o f

BI j a p u r The kin g fe ll s erio u s ly ill a n d fo r s ome time
. ,

h is life w a s de s p a ired o f Tho u g h he lin g ered o n fo r

.

ten ye a rs more the s e ye a rs were b y pop u l a r be lie f

,

he l d t o be a portion o f the life o f the s a int Sh a h

H as him U lu vi g iven a w a y b y th a t ho ly m a n t o t h e
,

kin g ( B S
. D u rin g thi s time no s erio u s bu s ine s s
.

w a s a ttended t o b y M u h a mm a d A dil Sh a h The .

exp a n s ion o f territory in the K a rn a t a k went o n u nder

s ome o f the nob le s b u t a t the c a pit a l the kin g
,

w a s inert a n d the a dmini s tr a tion fe ll into the h a nd s

,

of the q u een B a ri S a hib a The o ffi ci a l hi s tory o f

‘
-

.
.

Bij a p u r is s i g nific a nt ly s ilent a bo u t M u h a mm a d A di l

Sh a h s doin g s from 16 46 t o his de a th in 165 6
’

This w a s Shiv a ji s opport u nity Even b e fore the

’

V de a th of D a da i he h a d be u n h is a nnex a tion s In
j g, .

1 646 he h a d s ent his c a pt a in s B a ji Pa s a lk a r Y e s a j i ,

K a nk a n d T a n a j i M a lu s a re with a force of M a vl e
inf a ntrymen a n d occu pied Torn a fort by trickin g it s
Bij a p u ri comm a nd a nt Here he s eized Government
.

tre a su re a mo u ntin g to 2 la khs of h u n Th e c a ptu red .

fort w a s newly n a med Pra c h a n d g a rh a n a me which ,

it s oon l o s t Five mi l e s e a s t o f it o n the cre s t o f t h e

.
,
34 S H I V AJ I .

to erve him s ent him b a ck t o Sh a t with his pers on a l

s ,

e ffects Thu s S u p a w a s a nnexed (Sa bh 8 Chit

. . . , .

32 D ig 1 1 9 T 5 1 2a 8: b )
, .
, . . .

The fort of Ch a k a n g u a rdin g the ro a d to P u n a ,

in the north h a d been ent ru s ted b y his f a ther to

,
-

Fir a n gj i N a rs al a Thi s o fficer o ffered obedience to .

Shiv a j i a n d w a s confirm ed in h is po s t (Chit 32 . .

T S : 1 21) D ig
. The petty o fficers of th e t ha na h s
o f B a r a m a ti a n d lnd a p u r o n the e a s tern m a r g in of
'

the j a g ir pe a cefu lly s u bmitted t o Shiv a s a u thority

The fort o f Ko n da n a 1 1 mi le s s o u th —
.
,

we s t of P u n a , ,

w a s next s ec u red b y b ribin g i t s A dil Sh a hi g overnor - .

( Sa b h .

X Th e
’
fortre ss o f Pu ra n da r 1 8 mile s s s e
'

s t ro n g , . . .

o f Pu na w a s he l d for Bij a p u r by a n o l d Br a hm a n
,

n a med Ni lo Nilkan t h Na y a k who s e fa mi ly h a d b een ,

in heredit a ry ch a rg e o f it a nd its a dj a cent l a nd s ever

s ince the d a ys o f the Ahm a dn a g a r dy n a s ty Ni lo w a s .

a s tern g r a s pin g m a n w h o denied h is yo u n g er

b rothers Pi l a ji a nd Sh a n k a r a j i a ny s h a re o f his power
, ,

o r emo lu ment They re s ented thi s exclu s ion from

.

their b irth ri g ht a n d a ppe a l ed to Sh iv a j i to a rbitra te

-

betw een them He w as a dmitted into the fort a t the .

Fe a st o f L a mp s ( November)a s a g u e s t O n the third .

d a y o f h is s t a y the t w o yo u n g er brothers s u rpri s ed

,

a nd fettered Ni l o a nd bro u g ht him b efore Shiv a w ho ,

impri s oned a l l the three a n d took po s s es s ion o f the

fort for him s elf 1 The N a y a k s ret a iners a ll fa ith
' “

l e ss a n d dis orderly men were exp e lled a nd a M a vl e ,

g a rri s on w a s p l a ced there by Shiv a j i A ccordin g to .

1 64 7 ] I N VA S IO N OF K AL I AN . 35

the Chitni s B a kh a r a n d Sh i va diq a y he g a ve the

“
,

t w o yo u n g er brothers e s t a te s el s ewhere a s compen s a

tion (S a bb 9 C hit 40 ; D ig 1 2 1 122 ; T S 1 1 6

‘
. . . .
- . .

)
1 2a .

S u p a B a ra m a ti a n d l nd a p u r in the s o u th e a s tern
, ,
-

c orner o f the P u n a di s trict h a d belon g ed to him ,

from b efore An d n o w the occu p a tion of Pu r a nda r

. ,

Ra j g a rh Ko nd a na a n d To m a s ec u red h is territory
,

by a s t ro n g c ha rm o f 11 41 forts o n t h
x il th A nother ,
‘
fl
“
.

w m M
w

fort i n the s a me direction w a s Ro hi r a g a ined s ome ,

time a fterw a rd s North wes t o f P u n a he a cq u ire d

.
-

t h e fort s o f Tik o n a L oh g a rh a n d Ra j m a c h i —the l a s t

, , ,

bein g o n the Sa h ya dri cre s t 6 mile s north o f the ,

Bhor p a s s a n d overlookin g the Konk a n pl a in on the

we s t (Chit 33 36 D ig 1 48 a mere li s t )
. .
-
.
, .

§7 . S h ivo j i e nt e rs N o rt h K o nka n .

Next Shiv a j r cro ss ed the W e s te rn Gh a ts —a nd ”

v en
w T he northern p a rt of thi s
co a s t s trip formed the K a l i a n ( modern Th a n a )di strict
-
,

a nd w a s then he l d by a n Ar a b forei g ner n a me d

M u lla Ahm a d o f the N a w a iy a t cl a n o n e o f the le a d ,

ing nobl e s of Bij a p u r The protr a cted illne s s o f .

M u h a mm a d A di l Sh a h h a d det a ined thi s g overnor a t

B ij a p u r fo r a lon g time a n d d u rin g h is a b s ence the ,

de fence o f his j a g ir h a d g rown s l a ck a n d ine fficient .

( A N 5 76 K K ii
. . A con s ider a ble a mo u nt
. . .

o f di s a ffection a n d di s order s eem s to h a ve pre v a i led

a mon g the petty chieft a in s o f t h e di s trict which w a s

‘

,
 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH .

a recent a cq u i s ition from the Niz a m Sh a hi St a te a nd - .

where the a u thority o f the new G overnment s a t l oo s e .

A body o f M a r a th a hors emen u nder A b a ji So n de v

r a ided t h e_ri_c h to wns of K a l i a n a n d Bh iu ndy which
*
,

were then witho u t w a llsf an cl thence they c a rried o ff

m u ch we a lth a n d co s tly merch a ndi s e The fort o f .

M a h u li which h a d once belon g ed t o Sh a hji w a s next

, ,

s eized The City o f K a li a n with s ome other p a rts

. ,

'

o f the Th a n a di s trict th u s p a s s ed into Shiv a s po ss e s

,
- a

s ion a n d he g o t a firm footin g in Northern Konk a n

, ,

which he r a pid ly improved in the co u rs e o f the ye a r .

H is p rm o u t h w a r ds into the Ko la b a di s trict

s
“

fi
fi

“ se em s t o h a ve b een a s s is ted by the petty l oc a l chiefs

w h o were e a g er t o throw o ff M u s l im yok e a n d wrote

invitin g hi m to come ( Chit 34 35 a nd 4 1 D ig 1 7 5 . .

, .

T . Su r g a rh (8 mi l e s e a s t) Birw a di ( 5 mi l e s ,
.

we s t) T a l a ( 1 0 mile s s o u th) G h o s a l g a rh ( 5 m s
, , . .

Bhu r a p o r Su dh a g a rh 1 5 mile s e a s t of Roha town , ,

K a n g ori 1 2 m il e s e a s t o f M a h a d a n d a bove a l l the ,

i mpre g n a b l e fortre ss o f Ra iri ( Ra i g a rh )which w a s t o

b e his f u tu re c a pit a l a ll p a s s ed into hi s h a nd s a n d
, ,

th u s the A bys s ini a ns o f J a njira lo s t the e a s tern h a l f

of the Ko l a b a di s trict to him At Birw a di a n d .

L in g a n a ( 5 mi l e s e a s t of Ra i g a rh)he b u i lt s tron g fort s .

*
Sh iv a j i s c h iv al ry to a ca p ti v e M u h a m m a da n g i rl , Ch i t .

34 an d 41 ; T 5 . . l 4a ; Dig ) C h i tn is c al ls
. 1 89 ( d i fie re n t s t o ry .

t h e g o v e rn o r o f K a l i a n M u ll a H aya t , T a v e rn ie r ( i i 205) te l ls . .

u s t h a t Sh i v a di s c o v e re d b u r i e d t re as u re a t K a lian ; C h i t ( 31 )
s a y s a t T o rn a T S ( 1 4 11 ) a t P ra dh a n g a rh ( e v i de ntl y a m i s tak e
, . .

fo r P rach andg ar h o r To m a ) .
 1 64 8 ] S H I VA CHE CKED I N N . KONKAN .
37
B u t he doe s eem to h a ve occ u pied M a h a d
no t s

o r the co u ntry s o u th of th a t town a t thi s time Ab a j i . .

S o nd e v w a s cre a ted viceroy of th e province thu s w o n

i n North Konk a n which incl u ded the e a s tern p a rt s
,

o f the Th a n a a n d Kol a b a di s trict s The M a ra th a .

f orce s here met with a gre a L r eQi l s e a t t Hé Hah ds o f

' "

l
t hcfi i dsi
M é 48 ) a n d Sh iv a j i m a rked h is dis
,

p l e a s u re with his defe a ted g ener a l Shy a m r a j N il k a n t h

Ra nj h e k a r by removin g him from the Pe s hw a s h ip
a n d conferrin g th a t po s t o n Moro Trimb a k

Pin g le whi l e a l a rg e a rmy u nder Ra g h u n a th B a l l a l

,

Korde w a s s ent a g a ins t the Si ddis to retrieve the

'
‘

pre s ti g e o f his a rm s Th e hi s tory of M a ra th a a ctivity

.

in thi s re g ion wil l be de s cribed in C h a pter X1 .

§8 . Ad il S ha h i m pr is o ns 5 11 0 t , 1 64 8 .

Sh iv a j i nnex a tion s h a d re a ched thi s p o int by

'

s a

the middle of 1 648 when h is c a reer o f conq u e s t w a s

‘

s u dden l y checked by a l a r min g news from the

K a rn a t a k O n 6 t h Au g u s t h is f a t her w a s a rr e s ted
.

a n d a ll h is property a n d contin g ent a tt a che d by the

‘

Bij a p u ri comm a nder in chief M u s t a f a Kh a n then

- -
, ,

inve s tin g Jinji in the So u th Arcot di s t rict L a ter .

hi s tori a n s h a ve mi s u nders tood the c a u s e o f t hi s a c t .

The contempor a ry Pers i a n hi s tori a n of Bij a p u r a ss erts

t h a t Sh a hj i w a s impri s oned fo r di s pl a yin g a s pirit of
‘

i ns u bordin a tion to the comm a nder in chief The - -

.

e a rl ie s t M a r a thi ba kha r th a t o f Sa b h a s a d is entirely

, ,

s i lent a b o u t the a ff a ir Bu t C hitni s writin g 1 60 ye a r s

.

a fter the event a s cribe s it to the Bij a p u ri kin g s a n g er

‘
'

,
38 SH l V A1 1 .
( CH .

Sh iv a j i rp a tion s a nd Sh a hp s s u ppo s ed c o n
'

at s u su

n iv a nc e a t them .

Z a h u r s o n of Z a h u ri in h is M u h a mm a d na m a h
, ,
-

( pp 37 1
. written b y order o f M u h a mm a d A dil
Sh a h g ive s the fol l owing e a rlie s t a n d mo s t correct
,

a cco u nt o f the incident When the s ie g e o f Jinji '

w a s protr a cte d a n d fig htin g contin u ed lon g the c u m ,

- O

nin g Sh a hji s ent a n a g ent t o N a w a b M u s t a f a Kh a n

be gg in g le a ve to g o to h is o w n co u ntry a n d g ive
repo s e t o h is tro op s The N a w a b rep lied th a t t o
.

retire then wo u l d be eq u iv a l ent to di s tu rb in g [ t h e

work o f the s ie g e ] Then Sh a hji s ent to s a y th a t
'

g r a in w a s very de a r in the c a mp th a t the s o l diers ,

co u l d n o t b e a r the priva tion a nd l a b o u r a ny lon g er ,

a n d th a t he wo u l d retire to h i s o w n co u ntry with ou t

w a itin g fo r permi s s ion [ from the comm a nder i n -

chief ] The N a w a b bein g convinced th a t Sh a hji

.
,

me a nt mi s chie f a n d wo u ld s how fi g ht h a d him ,

a rre s ted with s u ch extreme c l everne ss a n d g ood

.
"

a rr a n gement th a t n o p a rt of h is prope rty w a s p l u n

dered b u t the whole w a s con fis c a ted t o G overn

,

ment
"

A l a ter b u t very reli a bl e Pers i a n hi s tory o f 8 1 1 8

p u r , v iz B a s a t in i S a la t in (309
- -
s u pplie s s om e

a ddition a l inform a tion Sh a hji withdr a win g h is ,

he a d from o b edience t o the N a w a b M u s t a fa Kh a n ,

b e g an to oppo s e him ti l] a t l a s t the N a w a b decided

,

to a rre s t him O ne da y he m a de B a ji Ra o Ch o rp a de
.

a n d J a s w a nt Ra o A s a d Kh a ni g e t their force s re a dy
-

a n d s ent them very e a r ly in the mornin g to Sh a hj i s

'
1 64 8 ] SH AHJ I A RRE S T ED IN CAMP . 39

c a mp Sh a hj l h a vin g p a s s ed the prece din g ni g ht in

.
,

mirth a nd revelry w a s s til l s leepin g in bed As s oon

, .

a s the two Ra o s a rrived a n d he l e a rnt o f their p u r

p o s e ,he in u tter bewild e rm ent took hor s e a n d

g a ll oped a w a y from his ho u s e al one B a ji G h o rp a de .

g a ve ch a s e c a u g ht him a n d bro u g ht him be fore the

, ,

N a w a b w ho threw him into confi nement H is

,
.

contin g ent o f c a v a lry w a s di s pers ed a n d his ,

c a mp w a s thoro u g h ly
,
Sh a h on he a rin g
o f it
.
s ent from h is Co u rt A fz a l Kh a n to brin g
Sh a hj l a w a y a n d a n e u n u ch t o a tt a ch h is property
“

No v 1 64 8 . Sh a hji w a s bro u g ht in ch a ins to

.

Bij a p u r a n d a ccordin g t o a l a te a n d very do u b tf u l

,

M a r a th a tra dition the door o f h is ce ll w a s s lowly

w a lled u p in order t o ind u ce him to compel h is so n
,

t o g ive u p h is l a wle s s c a reer a n d come t o Bij a p u r

( Chit 37 38 D ig 1 43
.
-
.

Sh iv a j i w a s in a terrible di l emm a : he co u ld n o t
s u bmit to Bij a p u r a n d thereby s a crifice a l l h is g a ins

a n d hope s o f fu t u re g re a tne s s ; n o r o n the other ,

h a nd co u ld he le a ve h is f a ther in d a n g er o f tort u re
,

a n d s t a rv a tion By diplom a cy a lone co u ld he re s c u e

.
-

h is f a ther a n d dip lom a cy pointed t o on ly o n e p a th

,

as open to a m a n in h is po s ition Th .

an every rebel a g a ins t B1 J a p u r w a s s u re t o g a in t he

d
'

Emperor s p a tron a g e if he co u ld hold forth the ch a nce

o f s tren g thenin g the imperi a l c a u s e in the D ecc a n by

the a dhe s ion o f h is fo llowers The M u g h a l Emperor .

a l one w a s s tron g eno u g h t o intimid a te A dil Sh a h .

 SHI VA1 1 . [ Ct I -
. 11 .

*
Sh iv a j l fi r s t
wrote t o Prince M u ra d B a khs h ,

the M u g h a l viceroy of the D ecc a n entre a tin g him ,

to s ecu re the Emperor s p ardon fo r Sh a hj i s p a s t c o n

' ’
'

du ct a n d protection for him a n d his s ons in f u tu re ,

a n d o fferin g to come a n d join the M u g h a l s ervice o n

receivin g a written a s s u r a nce o f s a fety ( q a u l ) T o .

thi s M u r a d rep lied o n 1 4t h M a rch 1 649 te llin g him ,

t o s end fi r s t a tru s ty a g ent t o report h is dem a nd s .

Thi s w a s evident ly done a n d M u r a d a fter reportin g ,

the c a s e to the Emperor a n d le a rnin g h is wi s he s ,

wrote t o Shiv a on 1 4t h Au g u s t a s kin g him t o come

t o Co u rt with h is f a ther a n d kin s men th a t he mi g ht ,

b e c re a ted a 5 h a z a ri whi l e Sh a hji wo u l d g e t b a ck

-
,

the r a nk he h a d once he ld in the M u g h a l peera g e .

Sti ll l a ter o n 3l s t O cto b er M u r a d wrote direct ly t o

, ,

Sh a hji to in form him th a t Sh iv a j i s a ppe a l for h is

'

re l e a s e h a d b een received a n d th a t a s the Prince ,

w a s s oon g oin g b a ck to the imperi a l Co u rt he wo u ld ,

there report the pr a yers o f Sh a hji t o the Emperor

a n d t a ke h is order s He a s ked the M a r a th a chie f t o
.

s end h is a g ent t o Co u rt t o receive the Emperor s

'

fa rm a n a n d a s s u ra nce o f s a fety a n d o n h is own ,

be h a l f pre s ented him with a ro b e o f hono u r I n thi s .

Sh iv a n n e i th e r w ro t e no r se n t a ny e nv o y to the

E m p e ro r at D e lhi . A l l h is ne g o ti a ti o ns a b o u t h is fa th e r w e re

co n d u c te d w i th Mu ra d , as th e fo u r o ri gi n a l P e r s ia n l e tt e rs o f
M u ra d Pa ras n i s how Ra j w a de 23
’

in s p o s se ss i o n s . , v i ii .
-
,

w ro ngl y re p re s e n ts th e s e l e t te rs as c o m in g fro m Sh ah J ah an .

T h e E m p e ro r ne v e r i n t e r fe re d fo r t h e l
re e a se o f Sh a hj i .
42 s mw m .
[ Ci I
-
. 11 .

mi s chie f O n h is re le a s e he s eem s to h a ve lived

‘

a ny .

for s ome ti m e in the Tu n g a bha dr a re g ion s u bd u in g

the rebe l liou s chieft a in s o f h is j a gi r in Northern
Mys ore Here h is e lde s t s o n Sh a m b hu j i fel l in a n
.

a tt a ck on K a n a k g iri b u t he him s e l f a fterw a rds

,

c a rried the fort by a s sa u lt ( Chit 23 D ig 6 1 62 . . .

-

T 5. .

W hi l e Sh a hj l
in pri s on o r a fter his rele a s e
w as , ,

a n a ttempt w a s m a de b y th e Bij a p u ri Co u rt t o c a p

t u re Shiv a Fo r thi s p u rpo s e a M a r a th a n a med B a j i

.

Sh y a m ra j e w a s s ent into Konk a n with men .

By w a y o f W a i a n d J a v li in the northern s ide o f the ,

S a t a r a di s tri ct he re a ched the town o f M a h a d

, ,

hopin g t o s u rpri s e Shiv a j i there Bu t Shiv a w a s j u s t .

then a t Ch a u l l ootin g the port a n d s ettin g u p h is

,

ow n a dmini s tr a tion there a n d s o he ret u rned t o ,

Ra j g a rh witho u t bein g c a u g ht A det a chment from .

his a rmy fe ll on B a ] ! Sh y a m r a j e a n d s ent him q u ickly

b a ck with he a vy l o ss by the s a me w a y th a t he h a d
*
come .

the re l e a s e o f Sh a hj l h a d been condition a l ,

ept q u iet d u rin g the ye a rs 1 649 t o 1 65 5 H e .

-

s eem s t o h a ve contented him s e l f with con s olid a ting

*
C h i tn is , 36 . B u t Sh e d . B a kha r , 19 , s a ys th a t Ra n da u l a
Kh an o f Ra h am a tp u r an d B a j i Ch o rp ade -
o f D a tv a d ca m e

a g a i ns t Sh iv a w i th men an d h a l te d at Wai , w h e re th e y

we re de fe a t e d an d put to fl igh t by a c o nc e r t e d a t ta c k by
Sh i v a j i an d N e t a n fr o m tw o si de s w i th me n . Bu t th is
'

so u rc e o f i n fo r m a t i o n is u su a l ly u n re lia ble . Pa ra s n is s

M a h a ba l e s h w a r , 1 9 ( l e g e nd a r y .
)
1 65 5 ] J AV L l AND M O RE FAM IL Y . 43 “

h is conq u e st s an d org a ni s in g their

dmini s tr a ti o n a ,

in s te ad o f g ivin g the Bij a p u r Govern ment new p ro

“

voc a tion by fre s h a nnex a tions .

§9 . C o nq u e s t o f J a uli , 1 65 5 .

At the extreme north we s tern corner o f t h e -

S a t a ra di s trict lie s the vi ll a g e o f J a y li which w a s ,

then the centre o f a f a irly l a rg e princip a li ty incl u d

ing ne a rly the whol e o f th a t di s trict Th e .

s u bdi v i s ion o f J a v l i i s
"

thro u g ho u t hilly a n d thick ly

wooded with evergreen n a rrow ru g g ed
a n d s teep cre s t o f the Sa hy a d ri s ri s in g feet o r ,

more a bove s e a l evel form s it s wes tern w a ll ; a nd

-
,

in the v a l l eys the tree g rowth i s l u xu ri a nt formin g ,

hi g h fore s ts .
(B o m Ga z xix
. Within a len g th
.
,

o f 60 mi l e s a s m a ny a s 8 p a ss e s cro s s the r a n g e ,

t w o o f them bein g fit fo r c a rt s a n d no w tr a n s portin g

a l a rg e tr a ffic from th e D ecc a n pl a te a u t o M a h a d in .

Ko la b a a n d Chip lu n in Ra tn a g iri There a r e

'

.
,

be s ide s co u ntles s g org e s a n d foot tra ck s le a din g

,
-

fr o m j a v l i t o Konk a n .

A M a r a th a f amily n a med More h a d received

g r a nt m o f J a v li from the fi r s t S u lt a n

Bij a p u r e a rly in the 16th centu ry a nd m a de ,

c l a im g ood by their s word

. For ei g ht g enera tion s
.

they conq u ered th e petty chieft a in s a ro u nd a n d

a m a s se d a va s t tre a su re by pl u n der Th ey kept .

infa ntry m os t ly s tu rdy hillmen of the s a me

,

c l a s s a s the M a v le s a n d s u cceeded in g ettin g

,

po s s es s ion o f the entire di s trict o f S a t a ra a n d p a rt s

44 SH I VA1 1 .

o f Konk a n The he a d o f the f a mily bo re the

.

heredit a ry title o f Ch a ndra Ra o c onferred by a ,

Bij a p u r kin g in reco g nition of th e fo u nder s per s on a l

s tren g th a n d co u r a g e The yo u n g er s o ns enjoyed
.

a pp a n a g e s in the nei g hbo u rin g vi lla g e s Ei g hth in .

de s cent from the fo u nder w a s Kr ish n aj 1 Ba ji w h o ,

s u cceeded to the l ord s hip of J a v l i a bo u t 1 652 3

"

St a t e o f J a v li b y it s s itu a tion b a rred the

, ,

p a th o f Shiv a j i s a mbition in the s o u th a n d s o u th

'

wes t A s he fr a nk ly s a id to Ra g h u n a th B a l l a l Korde
. ,

U nl e s s Ch a ndr a Ra o is ki ll ed the kin g dom c a nnot

u

b e s ecu red None b u t y o u c a n do th is deed 1 s end

. .

y o u to him a s envoy The Bra hm a n entered into

.

the cons pir a cy a nd went t o J a v li a ttended by a n

, ,

e sc o rt o f 125 picked men o n a pretended propo s a l ,

.

of m a rri a g e between Shiv a a nd Ch a ndra Ra o s

'

dau W
—
E W B
,
Sh e d .

202 1 -

O the fir s t d a y the envoy m a de a s how of

n

openin g m a rri a g e ne g oti a tions Findin g o u t th a t .

Ch a ndr a Ra o w a s fond o f drink a nd u s u a lly l ived in

a c a re l e s s u ng u a rd ed m a nner Ra g h u n a th wrote to ,

h is m a s t e r t o c ome to the nei g hbo u rhood in force

'

a n d be in re a dine s s to t a ke adv a nt a g e o f the m u rder

immedi a te ly a fter it w a s committed The s econd .

interview with Ch a ndra Ra o w a s hel d in a pr iva te .

ch a m b er Ra g hu n a th t a lked fo r s ome time o n the

.

e nd l e s s det a i l s o f a Hind u m a rri a g e tre a ty a n d then ,

Pa ra s ni s I ti k . Sa n g r . Sfu t a l e k h , i . 26 .
1 65 5 ] MU RD E R OF TH E MO RES . 45 '

drew hi s d a g g er a ll o f a s u dden a nd s t a bbe d

Ch a ndra Ra o to de a th a n d wo u nded h is brother
S u rya Ra o w h o w a s de s p a tched by a M a ra th a
,

s oldier The a s s a s s in s prompt ly ru shed o u t o f the

.

g a te c u t their w a y thro u g h the a l a rm ed a n d confu s ed

,

g u a rd s be a t b a ck t h e s m a ll a n d h u rried ly o rg a ni s ed
,

b a nd of p u r su ers an d g a ined a cho s en pl a ce o f hid w

in g in the fore s t .

Sh iv a j i h a d kept him s elf re a dy to fol l ow u p

.
/
h is a g ent s crime ; a c cordin g to l a ter a cco u nt s he
'

h a d a rrived a t M a h a b a le shwa r with a n a rmy o n the

p l e a o f a pil g rim a g e I mm e di a tely o n he a rin g of the
.

m u rder o f the More s he a rrived a n d a ss a u lted J a v li

, .

The le a derle ss g a r ri s on defended them s e lve s fo r s ix .

ho u rs a n d were then overcome Ch a ndra Ra o s tw o

'

s on s a n d entire f a mily were m a de pri s oners B u t h is .

kins m a n a n d m a n a g er H a n u m a nt Ra o More r a l lied

, ,

the p a rti s a ns o f the ho u s e a n d held a nei g hbo u rin g ;

vi ll a g e in force men a cin g Sh iv a j i s new conq u e s t
'

, .

Shiv a fou nd th a t u nle s s he m u rdered H a nu m a n t

“

the thorn wo u ld no t be removed from J a v li

"

( S a bb . So he s ent a M a r a th a o fficer o f h is
,
.

ho u s eho ld n a med Sh a m b h u j i Ka vj i with a pretende d

me s s a g e to H a n u m a nt Ra o who w a s then s t a bbe d ,

t o de a th a t a p riv a te interview ( a bo u t O c t , .

The who l e kin g dom of J a v li no w p a ss ed

Sh iv a j i s po ss e ss i o n a nd he w a s free to inv a de
'

Konk a n with e a s e o r extend h is dominion s o u th

into the Ko lh a p u r di strict
‘

.
 S H I V AJ I .

The a cq u i s ition o f J a v li w a s t he re su lt of
d e li b er a te m u rder a n d or g a ni s ed tre a chery on the p a rt
o f Shiv a j i H is power w a s then in it s inf a ncy a n d
.
,

he co u l d not a ff o rd to be s cr u pu lou s in the ch o i ce

of the me a ns o f s tren g thenin g him s e l f l n exa ctly .
'

s imi l a r circ u m s t a nce s Sher Sh a h h is hi s toric p a r a l le l

, , ,

u s ed s imi l a r t re a chery i n g a m i n g forts in So u t h Bi liar

a s the firs t s t ep t o a throne .

The only redeemin g fe a tu re of thi s d a rk epi s ode

in h is l ife is th a t the crime w a s n o t a g gra v a ted by
hypocri s y Al l h is o ld Hindu bio g r a phers a re a g reed
.

th a t it w a s a n a c t o f pre medit a ted m u rder fo r

-

pers on a l g a in a n d not a p a rdona bl e homi cide done

in s elf defence o r d u rin g the confu s ion o f a n u m
-

expected br a wl Even Sh iv a j i never pretended th a t

.

t h e m u rder of the three More s w a s pro mpted by a

”
d es ire t o fou nd a Hindu s w a raj or to re m ove from ,

h is p a th a tr e a chero u s enemy beyond the ch a nce o f

reform .

Thi s l a s t to u ch of inf a my it h a s been left t o the

pre s ent g enera tion t o a dd Some M a ra th a writers
.

" "

h a ve recentl y di s covered wh a t they v a g u e l y c a ll

a n o ld chronic l e — written nobo dy know s when o r
,

by whom b a s ed n
, obod y kno w s o n wh a t a u thoritie s ,

a nd tr a n s mitted nobody knows h o w —which a ss ert s ,

th a t Ch a ndra Ra o h a d tried to s eize Shiv a by

tre a chery a n d h a nd him over t o the ven g e a nce of
Bij a p u r a nd th a t he h a d a t firs t b een p a rdoned b y
,

the l a tter a n d h a d then u n g r a te fu lly cons pired with

16 55 ] S ATARA D I S T RI CT AN N E XE D . 47

B a j l Gho rp a de to impri s o n Shiv a ] 1 .

*
U nfortu n a tely
fo r the credib ility o f
ch convenient u dis coverie s
su ,

none o f the g en u ine o ld hi s tori a ns o f Shiv a co u ld

a nticip a te th a t thi s l ine of defence wo u ld be a dopted

by the twentieth cent u ry a dmirers of the n a tion a l

hero they h a ve c a ll ed the m zde L a — m a xde r .

The two s on s o f the mu rdered Ch a ndra Ra o

w ere t a ken t o P u n a an d there p u t t o Bu t
s ome of the More s rem a ined a t l a r g e a n d s o u g ht to

b e a ven g ed on Sh iv a j i tho u g h in v a in I n 1 665

, . ,

when J a i Sin g h opened a c a mp a i g n a g a ins t t h a t

M a ra th a chief he invited the s e—, Mg rg g to join him a n d
c a rry o n their bl d with the Eh with
g re a ter hope o f s u cce s s .

t on ly opened to
ShiV a j l a o f the s o u th an d

the we st bM , Ea n t a cce s s ion t o

his s tren gt h in the form o f m a ny tho u sa nd s of M a vl e
,

inf a ntrymen from a mon g the s u b jects a nd former

ret a iner s o f Ch a ndr a Ra o I n s hort h is r e c ru i t m .
,

g ro u nd for the s e excellent fi g hters a lon g a hy a dn

r a n g e w a s now do u b led The More s h a d a cc u m u

, .

l a ted a v a s t tre a su re in eig ht g enera ti o n s o f

u ndi s t u rbed a n d exp a ndin g ru l e a n d the whole o f ,

it fel l into Sh iv a ii s h a nd s
'

Tw o mi l e s we s t o f J a v li he bu ilt a new fort

*
Pa ras n is I ti k . Sa n g rah , Sfu ta le kh . i . 26 - 29 an d 11 . ll .

M a ha bal e s h w a r ( E n g ) 17 .

1 T 5
'

. . 1 4a ; D ig . 132 ; C h it . 42 Sa bh
. . l
s i e nt .
 S H I V AJ l .
[ ca 11 .

na med Pra t a p g a rh a n d here he se t u p a n im a g e o f ,

h is p a tron g odde s s Bh a v a ni a s the more a ncient ,

Bh a va ni o f Tu lj a pu r w a s beyond h is re a ch O n h e r .

he l a vi s hed h is we a lth in co s t ly orn a ments a n d tra pp

in g s a n d t o t hi s s hrine he m a de repe a ted pi l g rim a g e s .

(Sa bh 26 ; Chit 42 I t ik S a ng Sfu t a lekh ii l l

. . . .
'

, .

D ig .

We s t
J a v li in the Konk a n pl a in ne a r the
o f , ,

centre o f the Ra tn a g iri di s trict l a y the princip a l ,

ity o f Sh rin g a rp u r *
owned by a chieft a in n a me d ,

Su rv e b u t virt u a l ly ru l ed by his mini s ter a Sh irk e

, , .

A s Shiv a entered the c o u ntry the chief fled a w a y ,

a n d the mini s ter s u rrendered it a n d w a s t a ken int o

Sh iv a j i s p a y (Sa b h l l ) O ther petty ch ie fs o f the

'

. . .

nei ghbo u rh o od were redu ced to su bmi ss ion a n d their .

l a nd s a nnexed Th u s the e a s tern h a lf o f Ra ma

.
,

iri bec me Shiv while R a j a p u r a n d the port s

'

g a a s
'

c o nti n u ed u nder Bij a p u r ti ll l 66o a n d in s ome c a s e s ,

even l a ter .

The g re a tly exp a nded M a r a th a kin g dom w a s

ow or g a ni s ed o n a s t rg n ge r a nd W ra t e
k

pl a n : Moro Trimba k Pin g l e w a s a ppointed a s

Ch a ncel l or (P e s h w a ) vice the incom petent Shy a m ra j

A l e t te r w ri tte n by th e
E n g l ish p ris o ne rs a t So n g ar h i n
J u ne 1 66 ] sa ys ,
"

Sh iv a j i h a th l at e ly e nla r g e d h i s c o u ntr y b y
o v e rc o m i n g th e tw o Ra j ah s o f D u l v i ce D a l v e )a n d th e Ra j a h
o f Si n g a p u r ( si c) b y , w h i ch m e a ns he co m m a n ds a ll th e c oas t

fro m D an da Ra j p u ri ca s tl e t o Kh are p a ta n ( O r m e MSS V o l

"
,

”
.

1 5 5 DP I Z I l Si n g a p u r 7 g o t) t o th e n o r th w a rd o f Ra j a p u r
"

-
' .
, ,

( F R Su ra t
. . ,
50 S H I V AJ I .
[ Ch .

divided the tw o dominions in the north J u nn a r a n d

Ch a m a r g u n da b e l on g ed t o the M u g h a ls a n d Ch a k a n
t o Sh iV a j i. H is s o u t h ern b o u nd a ry w a s m a rked b y
the o u tpo s ts o f l nd a pu r B a r a m a ti a nd S u p a a nd the
, ,

fort s o f Pu r a nd a r Ra j g a rh Ko n da n a a n d To m a
, , In, .

Konk a n or the co u nt ry we s t o f the G h a ts he h a d ,

g a ined K a l i a n , M a h u li
, a n d s o m e other p la ce s in the
s o u th e a s tern corner o f the Th a n a di s trict a n d the

e a st ern h a lf o f the Ko l a b a di s trict down t o b u t no t

inc lu di n g the town o f M a h a d
The a b ove w a s h is po s i t ron in 1 648 Bu t in .

165 5 the conq u es t o f J a v li extended h is dominion s

in the u p l a nd s or D esh t o t h e s o u thern limi t o f the
S a t a ra di s trict a n d in Konka n from M a h a d t o n ea r
,

Ra j a p u r i e
, . over the s o u th e a s tern Ko l a b a a n d
-

ne a rly the who le o f e a s tern Ra tn a g iri di s tricts Th u s .

he n o w bec ame m a s ter o f the who l e o f Konk a n

exce pt the port s a nd a dj a cent l a nds o n the we s t co a s t
”
(“I 1 c fi be lon g ed t o B i j a p u r t he Siddis a n d the
, ,

Portu gu e s e )a n d the extreme north o f the Th a n a a n d

“

t h e extreme s o u th o f the Ra tn a g iri di s trict s .

A P PE N D I X 1 .

T HE M U RD E R OF TH E M o RE s .

The e a rlie s t M ar a th a his tori a n o f Shiv a j i viz , .

,

Kris h n a j i A n a nt Sa b h a s a d write s th a t Sh iv aj i
s ent Ra g h u n a th B all al a s envoy t o Ch a ndra Ra o ,
1 65 5 ] O LD M ARATH I AUTH O Rl Tl E S . 51

fra nk ly te ll ing him ,U nl e ss C ha ndr a Ra o i s killed ,

the k ing dom c a nnot b e s ecu r ed None b u t yo u c an .

do thi s deed , (p . a nd th a t Ra g h u na th co mmitted

the m u r der o n g ettin g a s u it a bl e opportu nity This .

b o ok w a s written by a co u rtier o f Shiv a j i b y order o f ,

Shiv a j i s f a vo u rite s o n He h a d t h e be s t me a n s o f
'

knowin g the tru th a n d n o motive fo r s u ppre s s in g it .

I t is inconceiva bl e th a t s u ch a writer invented a f a l s e

ch a rg e o f m u rder a g a i ns t Shiv a j i u nl e s s the l a tter ,

h a d been notorio u s ly g u i l ty o f the crime A cent u ry .

l a ter M a lh a r Ra m Ra o the heredit a ry s ecret a ry o f

, ,

Sh iv a j i s de s cend a nts a n d keeper o f their f a mi ly re

'

cord s a ls o te lls the s a me s tory

, W h a t motive
,

co u l d he h a ve h a d fo r c a lu mni a tin g the g re a t fo u nder

o f h is m a s ter s fa mi ly a s a m u rderer ? The M a ra thi
’

l i fe o f Sh iv a j i pre s erved in Ra i g a rh c a s t l e when i t

w a s i n M a r a th a po s s e s s ion a nd , compo s ed m u ch
e a rlier th a n Ch it nis s hi s tory te lls u s Ra g hu n at h
' u

, ,

t r e a c h e r o u s ly a s s a ss in a te d H a n u m a n t Ra o Sh iv a j i .

w a s p l e a s e d with Ra g h u na t h s cond u ct Bu t
’

a s the ori g in a l o f thi s work h a s b een l o s t 1 a tt a ch no ,

impor t a nce t o it .

A g a in s t the u n a nimo u s te s timony o f s u ch known

a nd a u thentic witne s s e s Ra o B a h a d u r P a r a s n i s p u t s
,

the evide nce o f the s o c a ll ed M a h a b a l e s h w a r B a kh a r

-
,

which exi s ts in a s in g le a nonymo u s u nd a ted M S ,

di s covered s ome 20 ye a rs a g o a mon g the p a pers o f

the modern Ra j a h s o f S a t a ra whi l e o f Sa b h a s a d ,

a nd C h it n is s b a kha rs m a ny MSS h a ve b een fo u nd

'

a n d in di fferent p a rt s of the co u ntry The u niq ue .

 52 S H l V AJ l .
[ Ch 1 ].

MS
‘

. o f
the M a h a b a le s h w a r B a kha r h a s not been '

s ho w n t o the p u b lic even in M a h a r a s htr a n o r ex ,

a m i n e d b y expert s with a view t o j u d g in g it s d a te a n d

a u thenticity A critic evidently in the confidence o f

'

.
,

t h e Ra o B a h a d u r now write s th a t the MS cont a in s a

, .

s t a tement th a t it w a s written by order o f Ra j a h

Sh a h u W e do not know the a u thority for thi s entry
.
,

nor whether the co l ophon w a s contempora neo u s with ,

the body o f the MS or is a modern a ddi ti on . .

N o w Sh a h u overc a me h is dome s tic riv a ls cu rbe d

, ,

h is M u s lim enemie s a n d b ec a me firm ly s e a ted o n h is

~

throne a fter 1 725 a n d he co u l d h a ve h a d time to

,

think o f recti fyin g his g r a nd fa ther s rep u t a tion on ly

'

tow a rds the pe a ce fu l c l o s e o f his rei g n (which ended

'

in Thi s b a kha r if written b y Sh a b u s order,

"

at a ll w a s written a b o u t 1 7 40 o r even l a ter

, ,

more th a n 8 0 ye a rs a fter the m u rder o f the More s

W h a t were it s n a me le s s a u thor s me a n s o f knowin g
'
'

the t ru th b etter th a n Shiv a j i s o w n co u rtier ? Co u ld a ny

'

written record a b o u t the J a v l i a ff a ir contempora neo u s ,

with the event h a ve s u rvived ti ll 1 7 40 a nd then dis

,

a ppe a red whi l e the b a kh a r a lle g ed to h a ve b een

,

compo s ed in th a t ye a r a n d a t the s a me p l a ce h a s
s u rvived ? The M a h a b a le s h w a r B a kh a r there fore , ,

even if written in Sh a h u s time h a d n o other b a s i s

'

th a n u nre li a b le ora l tra dition o r de liber a te invention .

T o a ccept su ch a work a g a in s t Sa b h a s a d a n d Chitni s

i s to defy the mo s t e l ement a ry l a ws o f hi s toric
e vidence .

A n d ev e n then the M a ha b a l e s h w a r B a kha r

,
'
 1 65 5 ] FAL S l Fl CATlO N OF H I STORY . 53

.
never re a lly contr a dicts Sa bh a s a d it doe s not c a te
g o r ic a l ly deny th a t Shiv a s envoy m u rdered Ch a ndr a
'

Ra o or th a t Shiv a h a d a u thori s ed the deed

,
l t mere l y .

a cc u s e s Ch a ndra Ra o of imp l a c a ble ho s tility t o

Shiv a j i b u t te ll s u s nothin g o f wh a t a ctu a lly h a ppen
,

ed a t t h e f a t a l interview A n d yet on it s s lender—o r

.

ra ther no n exi s tent b a s i s Mr Kinc a id s bri lli a nt

- , .

im a g in a ti on bu i l d s u p the fol l owin g s cene which he

pre s s e s u pon the p u blic i g nora nt o f M a r a thi a s the
t r u e a n d a tte s ted s tory o f the J a v l i a fia ir

From the recently dis covered M a h a b a l e s w a r

a cco u nt it is c l e a r th a t Sh iv a j i repe a tedly s t rove to
,

w i n More to h is s ide th a t More a s often tried

,

t re a chero u s ly to t a ke Sh iv a j i pri s oner a n d th a t he ,

eventu a lly fe ll in a q u a rrel between him a nd Ra g ho

B a ll a l A tre whi l e the l a tter w a s de l iverin g him a n
.

u l tim a t u m Sh iv a j i w a s th u s c le a r ly innocent o f
.

M ore s de a th
'

Wh a t h a ppened [ a t the interview with More ]

i s o b s c u re I t is p ro b a ble th a t Shiv a j i s envoy ch a r g ed
'

Ba l a j i Ch a ndra Ra o More ] with do u ble de a lin g

i

a n d th a t the l a tter comp l a ined o f Shiv a j i s inv a s ion

'

occu p a tion o f M a h a b a le s hw a r in force ] Hi g h .

w ord s were exch a n g ed s word s were dr a wn a n d

,

Ra g ho B a l la l A tre a nd Sa m b h a j i Ka v j i killed More

a nd h is h a d no t a u t hor is e d h is
( Kinc a id a nd Pa ra s n is H is to ry o f th e
'

e nvoy s a cts .
,

M a ra t h a P e o p l e i 2 7 2 1 5 0 , . ,

I tru s t th a t the a s toni s hin g method of a ppra i s in g

e vidence a nd dr a win g le g itim a te inference s exhibited
t he l n dia n Civil Se rvice de al crimin a l j u s tice in l ndi a .

Th e hi s tori a n w h o c a re s fo r h is rep u t a tio n h a s ,

u nfo rt u n a te ly , to pl a ce tru th a bove pop u la rity .

 C H APTE R 11 1 .

FI R S T WA R S W I TH M UGH AL S AN D

BUAP UR 1 656 165 9

,
-
.

§1 . R e la t ions w ith t h e M u g h a ls up to 1 65 7 .

Fo r m a ny ye a rs a fter h is firs t a ss ertion o f in

dependence Shiv a j i c a ref u ll y m aint ai ne d 1;
, l
the M u g h a ls Fo r o n e thin g h is power w a s n o t yet
.

M
,

a n d it w
am a, “

s ec u re o u l d h a ve been the hei g ht o f fo lly to

/
'
,

provoke both Bij a p u r a n d D elhi a t the s a me time .

Second ly from 1 65 3 onw a rds

,

s in gu l a r

effi ciency a n d vi g o u r a n d h is nei g hbo u rs ri g ht ly

,

dre a ded g ivin g him a ny o ff e nce Wh en Au ra ng z i b .

w a s invo lved in w a r with G o l k o n da ( J a nu a ry M a rch -

Sh iv a j i w as too b u s y or g a ni s in g h is conq u es ts
in J a v li a n d the no rthern Ra tna g iri dis tr ict to ra id
M u g h a l territory d u rin g th a t Prince s a b s ence from
'

h is ch a rg e .

O n the de a th o f M u h am m a d A dil Sh a h ( 4 N OV .

Au r a n g z i b be g a n ac tive prep a r a tions fo r the

inv a s ion o f Bij a p u r a n d tried t o s educ e a s m a ny
,

A di l Sh a hi no b le s a nd v a ssal s as he co ul d
- Sh iv a j i .

then wrote a letter to M u lt afa t Kh a n the M u g hg l/ ,

g overnor o f Ahm a dn a g a r o fferin g to join the im

,

p e ri a l is t s if his de s ir e s were g r a nt e d To thi s a .

concili a tory reply w as g iven in a ccord a nce with ,

56 S H I V AJ l .
[ Ch 1 1 1. .

A u ra n g z ib
'

po licy of keepin g the p a th of corre s

s

p o n d e n c e with him o p en An envoy from Shiv a

.

a ppro a ched Au r a n g z i b directly a t Au ra ng a b a d a nd

reported h is dem a nd s The Prince rep l ied in
.
.

u re a s su rin g a n d friend ly term s s o a s t o m a ke him ,

more devoted to the imperi a l c a u s e th a n b efore .

A d
( a b 1 44 b
.
, Thi s corre s pondence s eem s to
h a ve p a s s ed in D ecember 1 65 6 o r the next month .

tho u g h the l etter to M u lt a fa t Kh a n m a y h a ve be en

wri t ten a s e a rly a s the precedin g A u g u st .

§2 . S hi va ] ! 3 fi
rs t ra i d int o M u g h a l D e cca n .

Shiv a j i h a d evident ly dem a nded th a t the M u g h a l

Government s hou l d t a ke him u nder it s protection a nd
l e g a li s e h is u su rp a tion s o f Bij a p u r territory The .

va gu e promi s e s o f fa vou r a n d protection m a de b y

the Prince co u ld n o t s a ti s fy him Even a l e s s a s tu te .

m a n th a n he mu s t h a ve known th a t s u ch promi s e s
wo ul d a m o u nt to nothin g in pra ctice when the need
o f the imperi a li s ts wou ld be over So when the .
,

wa r broke o u t Bij a p u r m a de a hig her bid a n d

,

indu ced Shiv aj i to m a ke a divers ion by ra iding the

so u t w nM M m whil e
.
,

Au ra n g z ib s force s were concentr a ted a t t h e s ie g e o f

'

Bid a r beyond his s o u th e a stern frontier

,
-
Two .

M a ra th a l e a ders M in a j i Bho ns l a a t t h e he a d o f
,

hors e a nd K a s hi cro s s ed the Bhim a a nd p lu ndered

, ,

the M u g h a l vi ll a g es in the Cha m a rgu nd a a nd Ra i s in i

s u bdivi s i o n s re s pe ctive ly la te in M a rch 1 65 7

, The y .

c a rried deva s t a tion a nd a l a rm to the very g a te s o f '

58 S H l V AJ l .
[ Ch 1 11 . .

h is to Ahm a dn a g a r a nd J u nn a r expel lin g th e

g oin g ,

enemy a n d ra v a g in g Sh iv a j i s territory a s ordered

'

, ,

by Au r a ng z ib (K a mbu 3b ; A d a b 1 4 7 0 1 5 30
.
, .
, ,

1 546 )
Me a ntime M u lt a fa t Kh a n h a d i s s u ed from t h e
,

fort of Ah m a dn a g a r a nd re lieved the be l e a g u ered

o u tpo s t a t Ch a m a r g u n d a b y de fe a tin g M in aj i (28 t h ,

A pri l ) Bu t the M a r a th a s contin u ed t o rove a bo u t

.

the p a r g a n a h fo r s ome time l on g er However the .

,

re t a iner s o f M u lt a fa t a n d Mirz a Kh a n fo llowed u p

their victory a nd a t l a st cle a red th e Ch a m a r g u n d a
s u bdivi s ion ( A da b 1 1 0b 1 5 3b
. .
, ,

Sh iv a j i h a d s t a yed in the J u nn a r s u b div i s ion fo r

me t im e robb in g the vi lla g e s a s the M u gh a l rein
, ,

were l a te in a rrivin g there a n d he fou nd

fie ld c l e a r Bu t a t the a ppro a ch o f Ra o K a rn
.
,

a n d Sh a i s t a Kh a n he fled fr om the nei g hbo u rhood

,

o f J u nn a r c ity a n d w a ndered over the di s trict fo r

s ome ti m e a s he co u l d not be c a u g ht a n d c m s h e d '
.
,

( A da b 1.1 0 b 1 1 1 b ,
B u t when ,
the pre s s u re
be ca me g re a t he s lipped a w a y to the Ahm a dna g a r
,
;

di s trict a n d b e g a n t o p lu nder it By thi s time ( end .

N a s iri Kh a n h a d re a ch e d the
'

m a rch he s u rpri s e d Shiva s a rmy

a n d ne a rl y e n ci r c l ed it M a ny o f the M a ra th a s were
.

s l a in
,
m a ny wo u nd e d a n d the re s t p ut to fli g ht ,
.

Bu t there w a s n o p u rsu it a s the M u g h a l hor s e s were

'

t o o tired ( K a m b u 4 b ; A da b 1 5 4 0
.
, .
,

Au r a n g z ib s letters t o N a s iri Kh a n a n d other

'

o ffice rs b re a thed fu ry a n d reven g e they m u s t b e a t

1 65 7 ] M UGH AL REPR I S AL S . 59

the r a iders ba ck from the impe ri a l dominions a nd

m a ke repri s a l s by enterin g Shiva s l a nd from a l l
' '

s ide s , w a s ting the vill a g e s s l a yin g the p eo pl e with ,

out pity a nd p lu nderin g them to the extreme

,

Shiv a j i s po ss e ss ions P u n a a n d Ch a ka n m u s t be
'

, ,

u tte rly r u in e d a n d no t the l e a s t remi s s ne ss s hown

W
,

M QLQ L the vi l l a g e .

he a dmen a n d pe a s a nt s of the imperi a l territory who

h a d s ecretly a be tted the enemy mu s t be s l a in with ,

o u t pity ( A da b 1 4 7 0 a n d b
’

. .
,

A u r a n g z ib s new di s po s ition s for g u a rdin g h is

’

s o u th w e s t e m
-
frontier showed exce l lent com b in a tion
a n d j u d g m e nt Kar T a l a b Kh a n w a s po s ted ne a r
.

J u nn a r A b du l M u nim a t Ca rh N a mu n a a nd N a s iri
, ,

Kh a n a n d Ra o K a rn a t P a nd a oppo s ite P a rend a

"
‘

fort , t o g u a rd the Ch a m a r g u n d a K a ra a nd As hti ,

p a rg a n a hs
*
( A d ab 1 48 b ). The s e o ffi c ers s tood . .

f a cin g the frontier a n d b a rrin g every p a th o f the

enemy s a dv a nce s o th a t the imperi a l ryot s be hind
'

the m mi g ht e njoy s a fety The o fficers were fu rth er .

b idden t o m ak e a d a s h forw a rd a cro s s the frontier ,

wh enever they g o t a n opport u nity r a v a g e a s mu ch ,

o f the enemy s territory in front of them as they

'

“
P a n da ( i n P e rs . te xt , P a nd e k) i s 1 6 m . n . w . o f P a re n da
d 3 m f Ka r m al a K a ra is 9 m w f Ash ti l ha ve
‘

an . s . o . . n . . o .

fo ll o w e d A u ra ng z ib
'

s l e t te r s (i n A da b) a bo ve bu t K a m bu
om its Ca rh N a m u na an d s ay s th a t A bd u l M u n im wa s p o s te d
at Ch a m a r g u n da . l h a v e fa il e d t o t ra ce G a rh N a m u na , l
u n e ss

i t w as a na m e g i v e n t o th e o ld an d r u i ne d o u tp o s t at P e dg ao n .

8 m . s . o f Ch a ma r g u nda .
 SH l V AJ I .
[ Ch 1 1.1 .

co u l d a n d then q u ick ly retu rn to the defence o f their

,

re s pective po s ts ( Ada b . .

A M a r a th a a ttempt t o loot the city o f Ah ma d

n a g a r w a s de fe a ted M u lt a fa t Kh a n the q ila da r of ,

the fort to ok e ffective s teps to defend the city a t

,

it s fo ot a n d removed the property o f the inh a b it a nts

,

fo r g re a ter s a fety within the fort ( A da b 1 48 b ) . . .

Aft er N a s iri Kh a n victory over Shiv a in the

'

Ahm a dn a g a r di s trict he w a s ordered by Au ra n g z ib

,

pu rs u e the M a ra th a s a n d extirp a te them ( end

“

to ,

o f M a y ) Bu t thi s co u l d not be
. done The r a ins .

b ‘

now s e t I n wi th the fu ll v i mons oon s ,

a n d the c a mp a i g n h a d to be d
to h is own co un try a n d the M u g h a l o ffi cers fe ll b a ck
on their a ppointed s t a tion s w a tchin g the frontier , .

( Ada b
“

There w a s pe a ce in the whole di s trict . .

1 5 60 ,

J u ne J u ly a nd A u g u s t 165 7 p a s s ed in enforced
,

idlene s s for the imperi a l troop s I n September the .

s itu a tion w a s Q
W Sh ah

prep a r a tions fo r a W a r o f S u cce ss ion

”
a mon g h is s on s . t he

MM r o u g h o u t the month o f September

'

Au ra n g z ib contin u ed t o u rg e h is o ffi cers not t o re la x

their vi g i l a nce b u t ho ld the S W frontier in force
,
. . ,

l e s t Shiva s ho u ld r enew h is r a id s A bo u t the midd l e .

o f O ct o b er he wrote t o the g overnor of Ahm a dn a g a r

to t a ke c a re o f the city a n d keep h is troops in

re a dine ss le s t when N a s iri Kh a n went ba ck Shiv a
, ,
 L E TT E R SH I VA 61
’

1 65 7 ] AU RAN O Z I B S To .

findin g the fi e ld cl e a r s ho u ld be g in to pl u nder a ga in

( Ada b 1 496 .
,

§4 . Sh i va j i m a kes p e a c e w ith the M u g ha ls .

W hen in Septem b er lie g e lord the kin g o f his

.

-
,

B i j a p u r m a de pe a ce Sh iv a j i fo u nd it u s ele s s a
, ,

even ru ino u s to him s elf t o continu e the w a r

the M u g h a l empire s in g le h a nded He m u s t try t -
.

s a ve h is So he wrote to N a s iri Kh a
p trimony
‘

a .
,

o fferin g s ub mi s s ion a n d th e Kh a n rep lie d in a c o n

“

c il i a t o ry tone Then Shiva a s req u e s ted s ent a

.
, ,

tru s ty a g ent (prob a bly Ra g h u n a th Ba ll a l Korde) t o

the Kh a n t o s t a te his dem a nd s The s e were reported .

t o Au r a n g z ib ( Ada b 1566 b u t no d e fin it e
.
,

a g reement fo l lowed Shiv a j i n o w s ent Ra g h u n a th

.

P a nt t o A u ra n g z ib direct ly The Prince w a s j u s t .

'

s t a rtin g o n h is m a rch to Nort hern l ndi a (25 J a n

1 65 8 ) a n d wrote t o Shiv a in rep ly Tho u g h yo u r ,

o ffence s do n o t de s erve p a rdon I for g ive y o u a s y o u ,

h a ve repented Y o u propo s e th a t if yo u a r e g r a nted

.

a l l the vi ll a g e s be l on g in g t o yo u r home Sha hj i s

'

o l d j a g ir ] to g ether with the fo rt s a nd territory o f

'

Konk a n a fter th e imperi a li st s h a ve s eized the o ld

,

Ni z a m Sh a hi territory n o w in the h a nd s o f Adi l

-
’

Sh a h —y o u wi ll s end Son a P a ndit a s yo u r envoy to

,

my Co u rt a nd a contin g ent of 5 00 hors e u nder o ne

o f yo u r o fficer s t o s erve me a n d yo u wi ll protect ,

the imperi a l frontiers Y o u a re c a lled u pon t o s end .

Son a ji a n d yo u r pr a yer s wi ll b e g r a nted

, ( Pa r a s n is .

MS L e tter
«
62 S H I V AJ I .
[ Ch 1 1 1. .

w hil e
’

Bu t r
re c eived Shi v a s su bm i ss ion
A u ra ng z ib
with ou tw a rd p l e as u re h is mind w a s n o t re a lly co m
,

po s ed a b ou t him He omitted no prec a u tion t o

.

m a int a in pe a ce in th a t q u a rter by force fo r he fe l t ,

convinced th a t the yo u ng M a r a th a c hie f w a s a r a ider

who se d a rin g w a s on ly eq u a ll ed by h is cu nnin g a n d ,

an a m b itio u s a dvent u rer who wo u l d p l a ce s e lf

intere s t a b ove fide lity to h is p l i g hted word o r
g r a tit u de fo r f a vo u rs rece ived He wrote t o Mir .

At N a s iri Kh a n s dep a rt u re
'

J u m l a ( D ecembe r ,
“

th a t di s trict h a s been l e ft v a cc a n t A ttend t o it a s .

,

the s o n o f a do g is w a itin g fo r his opport u nity .

0 0 A di l Sh a h w a s th u s u rg ed b y the
.

Prince : P ro t e c t thi s co u ntry Expe l Shiv a w h o

u

h a s s ne a ked into the po ss e s s ion o f s ome forts o f the

lan d . l f y o u wis h to entert a in h is s ervice s g ive ,

him j a g irs in the K a rn a t a k fa r from the imperi a l ,

dominion s s o th a t he m a y not di s tu r b them

, .

( A da b .

a ng z there fore le ft the D ecc a n witho u t

ib , ,

pe a ce a nd p a rdon t o Shiv a j I The M u g h a ls

‘

a ired a n d g a rri s oned the O l d a n d r u ined fort

o f Pe d g a o n a s a convenient o u tpo s t fo r oper a tion s

-
,

a g a in s t P u n a ( A da b .Bu t Shiv a w a s freed

.

fro m a ll fe a r o f the M u g h a l s b y e ar 0 u c c es

§5 . B i j a p u r p la ns t o su b d u e Sh i va j i .

After the M u g h a l inv a s ion o f 1 65 7 h a d ro lled

 1 65 9] B UAP U RI S AG A I N S T S HI V AJ I .

b a ck an d Au ra n g z ib ha d m a rch e d
w a y t o Northern a

l ndi a the B ij a p u r Government g a ined re s pite a nd a

,

s u dden a cce ss ion o f vi g o u r Tru e the o ld prime .

, {

minis ter Kh a n M u h a mm a d w a s m u rdered o n a f a l s e

, ,

s u s picion o f co llu s ion with Au r a n g z ib d u rin g the l a te

w ar bu t h is su cce s s or Kh a w a s Kh a n w a s a n a b l e
, ,

f a d m m is t r a t o r The Q u e e n Moth e r B a ri S a hi b a
m '

.
.

w h o virtu a lly ru l ed the St a te ti lll li er fa t ah j ourn e y t o

'

Mecc a ( 1 660) w a s a wom a n o f m a s terfu l s pirit a n d

expe ri enced 1 n the cond u ct o f bu s ine s s Freed fo r .

the t irn e b ein g from the con s t a nt men a ce o f the

M u g h a ls o n the frontier the Bij a p u r G overnment ,

now b e g a n t o c a l l it s refra ctory v a ss a ls to a cco u nt .

Sh a hji w a s a s ked t o pu ni sh h is rebe l s o n b u t he ,

fr a nk ly rM S W J o n a n d le ft the
Government free to p u ni s h him witho u t a ny c o n s i
de ra tion fo r h i s f a ther s fee lin g s Me a su re s h a d
'

.
,

therefore t o be t a ken fo r cru s hin g Shiv a j i b y force

,
.

( S a bb .

Thi s w a s however n o e a s y t a s k Shiv a s

'

.
, ,

cum ) .

m 1 11 t a ry s tren g th w a s n o t de s pic a b l e a nd the .

Bij a p u ri nobl e s s hra nk from the ide a of a c a mp a i g n

a mon g the hi l l s a n d j u n g le s o f the W e s tern Gh a ts .

The comm a nd o f the expe diti o n a g a in s t him went

a b e g g in g at the Bij a p u r Co u rt ti ll A fz a l Kh a n ,

a ccepted it (S a bb 1 3 ; Chit 5 4 ; P o wu das 6 7 ;

. . .
,
-

Sh e d .

Afz a l Kh a n
’

§6 . s e x pe d it io n a ga i ns t S h i va .

Abd u l l a h Bh a t a ri s u rn a m e d
w
.

, w as a
 S H l V AJ l .
[ Ch 1 1 1
nobl e o f the firs t r a nk w h o ha d ri s en to p O w e r a n d
'

hono u r u nder the la te S u l t a n o f Bij a p u r As a .

g ener a l he w a s o f the hi g h e s t s t a ndin g in the kin g

d o m b ein g the p eer o f B a h l o l Kh a n a n d Ra n da u la
,

Kh a n a n d h a d fo u g ht with con s picu o u s br a very a nd

"

s ki l l in the recent w a r with the M u g h a ls Bu t the .

re s o u rces o f Bij a pu r h a d be en cripp l ed b y th a t w a r

a n d the di s order a n d impoveri s hment n a tu r a l in a

re g ency u nder a veiled wom a n O n ly ca va lry *

.

co u ld b e s p a red t o a ccomp a ny Afz a l whi l e pop u l a r ,

report h a d r a i s ed the s tren g th o f Shiva s M a vl e in

'

fa n t ry to a s the re s u l t o f h is conq u e s t o f J a v l i ,

a n d he h a d a ls o enl i s ted a re g iment o f v a lu a bl e

P a th a n mercen a rie s from the di s b a nded so ldiery o f
’

Bij a pu r ( Chit 33 T S .
A fz a l Kh a n there
. . .
‘

fore did n o t , refer a n 0 en c n t e st e with

Shiv a lndeed he w a s ins tr u cted by t h e D ow a g er
.
,

Qu een to e ffect the c a t u r o r mu rder o f Shiv a by

“

pretendin g fri e n dsh 1 p with him a n

"

e n ng to
s ec u re h is p a rdon from A di l

*
T h is is the h f A fz a l
’

s tr e n g t o s a rm y as g iv e n by con

t e m p o ra r ie s , viz .
,
Ta ri kh i A l i I I- -
. 76 an d th e E n g lish le tt e r
q u o te d in th e ne xt no te . Th e M ara th a a c c o u n ts , a ll v e ry

m u c h l a te r , put it at c a v a ry l b e s ide s i n fa n t ry .
(Po w a da s ,

M a v ie s
"

7 , Sa b h . i n cl u d i n g fa m il i a r w i th

th e l o c a l ity .
( C h it . in A . N . 5 77 , da haz a r i s evi de n tl y ‘

a m i sp r i n t fo r da h h az a r . T he l e t te r in S he d . 25 is a

fa b r ic a t i o n .

Q th i s A b d u ll ah
i i

T A g a i ns t Sh iv a j i th e uee n ye a r se n t

Kh an w i th an a rm y o f h o rs e an d foo t
'

, an d b e c a u se
’

s h e k ne w w i th th a t s t re n g t h he w as no t a b le to r e sis t Sh i v a j i ,
66 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . 11 1 .

towa rds Pra t a p g a rh O n the w a y he committed fre s h

.

s a cri l e g e s o n the g od s a n d o u t r a g e s o n the Br a hm a n s

at M a n ik e sh w a r P a ndh a rpu r
,
a nd M a h a dev
( P o w a d a s 8 a
, n d in a fort n i g ht re a ched W a i 20 .

mi l e s n o rth of S a t a r a This la s t town la y within his

.

h c f and here he h al ted fo r s ome d a ys devi s in g

,

me a n s for lu rin g Shiva o u t o f the hil ls by dip lom a cy

o r c a pt u ring him b y me a n s o f l oc a l chieft a in s (D ig . .

15 8 ; Chit He wro te t o Vith o j i H a iba t Ra o

. ,

the d e s hm u kh of G u nj a n m a v a l t o join with his men

-
,

n e a r J a v l i a n d a ss i s t the Bij a p u ri a rmy a s directed .

Kh a n d o j i Kh o p d e the riv a l of Ka nh o j i Z e dh e fo r
,

the d e s hm u khi o f Ro h idkh o r e w a ited on Afz a l a t ,

i
W a i a nd g a ve a written u ndert a kin g t o a rres t g nd r

h a nd over Shiv a o n condition o f bein g g ra nted the

d e s hm u k h i ( Raj xvii 31 xv 393 a n d 31 7 D ig
. . .
, . .

1 65 ; T S
. .

While the s e plots were bein g h a tched at Wai ,

A fz a l ent h is l a nd :s tewa rd Kris hna j i Bh a s k a r to

s -

Sh iv aj i wi th a very a llu rin g me s s a g e s a yin g , Yo u r ,

fa t her h a s lon g m p f mine a nd yo u ,

a re therefore n o s tr a n g er t o me Come a nd s e e
, , .

me a n d I s h a ll u s e my infl u enc e t o m a ke A di l Sh a h
,

confirm yo u r po s s e s s ion o f Konk a n a n d th e fort s y o u

n o w hold 1 s ha l l s ecu re fo r y o u fu rther di s tinction s
.

a n d milit a ry eq u ip ment from o u r Governmen t I f .

y o u wi s h t o a tten d th e Co u rt yo u wi l l be welcomed , .

O r if y o u w a nt to be excus ed pers on a l a tte nd a nce

,

(S a bb 13
"

t here y o u wil l be exempted

, . .
 M ARATH A C O UN C IL O F W AR .

§7 Sh iva i i da ng e r
’
. s d p e rp le x ity
an .

of A fz a l s comin g
had
'

Me a ntime the n e Ws ,

c a u s ed g re a t terror a n d perplexity a mon g Shiv a s

'

fo l lowers . Hitherto they h a d s u rpri s ed obs cu re forts ,

l ooted i s o l a ted convoy s o r fo u g ht s kirmis he s w ith

,

the s m a ll irr e g u l a r forces o f priv a te j a g ird a r s Here .

w a s their firs t encou nter with the re g u l a r force s o f

Bij a p u r l e d M
, g
10, with a rtill ery tr a ns port a n a , ,

W W W o f th a t a g e .

Moreover Afz a l s m a rch from Bij a p u r t o Wa i h a d

'

, .

b een a n u nbroken s u cce s s ; the M a r ath a s h a d no t

ventu red to oppo s e him in the open a n d he h a d ,

fre ely l ooted a n d l a id was te the territory o f Shiv a '

.

th at he h a d cro s s ed ( Ta r ikh i A li I I 7 6. Ta le s
- -
.

of h is irre s i s tib l e s tren g th a n d ru th l e ss ne ss h a d

Shiv a j i s o fficer s
'

re a ched the M a r a th a c amp .

n a tu r a lly s hra nk from the ide a of re s i st a nce At the .

fi rs t co u nci l o f w a r which he held th ey urg ed him ,

to m a ke pe a ce a s the enemy w a s s tro ng a n d

,

ho s ti l itie s wo u ld only c a u s e a g r e a t lo ss o f life t o

their s ide (S a h h 1 4 Chit
. . .

Thi s w a s the mo s t critic a l m o me g t in th e c a reer

o f Sh iv a J I I f he c a pitu l a ted t o A fz a l Kh a n a ll h is
.
,

hope s o f independence a n d fu tu re g re a tne s s wo u l d

be g one fo r ever a n d he wo u l d h a ve to end h is d a ys
,

a s a t a me v a ss a l o f Bij a p u r even if he e sca ped h is

,

s overei g n s ven g e a nce for h is l a te rebe llion Yet

'

. ,

t h e open defi a nce o f Bij a p u r a u thority now wo u ld

fo r ever clo s e the door to reconcili a tion with th a t

 68 S H W AJ I .
[ CH . 11 1 .

Sta te a nd he m u s t be pre p ar e d e v er a fterw a rd s to

,
“

d e fe nd h is l ife a n d inde p e n dence a g a inst the p owe r

‘ ‘

of tha t k ingd om a nd o f the M u gh a l s an d o ther (

e ne m i es wit ho u t a s in gl e fri e nd or p rotector to tu rn

,
“

t o i n t h e w ide w e rl d
'
‘H is m ini st ers an d g eneral s .

”
a dv oc a t e d t h e m o re ig no ble p ol icy Shiv a him s elf .
1

w a s i n a t e rri bl e dilemm a Fo r a ni ght he ponde r ed

“

'

o n h is l if e s c hoice a nd then cho s e the m a n lier pa rt

'
‘ ‘
'

A l eg e nd a s o ld a s his co ntempo ra ri e s t e ll s u s th a t
, ,

—
the c a re wo rn chi e ft a in s s ie e p wa s b o he n by a vi s ion
'
‘
f r ‘
'
‘
e

of the g odde s s Bh a v a ni w h o u r g ed h im t o c onf ront

’

Af z a l b o l dly a nd pro mi s ed h i m victory a n d her f u ll

p rot ection (Sa b b . .

H is mind w a s m a de u p Next mor ni n g t h e '

co un ci l m e t a g a in Mo ved b y Sh iy a s m a n ly word s
'

.
,

ap p e a l t o their s e ns e o f h o no u r and re p ort o f t h e

’ * f
'
" '

/
,

d d ess s bl e ss i ng s the y r e s o lved o w ar He n o w

’
‘
g o , .

m a de h is d isp o s it io nfi dr t h e conte s t wi t h th e u tmo st ' ‘

‘ “

forethou g ht a n d s ki ll He took cou n s el o f h is .

mot h er w h o b le s s e d h im a n d foretold h is su cce ss

, ,

a n d then he i e ft m in u t e in stru ct ion s for c a rrying o n

“ w

the g overnment in the event of h is bein g k i lle d .

The a rmie s u nder Moro Trimba k Pin g le a n d Net a ji

'

F a lk e r wer e s u m m oned Kfro m Ko n k a n a n d the Gh a t s '

re s pective ly a n d o rdered t o t ak e po s t within e as y

,
'

r e a ch of Pr a t a p g a rh ( Sa bh 1 5 Chit 5 5 5 7
“

. . .
,

§8 . P lo ts an d co u nt e r p lo ts -
.

Then c a me Af z a l s en voy Kr i s hn a j i Bh as k a r
'

, ,

with the invit a ti on t o a p a r ley . Shiv a tre a te d him

1 659} P LAN D ET E CT ED 69
'

AFZ AL S .

with res pect a nd a t ni gh t m e t him in s ecr ecy a nd

,

s ol e m nl y a p p e a l e d w h m as a hfi lu a n d a pri e s t t o
n
g s ‘
w
z

t el l h im o f t he t a n s re m m o ns Krish n a ii
yie ld e d s o far a s to hi nt tha t the Kha n: se e med t o .

h ar bo u r so me p la n o f misc hi e f Shiv a j i then s ent th e .

e nvo y ba ck with Go p inath Pa nt hi s o w n a g ent , .

t o A fz a l s pro p osa l of a m int e rv iew

'

a g re ei ng pro
‘

r
.
,

v id e d th a t the , Kha n g a ve him a s ole mn as su r a n c e

.

o f s a fety . Co p in a thfs rea l miss ion w as to fin d o u t

”
the s treng th o f Afz al s army a nd ot her us ef u l in
'
'
"

fo rm a ti on a bou t it an d: le a rn fo r hims elf wh a t th e :

Kh a n s r e al a im w as Thro u gh Gop in a t h Sh iv a
'

r .

v o we d th a t no h a rm w ou ld be d on e to A fz a l d u ring ;

the interv ie w a nd Afiz a l o n his pa rt g a ve s imi la r

, , ,

a ss u r a nc e s of h is hone s ty of p u rpos e Bu t .

Gopin a th lea rn t by a lile r ib e s th at

'

A fa al s officers were c onvinc e d th a t

' "
‘ he h ad so
a rr a n g ed m a tters t ha t Sh iv a wou l d be a rre st ed a t .

th e interview a s he w a s t o o c u nnin g t o be c a u g ht
,

b y open fi g ht (Sa bh l.8 ) O n h is retu rn . . ,

Go p i na th t old it a ll to Shiva a nd u rg ed him to

a ntici p a te th e tre a chero u s a t t a ck o n him s elf by
mu r de ri ng A fz a l a t a lo nely m e e t i ng a nd then s ur
p ri s ing h is a rmy (Sa bh l 6 i 8 ; Chit 55 53 ; D ig
. .
-
.
- .

Shiv a ta ki n g the hi nt from Gopi n at h fei gne d

, ,

te rror a nd ref u s ed t o vis i t Wai u nless the Kh a n m e t ,

bi n n e a re r ho m e a nd pers ona lly promis e d hi m sa fe t y

a n d f u t u re pr ot ec tion Afz a l a g reed to m a ke this .

By Sh im s orders a p a th w a s c u t
'

c once s s io n .
 70 S H IV AJ ] .
[ CH . 1 11 .

thro u g h the dense fore st a ll the w a y from W a i t o

.

Pra t a p g a rh a n d food a n d drink we re kept re a dy for ‘

the Bij a pu r a rmy a t va rio u s points o f it By wa y .

of t he Ra dt o nd i p a s s ( be l ow Bomba y Point o f t he
' ' '

M a h a b a l e s hw a r p l a te a u ) Afz a l Kh a n m a rched t o
,

P a r a vil l a g e lyin g o n e mile below Pra t ap g a rh on

,

the s ou th a nd h is m e n enc a mped there in s c a ttered

,

g ro u p s deep, down in the v a l l ey ne a r every po o l o f

w a ter a t the s o u rce of th e Koyn a .

Gopin a th w a s s ent u p the hill t o report the

Kh a n s a rriv a l The mee tin g w a s a rr a n g ed to t a ke
'
“

pl a ce next da y The p la ce cho s en for the interview

.

as the cre s t of a n eminence be l ow the fort o f

f Pra t a p g a rh a nd overlookin g the val ley of the Koyna
,

.
,

O n both s ide s o f the fore s t p a th l e a din g u p the -

hi ll s ide t o the p a vi lion picked s o ldiers were pos ted

-

m am a t interv a ls by Sh iv a j i Here he erected

“

tents se t u p a rich ly deco ra ted ca nopy with

g or g eo u s c a rpets a n d c u s hion s worthy o f a roy a l
'

g u e st .

Then he prep a red him s e lf for the meetin g

'

er his t u nic h e wore a c oa t o f ch a in a rmou r '

be l ow h is tu rba n he p l a ced a s tee l ca p for the

c t io n of the s k u l l Wh a t offens ive a rm s he
.

h a d nobody co u l d s e e ; b u t conce a led in h is l e ft

,

h a nd wa s a s e t o f s teel cl aws ( b a g hna kh) fa s tened

t o the fin g er s by a p a ir o f r in g s a n d u p hi s ri g h t ,

s l eeve l a y hidden a thin s h a rp d a g g er c a ll ed t he

'

s corpion ( b i c h w a ) H is comp a ni on s were o nl y t w o

. ,

but both m e n o f extra ordi na ry co u ra g e a nd

1 65 9] A F Z AL AT MEETI N G P LAC E
-
. 7I

ag i lity —J iv M a h a la a n expert s word s m a n a nd

, , ,

Sh a m b h u j i Ka v j i the m u rderer o f H an u m a nt Ra o
,

More . E a ch o f them c a rried tw o s word s a nd a

s hield

As the p a rty w a s a bo u t t o de s cend from the

fort a s a intly fem a l e fi gu re a ppe a red in their mid s t .

I t w a s Jij a Ba i Shiv a bowed to h is mother She

. .

"

b le s s ed him s a yin g Victory be you rs !

,
a nd

s o l emn ly ch a r g ed h is comp a nion s t o keep him s a fe

they vo w ed obedience Then they w a lked down t o .

th e foot o f t h e fort a n d wa ited .

§9 . I n t e r v ie w b e t w e e n S h iva an d Afz a l .

Me a nwhi l e Afz a l Kh a n h a d s t a rted from h is

c a mp a t Pa r with a s tron g e s cort o f more th a n a
,

tho u s a nd m u s keteers Gopin a th objected t o it

. ,

s a yin g th a t su ch a di s p l a y o f force wo u ld s c a re
a w a y Shiv a from the interview a nd th a t th e Kh a n ,

s ho u l d therefore t a ke with him s elf only t w o bo dy

, ,

g u a rd s ex a ctly a s Shiv a h a d done S o he l eft h is .

,

troop s s ome di s t a nce behind a n d m a de his w a y u p

the hi ll p a th in a p a lki a ccomp a nied by two s o ldiers
-

a n d a f a mo u s s word s m a n n a med S a yy id Ba nd a a s ,

we ll a s the t w o Bra hm a n envoys Gopin a th a nd ,

Kri s h n a p : A rrived in the tent A fza l Kh a n a n g ri ly ,

rem a rked o n it s princely fu rnitu re a n d decor a tion s

fa r a b ove the proper s ty l e of a j a g ird a r s s o n
'

as .

Bu t Gopin a th s oothed him by s a yin g th a t a l l the s e

rich thin g s wo u l d s oon g o to the Bij a p u r p a la ce a s

the firs t fru it s o f Shiv a s su bmi ss ion

'

.
 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH m .

M esse ng er s we re s ent t o h u rry u p Shiv a who

“
,

w a s wa i ting b e io vr t he for t He a d van c ed sl o w ly .

“

t h e n h a l te d on se e in g : Sa yyi d Ba n d s a n d s en t to ,

dem a nd th a t the m a n s ho u l d be removed fro m t h e

t e n t Thi s w a s do n e , a nd a t l as t ShiVa ii e nt ered the
.

p a vili on O n e a rth; s ide fo u r m e n were pre s en t the

.
-

,
-

p r in c ip a h t w o a n me d re t a i ner s a n d a n env o y Bu t .

S h iv a w a s s ee mi ng ly u na rmed *
li ke a rebe l w ho ,

h a dl s o m e t o su rrender whi le t he Kh a n h a d h is ,

s word at hi s s i de .

The a ttend a nt s s tood b e low Shiva mou nt e d .

'

the r a i s ed p l a tform a n d b o w e d t o Afz a l The Kh a n .

ro s e from h is s e a t a dv an ced a fe w s teps a n d opened ,

h is a rm s to recei ve Sh iv a in hi s embra ce The s hort .

M a r a t ha O W o i h is .

nent Su ddenly Afz a l t ig h t e n e d h is c la s p a n d

.
'

Shiv a s nec k in h is l eft a r m with a n iron gr ip

'

h is r ig ht h a nd he drew h is lon g s tr a i gh t ~

bl a ded da g g e r a n d stru c k a t the s ide o i Shiv a

'

The .

hidden a rmo u r render ed th e bl o w h a rmle ss Shiv a .

g ro a ned in a g ony a s he fe l t him s el f be in g st r a n g led .

& 1 t in a mome nt h e recovered from t he s u rpri s e

.
,

p a s s ed his l ef t a r m rou nd t he Kh a n s w a i st a nd tore

'

h is bo w e ls open with a blow of t h e s tee l c l a ws .

Then wi th the ri ght h a nd he drove th e b ic h wa into

cam e
*
K ha fi K ha n
to the
,

i nt e r v ie w
n . ” 7 ,

u n a rm e
s ta te s

d .
th a t b o t h Afz a l
Bu t kam a r w a ka r da
an d Sh i v a j i
,
'

w i th

th e c u s t o m a ry a t t i t u de f th e
’

no sw o r d g i rt on the w ai s t , w as o

d e fe a t e d p a r ty . so o ft e n de s crib e d i n
. P e rs i an h is t or ie s .
74 S H l V AJ l .
[ CH . 1 11 .

ru s hed o n t he Bi j a p u ri c a mp fro m fo u r s ide s Afz a l s

'

.
'

o fficers a n d s o ldiers a like were p a nic s tri cken a t t h e -

news of their chief s de a th a nd thi s u nexpected

'

a tt a ck in th a t u nknown re g ion where every bu s h

‘

, ,

s eemed t o be a l ive with e nemi e s Bu t the w a y o f .

e s ca pe w a s cl o s ed a n d they h a d perforce t o fig ht .

Fo r three hou rs m a ny of the entr a pped s o l diers m a de

a de s per a te defence evidently in i s ol a ted g ro u p s
, ,

witho u t a ny common p l a n o r su perior g u id a nce The .

M a ra th a s fo u ght o n their o w n g ro u nd in the fu ll ,

fl u s h o f their initi a l tri u mph confident o f s u cc o u r ,

c lo s e behind a nd led by eminent chiefs

, The
c a rn a g e in th e Bij a p u ri a rmy w a s terribl e A l l who .

b e g g ed q u a rters ho l din g g r a s s between th eir teeth

were s p a red the re s t were p u t t o the s word
, .

were ki l led a cc o rdi ng t o the report th a t

,

i n l i s h fa ctory a t Ra j a p u r a fe w d a y s
a ched the
[
la ter ) The M a vl e in fa ntry h a cked a t the fleein g
.

e l eph a nt s s everin g th e t a i l s
, b re a kin g the t u s ks o r
, ,

choppin g o ff the l e g s Even c a me ls were c u t down

. .

a s they cro ss ed the p a th of the a ss a il a nt s .

The Qo t y t a ken w a s immens e a ll the a rti ll ery

. ,
M
wa g g on s a mm u nition tre a su re ten ts a nd eq u ip a g e
, , , ,

tr a ns port ca ttl e a n d b a g g a g e o f a n entire a rmy fe ll

‘
-
,

into the victors h a nd s A mon g them were 65

'
'
.

e l ep ha nt s , hors e s c a mel s ,
b u nd l e s ,

o f c l othin g and , 1 0 la khs o f Ru pee s in c a s h a n d

jewe llery .

The E M LS inc lu ded o n e s a rd a r o f hi g h r a nk ,

two s on s o f A fz a l a n d two M a r a th a chie fs n a me ly

,
1 65 9] D EFE AT OF AFZ AL S ARMY
'

. 75

L a m b a j l Bh o n s l a an d J hu j h a r Ra o G h a t g e . Al l the
c a pt u red women a n d
were immed O n e s ection of
'

the be a ten a rmy cons i s tin g Kh a n s wives ,

a n d e l de s t s o n F a zl Kh a n e s c a ped ro u nd the s o u rce

, ,

of the Koyn a u nder the gu i d a nce o f Kh a n do j i ,

,

Kh o p d e a n d h is 300 M a vl e friendlie s *
.

g r
A a nd review w a s held b y Sh iv a j i below
Pr a t a p g a rh The c a ptu red enemy both o fficers a n d
.
,

men were s e t free an d s ent b a ck t o their home s with

,

M
’

money food a n d other gl ft s The M a r a th a s o l di ers

, .

wh o h a d fo u g ht s o g a a n t ly were rew a rded if the

f a ll en w a rriors h a d g rown u p s on s they were en li s ted -
,

in their fa thers pl a ce s if otherwi s e their widows

'

were g iven pen s ions a mo u ntin g to h a l f their p a y The .

wo u nded received rew a rds ra n g in g from 25 to 200

h u n a ccordin g to the s everity o f their h u rt The .

o fficers were pre s ented with eleph a nt s hors e s ro b e s , , ,

j ewe llery a n d g ra nt s o f l a nd (S a bb . .

M e e ti n g w i th Kh a nAfza l : Sa bh l9 C h i t 6062 ; D i g -

”
. . .

l 6 5 l 6 9; T
-
. s . I 6a — l 7 b ; A N . . 5 77 ; D il ka s ha 1 9; , K K . . ii .

64 1 8 ; Ra j a p u r Fa c t o ry Re c o rds ; F ry e r . ii . 6l ; P o w a da s ,

1 24 8 ; S he d . 29 30
-
. P l u n de r o f h is a rm y : Sa b b . 23 24 -
; Chit .

62 ; D ig . | 7 0; T S . . 17 6 ; Po w a da s , l 9 20; S h e d 3l 32
-
.
-
. Es ca p e
o f Fa z l Kh an : Sa b h . 24 ; C h i t . 62 ; D i g . | 70 Ta r i kh i Al i - —
A d il S ha h 76 c o n ta i ns a m a im umx o f m e re w o rds an d
r h e t o r ica l fl o u ris h e s b u t fe w fa c ts . B . S . 35 2 is e ye n m o re

m e a gr e in de ta il s , bu t c o n c i se . C h it . 62 sa ys th a t Kh a nd o j i
Kh o p de w as be h e a de d b y Sh iv a j i ; D i g . l7 l .
 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH m . .

ll . L e ge n ds a b o u t Afz al K h a n .

T he !
t r a g ic fa te o f AfZ a l Kha n h as mo s t pr o
fo u nd ly st imre d t he p op l
u ar i ma g ina t i o n in hi s ow n

c o u nt ry in th at o f his en e my At hi s vi l la g e o f
an d : .
‘

Afiz a l p a r a cl os e t ry Bi ja p u r city t h e g loo m y l eg end

, ,

s pra ng u p t h a t bef o r e s t a rting o n thi s f a t a l e xpedition ,

he h a d a pre m on i ti on o f hi s c omi n g e n d a n d ki lled ; ,

M W S l es t they sh o u l d s h a re , .

a n o t he r s b e d a fter hi s de a th The pe as a nts s ti ll

'

z .

poin t t o t he hei g h t from whi ch the s e ha p l ess vict im s

o f m a n s je al ou s y were h u r l ed into a de ep poo l o f
'

"
w a ter t he , ch a nne l thro u g h whi ch their drowned
b o d ie s w e re dr agg ed o u t with hooks t he p l a ce where
'

.
,

t hey were shro u ded an d the 63 tom b s o f the s a me , ,

s h a pe si ze a n d a g e
, s t a ndin g c l os e to g e t her in re g u l a r
,

- nows on the sa me p l a tform where they were la id in ,

res t Utter de s o la ti on h a s s ett l ed on the s pot Where

. .

e s tood with its te e min g p op ul a tion ,

the tr a ve ll er no w be ho l ds a lone ly wil dernes s o f tal l

g r a ss bra mb l e s a n d broken bu ildin g s the fitte s t
, ,

em b lem o f his ru ined g re a t nes s The on ly form o f .

l i fe vi s ibl e is the s ol ita ry bird s ta rt l ed by the u m , .

ence o f a h um an vi sit or *
O the r tr a di tion s .

t illzom e na t n g e d iris s teps fro m t he very

.
.

h is c a mp a i g n a g a ins t Shiv a j i (S h e d 24 ; . .

T hi s w as the ap p e ar a nc e o f A fz al p u ra w he n I v i s i te d it
in O ct .
, l 9l6 .
 77
"

1 65 93 M ARAT H l B ALL AD O N AF Z A L .

IZ . B allad o f fA z a l K h a n .

Amon g ‘
t he M a r a th a s t he des tru ction o f A fz a l

Bi j a p u r w comp l ete the chief h a d f a l l en his a rmy

as ,

h a d ce a s e d t o exi s t a n d th e v i ctory b o t h in r e s pe ct
'

, ,
'

of ca rn a ge a n d of booty w a s the mo s t compl ete

'

p o s s ib l e The incident c a u g ht ho ld o f the p u blic

.

im a g in a tion o f M a h a ra s htra a s the mo st g lorio u s event

in t he hi s tory of the ra ce Soon a b a lla d w a s c .

pos ed h y th e w an de rin g b a rds ( g o n dh a lis )which

p e nded the conte st into a Homeric du el with a l l
det a i ls a n d s u p e rn a t u r a l a dj u nct s Ev e ry cl a s s .

M ar a th a s fro m the o fficer s o f Sh a m bh u j i s Co u rt t o

'

t h e s o l dier s in their c a mp s a n d the pe a s a nt s in t hei r

'

h a m l ets w e l come d the mins tr el a n d crowded to g ether

,
*

t o lis ten t o thi s s tory o f the fi rs t tri u mph o f their

n a tion a l hero s e t fort h with g r a phic det a il s whi ch

,

m a de the who le s cene live before their eye s The .

s hort ring in g line s of the b a l l a d ( p o w a de)a lmo s t

rep rod u ce th e tr a mp o f t h e s oldiery the jo u rneys o f ,

the riv a l ch ie fs their meetin g t h e exch a ng e o f, ,

t a u n ts t h e de a th gr a pp le a n d the tri um ph o f the

,
-
,

'

M a ra th a a rmy A s the b a rd s na rr at ive pa s s e s

.

r a pidly from s t a g e t o s t a g e o f the who le cont est t h e ,

a u dience fo l l ow him with b r e a thle s s a ttention their

bl ood co u rs e s in u ni s on with the vers e s a nd they a r e ,

wo u nd u p to a hi g h pitch o f e xcitement as t h e s pirit

o f t h e a ct u a l m a rch or fi g ht c a tche s t hem .

T o the M a r a th a s the fi g ht with Afz a l h a s a lw a ys

 S H l V AJ l .
[ CH . 1 11 .

a p p e a re d once a w a r o f n a tion a l libera tion a nd

as at

a cr u s a de a g a in s t the de s ecr a tor o f temp l e s To them

W
.

w h o comb ine s ,

tre a chery with fri g ht fu lne ss a n d defie s G o d a n d m an ,

a li k e .Their hi s tori a ns from the e a rlie s t time s h a v e

s een no e l ement of m u rder in the incident b u t a lw a y s ,

de s cribe d it a s a g loriou s exa mple of the s a g a city ,

co u ra g e a nd a gi l ity with which their n a tion a l hero

a verted a tre a chero u s p l ot a g a in s t h is own l ife m a de ,

the tre a chery recoi l o n the p lotter s he a d a n d

'

Sh iv a j i s
'

a ven g ed the o u tr a g ed s hrine s of their g od s .

l a u re a te Bh u s h a n
, c a lls the s la u g hter o f Afz a l a
,

r i g hteo u s deed o f retrib u tion like the s l a u g hter of the

l icentio u s ru th e n Kich a k by Bhim in s in g l e comb a t .

A very l a te le g end re g a rds it a s a blood fe u d w a g e d ,

-

b y Shi v a fo r the tre a chero u s s l a u g hter o f h is el der

b rother Sh a m bh u j l by the q ila da r o f K an a k g iri a t the
i ns ti g a tion o f Afz a l Kh a n (D ig 6 l 62 ; Chit 23 . .
- .

P o w a da s ,

Fl u s hed with t heir victory over Af z a l Kh a n

( September 1 65 9) a n d the de s tru ction of his a rmy
, ,

the M a r a th a s po u red into So u th Konk a n a n d the

di s tri ct c a ptu rin g the fort o f P a nh a l a
, ,

a nother Bij a p u ri a rmy a n d m a kin g exten ,

n e s ts (O c t l 65 9— Feb which wi ll.

,
.

As l
Sh a m b h u j i asc r i be d
"
Is the m ar k he
'

re s e w to .

S h iv a j i i n S a b h . I4 , an i n te rp o l a t io n ? Th a t h i s to ry i s o th e rw i s e

b ro t he r d t o t a l ly
'

a b so l u t e ly l
s i e nt a b ou t Sh i v a j i s e l de r an

i g n o re s h i m .
1 6 59] CRI TI CI S M OF EV I D EN CE . 79 .

be de s cribed in Ch a pter X Bu t in the Apri l fo l lowi n g

. ,

o wn dominions by a comb in a tion o f enemie s .

APPE ND I X 11 .

A FF AI R O F A F Z AL K H AN .

W a s the s l a yin g o f Afz a l Kh a n a t re a chero us

m u rder or an a ct o f
el f defence o n the p a rt o f
s -

Sh iv a j i ? No c a refu l s tu dent of the s o u rce s c a n deny

t h a t Afz a l Kh a n intended t o a rre s t or kill Shiv a j i by

tre a chery a t the interview The a bs o lu tely contem .

p o r a ry a n d imp a rti a l En g li s h f a ctory recor d ( Ra j a p u r

l etter 1 0 O c t 1 65 9) te ll s u s th a t Afz a l Kh a n w a s
, . .

in s tru cted b y his Government to s ecu re Shiv a j i by

"

pretendin g friends hip with him a s he co u l d n o t

‘

b e re s i s ted by a rmed s tren g th a nd th a t the l a tter , ,

l e a rnin g o f the de s i g n m a de the intended tre a chery

,

recoi l o n the Kh a n s he a d Thi s ex a ct ly s u pport s

'

the M a r a thi C hronicle s o n the point th a t Shiv a j i s

'

s pie s le a rnt from Afz a l s o fficers of the Kh a n s pl a n

' '

to a rre s t him by tre a chery a t the pretended interview .

a n d th a t A fz a l s envoy Kri s h n a j i Bh a s k a r w a s a l s o
'

ind u ced t o divu l g e thi s s ecret o f h is m a s ter .

W h o s tru ck the firs t blow a t the intervi ew ? The

o ld M a r a th a C hroniclers ( a s di s tinct from the En g li s h

edu c a ted 20t h centu ry a polo gis ts of the n a tion a l hero)

 80 '

SH l V AJ l .
[ CH III
. .

a ll a ss ert t ha t it w as Afz al
Th e s e g enu ine o ld .

h is t o r ia n s n e v e r shri n k from Ch a r g ing Sh iv a ji with

m u rder or tre a che ry whe ne ver they know him t o be
re a lly g u i lty They wrote l on g b e fore Gr a nt D u ff s
'

b ook h a d ro u s ed p u b lic indi g n a tion a g a in s t Sh iv a j i s

'

a l l e g ed m u rder o f a n invited g u e s t I t is therefore . , ,

impo s s ible to contend th a t the s tory o f Afz a l h avin g

s tru ck the fir s t bl ow w a s a n invention o f the modern

M a r a th a s a fter E n g li s h edu c a tion h a d w a kened their

con s cience t o the enorm ity o f pre medit a ted politic a l ~

m u rders Sa bh a s a d ( 1694 )a n d Chitni s ( l Bl O )a t l e a s t

.

da n n o t b e s u s pected o f a ny des i g n t o whitew a s h

h er o s ch a r a ct er b y f a l s ifyin g hi s tory l n §s a y in g
‘ ’

A
W W they tr u ly r e cord a ,

in e o ld t r a di tion a n d not a mode rn n a tion a l i s t

point is fu rther
Th e pported b y Shiv a j i s lette r
'

su
'

to Ra md a s in Wh i ch he s a y s th a t he g a ined s tren gt h

by ar il e he w as feelin g
m Afz a l s g rip
’

A dis e m .

b o w e ll e d m a n ca n not g rv e h is a dvers a ry a de a dl y
'

h u g a n d t h erefor e A fz a l w a s u nwo u nde d whe n he

,

s eize d Sh iv a j i i n h is c l a s p Bu t I a m n o t a t pre s ent

.

s u re a b o u t the g e n u in ene s s o f t hi s l et ter '

.

'

Shiv a j i s e l a b or at e protection o f his p ers on

b e fore g oing t o the in t ervi ew a n d h is p la cin g a n
7 a mb u s h ro u nd A fz a l s force s c an not be t a ken a s
'

pr oo fs o f a trea ch ero u s intention Secre t a s s a ss in a tion .

i s th e fa vo u rit e we a pon
- ‘
a nd

e in t h e s u lt a nat e s
 CH APT E R I V .

STREN U O US W ARFARE , l 660 I 66 4 .

l . S ha is t a K ha n s e nt a g a ins t Sh i va j i .

A mon g the
dmini s tra tive C h a n g e s m a de by
a

A u r a n g z i b a t h is s econd coron a tion ( J u ly 1659)w a s ,

the po s tin g of Sh ai s t a Kh a n t o the viceroya lty of the

D ecc a n in the M
,
. ae M u a zz a m Thi s a b le .

a n d s pirite d g enera l h a d a l re a dy g overned M a l w a a n d

the D ecc a n a n d h a d t a ken a di s tin g u i s hed p a rt in

Au r a n g z i b s recent inv a s ion o f G o l ko n da Ch ie f
'

a mon g the t a s k s entru s ted t o him w a s the s u ppre s sion

o f Sh iv a j i .An d in di s ch a rg in g thi s d u ty he w a s for

'

t u n a t e enou g h t o s ecu re th e he a rty c o oper a tion o f -

Bij a p u r which forced the M a ra th a C hief t o divi de

,

his a rmy into t w o a n d therefore to be defe a ted in

both the the a tres o f w ar .

After Shiv a ji h a d followed u p his victory over

Afz a l Kh a n s le a derle ss a rmy by defe a tin g the c o m
’

b in e d force s o f Ru s t a m i Z a m a n a n d F a zl Kh a n a n d
- -
,

t a kin g P a nh a l a in the Kolh a p u r di s trict a n d m a ny

0 pl a ce s in Ra tn a iri Al i Adi l Sh a h l l felt it nece s s a ry
g , .

to m a rch in pers on a g a in s t the a u d a cio u s rebel Bu t .

l
j u st a t thi s time Siddi J a u h a r a n Abyss ini a n s la ve
'
‘

who ha d u s u rped the fie f of K a rn u l a nd de fi ed the

roya l a u thority wrote t o Bij a p u r o ffering t o m a ke his
,

s u bmi s s ion if h is po s ition we re reco g ni s ed The .

1 660] S I DD I J AU HAR I
AG A N S T SH I VA . 83

S u lt a n a g reed g a ve J a u h a r the tit le o f S a l a ba t Kh a n

, ,

a n d s ent him with a n a rmy to p u t down Shi v a The .

c a mp a i g n w a s opened a b o u t M a y l 66o the month in ,

which Shiv a j i a ls o lo s t the P u n a di s trict in the north

to the M u g h a ls J a u h a r e a s ily s wept a wa y
.

M a r a th a re s is t a nce in the open a n d drove Shiv a j i ,

into P a nh a l a which he cl o s e l y inve s ted

, .

§2 . S h iva ] : b e s ie g e d in P a n ha la fo rt .

The s ie g e dr a g g ed on for ne a rly fo u r month s

a ll t h e p a th s o f ing re ss a n d e g re s s were clo s ed to
the g a rri s on Shiv a ji fo u nd him s elf in a fa t a l tra p
. .

So he wrote a s ecret l etter to J a u h a r deceitf u l ly

, ,

b e g g in g his protection a n d o fferin g t o m a ke a n

a lli a nce with him I n order to ne g oti a te for the term s /
.

"

he a s ked for a p a s s port J a u h a r w ho w a s both fool.

,

a n d tr a itor ,s w a llowed the b a it he a s s u red Shiv a j i

o f h is protection g a ve him a s a fe condu ct a n d
, ,

fl a ttered him s elf th a t with Shiva fo r an a lly he wo u l d

be a ble t o cre a te a kin g dom o f h is o w n in in de p e nd
ence o f A dil Sh a h Next da y Shiv aj i w ith only tw o
o r three followers V I S I t e d J a u h a r a t mi dni g ht a nd w a s ,

received in da r b a r After o a th s of c o opera tion h a d

.
-

been t a ken o n both s ide s Sh iv a j i retu rned q u ickly ,

t o the fort a n d the pretended s ie g e w a s contin u ed

, .

When th e new s f J au ha r
'

tre a chero u s coq u et

o s

tin g with Shiva re a ched the e a rs of Ali Adil Sh a h ,

th a t k in g bu rs t into a n g er a n d left his c a pit a l (5 t h

A u gu s t) t o p u ni s h both the rebel s An envoy w a s .
 SH I VAJ I ; [ CH .
.
Iv . .

s ent t o b r in g J a u ha r b a ck t o t h e ri g ht p a th ; b u t the
mi ssion w a s a fa i lu re When how ever Al i re a ch ed
.
, ,

Mi ra j a nd h is Va n gu a rd a dv a nced beyond it s til l

‘ '

n e a rer t o Pa nh al a Shiv a ji sli pped o ut o f the fo rt o n e

,

ni g ht with h is fa mily a nd 5 to 6 tho u sa nd s ol d iers ’

a n d P a nh a la r e t u m e d t o A di l Sh a h s po s s es s ion with
'
‘

o u t a bl ow ( a bo ut 25 t h A u g u s t As the Bij a p u r ,

C o u rt poet s a n g in ex u lt a tion Ali took P a nh a la from

"
-
,

S a lab a t in a twinkle ( T ar i k A l i 8 2 93 ; B S
h i
.
- - a
,
- . .

35 3 35 7
-
F R Ra j a pu r Kolh a pu r t o Su r a t d a ted
. .
, ,

5 J u ne 1 660 Chit 64 D ig l 75 l 76 T S 1 8 6
,
. . .
- . .

Shiv a s e s c a pe from the fort w a s s oon detected

'

'

a n d a s tron g Bij a p u ri force u nder J a u h a r s s o n Si dd I

’

A ziz a n d A fz a l Kh a n s so n F a z l Kh a n se t o u t in
'

p u r su it o f him O n re
. a ch i n g a n a rrow r a vin e
( p io b a b ly ne a r M a lk a pu r) Shi v a left 5 tho u s a nd
'

me n there u nder B a ji Pradh u (the de s hpa n de

o f H a rdi s
‘

M a v a l) with orders t o ho ld the mo u th

of
"

the p a s s a t a ll co s t s t i ll the m a in bod y o f

the fu g itive s ha d rea ched Vi s h a l g a rh The Bij a p u ris .
.

de liver ed three bloody a ss a u lt s o n th e heroic

r e a r gu a rd
-
a ll
, of which were be a ten o ff Bu t .

when a t l a st the g u n fir e fro m V i sh a l g a rh g a ve-

the a nxio u s ly expected s i g n a l th a t Shiv a ji h a d

re a ched s a fety within it s w a lls the g a ll a nt B a ji Pr a bh u ,

w a s l yin g mort a l ly wo u nded with 70 0o f h is fo ll owers .

The fa ithf u l s erv a nt h a d done his a ppointed d u ty .

The Bij a p u r is dec li n ed to b es ie g e Vi s h a lg a rh a n d ,

reti red t o their own territ ory a fter recoverin g P a v a n ,

g a rh a n d s ome other fort s i n a ddition to P a nh a l a

“

.
86 SH IV AJ I .
[ CH . Iv .

o f D hond ) he re a ched B a r a m a ti ( l 8 mile s 8 e o f

, . .

S u p a ) o n 5 t h April A t the l a s t t w o p l a ce s were

.
‘

m u d fort s which the enemy h a d ev a cu a ted

- He next .

Worked his w a y wes tw a rds u p the v a ll ey o f the Nira

river by w a y o f H o l re a chin g Shi rw a l 26 mil es
, , ,

s o u th o f P u n a o n 1 8 t h A pril
, L ike a wi s e g ener a l
. ,

Sh a i s t a Kh a n l eft det achments a t a ll thes e ou tpo s t s ,

t o g u a rd h is l ine O M FM
A flyin g co lu mn s ent from Shirw a l s a cked the vill a g e s
r o u nd Ra j g a rh (22 mi le s du e we s t ) .

From Shirw a l the M u g h a l a rmy moved a lon g the

Nir a river I 6 mi l e s northw a rd s t o Shiva pu r ( ne a r
Khed) a n d thence du e e a s tw a rd s t hro u g h G a ra r a
, ,

a r rivin g a t Sa s w a d “ 3 mi l e s e a s t o f Shiv a p u r a n d

I 6 mi l e s s o u th e a s t o f P u n a )on l s t M a y
- .

U p to thi s point the M u g h a l a dv a nce h a d been

oppo s ed the M W , g a t a di s t a nce
t o c u t o ff s u pp l ie s a n d s kirmi s hin g with the for a g in g

p a rtie s They m a de their firs t s t a nd ne a r the p a s s

.

l e a din g from Shiv a pu r t o G a r a r a O n 30t h A pri l a

.

b ody of M a r a th a c a v a lry thre a tened the M u g h a l

fea r gu a rd u nder Ra o Bh a o Sin g h b u t were a tt a cked
-
,

an d ro uted a fter a l on g fi g ht .

From Sa s w a d a s m a l l M u g h a l det a chment ra ided

the vi lla g e s a t the foot o f Pu r a n d a r fort They were .

a tt a cked by o f the enemy b u t he l d their g ro u nd

,

b y fi g htin g de s per a te ly a t C lo s e q u a rters tho u g h they ,

l o s t 5 0 in ki l l ed a nd wo u nded Reinforcement s
.

a rrived ro u ted the ene my a nd p u rs u ed th e m t o the

, ,

p a s s which w a s comm a nded b y t h e g u n s of Pu ra nda r

'

.
 1660] SHAI S TA KHAN S S UCCE SS
’

. 87
'

The M u g h a l s fl u s hed with victory cle a re d the p a ss

, ,
‘

a t a g a l lo p in the teeth o f a h o t fire from t h e fort

'

w a lls a nd dis p e rs e d t h e enemy as s embled beyond it

‘

,
.
.

Th e victor s ret u rned t o their c a mp a t Sa s w a d in the

evenin g Thence a fter a fo u r d a ys h a lt a t Raiw a h
'

.
, ,

they entered P u n a o n 9t h M a y .

Me a ntime a force s tron g

, det a ched by ,

Sh a i s t a Kh a n u nder I s m a i l h a d occu pied North ,

Konk a n a n d th a t di s trict w a s n o w pl a ced u nder a

,

M u g h a l fa u j da r (S a l a b a t Kh a n D e c c a ni)with a contin
g ent o f M a r a th a friendl ie s a mon g whom B a b aj i ,

B h o n s l a a n d Ra g h u j i a r e mentioned in the o ffi ci a l

hi s tory o f Au ra n g z ib ( A N while the Ch it nis. .

B a kh a r ( p 97 )s pe a k s o f Sh a m b h u j i Ka v j i a n d B a b a ji
.

Ra m H o n a p d e s h p a n de o f P u n a a s h a vin g joined
, ,

the M u g h a l s ( A N 5 78 5 88 ou r only a u thority )

. . .
-
,
.

§4 . Sh a is ta Kh a n ca p t u r e s Ch a ka n .

Sh a i s t a Kh a n h a d decided t o p a s s the r a iny

s e a s on with h is a rm y a t P u n a then a s m a l l h a mlet , .

Bu t be fore h is a rriv a l there the enemy h a d tot a lly ,

.

Pu na an d Ch a k a n an d removed a ll tra ce s o f h a bit a

provi s ion no

re a ched h is is a r m u nder g o g re a t

h a rd s hip from s c a rcity He therefore decided t o .

, ,

remove his c a mp from P u n a to Ch a k a n l 8 mile s ,

northw a rd s a s bein g ne a rer to Ahm a dn a g a r a nd the

,
68 S H I VAI I .
[ I
CI-
. Iv .

M u g h a l d om ini on whe nce supplie s co u l d more e a s i ly

,

re a ch him ( A N 584 . . .

Cha k a n
0a 1: e e a s t I t I s s ep a r a t e d from the impe ri a l terri
tor y by the s h a l low u pper c o u rse s o f the Bhim a a n d
Ghod rivers only with no di ffi cu lt mo u nt a in pa ss to
,

cro ss its po ss e s s ion w ou ld h a v e g re a tly shortened

.

Sh a ist a Kh a n s l ine o f comm u nic a tion with his b a s e

'

o f s up pl i es a t Ahm a dn a g a r a n d a l s o s ec u red h is c a mp

a g a in s t a ny a tt a ck from t he n o rth More over Ch a k a n . ,

i s o n l y 3] mi l e s cl u e e a s t of the Bh o r g h a t p as s a n d
c om m a nds m ad

L e a vin g P u na o n l 9t h J u ne the Kh a n a rrived ,

in the vicinity o f Ch a k a n on the 2 l s t reconnoitred ,

the fort a n d di s tribu ted th e line s o f inve s tment a mon g

h is o fficers The fort of Ch a k a n is a s q u a re enc l o s u re
.

with b a s t io n e d fr o n ts a n d towers a t the fo u r corners

‘
.

The w a lls a r e hi g h with a ditch 30ft deep a n d I 5 ft , . .

wide a l l a ro u nd The only entra nce is in the e a s tern

.

fa ce , a nd p a s s e s thro u gh five or s ix g a tew a ys .

B ey ond the wa ll s there is a n o u twork o f m u d with

a ditch the remn a nt o f a very o l d fortific a tion
, (B o rn . .

Ca z xviii pt iii p l Z l
.
‘

. . I nd Ant iq ii 43 iv
.
, . . . . , .

Sh a i s t a Kh a n a fter throwin g u p defens ive e a rth

,

works ro u nd the po s itions t a ken u p by the fo u r divi

s ion s o f h is a rmy be g a n to ru n trenche s towa rd s
,

the fort w a lls const ru ct r a i s ed pl a tform s a t s u it a bl e

-
,

p oints a nd mo u nt on them l a r g e piece s of a rti ll ery

,

b ro u g ht from t h e M u g hal fort s in the D ecc a n .

90 SH IV AJ I .
[ CH . Iv .

two month s Fir a n gJ I h a d defended his po s t With tire

"

l e s s energ y ince s s a ntly s howerin g s hots bu l lets a n d

, ,

rocket s a t the be s ie g ers He h a d di s pu ted every .

inch o f the g ro u nd on the two d a ys o f a ss a u l t An d .

hope le ss of h is m a s ter s a id (D ig 2 l 7) he c a p if
'

no w , .
,

t u l a t e d with hono u r Sh a i s t a Kh a n g re a tly a dmired.

the g a ll a nt q ila da r a n d pre ss ed him to enter the

imperi a l s ervi ce o n hi g h p a y Bu t Fir a n gj i refu s e d .

t o prove f al s e t o h is s a l t an d w a s a l l owed t o g o ,

b a ck to Sh i with h is a rmy *
’ '

§5 . D e s u l to ry fig h t ing , 1 66 1 63 -
.

The c a pt u re o f Ch a k a n w a s fo llowed b y t h e
r et u rn o f Sh a i s t a Kh a n to P u n a where he took u p ,

h is re s idence whi l e h is det a chment s continu ed to

,

improve the M u g h a l ho ld o n N Konk a n Thi s lon g . .

period o f in a ctivity o n the p a rt o f the M u g h a l viceroy s

'

m a in a rmy h a s been very p l a u s ib ly a s cri b ed b y G ra nt

D u ff (i l 94) to re lu ct a nce o n the p a rt o f Sh a i s t a
m
.

Kh a n t o f a ce a g a n e v rt a e in t h e
vy o ss
i
s ie g e o f M a r a th a hi l l fort s -
.

The next time th a t we he a r o f the M u g h a ls is

A cc o r di n g to D il ka s ha , 37 , Sh iv a J I h ad no t m o re th a n

c a v a ry l an d i n fan t ry, w he n b e sie g e d i n Pa n h a l a .

C h i tni s B a kha r 97 sa ys th a t i '

l i ra n gj i on re tu rning to Sh iv a j i
, ,

w as at o n ce se n t to Bh u p al g a rh as q i la da r . B u t D i g vij ay ,

2l7 , s ays th a t , on be i n g d is m i sse d b y Sh iv a fo r l

c a p i t u a ti n g to

a M u sl i m , Fi ra n g n i n d is g u s t j o i ne d Sh a i s t a K h an , w ho m a de
h h a k a n)
him a 5 -
so c ii an d t ha n a h da r o f M alka r ga o n (p C
a r g ana ,

b ut Sh iv a j i b r o u g h t h i m b a ck b y fo rc e t h ro u g h Ne t a j i Pa lk a r .
1 663] D ES ULTO RY W AR W I TH M UGHAL S 91
'

in the e a rlier p a rt o f 1 66 1 when th ey took po ss e s ,

s ion o f K a l i a n Bhiu n dy Sh iv a j i w a s reported to b e

.

m a kin g prep a ra tions fo r recoverin g the s e po s ts d u rin g

the followin g r a iny s e a s on Bu t either the a ttempt .

w a s not m a de o r it fa iled fo r the s e t w o pl a ce s co n,

.

tinn ed in the h a nds o f the M u g h a ls ti ll F ebru a ry 1 6 70 ,

when the M a ra th a s once more g o t p o s s e s sro n o f them .

(D il 37 38 ; O r m e M SS v o l 1 55 pp 1
.
-
. .
, .

the M u g h a ls kept their g rip o n the northern portion

o f Sh iv a j i s dominion s O f the s e minor oper a tion s
'

we h a ve no ex a ct inform a tion either from Pers i a n o r

from M a r a thi s o u rce s l n M a rch 1 663 the M u g h a ls
.
,

g a ve a l on g a n d vi g oro u s ch a s e t o Net a ji the M a s ter ,

'

o f the Hors e I n Shiv a s a rmy .

He h a d led his c a v a l ry in a ra id into the imperi a l

territory b u t a M u g h a l force o f
, hors e p u rs u e d
him s o C lo s e ly th a t he w a s f a in to tr a ve l 4 5 or 5 0
mi l e s a da y a n d yet [ h a d ] m u ch a do t o e s c a pe with
a s m a ll [ p a rt o f the ] booty he h a d go t They l eft .

not the p u rs u it ti l l they c a me within five le a gu e s o f

Bij a p u r . Bu t Ru s t a m i Z a m a n met the M u g h a l s a n d
- -

"

ind u ced them t o g ive u p the p u rs u it b y tellin g them ,

th a t the co u ntry w a s d a n g e r o u s fo r a ny s tr a n g e a rmy

t o m a rch in a n d a l s o promi s in g t o g o him s el f a n d

fo llow him b y which deceit Net a ji g o t a w a y tho u g h

, ,

n o t witho u t l o s s of 30 0 hors e a nd him s e lf wo u nded

"

( F. R .S u r a t v o l , 1 03 . G y ffa r
, d t o S u r a t 30 M a rch , ,

a n d 8 A pri l

Bu t within a month o f meetin g wi th this rever s e to

92 SHI V/UL [ CH . Iv .

h is a rm s de a lt a m a s terly b low a t the

, Shi v a J I
M u g h a ls a b l ow whos e c l everne s s o f de s ig n ne a t
,
-
,

ne ss o f exec u tion a n d comp letene ss o f s u cce ss cre a ted

in the M ug h a l Co u rt a n d c a mp as m u ch t error of
o

h is prowe ss a n d b e l ief in h is po s s es s ion of m a gi c a l

powers a s h is co up a g a in st A fz a l Kh a n h a d done
,

th e Bij a p u ris He s u rpri s ed a nd wo u nded .

g h a l vic e roy o f the D e cc a n in the he a rt o f

h i s c a mp in h is ve g b e d ch a mbe r within the inner
,
- ,

ring o f h is body g u a rds an d fem a le s l a ve s

.
*
.

§6 . Sh i va ] : s n ig h t - a t ta ck on S hais ta K ha n .

Sha i s t a Kh a n h a d a s we h a ve s een s eized P u n a , ,

in M a y 1 660 a n d retired there a fter the f a l l of Ch a k a n

in A u gu s t next He took u p his re s idence in wh a t .

w a s then t h e b e s t ho u s e o f the f u t u re M a r a th a c a pit a l

. ,

the u npretentio u s home o f Shiv a j i s chi ldhoo d H is

’

h a rem w as with him a n d a ro u nd h is m a n s ion l a y ,

.

the q u a rters o f h is g u a rd s a n d a ttend a nts the b a nd ,

room a n d o ffi ce s F u rther o ff a cro ss the roa d le a din g .

,

s o u thw a rd s t o Sing h g a rh l a y the c a mp o f h is l i e u t e -

n a nt M a h a r a j a h J a s w a nt Sin g h a nd his contin g ent

'
, .

o f 1 00 00 men , .

N igh t -
a tfi c r l on Sh ais ta Kh an : th e e ar l ie s t re c o r ds a re

Gy ffa rd to S u ra t 1 2 A p r i l , 24 M a y , 1 663 ( F . R Su ra t
. , vo l . 1 03)
c o n ta i n i n g Sh iv a J I s o w n v e rs i o n ; Be rnie r , 1 87 ; A . N . 8 19 ( o nl y
o ne se n t e n c e S to ria , ii . 1 04 1 0
-
6; Sa h h . 35 37 -
; D ii . 44 46 - .

Kh a fi K h a n ( ii . 172 re p o r ts t he n arr a ti o n o f h is fa th e r , a

s e rv a nt o f Sh a is ta K h an , an d h as b e e n fo ll o w e d b y G ra nt D u ff ,

b ut Kh a fi Kha n '
w ro t e a fte r 1 7 30 . C h it . 98 1 00; D i g
- . 220224 -

T . S . 1 9b -200 . k dh e Ch ro n . for da te .
 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . Iv .

m onth o f Ra m z a n
were des p a tched by the M a r a th a s
,

w i tho u t the l e a s t noi s e bein g m a de The wa ll divid .

i n g thi s o u ter kitchen from the bod y s erv a nt s room

'
- .

within the h a rem once h a d a s m a ll door in it b u t ,

t h e openin g h a d been c l o s ed with brick a n d m u d

to compl ete the s eclu s ion of the h a rem The .

M a ra th a s be g a n t o t a ke o u t the brick s a n d m a ke a n
'

openin g there The noi s e o f their pick a xe s a n d the

.
-

g ro a n s o f the dyin g a woke s ome of the s erv a nt s w h o

‘

reported the su s piciou s noi s e to the Kh a n bu t th a t ,

g ener a l on ly reb u ked them for di s t u rbin g h is s l eep

f o r a trifle .

Soon the bre a ch in the w a l l w a s l a rg e eno u g h

for a m a n to creep thro u g h Shiv aj i with h is tru s ty
.
,

l ie u ten a nt Ch im n a j i Ba p u j i w a s the fir s t t o enter the

,

h a rem a n d w a s fo ll owed by 200 of h is men

, The .

pl a ce w a s a m a ze o f c a nv a s s creen w a ll a fter ,
-

s creen w a ll a n d enclo s u re within encl o s u re

- H a ckin g
a w a y thro u g h them with h is s word Shiv a n re a ched ,

the very bed room o f the Kh a n -

The fri ghtened .

women ro u s ed the N a wa b b u t before he co u ld u se

,

h is we a pons Sh iv a j i w a s u pon him an d s evered his

th u mb with one s troke of h is s word I t w a s evident ly .

a t thi s time th a t the l a m p s in the room were

put
o u t b y s ome wi s e wom a n I n the d arkne ss t w o o f
.

t h e M a r a th a s tu mbled into a ci s tern o f w a ter ; a n d

t h e confu s ion th a t fo l lo wed w a s u s ed by Sh a i s t a

'

Kh a n s s la ve g irls to c a rry him a w a y t o a p la ce o f

"
-

s a fety The M a r a th a s continu ed their work o f

.

s l a u g hter in the d a rkne s s fo r s ome t i me ki llin g a n d ,

 1 66 3] I GH T CK SH AI S TA 95
"

N ATTA O N .

wo u ndin g ei g ht o f the Kh a n s women pro b ab ly

'

witho u t knowin g their s e x .

Me a ntime the othe r h a lf o f Shiv a j i s force the

'

20 0 men evident ly u nder B a b a ji B a p u ji w h o h a d

, ,

been l e ft o u ts ide the h a rem h a d ru shed the m a in ,

g u a rd s l a yin g the s leeper s a n d the a wa ke a n d cryin g

,

l s it thu s th a t yo u keep w a tch ? They

u "

in deri si on ,

next entered the ba nd ro om a nd ordered the b a nd s -

men a s if from the Kh a n to p la y The lo u d noi s e

, , .

o f the kett l e dr u m s dro w ned a ll voice s

- a nd the ye l l s ,

o f the enemy s we l led th e conf u s ion The t u mu lt in .

the h a rem t o o n o w bec a me s o g re a t th a t the

, ,

M u g h al troop s bec a me a wa re th a t their g enera l w a s

"

b ein g a tt a cked Sho u tin g The enemy h a ve come

. ,

they be g a n to t a ke u p their a rm s .

Ab u l F a th a so n o f Sh a i s t a Kh a n h a d be en
, ,

the fi rs t to h a s ten to h is f a ther s re s cu e witho u t

'

w a itin g for others ; b u t the bra ve y o u th w a s s l a in

a fter he h a d s tr u ck do w n two or three M a r a th as .

Another M u g h a l c a pt a in w h o lod g e d j u s t behind th e

h a rem en clo su re findin g it s g a te clo s ed from within
,

b y the wily M a r a th a s let him s elf down in s ide by ,

m e a n s o f a rope l a dder ; bu t he w a s a t once

'

a tt a cked a nd ki ll ed .

Sh iv a j i findin g h is enemi e s fu lly a w a ke ned a n d

,

a rmin g del a yed no lon g er b u t promptly left the

, ,

h a rem c a lled h is men to g ether a nd withdrew from

, ,

the c a mp by the direct ro u te while the M u g h a l s

“

, ,

n o t knowin g where their enemie s w ere fru itle s s ly

'

i s e a rc h d a l l their ca mp
e .
 $H l V AJ l .
[ CH . Iv .

ni g ht a tt a ck w a s a comp l ete s u cce ss The

-
.

retre a t from the c a mp w as u nmo l e s ted a n d no p u r

s u it w a s m a de Du rin g the s u rpri s e the M a r a th a s
.

l o s t only s ix m e n kil l ed a nd forty w o u nded whi l e ,

they s l ew a s o n a nd a c a pt a in o f Sha i s t a Kh a n s :
'

40 o f h is a ttend an t s a n d s ix o f h is wive s a nd sl a ve
g ir ls be s ides wo u n din g two other s ons
, ei g ht ot her ,

women a n d Sha ist a Kh a n hi ms e lf ( Gyffa r d to .

Su ra t ) .

d a ri n g a nd cu nnin g of t h e M a ra tha hero

were rewa rded by a n immens e incre a s e o f h is
re s ti e He w t a ken t b e an inc a rn a tion of
p g , as o

S a ta n ; no p l a ce w a s beli eved t o be proof a g a in st

h is entr a nce a nd no fe a t im p o ss ib l e fo r him The
‘

wh o l e co u ntry t a l ked with a s toni shment a nd terror

o f t he a l mo s t s u perh u m a n deed d o ne by him a nd
‘

ther e w as bitter h u mili a tio n a nd sorrow in t he '

Emperor s Co u rt an d f a mily circle a t this di s a s ter t o

'

h is m a ter na l u nc l e a nd t h e p remier pee r ( a m i r u i -

u m a ra ) o f hi s e mp ire
'

This a tt a ck took p la ce on 5t h A p ril 1 663 T he , .

morni ng fo llowing it a ll the im p eri a l o fli c e rs c a me to

,

Sh a i s t a Kh a n to condo l e with him in h is l o s s Among

'

them w a s M a h a r a j a h J a s wa nt Sing h w ho h ad n o t ,

r a i s ed a fi ng er t o defend his chief o r t o opp os e the

retr e a t o f his a ss a il a nt thou g h he ha d , hors e
u nder him a n d l ay enc a mpe d a cro s s the roa d t a ken

b y Sh iv a j i Sh a i s t a Kh a n with the polis hed s neer

.
,
.

of a hi g h b red M u g h a l co u rtier tu rne d to J asw a nt

-
,

a n d mere ly rem a rked When the enemy fell u po n

,
98 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . Iv .

the riche s t port o f the we s t co a s t a n d the g a tew a y

to the ho ly p l a ce s o f Ar a b i a fo r l n dia n Mu s lim s
“

w h o here em b a rked fo r the pi l g rim a g e t o Mecc a .

The fo rt o f S u r a t s tood on the s o u th b a nk o f

the T a p t i 12 mi l e s from the s e a l t w a s impre g n a ble
, .

to a b ody o f li g ht ra iders like Shiv a s troopers

'

fort a nd
.

11 to

e imperi a l
E m sTe a
- m “ 1 2 la kh s o f
Ru pee s ye a r ( in 1 666 a cc to Thevenot v
a , .
, .

The C ity o f Su r a t co vered ne a rly fo u r s q u a re

mi le s inclu din g g a rdens a nd open s p a ce s a n d h a d
, ,

a pop u l a tion o f s o u ls The s tre e ts were .

n a rrow a nd crooked ; the ho u s e s o f the r ich were

ne a r the river s ide a n d s u b s t a nti a l ly b u ilt ; b u t the
-

town w a s m a in ly compo s ed o f poo r men s h u t s

'

b u i lt o f wooden po s t s a n d b a m b oo w a l ls a n d with
floors p l a s tered with m u d I n the g re a ter p a rt o f
.

t h e t o w n s c a rce ly two o r three b rick hou s e s were to -

'

b e s een in a s treet a n d in s ome

,
o ne fo r
m a ny s treets to g ether The who l e town w a s u n
.

forti fied either b y a rt o r n a t u re a n d i t s s itu a tion w a s

u pon a l a r g e p l a in o f m a ny m il e s
’

extent Th ey h a d
’

on ly m a de a g a in s t the chie f a venu e s o f the town

s ome we a k a n d i ll b u i lt g a te s
-
[ more fo r s how th a n
fo r de fenc e ] l n s ome p a rt s there w a s a dry ditch
e a s ily p a ss a b l e b y a fo o trn a n with no w a ll o n the
,

inner s ide The re s t w a s l e ft s o open th a t s c a rce ly

.

a n y s i g n o f a ditch w a s p e r c e iv a b l e (B o m G a z . . .
,
1 66 4 ] F I R ST P ANI C lN S URAT . 99

1 1 . 30l , 90 9]
En g l is h ch a p la in
-
L etter from the
Es c a lio t t o Sir T Browne in 1 nd An t iq viii .
,
. . .

Ea r ly in the mornin g o f Tu e s d a y 5 th J a nu a ry ,
.

366 4 S u r a t w a s s u dden ly a la rmed by the new s th a t

,

Shiv a j i h a d a rrived with a n a rmy a t G a n d a v i 28 ,

mi le s s o u thw a rds a n d w a s a dva ncin g to p lu nder the ,

t o wn A t once the peop l e were s eized wit h a

.

p a nic a n d be g a n t o flee a w a y with their wive s a nd

,

chi ldren mo s t ly a cro s s the river t o s a ve th eir live s

, , .

Rich men fo u nd s he lter in the f o rt by b ri b in g it s

c o m m a nd a nt L a ter in t he d a y a cou rier b ro u g ht the .

inte ll i g ence th a t Sh iv a j i h a d come s t i ll n e a r e r a n d ,

a t ni g ht it w a s l e a rnt th a t he h a d h a l ted on ly five

mi le s from S u ra t l n a yet Kh a n the g overnor o f the .

,

tow n w h o w a s q u ite di s tinct from the comm a nd a nt

- “

o f the fort h a d s ent o u t a n a g ent t o tre a t with

,
-

Shiv a fo r term s o f r a nso m Bu t when he he a rd th a t .

t h e M a r a th a chief h a d det a ined the mess en g er a nd

w a s a ppro a chi n g with a ll s peed he him s e lf fled t o ,

the fort le a vin g the town a t the enemy s m ercy H e

' ‘
-
.
,

us ed t o dr a w f rom the Tre a s u ry the p a y o f 5 00

F i rs t s a c k o f S u ra t : T h e m o s t m i n u t e d e t a il s an d gra p h ic

a cc o u n ts a re fo u n d i n t h e fa c t o ry r e co r ds : Lo g o f th e Lo y a l
M SS l 263 23 F R Su ra t 2
M e rc h a nt (O rm e . vo . , pp . . .

(Su ra t C o ns u l t 6 J an vo l . 86 (S u ra t to P e rs ia ; S u ra t to

”
.

C0 1 8 a n d 28 J an an d 4 A p r il); D u tc h Re co rds , vo l . 27 ,

”
.
.

No s . 7 a nd 7 1 9 . Le t te r o f E s c a l io t v e ry va ua l b le . Be r n i e r .

l 88 l 90; S to ri a
-
, ii . 29 ,
2 , | 20 | 32 , , iv . 428 . Sa b h . 63 an d
Ch it . 7 2 d e s c r ibe on ly th e zu d sa c k . 37 l ; l s h w a rd as 5 2a .

( A N . K K . an d T a v e r ni e r s i e nt l .
)
 1 00 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . IV .

so ldiers b u t h a d so l ong a ppropri a ted the mone y

,

witho u t m a int a inin g a proper force H is cow a rdice .

a lso prevented him from or a ni s in

g g a defence o r even
-

from dyin g a t h is po s t .

The townspeop l e were s heep worthy o f s u ch

a s hepherd A pop u l a ti on compo s e d mo s tly o f
.

money— l ovin g tr a ders poor a rti s a n s p u n c t ilio u s fil q

, ,
m

w o rs h i e rs an d tender s o u l ed J a in s c a nnot re a di l y
-
” ” I .
,

t a ke t o w a r even in s e lf de fence The riche s t -

.

me rcha nts tho u g h ownin g mi llions o f Ru pee s h a d

, ,

not the s ens e t o hire g u a rds fo r the protection o f thei r

we a lth tho u g h they mi g ht h a ve done s o a t only a
,

twentieth p a rt o f wh a t theywere s oon to lo s e thro u g h

pi l la g e .

8 . H e ro ic defe n ce o f t h e E ng l is h at S u ra t .

The s ha me o f thi s cow a rdice in hi g h a n d l o w

a l ike w a s deepened b y the contr a s t a fi o r de d b y the

f a ctori e s a a c o s 3 t o u g h the s e were open ho u s e s

, ,

n o t b u il t t o s t a nd an a tt a ck They mi g ht h a ve s o u g ht
.

s a fety by e s c a pin g to their s hip s a t Sw all y o n the

co a s t 1 0 mi l e s we s t of S u ra t b u t it w as tho u g ht
u

more like En g l is hmen t o m a ke o u rs e lves re a dy to

defe nd o ur live s a nd g ood s to the u ttermo s t th a n by
a fli g ht t o l e a ve money g oods ho u s e t o merci l e s s
, ,

peopl e .

J Sir Georg e O x e n de n , the En g li s h Pres i dent an d

,
 S H I V AJ l . iv .

it sdi s t a nce o f a mi l e from the En g l i s h fa ctory m a de

m u t u a l a id b etween the t w o n a tions impo s s ibl e The .

ex a mp le o f the Eu rope a n s a l s o he a rtened a b ody o f

Tu rki s h a n d A rmeni a n merch a nt s t o de fend their
pro perty in their s e ra i cl o s e t o the En g l i s h fa ctory
“
,
.

§ 9 . F irs t loo t o f Su ra t , 1 664 .

he a rd o f a t B a ss ein fo u r mi l e s
Sh iv a j i h a d b een ,

e a s t o f Bom b a y only nine d a ys be fore Bu t he h a d

'

, .

m a de a forced m a rch to S u r a t with men

mo u nted on choice hors e s with s u ch s peed a n d .

s ec r e cy th a t he w a s a t S u r a t a d a y a fter h is a ppro a ch

h a d b een detected H is ro u te l a y b y the fort s o f

.
‘

N a r d u r g ( pro b a b ly N a ld u rg s w o f N a n a Ch a t )
-
, . .
,

M a h u li a n d Ko h a j a n d then a cro s s the z a mind a ri s

,

o f J a wh a r Ra mn a g a r a n d L a kd a r (
, north o f the
Th a n a di s tr ict Tw o Ra j a h s h a d joined him o n the
.

w a y with their contin g ents in the hope o f s h a rin g

the p lu n der a nd h is a rmy n o w m u s tered

,

A t 1 1 o c l ock in the mornin g o f W edne s d a y

'

6th J a n u a ry 1 664 Shiv a j i a rrive d a t S u ra t a n d

'

, ,

pitched h is tent in a g a rden a q u a rter o f a mi l e o u ts ide

the B u rh a np u r o r e a s tern g a te The ni g ht b efor .

he h a d s ent tw o me s s en g ers with a l ett er r eq u irin g

the g overn or a n d the three mo s t eminent merch a nt s
a nd riche s t men in the city viz H a ji S a id B e g , .
, ,

B a h a rj i Bor a h a n d H a ji Q a s im t o come to him in

, ,

pers on immedi a t ely a n d m a ke term s otherwi s e he ,

thre a tened the who l e town with fire a n d s word No .

a n s wer h a d b een g iven t o the dem a nd a n d th e

‘
,
 1 664 ] S URAT P L UN D E R ED AN D B U RN T . 1 03

M a r a th a hors emen immedi a te ly a fter their a rriv a l o n

,

I the 6 t h entered the defencele s s a n d a l mo s t de s erte

,

ci ty a n d a fter s a ckin g the ho u s e s be g a n t o s e t

,

t o them A body o f Sh iv a j i s m u s keteer s w a s s e t

'

p l a y u p o n the c a s t le with n o expect a tion t o t a ke it

, ,

b u t t o keep in a n d fri g hten the g overnor a n d the res t

th a t h a d g o t in a s a ls o [ t o prevent ] the s o l diers o f
,

the c a s t l e from s a llyin g o u t u pon them whi ls t the

others p lu ndered a n d fired [ the The
g a r ri s on kept u p a con s t a nt fire b u t the fort g u n s,
-

infl icted more d a m age on the town th a n o n the

a s s a i la n t s Thro u g ho u t W e dne s d a y
. Th u rs d a y , ,

F rid a y a n d S a t u rd a y thi s work o f dev a s t a tion w a s

,

co n tinu ed every d a y new fire s b ein g r a i s ed s o th a t

, ,

tho u s a nd s o f ho u s e s were con s u med t o a s he s a n d

t w o third s o f t h e t o wn de s troyed
-
A s the En g li s h .

ch a p l a in wrote Th u rs d a y a n d Frid a y ni g ht s were

,

the mo s t ter ri b l e ni g ht s fo r fire The fire t u rned the .

ni g ht i n t o da y a s be fore the s moke in the d a y time

,
-

h a d t u rned d a y into ni g ht ri s in g s o thick th a t it

,

d a rkened the s u n like a g re a t c lo u d .

Ne a r the D u tch fa ctory s tood the g r a nd m a n s ion

o f B a h a rj r Bo nt

in e s tim a ted a t b een u m “ p a v

,

80 s o f Ru e e s The M a r a th a s p l u ndered it a t
.

l ei s u re da y a n d ni g ht ti l l Frid a y evenin g when ,

h a vin g r a ns a cked it a n d du g u p it s floor they s e t fire ,

t o it From thi s ho u s e they took a w a y 28 s e ers o f

'

l a r g e pe a rls wi t h m a ny other jewe ls ru b ie s emer a l d s

, , ,

and a n incredib l e a mo u nt of money

“

.
 SH I V AJ I

C lo s e t o the En g l i s h fa ctory were the lofty

'

'

re s idence a n d extens ive w a reho u s e s o f a nother very

r ich merch a nt H a ji S a i d Be g w ho too h a d fled
, , , , .

a wa y t o the fort l e a vin g his property witho u t a

,

de fender Al l the a fternoon a n d ni g ht o f Wedne s d a y

.
“

a n d ti l l p a s t the noon o f Th u rs d a y the M a r a th a s ,

continu ed to bre a k open h is doors a n d che s ts a n d

.

c a rry o ff a s m u ch money a s they co u ld Enterin g .

one o f h is w a reho u s e s t hey s m a s hed s ome c a s ks o f

q u ick si lver a n d s pi lt a g re a t q u a ntity o f it o n the
floor Bu t in the a fternoon o f Th u rs d a y the b ri g a nd s
.

l e ft it in a hu rry on b ein g s c a red by a s ortie which

,

the En g li s h h ad m a de into the s treet to drive a w a y

a p a r ty o f 25 M a r a th a hors emen who s eemed intent

o n s et t in g fire to a nother ho u s e in d a n g ero u s proximity

t o the E n g l i s h fa ctory I n thi s enco u nter o n e M a ra th a

.

trooper w a s wo u nded with a b u ll et a n d t w o

En g li s hmen with a rrow a n d s word b u t s l i g ht ly , .

The En g li s h merch a nts next da y p u t a gu a rd o f

their own in the ho u s e of S a id B e g a n d th u s he
,

s u ff ered no f u rther l o ss Sh iv a ji w a s a n g ry With the

.

En g l i s h a t being b a lked o f his prey a n d in the a fter ,

noon o f Frid a y h e s ent them a me s s a g e c a ll in g u po n

them t o p a y him t hree la khs o f Ru pee s o r e ls e le t
'

h is men free ly loot the H a ji s ho u s e a n d thre a tenin g ,

t h a t in c a s e they refu s ed to do either he wo u l d come

i n pers on , ki ll every s o u l in the En g l i s h f a ctory a n d

“

ra z e their ho u s e to the g ro u nd Pre s i dent O x e n d e n .

took ti m e t o c o n s ide r the propo s a l ti ll next mornin g

'

'

( S a t u rd a y) when he rejected both the dem a nds of

,
 1 06 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . IV .

h is fo u r
'

d a ys free r u n a t Su r a t a n d s hra nk from no

v cru e l ty t o extort money a s q u ickl y a s po ss i bl e As .

the Eng li s h ch a p l a in wrote H is de s ire o f money ,

i s s o gre a t t ha t he s p a re s n o b a rb a ro u s cru e lty to

extort confe s s ions from h is pri s oners whip s the m ,

mo s t cru e lly thre a tens de a th a n d often execu te s it if

,

they d o n o t prod u ce s o m u ch a s he think s they m a y

o r de ire s they s ho u l d
s — a t l e a s t c u t s o ff one h a nd ,

s ometime s both .

11 . A t t e m p t to m u r d e r Sh i va j i .

The cow a rd ly g overnor i n a yet Kh a n w h o h a d ,

ru n into the fort in T u e s d a y ni g ht formed a n in ,

fa mo u s p l ot from h is s a fe re fu g e O n Th u rs d a y he .

s ent a yo u n g fo llower o f h is t o Sh iv a j i with

pretended term s o f pe a ce The s e were s o m a ni fe s t ly .

u nre a s on a b l e th a t Shiv a s corn fu ll y a s ked the envoy ,

Yo u r m a s ter is n o w cooped u p in h is ch a m b er like

a wom a n D oe s he think o f me t o o a s a wom a n
.

th a t he expect s me t o a ccept s u ch term s a s the s e ?

The yo u n g m a n immedi a te ly rep lied W e a re n o t ,

wom e n l h a ve s omethin g m o re t o s a y t o y o u and

whippin g o u t a conce a l ed d a g g er he r a n fu ll a t
Sh iv a j i s b re a s t A M a r a th a b ody g u a rd th a t s tood
'

b e fo r e the Ra j a h with a dr a wn s word s tru ck o ff the ,

a s s a s s in s h a nd with o n e b l ow B u t s o gr e a t w a s
'

'

the force o f the de s p er a do s r u s h th a t he did n o t

'

o f E s cal io t .
) Be rn i e r , 1 90 fo r
, th e n a rr o w e sca p e o f a J e w is h

ru b y m e r c h a n t fr o m
-
th e de a th t h re a t e ne d b y Sh i v a j i to e xt o rt

h is w e a l th .
1 66 4 ] PE R S O N ATT A K E D C 1 07
'

S H I V AJ I S .

top b u t drove the b l oody s tu mp o f h is a rm o n Shiv a s

'

pers on a n d the t w o ro l led o n the g ro u nd to g ether .

The b lood bein g s een o n Shiv a s dre s s his fo ll owers

’

im a g ined th a t he h a d b een m u rdered a n d the cry ,

r a n thro u g h the c a mp t o ki ll the pri s oner s Bu t the .

s a me g u a rd s m a n c love the a s s a s s in s s k u l l ; Shiv a

'

ro s e u p from t h e g ro u nd a n d forb a de a ny m a s s a cre .

Then he ordered the pri so ners t o b e b ro u g ht b e fore

him a n d cu t o ff the he a d s o f fo u r
24 others from a mon g them a t h is c a price b u t
“

ten o clock in the mornin g o f S u nd a y the l ot h

At
'

Sh iv a j i s u dden ly dep a rted from S u r a t with h is a rmy ,

o n he a rin g th a t a M u g h a l force w a s comin g t o the

re lie f o f the town Th a t ni g ht he enc a mped twe lve

.

mi l es o ff a n d t hen retre a ted by r a pid m a rche s t o

Konk a n .

Fo r s ome d a ys a fterw a rd s the fe a r o f h i s ret u rn

prevented the town s peop l e from comin g b a ck t o ”

Mr . A n t h o n y S m i th , a s e rv a n t o f th e E n g l is h E . 1 .

C o m p a ny , w as se iz e d on l an d i n g at th e D u t ch je tty an d ke p t
a p r is o ne r i n th e M a ra t h a ca m p fo r t h re e da y s . Alo ng w i th

oth e r p ri s o n e rs h is r i g h t h a n d w a s o r d e r e d t o b e
, cu t of f , at

w h i c h h e c r i e d o u t t o S h iv a j i i n H i n d u s t h a n i t o cu t o ff h is
h e a d i ns t e a d . Bu t on h i s h a t be i n g t ak e n o ff h e
, w as re c o g n i se d
as an E n g lish m a n an d s p a re d . O n F r i da y a ft e r n o o n h e w as

se nt to th e E n g l is h fa c t o ry w i th a m e s sa g e fr o m Sh iv a , but
P re s i de n t O xe n de n d e t a i n e d h i m th e re . Th e L o g o f t h e L o ya l
M e rc h a n t sa y s th a t he w as ra ns o m e d fo r Rs . 35 0; ( a l so th e

P re s i de n t l e t te r )
'

E ng . s .
 1 08 S H I V AJ l .
[ CH . lV .

the ir de s o l a ted home s Bu t the imperi a l a rmy re a ched .

S u r a t o n the 1 7 t h a n d then the cow a rd ly g overnor

v ent u red t o retu rn from th e fort The peop l e hooted .

a t him a n d fl u n g dirt o n him for which his s o n in

'

a n g er s hot a poor innocent Hind u tr a der de a d Sir .

G eorg e O x e n den the En g l i s h Pre s ident won the , ,

'

peop l e s pr a i s e a n d a dmira tion for h a vin g m a de a

g a lla nt s t a nd a n d s a ved not onl y the Comp a ny s
'

property b u t a ls o the q u a rter of t h e t o w n s it u a t e d

'

ro u nd the En g li s h fa ctory *
.

The Emperor s howed h is s ymp a thy with the

a ffl icted citizen s by exc u s in g the c u s tom du tie s fo r

o n e ye a r in the c a s e o f a l l the merch a nt s o f S u r a t ,

( a n d he rew a rded the v a l o u r o f the En g l i s h a n d the

D u tch tr a ders by g r a ntin g them a redu ction of one

per cent from the norm a l import d u tie s o n their
.
.

merch a ndi s e in fu t u re .

As h e w ro te to th e C o m p a ny , 28 th J a n u a ry , 1 66 4 , (R R .

th o us a n ds fo r
“
S u ra t Th e to w n s p e op e l c ry out in a

re w a rd fro m th e K ing t o th e E n g l ish th a t ha d b y th e i r c o u ra g e

p r e se rv e d th e m . We we re w i th t he no b l e men o f th e ar my
tha t ca m e to ou r re l ie f , fro m w ho m w e re c e iv e d g re a t th a nk s

fo r -
th e goo d se rv i c e we d id th e Kin g an d the c o u n t ry , w h e re
u po n yo u r P re s ide n t , h avi n g a p i s to l i n h is h a nd l ai d i t be fo re
,

th e c h ie f , n ow l a id do wn h i s a rm s , le a v i n g th e

f u t u re c a re an d p ro t e c ti o n o f th e c i ty to th e m ; w h i ch w as

e xce e di n g l y w e ll tak e n , [ t he g e n e ra l ] te ll i n g th e P r e s id e n t
{ tha t ] he a cc e p te d it , an d h e m u st g iv e hi m a ve st, a h o rse
a n d gi rt a sw o r d a b o u t h im . Bu t
’

yo u r P re s i de n t to ld h im th e y

w e re th in g s be c o m i n g a so ldie r , bu t we we re m e rc h a n t s an d
e xp e c t e d fa v o u r fr o m th e Kin g in our t r a de .
"
 1 10 S H I V AJ I .

[ CH . 1\

conditions o f he wi ll la y s ie g e t o G o
we do h a rd ly b e lieve in re g a rd it is none of hi
,

b u s ine ss t o l a y s ie g e t o a n y p l a ce th a t is fo rt ifie t

a g a in s t him , fo r it wi ll n o t t u rn him t o a cco u nt H .

e

i s a n d ever w a s fo r a r u nnin g b a nq u et a n d t q
, , ,

p lu nder a n d b u rn tho s e town s th a t h a ve n e it h e

de fence nor g u a rd (S u r a t t o K a rw a r
. FR .

Su ra t
A n d a g a in o n 26t h Novem b er
, ,
D ecca n [ t e
,
. .

Bij a p u r ] a n d a ll the So u th co a s t K a n a ra ] a re
a ll em b roi led in civi l Sh iv a j i rei g n s
V ictorio u s ly a n d u ncontro l l ed th a t he is a terror t o
,

a l l the kin g s a n d prince s ro u nd a b o u t d a i ly incre a s in g

,

in i s very nim b l e a n d a ctive : impo s in g

s tr a n g e l a b o u r u pon him s e l f th a t he m a y end u re
h a rd s hip a n d a ls o exerci s e s h is chie fe s t men th a t h
,

flie s to a n d fr o with incredi b l e dexterity ( S u ra t to

.

C0 F R S u r a t . At the end o f the mon s oons ,

i s
. i n O ct o ber he b u rs t into K a n a ra ( See Ch X )
, . . .
 CH A PTE R V .

SH I V AJ I AN D J AI SI N GH , 1 66 5 .

§l f a i Si ng h nt a g a in s t Sh i va j i
’

se .

The fa i lu re o f Sh a i s t a Kh a n a n d the s a ck o
S u r a t c a u s ed b itter m o rt ific a t i o n t o Au r a n g z ib a n c
/ g
h is Co u r t a n d he decided t o s end h is a b l e s t Hind u
,

a n d M u h a mm a d a n g ener a ls t o the D ecc a n A mon g .

the promotion s a n d tr a n s fers o n h is birthd a y 30t h ,

Septemb er 1 664 the Emperor a ppointed Mirz a Ra j a h

, ,

J a i Sin g h t o p u t down Sl l iV a j l U nder him were ‘

de p u te d D ilir Kh a n D a u d Kh a n Qu re s hi Ra j a h Ra i
, ,

Sin g h Sis o dia l h t is h a m Kh a n Sh a ikh z a d a Q u b a d

, ,

Kh a n Ra j a h S u j a n Sin g h B u n d e l a Kira t Sin g h ( a

, ,

s o n o f J a i Sin g h ) M u l l a Y a hi a N a w a iy a t ( a Bij a p u ri
,

n o b l e w h o h a d come over to the M u g h a ls ) a n d m a ny ,

other o fficers with , troopers ( A N 868 . . .

Sto r ia ii , .

A fterm a kin g the nece s s a ry prep a r a tion s a nd ,

co l l ectin g h is s u b ordin a te s J a i Sin g h l e ft Upper l nd ia

,

a n d cro s s ed the N a rm a d a a t H a ndi a o n 9t h J a n u a ry ,

166 5 .He p u s hed r a pid ly o n never w a s tin g a d a y ,

b y h a ltin g except when s tron g nece s s ity compe ll ed

,

him O n l 0t h Fe b r u a ry he a rrived a t Au ra n g a b a d
.
,

where Prince M u a zz a m w a s ho ldin g Co u rt a s viceroy

o f the D ecc a n l n three d a ys J a i Sin g h fini s hed the
.
 SH I VAJ l

work o f w a itin g o n the Prince receivin g a n d retu rn

.
,

i n g the vi s it s o f the l oc a l o fficers a n d no b l e

s ett lin g s ome point s connected with the

Then l e a vin g A u ra n g a b a d o n 1 3t h F
,

a rrived a t P u n a o n 3r d M a rch a n d took

from M a h a r a j a h J a s w a nt Sing h w ho ,

a fterw a rd s ( 7 t h )s t a rted fo r D e l hi a s comm a nded ,

the Emperor (H A P a ri s MS 1 1 05 1 1 20 1 1 4 5 )
. . . . , ,

§2 . Ch a ra c t e r o f ] a i S ing h .

] a i Sin g h s c a reer h a d been one o f u ndimmed

'

bri l li a ncy from t h e d a y when he a n orph a n o f twe lve , ,

received h is firs t a ppointment in the M u g h a l a rmy

Since then he h a d fo u g ht u nder the imperi a l
b a nner in every p a rt o f the empire —from B a l kh in ,

Ce n tral As i a t o Bij a p u r in the D ecc a n from Q a n da ,

h a r in the we s t to M u n g ir in the e a s t H a rdl y a ye a r .

h a d p a s s e d du rin g the l on g rei g n o f Sh a h J a h a n when

thi s Ra jp u t chie ft a in h a d n o t s een a ctive s ervice
‘

s omewhere a n d received s ome promotion for c o n

s p ic u o u s merit H is m a rked a bi lity h a d fo u nd
.

reco g nition in h is bein g g iven the comm a nd of the

V a n or one o f the W i n g s i n the M u g h a l a rmie s l e d
b m c a mp a i g n s beyond l n dia .

L a tterly he h a d comm a nded in chief I n diplom a cy .

he h a d a tt a ined t o a s u cce ss s u rp a s s in g even h is

victorie s in the fie l d Whereve r there w a s a di fficu l t
.

o r de lic a te work to b e done the Emperor h a d only

,

t o t u rn to J a i Sin g h A m a n o f infinite t a ct a n d
.
1 14 SH I VAH .

aga ins t whom B i j a p u ris a n d ri va l Ma ra th a chie .

Sh a i s t a Kh a n a n d J a s wa nt Sin g h h a d toi l ed in v a i
“

The D ecc a n h a d b een the g r a ve of m a ny a r e p u t a t io

an d
him Shiva h a d a l re a dy e s t a b li s hed a n a me
.

s t r a t a g em a n d hi s M a v l e s h a d me a s u red s word s
,

the be s t re g u l a r troop s on more th a n eq u a l te

Then a g a in there w a s the
, ,

o f

o f to m a e a common c a u s e a g a
1v a

from the north ] a i Sin g h therefore .

, ,

u ndivided a ttention to the M a r a th a s

a n eye o n Bij a p u r t o o The probl em before .

no e a s y o n e A s he w rote to the Emperor. No t f ,

a moment in da y or ni g ht do 1 s eek re s t or e a
, ,

from bein g bu sy a bo u t the t a s k on which 1 h a ve b e c

s ent W e s e e from his l etters how he e m p lo y i
.

ev ery po ss ib l e device fo r de a lin g with a n enemy h c ,

wi de a w a ke a n d f u ll of m a ny s i ded a ctivity he w e
- -

how he loo ked fa r a he a d a nd how he h a nd led l ,

m i s ce l l a ne o u s D e lh i M S .
) an d t
ce r ai n ot h er l e tt e rs g iv e n
K ha t u t i Shi vaj i —
-
MS ) S o m e . o f the se h av e be
t ra ns l a t e d by m e in th e M o de rn Re v ie w . AN . . 887 -907 . th o u

c o nte m p o rar y an d au t h e n ti c , h as no i nde p e n de n t v a ue l a f '

th e
.
u se o f th e a bove m a te ri al s . Sto ria , ii . 1 20- 125 , 1 32 1 3 -

gi v e s M a nu c c i
'

s p e rso nal e xp e rie nce o f th e w ar . Be r n ie r , 1

( m e a g re ) T h e M ara th i c h ro n i cl e s , Sa h h . 38 46-
, Ch i t . 1 01 1 1 -

an d D ig . 236 24 1 -
, co n t ai n l a te r an d p ar tl y le g e nda ry a cco u n

bu t a re ou r on ly h o ri ty fo r
au t th e do i ng s o f th e M a r a th as .
 E N EM I ES 1 15
’

1 66 5 ] CO AL I T I O N OF SH I V A s .

f orce soto c a u s e di s tr a ction t o the ene my o r de a l

as

a concentr at ed b l ow a t a vit a l point .

I n view o f his two Si ng h very wis e

d ecided to t a ke u p a po s i
the e
a ls o e m of p us

w a r into M e o r t he Konk a n pl a in
'

: f u rther we s t SO convinced w a s he o f the wi s dom

.

o f thi s p l a n th a t when A u ra n g z ib u r g ed him t o m a ke

a de s cent int o Konk a n he s tro n gly objected a n d ,

s u cceeded in c a rryin g h is point H e knew th a t if he .

co u l d s trike fa t a l ly a t the he a rt o f the M a ra t h a kin g s

do m ,the di s t a nt limbs wo u ld drop down o f

t hem s e l ve s .

§4 . C o a lit io n o f a ll t h e e ne m ie s o f Sh ivaj i .

Secondly he pl a yed s kilfu lly u pon the hope s a n d

,

fe a rs o f the S u l t a n O f Bij a p u r holdin g forth t h e ,

ch a nce o f redu ct ion of tribu te a nd remov a l of the

E m pzr di s p le a s u re i f Adil Sh a h a i ded th e
'

or s ,

M u g h a ls a n d th u s cle a rly proved his w a nt o f connec

tion with Sh iv a ji Third ly he a rr a n g ed to combine
.
,

a g a in s t Sh iv a j i a ll h is enemie s a n d di s tr a ct h is a tten

ti m m
l e q u a rters As e a rly .

a s J a n u a ry he h a d s ent two E u rope a n s n a med F r a nci s

Mi l e a n d Di c k (o r D ie g o )Mi l e to the we s tern co a s t

*
'

with l etters t o the chief s of the Eu rope a n s ett lement s ,

P r o ba b l y M e l lo
'

, a fa m il y l iv in g i n t he M u g hal c o u ntry ,
'

d in g
a c co r to M a nu cc i ( ii .
 16 S H I V AJ I .

s
invitin g them t o he l p the imperi a li s ts by o b s t ru
.

Shiv a who h a d co ll ected a fleet o f h is o W n I n

,
.

h e wrote t o the Emperor Now th a t Shiva

'

ne g li g ent a n d free from a nxiety a bo u t the we s t CO

i f o u r s hip s from Gu jr a t m a ke a s u dden de s cent
his m a ritime po s s e s s ions mu ch boo t y c a n b e g a ine
He a ls o wrote to the Siddis Of J a njira invitin g
CO Oper a tion
-
(H A P a ri s 1 1 4a Ben 7 8 a )
. . . . .

l n J a n u a ry he h a d s ent h is Bra hm
t o v a rio u s D e c c a n i chieft a in s to ,

s
L
were
—
E O th e M u g h a ls b y thre a tenin g Bij a p u r from t l
s o u th a nd a g ents from two s u ch chi e f s n a m e ,

Shiv a p p a N a y a k a n d the z a mind a r o f B a s a v a p a t t a

‘

re a ched ] a i Sin g h s c a mp with O ffers o f s ervice

'

A pri l ( P a ri s MS Tow a rd s the end o f J a n

.

a ry a n envoy from the Ra j a h o f J a w h a r h a d m .

] a i Sin g h a t Bu rh a np u r with a propo s a l t o join t l

M u g h a l s ide he h a d b een conci li a ted promi s ed ,

m a ns a b a n d a s ked t o s end h is s o n o r brother w i l

.
,
~

a contin g ent o f troop s Every one who bore a g ru d g.

t O Sh iv a j i o r e nvied the s udden ri s e Of the Bh o n s l a

'
~

h a d been a ppro a ched by the M u g h a l g ener a l s s pie

'

B a ji Ch a ndra Ra o a n d (his brother ?)A m b a j i Govi n

.

Ra o More — 4 the fa mi ly from which Sh iv a j i h a

,

wre s ted J a v li — i n re s pon s e t o ] a i Sin g h s i n v it a t io r

'

s ent t o him a Br a hm a n n a med M u dh a a s kin g fo r ,

T he w or ds Sh i va pp a an d B a s a va p a tta n a re do u b t fu l ,

th e P e rs i a n M S i s i nc o rre c t
. .
 1 18 SH I V AJ I .

an d tra ns fer o f O ffic e rs the p a yment of the

a nd the re g u l a tion o f J a gi r s w a s left in the ,

O f the viceroy a t A u r a n g a ba d ] a i Si n g h r .

ins is ted th a t in w a r th e re s ho u ld be on ly o n e h
“

' '

and th a t the m a n on the s pot s ho u ld be g iven

a u thority or e ls e the work wou ld su ffer

, .

E m p e ro r yielded t o the a r g u ment a nd ] a i S

g a ined a bs o l ute civil a n d milit a ry a u thority a li
The co m m a nd a nt s o f the M u g h a l fort s a t Ah m

n a g a r a nd P a rend a were a l so p l a ced u nder

orders .

I n W e s tern M a h a r a s htr a w ith it s he a vy r a i nfa l l

c a mp a i g ning is impo ss ible d u ri n g the mon soon s 1 .

W a s a lre ady 3rd M a rch when ] a i Sin gh r e a c h ei

P u n a a n d if he w a s to e ffect a nythin g it mu st b c
'

do ne in the next three month s Fro m hi s de s p a t c he .

w e l e a rn h o w he u ti l is ed every d a y h o w he s t r u c l ,

s wiftly a n d h a rd a n d how he f o l lowed

,
up ever:
'

su cce s s to the ut mo s t The m a riner does n o t s ca r

.

t h e s k y fO r the s to rm cl ou d w it h mo r e a nxiety th a i
'

did thi s g enera l fo r the her a ld of the m o ns o o n

'

which m u s t interru pt h is work in the midd le a n c

driv e him into the forced in a ctivity o f ca ntonment s .

§5 .
f w a r d e sc ri b e d
Th e t h e at r e o .

The W e s t ern G h a t s form a lon g towering w a l

ru n n in g n o rt h to s ou t h a lon g the we stern s ide o f th e
' ‘
'

D ecc a n They h a v e thrown O ff a h u mbe r of s ho rt

.

s p ur s e a s tw a rd s ev e ry tw o of which encl o s e a
,

v a ll ey the bed o f s ome s tre a m ro llin g eas t t o J o n

,
‘
1 66 5 ] M I L l TARY G E O GRAPH Y OF P UN A . ”
9

it s i ters a n d form the mi g hty river s of the s ou th

s s ,

the God a v a ri a n d th e Kri s hn a Tow a rd s the e a st .

the s pu r s end the v a l l eys wi den o u t a n d merg e i n

,

th e v a s t p l a in s o f the kin g dom o f Bij a p u r Th is .

l a nd a l mo s t l ocked a mon g the h il l s is the cr a d le

, ,

of the M a ra th a kin g dom O p e n r fi H le t e b t e

.
- -

fro m the we s t on a cco u nt of hil l s g ndj u ng l e s A n d .

it is in the we s t th a t th e hi s toric fort s of Shiv a j i a re

s it u a ted a lmo s t every pe a k bein g crowned with the
’

'

M a ra th a e a g l e s eyrie .

Goin g s o u thw a rds from J u nn a r (which is 5 5

mi l e s wes t o f Ahm a dn a g a r) a n d cro s sin g the o l d
M u g h a l frontier we h a ve firs t the v a lley o f th e
,

l ndr a y a n i overlooked by the hi ll fort s o f L oh g a rh

,
-

a n d T i k o n a in the we s t a n d Ch a k a n in the centre

.
.

Next come s the v a l ley of th e Bhim a in which '

P u n a s t a nd s Fu rther s ou th a cro ss a lon g ra n g e

.
, ,

lie s the v a l l ey of the s lender brook K a rh a with th e ,

citie s o f Sa s w a d a n d S u p a in the p l a in a n d th e forts

of Sin g h g a rb o n the we s tern hill s a n d Pu ra nd a r on
-

it s s o u thern rocky b a rrier Beyond the s e hil ls lie s

.

the v a ll ey o f the Nir a with the town of Sh irw a l o n

,

its b a nk a n d the fort s o f Ra j g a rh a nd To m a in t h e

.

we s t a n d Ro h ir a in the s ou th we st -
.

P u n a is a lmos t the s a me di s t a nce ( a bo u t 26

mi le s) from L oh g a rh in the north we s t a n d Sin g h -

g a rh in the s o u th S a s w a
. d w a s a dmir a bly s it u a ted
for a tt a ckin g Pu r a n d a r (6 mile s s o u th of it) Sin g h ,

g a rh a n d Ra j g a rh ( 1 8 a n d 24 mile s in the we s t) a n d ,
 I 20 S H I V AJ I .

P u n a “ 8 mi l e s north we s t o f it) — -
whi le the widen ,

i n g p l a in e a s t o f it en a b l ed c a v a l ry t o m a ke a n e a sy
a n d r a pid d a sh into Bij a p u r territory o r b a r the ,

p a th o f reinforcement s comin g from th a t s ide Eve n .

now five m a in ro a ds meet a t Sa sw a d .

§6 . M ug h a ls se t up o u t p os ts .

] a i Sin g h therefore with a tru e g enera l s eye

'

, ,

for the g rou nd m a de Sas w a d h is b a s e Pu n a w a s

m
.
,
-“

s tron g ly g a rri so ned A n . s t a b l i s h e d

oppo s ite L oh g a rh to obs erve a n d block a de it a n d
g u a rd the ro a d l e a din g north t o the M u g h a l frontier
'

ne a r J u nn a in g co lu mn w a s or g a ni s ed t o
r a va g e the o n g the

hi lls t o the we s t a n d s ou th we s t o f Sa s w a d O n h is
-
.

e a s tern s ide he w a s gu ite s ecu re fro m a tt a ck from ,

the n a t u re o f the g rou nd the po s iti o n o f Sa s w a d

,

c lo s e to the bo u nd a ry line between Shiva s dominion

'

a n d Bij a p u r, a n d the exi s tence of a M u g h a l a dv a nced

pos t a t S u p a .

After a rrivin g a t P u n a (3rd M a rch) ] a i Sin g h ,

s pent s ome d a ys in s ettlin g the co u ntry a n d

e s t a b li s hin g o u tpo s t s which he re g a rde d a s the
,

firs t o f the pi ll a rs su pportin g the work o f thi s ex

p e dit io n Qu t bu ddin Kh a n w a s s ent with 7 0 00
'

.
,

c a v a lry with orders to g u a rd the co u ntry from J u nn a r

in the north to the foot of the hi ll s ( p a ing h a t) of
Konk a n oppo s ite L o h g a rh to se t u p o n e perm a nent
,

o u tpo s t fa cin g L oh g a rh (to be g a rri s oned by

122 S H l V AJ l .

Shiva h a d come t o L oh g a rh t o m a ke a d as h in to
imperi a l territory as so on a s J a i Si n gh s ba ck w o
'

be tu rned o n Pu n a ] a i Sin g h q u ickly rec a l .

Qu t bu ddin to h is po s t o ppo s ite L oh g a rh to w a

'

Shiv a s moveme nt s a nd re su med h is m a rch

23r d . L oni s ome l 2 mi le s e a st o f P u n a w
*
, ,

re a ched here a block ho u s e o r enclo su re fo r -

i n g the troop s w a s bu i lt in 3 d a y s a n d a t ha ,

e s t a b li s hed u nder Ra m a a n d H a n u m a nt with ,

c a v a lry a n d 300 f o ot m u sketeers to gu a rd the .

of com mu nic a tion with P u n a a n d the t w o r

which l e d to the imperi a l territory .

Arrivin g o n 29t h M a rch a t a p l a c e o n e d a y

'
‘

m a rch s hort o f Sa sw a d he s ent o n D ilir Kh a n wit] ,

the V a n g u a rd a n d the a rti l l ery to cro s s the p a s :

lyin g in the w a y a dv a nce fo u r mi l e s u p the hi ll

,

a n d then h a lt .

Next da y the Ra j a h cro s s ed the hil l a n d pu she r

o n to Di li r Kh a n s c a mp l e a vin g D a u d Kh a n be l ov
'

the p a ss to s e e to the s a fe tr a n s it o f the a rmy u ]

to noon The re a r g u a rd were t o brin g u p t h
.
- i

s tr a g g l ers .

O n thi s very mornin g ( 3ot h M a rch) D ilir Kh a i '

went with the V a n to s e le ct a pro p er p l a ce fo

enc a mpment I n t his reconn a i s s a nce he a p p ro a c h e
.
<

Th e P e rs ian MS . re a ds Tu bi (o r Tu p i) 5 ko s fro r
P un a t o w ard s Sa s w ad , on th e h ill o f th e fo rt o f P u r a n da r }
Th i s w o u l d giv e so m e vi ll a g e ne a r t he B a p d e o Ch a t b u t , th e r

is n on e o f th e na m e i n th e m ap . I re a d Lo n i , w h i ch i s a bo r
1 2 m il e s e as t o f P u na , bu t in a pl a i n .
1 665 } MUGHAL S R E A CH P URAN D AR . 123

fort Pu ra n da r A l a rg e body o f M a r a th a m u s keteers

. ,

w h o occu pied a n encl o s u re in the w a i s t o f the hill

—c a lled va di in the loc a l l a n g u a g e —n o w c a me
.

down a n d a tt a cked the imperi a li s t s w ho however , , ,

ro u ted them a nd c a ptu red the va d i T he ho u s e s ther e ’

.

were b u rnt a n d the M u g h a l V a n very bold ly im

prov ed their victory by a t once p u shin g o n a s ne a r '

Pu ra n d a r a s they co u ld a n d entrenchin g j u s t beyon d

th e fire o f the fort g u n s - .

J a i Sin g h o n he a rin g o f it a t once se nt u p ,

o f the troop s of h is comm a nd u nder Ra i Sin g h ,

Kir a t Si ng h Q uba d, Kh a n Mitra s en l ndra m a n , ,

B u n de l a a n d other o ffi cers a t a g a ll op H e a lso .

de s p a tched a n u rg ent order to D a u d Kh a n to come '

t o him t a ke ch a rg e o f th e c a mp a n d en a ble t h e
, ,

Ra j a h t o g o to s u perv i s e the s ie g e Bu t D a u d Kh a n . ,

on he a rin g the new s h a d h a s tened to join Di lir

,

Kh a n withou t comin g t o J a i Sin gh

, .

Th e da y w a s fa r s pent there w a s no hi g h o fficer

l eft to g u a rd the c a mp a n d s o J a i Sin g h h a d t o,

s t a y there perforce He h a d a lre a dy s ent forw a rd

.

a p a rty o f pioneers a n d w a ter c a rrier s s hot powder -

, , ,

g u n m u nition s a n d entrenchin g tool s fo r th e u s e o f

,

B ilir Kh a n .

Next mornin g (3l s t M a rch ) ] a i Sin g h c a refu lly ,

e s corted the b a g g a g e to a perm a nent c a mp s ervi n g

as a base between Sa sw a d a nd Pu ra n da r on ly 4
'

, ,

mi l e s from the l a tter Then he reconnoitred the .

fort fro m the po s iti on of D a u d Kh a n a nd Kira t

Sin g h l t w a s not a s in g le fort b u t a fortified m a ss
.
,
 1 24 [ CH
“
‘

S H l V AJ l . . v .

o f hi lls hence to su rrou nd an d c lo s e ly block a de it

w as im po s s i bl e .

§8 . P u ra n da r de s
c rib e d .

Six mi le s s o u th of Sa s w a d ri s e s the s t u pendo u s “

mo u nt a in m a s s o f the hi g he st point of
m a bo ve s e a leve l a n d more -

t ha n feet a b ove the p l a in a t it s foot I t is .

d very
on a
Pu ra n da r c o ns i s ts o f
a n u pper fort o r cit a de l with precipito u s s ide s a ll

a ro u nd a n d a lower fort or m a c h i 30 0 feet o r more ,

be low it The l a tter is a l ed g e ru nnin g ro u nd the

.

w a i s t o f the hi ll with m a ny a windin g the entire ,

circu it bein g fou r mile s O n the n o rth s ide the .

l ed g e widen s o u t into a bro a d terr a ce con ta inin g

“

the ba rr a ck s a n d o ffice s o f the g a rri s on Thi s terra ce .

is bo u nded o n the e a s t by the hi g h s p u r n a med

'
‘

B h a ir a v Khind which s t a rts from the b a s e o f the

,

s teep overh a n g in g north e a s t e m tower ( ca l l ed -

K h a n d ka la or the Sky s cra per) o f the u p per fo rt

- * -
,

a n d ru n s fo r abo u t a mi l e e a s tw a rd s in a n a rrow
r id g e endin g in a s m a ll t a b l e l a nd
, feet a bo ve
s e a l eve l) crowned with the fort of Ru dr a m a l a
-
, (no w ,

c a l l ed V a r a g rh )
j a .

Thi s V a j r ag arh comm a nd s the m a ch i o r l ower

ifo rt o f Pu r a n d a r o n i t s no rthern a n d mos t import a nt

M o l e s w o r th . 2nd e d . l 92 , e xp l a i ns K ha d ka l as
‘
a ro c ky
l a te a u
’

p .
 1 26 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH .
-
v .

hill s ide
-
He vi s ite d the t renches every d a y
.
,

encou ra g ed hi s men a n d su pe rvi s ed the pro g res s ,

o f the s ie g e A t firs t a ll h is e Eo rt s were directed t o

.

dr a g gin g g u n s t o the top o f the s teep a nd di fficu lt

hi ll l t took three d a ys t o ra i s e
.

A b du lla h K ha n a n d mo u nt it oppo s ite Ru d ra m a l

,
.

l n 3% d a y s more a a
m
) n a med Fa t h L a s h ka r
'

m
t , ,

A third n a med H a h e
/
w a s t a ken there al n
~

. ,

f u lly a pproa chin g the s u mmit The ince s s a nt .

b omb a rdment o f the M u g h a l s d e m o lish e d th e b a s e s I

o f the tower in front a n d pioneer s were s ent to it s

'

foo t to dig a ho l e u nderne a th .

§ l0 . Ca p t u r e o f Vaj ra g a rh .

At midd
y 1 3th April D ilir Kh a n s divi s ion
a , ,
'

s tormed the tower a n d drove the enemy into a n

enc lo s u re b ehind it le a vi ng o n the fie l d s even s l a in
,

a n d fo u r wo u nded ] a i Sin g h reinforced Di lir Kh a n

.

'

with a p a rty of h is own Ra jp u ts Ne xt da y the .

,

v ictorio u s M u g h a ls p u s h d
e .

a tried to c a pt ur e e s c a l a de .

O ppre ss ed by their fire c a pit u l a t ed in the evenin g

,

( l 4 th Apri l) left the fort an d were di s a rmed Bu t

, , .

] ai Sing h ve ry w i s ely al l o wed th em t o re t u rn home

in order to tempt the g ar ri son o f Pu ra n d a r b yt h is
h

ex
to the l a s t The h e roic le ader s of the d efence were
.

chiva lro u s ly g iven robe s o f hono u r by B i lir Kh a n

'

a n d ] a i Sin g h a l ike The impe ri a lis ts lo st 80 ki lled

.
1 665 ] LLAGE S V GED 1 27
'

SH IV A S V I RA A .

an d 1 09 wo u nded , as the price o f thi s su cce ss .

( P a ri s MS . | 26 b ) .

§l F ly ing co lu m ns ra va g e Sh ivaj i 3 vi lla g se .

The po ss e s s ion o f V a j ra g a rh w a s the s teppin g

s tone to the c a p tu re of Pu ra n d a r o r in ] ai Sin g h s
'

ow n l a ngu a g e the key th a t wou ld u nlo c k

,

Pu r a nd a r . Di lir Kh a n now tu rned t o the l a tt er

fort while J a i Si n g h o rg n
,
ig dg ai ds into the M a r a th a

co u ntry in order a s he wrote to t he Emperor to

, , ,

convince Shiv a a n d the S u lt a n of Bij a p u r th a t the

M u g h a l a rmy w a s l a rg e eno u g h to be a ble to s p a re
troop s from the si eg e a n d a ls o to prevent a ny c o n
,

centr a tion of forc e s ro u nd Shiv a j i by cre a tin g

con s t a nt terror a n d di s tu rba nce in v a ri o u s p a rt s of
h is kin g dom ( P a
. ri s MS l 33a ) . .

There w a s a l so a s ecret re a s on fo r th u s s endin g

a w a y cert a in g ener a l s from t h e s ie g e c a mp He h a d -
.

s ome d is loy a l o fficers u nd er hi m who s e pre s ence ,

w a s w ors M e ss z D a u d Kh a n Qu res hi w a s
"

po s ted to w a tch t h e po stern g a te ( kh irki) o f th e fort ,

bu t a fter a few d a y s it bec a me k nown th a t a p a r t y

of M a ra th a s ha d entere d the fort by th a t g a te .
.

wit hou t bein g oppos ed by him B ilir Kh a n s everel y .

rebu ked D a u d Kha n for h is f ai l u re a nd a bitter ,

q u a rrel broke o u t be tween the tw o J ai Sin g h th e n .

tran s fe rred D a u d Kha n t o h i s o w n di v i s i o n a nd

pos ted Pu rdil Kh a n a nd Su bh K a rn Bu nd e la oppo s ite -

the po s tern Bu t m a tters did no t improve : S u bh

’ "

K a rn did not a t a ll g ive hi s he a rt t o the w ork b u t ,

 1 28 SH I VA1 1 .

pre ferred a bove everythin g e l s e to f a vour

D a u d Kh a n t o o w a s a s o u rce o f mi s chie f in
, ,

new s t a tion He c o ns t a nt ly decl a red th a t the c a p

.

o f Pu r a n d a r w a s beyond the r a n g e o f p o s s ib i
a n d th a t the s ie g e w a s a w a s te o f men a n d m o

H i s intention in t a lkin g in th is w a y w a s a s ,

Sin g h detected to di s cou ra g e the c omm a nde,

chief from he a rt i su ppo rtin g the s ie g e o pera ti -

s o th a t D il ir Kh a n wo u l d be l e ft t o be a r the b u

o f the fi g ht u n a ided a n d wo u ld h a ve to retire

f a il u re a n d di s g r a ce ] a i Sing h removed t .

mi s chief m ak er from the c a mp by cre a tin g

-

independent flyi ng col u mn a nd s endin g him a t it

h e a d t o m a ke r a i ds d ai ly o r on a ltern a te d a ys 0 1
, , ,

di fferent p la ce s in the di s trict ( Ben MS . . .

Fa iyya z .

O n 25 t h A pri l , th e flyin g col u mn s ix th o u s a nc

s tron g u nder D a u d Kh a n a ccomp a nied b y Ra j a h Ra ,

Sin g h Sh a rz a Kh a n ( a Bij a pu ri g enera l) Am a r Sin g }

, ,

Ch a n d a w a t A ch a l Sin g h K a chhw a (the p rinc ip a

,

o fficer o f ] a i Sin g h s ho u s eho l d troops) a n d 400 o :

'

] a i Sin g h s o w n tro o pers m a rche d o u t with order:

'

t o enter the re g ion of Ra j g a rh Sin g h g a rh a n d Ro h ir a ,

-

from t w o s ide s a n d
"

not t o l e a ve a ny ve s ti g e o f
-

cu ltiva tion o r h a bita ti on b u t m a ke a n u tter de s o la ,

tion .
( P a ri s MS l 33h ) A t the s a me tim e . .

Qu tb u ddin Kh a n a n d Lu di Kh a n were ordered t o

h a rry the di s trict from the north a n d th u s di s tr a ct
a n d we a r o u t Sh iv a j i .

D a u d Kh a n s p a rty a rrived ne a r fort Ro h ir a on

'
1 30 SHI V AJ I .

d iverted to th a t s ide ( the north we s t ) L e a vin g - .

they h a lted a t Chinchwa d ( I O or 1 2 mi l e s north)

t h e 4 t h a n d re a che d L oh g a rh o n the 5 th When
'

M u g h a l s kirmi s hers a rrived n e a r the fort ,

M a ra th a hors e a n d inf a ntry s a l li ed forth

a tt a cked t hem Bu t the imperi a l is ts held t
.

g ro u nd were, s o o n reinforced a n d rou ted the e ,

with he a vy lo s s a fter a s evere fi g ht Then .

bu rnt t he ho u s e s o n the s kirt of the hil l t a kin g m a ,

pri s oners a n d c a ttl e The vil l a g e s enclo sed b y 1

.

'
fou r forts —l L oh g a rh Vi s a pu r T ik o n a a n d T a n g
,
-
, , ,

- were dev a s t a ted a n d m u ch o f B a la g h a t (his

,

l a nd s ) a n d P a in gh a t ( lo w l a nd s) h a rried Th e re a f .

they re t u rned Q u tbu ddin Kh a n a n d his p a rty t a ki

,

u p a n o u tp o s t ne a r P u n a a n d D a u d Kh a n a nd I ,

comra de s rejoinin g the m a in a rmy o n 1 9t h M i

a fter a fortni gh t s a b s ence
'

M a rat ha fl o r ts to ra is e th e s ie g e
‘
’

e .

Me a ntime the M a ra tha c a pt a in s h a d not be

l e b u t tried h a rd to ha r a s s the M ug h a l s a nd r a i
m
,

s ei g e E a rly in
. e t a j i P a lk a r Shiv: ,

an d caval ry le a der m a de a d a s h ,

P a rend a b u t a M u g h a l de t a c hi n e n t from Su
,
‘

h a s tened in pu rsu it a nd t h e M a ra th a ho s t me lt
, .

a wa y a t the new s a n d o ffered no fi g ht L a te in M e .

Qu tbu ddin Kh a n h a d t o a dvance u p t o fort U ro u d a

‘

l
‘

"
T he Al a m g i r -
na m a h give s Ur dru g -
. s u g ge st Uro ni
1 ! mile s w e st o f P u na . I t m ay a sol h av e b e e n Uda i du rg -
.
1 665 ] RAI D AN D C O UN TER -
RAID . 1 31

to b re a k up a g a therin g o f the enemy of which he

ha d go t news The
vill a g e s o n the w a y were
.

p lu ndered a n d the enemy di s pers ed wherever t hey

,

a s s emb l ed ro u nd a ny of their fort s The hi ll o f .

L oh g a rh w a s s c a l ed a n d a body o f M a ra th a s o n the
,

t o p s l a in o r rou ted D a u d Kh a n retu rnin g with 300

,

c a ptive s a nd ne a r ly c a ttl e Then a g a in a .

, ,

b ody o f 30 0 M a r a th a c a v a lry who were s helterin g a t ,

N a rkot were di sl o dged by a det a chment s ent by

,

Q u b a d Kh a n the new t ha na h dar of Pu n a ( vice

,

lh t is h a m Kh a n dece a s ed) the victor s retu rnin g wi th ,

the c a ptu red pe a s a nt s a nd c a t l e t .

B u t the M a r a th a s did n o t inv a ri a b ly f a il As .

J a i Sin g h a dmit s
"

s ometime s , we h a ve f a i l ed t o
prevent the enemy from a ccompli s hin g their ho s ti l e
de s i g n s . Kh a fi Kh a n is m ore explici t .

The s u rp ri s e s o f the enemy their g a ll a nt ,

a tt a ck s o n d a rk ni g ht s b lo c kin g of ro a d s a,

p a s s e s a n d bu rnin g o f j u n gl e s m a de it very
, ,

fo r the im p e ri m ve a bo u t The M u g h .

lo s t m a ny men a n d be a s ts (ii , .

A fter the c a pt u re o f V a j r a g a rh in the midd l e of

A pri l D ilir Kh a n a dv a nced a lon g th e connectin g
,

rid g e a nd la id s ie g e to the m a c hi o r lower fort of

Pu ra n da r H is trenche s a ppro a ched the tower o f
.

Kh a nd k a la a t the north e a s t e m a n g le o f the fort

- -
.

A t fir s t the g a rri s on m a de s orti es to drive ba ck th e

,

b e s ie g ers O n e ni g ht they a tt a cked Kir a t S ing h

.
.

w h o w a s q u ite prep ared a n d rep u l s ed them w ith

s l a u g hter Another a tt a ck w as m a de in a d a rk
.
 '

1 32 [ CH
'

S H IV AJ I v
-
. . .

ni g ht on the t re n c
he he s o f Ra sul Be g Rozh h a n i
'

: -

Wa s c au g ht n a ppi ng t h e gu n s in h is t renche s w e re
‘

s pik e d a rrd l 5 o f h i s s o l dier s wo u nded Bu t rem

' ‘ ‘ '

.
,

forcements a ttr a ct ed b y the din o f b a ttle po u red

, ,

in from the nei g hbo u rin g trenche s a n d the ene my ,

were rep u ls ed with l o ss Next d a y th ere w a s a

‘

s h a rp s kirmis h over the remov a l o f the corp s e s m

'

which the M u g h a l s l o s t 8 m en
'
‘

Bu t Dilir Kh a n s a t do wn b e fore Pu r a n d a r like

g rim D e a th h i s me n
'

doin g in a d a y wh a t co ul d
,

n o t be a chieved e l s ewhere in a month

"

l3 O wo r ks i P ur a nda r s to r m ed
'

. ut o .

Wh en the Co u rs e o f M a y the M u g h a l
in
“
'

, ,

trench e s re a ch e d t h e foot o f th e tw o White Towers

"
‘

which h a d b een dis m a ntl ed b y bomb a rdment the

'

g a rri s on b e ga n to t hro w down li gh t e d n a phth a o i l ,

‘
l e at her b a g s ft ill o f g u npowder bo mbs an d h e a vy
'

s tone s which e ffectu al l y s top p ed th e f u rther a dv a nce

of the M u g h a ls ] a i Sin g h o rdere d a hi g h woo den .

p l a tform o f l o gs a n d p l a nk s to be m a de o n which ,

'

g u n s were to b e m ou nted a n d p ar ti e s o f gu n ners

a nd mu sk eteers p l a ced to comm a n d the enemy 8 ,

po s ition His first t w o a ttempt s were fru s tra ted o n

. .

th e fir s t oc c a s ion the u pri gh t pos t s h a d been j u s t s e t

U p o n the s econd the cro s

, s piece s h a d been joined -
,

wh en t h e enemy b u rn t them down O n 30t h M a y . ,

however the p a rt s o f th e third tower were joined

,

to g ether in the re a r a n d s ent to the a ppo int e d p l a ce

in front o f the White Tower in ch a rg e o f Ru p Sing h ,
 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . v

rockets s t o ne s etc
,
Findin g fu rther a dv a nce im
.

po s s ible J a i S i n g h w a s contented wi th the c a ptu r e

,

o f the three b a s tions m a de t ha t d a y a n d ordered h is

men to dig trenche s ex a ctly where they h a d re a ch e d

a n d t o ho l d the W hite Tower witho u t a ttemptin g t o ,

pu s h o n to the Bl a ck Tower .

I n the cou rs e o f the next t w o d a y s the woode n

s tru ct u re w a s comp l eted a n d t w o s m a l l piece s o f

c a nnon were mou nted on it The enemy u n a b le .

,

t o rep ly t o thi s fire from a s u perior hei g ht ev a c u a ted ,

the Bl a ck Tower a n d a nother b a stion ne a r it a n d

took refu g e in a s tock a de a djoinin g the w a ll of the
tower B u t they co u ld n o t s how their he a d s The
. . .

s tock a de w a s u nten a ble and they retired t o the

,

trenche s b ehind it ( Ben MS l 8 7 b— l 89a ) Th u s

. . . .

five towers a n d o n e s tock a de of the lower fort fe ll

into the h a nd s o f the M u g h a l s .

Pu r a n d ar no w s eemed doom ed
.
An d a s if to .
,

complete its de s tru ction the Emperor h a d a t J a i ,

Sin g h s req u e s t de s p a tched a tra in o f very he a vy

'

a rti ll ery which were now o n the w a y t o the fort

The g a rri s on h a d ori g in a l ly nu mbe red only
a g a ins t a t l e a s t t e n time s th a t n u mber of M u g h a ls ,

a n d they h a d s u ffere d he a vy ca s u a l tie s d u rin g t w o

month s o f ince ss a nt fi g htin g E a rly in the s ie g e they .

h a d l o s t their g a l l a nt comm a nd a nt Mu r a r B a ji
Pra bhu
Sa bh as a d , 42 —43 , g i v e s th is nu m be r , w h i ch is e vi de ntl y
an un de re s ti m a t e . Ala m g ir -
na m a h , 903 , s ay s th a t th e fo r t h a d
co m b a t a n ts l e ft in i t at cap i tu l a ti o n .
 D E AT H O F M URAR B AJ I .

§ l4 . D e a th o f M u ra r B a): P ra b h u .

T a kin g s even h u ndred s e l ect men with him s e lf

M u r a r B a ji m a de a s ortie o n D ilir Kh a n who w a s ,

tryin g t o climb the hil l with Af g h a n s a n d s om e

more troop s o f other r a ce s The M a ra th a s d a she d .

forw a rd min g l ed wi th the enemy o n a ll s ide s a n d

, ,

there w a s s evere fi g htin g a t clos e q u a rters M u ra r .

B a ji with his M a v l e s s lew 5 00 P a th a n s b e s ide s m a ny

B a k l ia infa ntry men a nd at the he a d o f s ixty
,

de s per a te followers c u t his w a y t o D ilir s c a mp

’

H is comr a de s were in by the overwhe lmin g l

s a

body o f the M u g h a ls b u t M u r a r B a ji ru s hed s tr a i g ht

,

o n t o w a rd s D il ir The Kh a n in a dmir a tion o f h is

.
,

m a tch l e s s co u ra g e c a ll ed u p on him t o yield a n d

.

pro mi s ed him his life a n d a hi g h po s t u nder him .

M u r a r indi g n a ntl y ref u s ed a n d w a s g oin g to s trike ,

at D ilir when the l a tter s hot him down wi th a n

a rrow .Three hu ndred M a v l e s fell with him a n d ,
'

the re s t retre a te d t o the fort Bu t the g a rri s on with .

,

a co u ra g e worthy of the moth er o f Br a s id a s the

Sp a rt a n contin u ed the s trn
,

Wh a t tho u gh one
'

le a der s f a ll a n d s a yin g ,

u ra r an e a r e a s br a ve a s he ,

we s h a l l fi g ht with th e s a me co u ra g e ! (Sa b h
"

4 3 44
- T S ) . .

§ lS . S h i va): ne g o t ia t es fo r su b m is s ion .

Bu t l a s t the s te a dy pres s u re of ] a i Sin g h bo re

at

fru it . Pu ra nd a r w a s clo s e ly inve s ted th e g a rri s on ,

W6 S H l V A1 1 .
[ H
C . v .

h a d b een wo fu ll y th inne d by t w o mon th s o f fi g htin g ,

a n d now t h e c a ptu re o f five ba st ions o f the lower

fo rt m a de t h e strong hol d u nten a b le l t s fa l l w a s .

onl y a qu e s tion o f ti me ; Shiv a fou nd it fu ti le t o .

pro lo n g th e res i s t a nce T he fa mi li e s o f the M a r a th a .

o ffic er s were s he ltere d in Pu r a n d a r a n d it s c a pt u re ,

-

w o u l d m e a n their c a ptivity a nd dis hono u r

'

He h a d .

fa il ed t o prevent t he M u gh a l flying co lu mn s
ra v a g in g his co u nt ry F
him in the fa ce wherever he look e d
D s t a r ed .

W .

With f ore s i g ht he h a d fo r s ome time

h is u su a l ,

p a st b e en s end in g envoy s t o ] a i Sin g h t o be g fo r

term s b u t , ut did n o t t a ke him
s erio u s l y Then a s t e s u cce s s b ec a me
*
11.al ,

more a nd more evi dent Shiv a be g a n to ri s e in h is ,

offer o f tri b u te a n d fort s a s t h e price o f pe a ce b u t

h i s term s were n o t proportion a te to the mi lit a ry
a dv a nt a g e g a ined by ] a i Sin g h a n d wer e there fore .

u n i form l y rejected .

P a b al
“

A ft e r th e a rr iv a l o f th e i m p e r i al a rm y ne ar ,

'

S hi v a s a ge n ts b e g an to v isi t me , an d by th e ti m e o f my
ar ri v al at Puna th e y h a d b ro u g h t tw o l e tt e rs fro m him . Bu t
1 g av e no an s w e r an d s e nt th e m b a ck i n
T he n h e se n t a l o n g H i n di l e t te r w ith a ti u s te d s e r v ant na m e d
Ka r m a j i , w ho re p e a te dly e n tr e a t e d me to re a d th e c o n t e n ts

o n ly o nce . I n i t Sh iv a f
o f e re d to be l oy al an d to he lp us in

a w ar w i th Bi jap u r as m o re li k e l y to s u cce e d th an a w ar

in h i s h il ly an d i n t r i c a te re p ly l '

as ke d
th e E m pe r o r i f he de s i re d h i s l i fe d f
'

e n te r s se rv i c e an sa e ty .

( Be n MS . .
BS S H I V AJ I .
[ CH .

a ccomp a nied b y s ix Br a hm a n s only ] a i Sin g h

.
'

immedi a te ly s ent h is s ecret a ry U d a ir a j a nd U g r a s e n :

K a chhw a t o meet him o n the w a y a n d tell him th a t '

if he a g reed to su rrender a ll h is fort s h e mi g ht come “

otherwi s e he s hou ld t u rn b a ck from the p la ce Shiv a .

a g reed t o the term s in g ener a l a n d proceeded forw a r d

with the two o fficers A t the door of the tent h e

.

w a s we l comed by J a i Sin g h s P a ym a s ter a n d u s here d

'

in The Ra j a h a dv a nced a fe w s teps e m b r a c e d

i

.
,

Shiv a a n d s e a ted him by h is s ide whi l e a rme d

, ,

Ra jp u ts s tood a rou nd t o g u a rd a g a in s t a ny tre a cher

o u s movement on the p a rt o f the s l a yer o f Afz a l

Kh a n
] a i Sin g h h a d g o t u p a l itt le s cene t o conq u e r
a n y l in g erin g re lu ct a nce th a t Shiv a mi g ht s ti l l h a ve

I n a nticip a tion o f the M a r a th a chief s a rriva l

'

ha d .

he h a d s ent word t o Dilir Kh a n a n d Kira t Sin g h ,

who s e trenche s were the mo s t a dv a nced t o b e

.

re a dy t o de l iver a n a s s a u lt o n Pu r a n da r A fter Shiv a .

h a d entered ] a i Sin g h g a ve the s i gn a l the M u g h a ls

, ,

a t t a cked a nd c a pt u red the rem a inin g p a rt o f the

Kh a nd k a l a defence s The g a rri s on m a de a s ortie t o
-
.

check them b u t were driven b a ck with the los s o f

,

80 ki l l ed a n d m a ny wo u nded The fi g htin g cou l d b e

.

di s tinct ly s een from the in t e n o r o f the Ra j a h s tent

'

Shiv a then o ffered t o s u rrender the fort in o rder t o

prevent the u s e l e s s s l a u g hter o f h is men J a i Sin g h . ,

there fore s ent h is Mir Tu z u k Ch a zi B e g to D ilir

, , ,

Kh a n a n d Kira t Sin g h with a n order to s to p the fi g ht

a n d a l l ow the g a rri s on t o dep a rt u nmo l e s ted An .
1 66 5 ] T R EAT Y OF P U RAND AR : U S TE RMS . I3

o fficer o f Shiva w a s s ent with Gh a zi B e g to order the

g a rri s on to c a pit u l a te They be g g ed re s pite for the .

ni g ht ( A N
. . .

l7 . Te r m s o f th e Tr e a ty o f P u ra n da r 1 665 .

Shiv a h a d tr a ve ll ed withou t a ny b a g g a g e o r '

'

r etinu e a n d therefore ] a i Sin g h lod g ed him in h is

,

o ffic e tent
-
as h is g u e s t Up t o mi dni g ht the t w o .

s ide s hi g g led fo r the term s o f a p erm a nent pe a ce .

Bu t ] a i Sin g h knew the s tren g th o f h is po s ition As .

he wrote in h is de s p a tche s t o the Emperor l ,

decl ined t o a ba te a s in g le fort Gra du a l ly a fter .

,

m u ch di s cu ss ion we c ame t o thi s a g reement ,

— ( a)
Th a t 23 o f h is fort s the l a nd s o f which yie l ded 4
'

la khs o f h u n a s a nnu a l revenu e s h o u l d be a nnexed

'

,
'

t o the empire a n d ( b)th a t l 2 o f h is fort s inc lu ding ,

Ra j g a rh with an a nn u a l revenu e o f 1 la kh o f h a m
, ,

s ho u l d be left t o Shiv a o n condition o f s ervice a n d

1

loy a l ty t o the imperi a l throne .

Shiv a n h o wever b e , d t o be excu s ed from ,

s Co u rt l ike o t er n o e s an d
'

Ra j a h s a nd prop
, t o s end h is s o n a s h is r e p r e ,

s e n t a t iv e with a contin g ent o f hors e (t o be

'

, ,

p a id by me a n s o f a j a g ir) fo r re g u l a r a ttend a nce a n d ,

s ervice u nder the Emperor o r the M u g h a l g overnor

o f t he D ecc a n Thi s w a s ex a ctly the f a vo u r s hown

.

t o the M a h a r a n a o f U da ip u r A s he ple a ded with .

] a i Sin g h By re a so n of my l a te u nwi s e a n d di s loy a l

,

a ct s,
1 h a ve n o t the f a ce t o w a it on the Emperor I .

s h a l l dep u te my s o n t o be H is M a j e s ty s s erv a nt a n d
' "
 1 40 [ H
’

SH I V AJ I . C . v .

ve a n d h e wi l l b e cre a ted a Comm a nder o f Five

l
s a ,

T ho u s a nd with a s u it a bl e j a g ir As fo r me
s inner exempt me from ho l din g any m a ns a b or
,

s ervin g in the M u g h a l a rmy Bu t whenever in yo u r .

w a r s in th e D e cc a n I a m g iven a ny mi l it a ry d u ty l
, ,

s h a ll prompt ly per form

"

it .

I n a ddition t o t he a bove te r ms Shi v a j l m a de

“

a nother a nd a condition a l en g a g ement with the

M u g ha ls : l f l a nd s yie ldin g 4 lakhs o f h im a ye a r
in the l ow la nd s o f K o nk a n a n d 5 la khs of h a m a ye a r
in the u p la nds ( Ba la g ha t Bij a p uri) a re gr a nted t o me ,

b y the Emperor a n d l a m a ss u red by a n imperi a l

fa r m a n th a t the po s s e ss ion o f the s e l a nd s wi ll b e
ed in me a ft e r the expect ed M u g h a l c o n
of Bi j a p u r then I a g ree t o p a y t o the
,

Em pe ror 40 la khs o f h u n in 1 3 ye a r ly in s t a lment s

"

He w as e xpected to wre s t the s e l a nd s from the

Bij a pu ri o fficers b y me a ns of h i s own troop s ( H A
.
. .

Ben MS 66 h— 6 7 a )
. . .

Here we de tect the s hrewdne s s o f ] a i Sing h s

'

throwin g a b one o f perpetu a l c ontention

Sh iv a j i a n d the S u lt a n o f Bij a p u r
,
A s he .

the Empe ror Thi s po l icy wi ll re s u lt in

"

a thre e fo l d ga in : firs t w e g e t 40 la khs o f h u n o r

,

2 kro r e s o f Ru pee s s e co n d ly Sh iv a j i wi ll b e a l ien a ted ,

from Bij a p u r ; t h ir dly t h e imperi a l a rmy wi ll b e

,

re li eve d from the a rdu o u s t ask o f c a mp a i g ni ng in

the s e t w o b roken a n d j u n g ly re g ion s a s Shiva wi ll
-
,

him s e l f u ndert a ke the t a s k o f exp e llin g the Bij a p u ri

g a rri s o n s from th e m l n retu rn fo r it Shiv a a ls o
.
,
 i l 4z S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . v .

.
other property fo u nd within were a tt a ched b y
an d
the G overnment M u g h a l o fficers were s ent with
.

Sh iv a j i s men t o t a ke ch a rg e o f fi ve other forts to be

'

s u rrendered by the M a r a th a s .

Some time b e fore thi s whi l e Shiva h a d been ,

.

s endin g Br a hm a n envoy s to ] a i Sin g h the l a tter with ,

h is u s u a l fore s i g ht h a d written t o the Emperor b e g

,g in g him t o s end t o him a g r a cio u s im peri a l fa r m a n

( letter)a ddre s s ed t o Shiv a Thi s w a s t o b e de l ivered

.
.

to Shiv a in the event o f h is m a kin g s u bmi ss ion .

B y a h a ppy coincidence the fa rm a n a n d a n ordin a ry

ro b e o f hono u r s ent b y the Emperor a rrived on the
By the Ra j a h s
'

d a y fo ll owin g Shiv a s s u rrender

'

a dvice he fo ll owed the Co u rt etiq u ette a dv a nced s ix ,

mi le s o n foot t o we l come t h e fa r m a n o n the w a y ,

a n d p u t o n the robe o f hono u r ( A N 904 ; b u t . . .

I do u bt it s a ccu r a cy here a s J a i Sin g h is s il ent a b o u t

,

t hi s epi s ode ) .

O n the l 4 t h Shiv a w a s pre s ented by J a i Sin g h

'

with a n e l eph a nt a n d two hors e s a n d s ent a w a y t o ,

.

Ra j g a rh with Kir a t Sin g h a fter p a yin g a ceremonio u s

,

v i s it t o D a u d Kh a n A s he be g g ed h a rd fo r the f u ll
.

-
s u it o f kh e la t ( robe o f hono u r) worn by J a i Sin g h ,

vt h e l a tter pre s ented it to him .

Re a chin g Ko n d a n a a t noon o f the l 4 th Sh iv a j i ,

de livered the fort to Kira t Sin g h a nd l eft fo r Ra j g a rh ,

where he a rrived o n the l 5 t h O n the 1 7 th he s ent .

a w a y Sh a m b h u j i from R a j g a rh in ch a rg e of U gr a se n ,
~

K a chhw a a n d they a rrived in ] a i Sin g h s c a mp o n the

'

1 8t h .
 . 1 66 5 ] FORT S G A IN ED BY M UG H AL S 1 43

The M a r a th a fort s rrendered to the Emperor su

b y the tre a ty o f Pu r a n d a r (A N 905 )were — in the . .

D e cca n : ( I )Ru dr a m a l a o r V a j r a g a rh (2)Pu r a n d a r , ,

( 3) Kond a ma ( 4) Ro h ir a ( 5 ) L oh g ar h ( 6) l s a g a rh
, , , ,

( 7) Ta nki (8) Tik o n a ; in K o nka n : (9) M a h u l i

, ,

( I 0) M u r a nj a n ( I I ) Kh ir du r g ( I 2) Bh a nd a r du rg
, , ,

( I 3) Tu ls i kh u l ( I 4) N a r d u rg ( I S) Kh a ig ar h o r
-
,
-
,

A nko l a ( I 6) M a rg g a rh o r Atr a
.
( I 7) Koh a i
-
, ,

'

( l 8) B a s a nt ( I 9) N a n g (20) K a rn a la (Z I ) Son g a rh
. , , ,

( 22)M a n g a rh (23)Kh a nd k a l a ne a r Ko nd a n a
,
- .

The s e te rm s were reported to the Emperor fo r

r a tific a tion to g ether with a l etter O f s u b m i ss ion a n d
,

pr a yer fo r p a rdon from Shiva (b u t re a l ly dr a fted by

J a i Sin g h s s ecret a ry U da ir a j )a n d a de s p a tch from ] ai
'

Sin g h recommendin g the a ccept a nce o f the term s

a n d the gr a ntin g O f a r o be Of hono u r t o Shiv a They .

re a ched A u ra n gz ib a t D e lhi on 23r d J u ne a n d he w a s

p l e a s ed t o a ccede to them a ll ( Pa ras ni s MS N O . . .

Th u s in l e ss th a n three month s from the d a te

,
‘T
\ -F

when he opened the c a m p a 1 gn J a l S i n g h ,

s u cceeded in b rin g in g Shiv a d o wn o n h is knee s

ha d m a d e thi s h a u g hty chief cede a l a r g e p a rt O f h is

”
dominion s a nd cons ent to s erve a s a dependent
v a s s a l o f the Emperor I t w as a s p l endid victory . .

Shiva loy a l ly c a rried o u t his promi s e s : in the w a r

with Bij a pu r he with h is contin g ent rendered dis tin
u i h e d s ervi ce u nder the M u g h a l b a nner a nd w a s
g s

.
mentioned in the de s p a tche s .
 1 44 SH l V AJ l .
[ CH .

§ I9 . Sh i va ] : a s s is t s th e M u g h a ls i n t h e
in va s i o n .
o f B ij a p u r
The w a r with Shiva h a vin g b een th u s h a ppi ly ”

ended a n d the term s o f the Tre a ty o f Pu r a n d a r

h a vin g be en fa ith fu lly c a rrie d o u t ] a i Sin gh n o w ,

b e g a n t o m a ke p rep a ra ti o n s fo inv a s ion 0 '

Bi ja p u r in order t o prevent hi
,

e a tin g it s b re a d in id l ene s s a fter i t s recent victori o u s

.
x
c a rnfp a ig n a g a ins t Sh iv a j i I n Septembe r he received
.

the Empe ro r s de s p a tch a cce ptin g a ll h is recomme nd

'

a t io n s a bo u t Shiv a to g ether with a g r a io u s fa rm a n

c
(s t a mped with the impre ss i o n of h is p a l m )a n d a ro b e
o f ho no u r for th e l a tter J a i Sin g h invited Shiva t o
.

c ome a n d receive the s e m a rk s o f imperi a l f a vo u r

with b efittin g s o l emnity Sh iv a j i then in A di l
.
,

Sh a hi Konk a n immedi a te ly o n he a rin g o f it tra v el l ed

, ,

q u ick ly a n d re a ched my c a mp on 27 t h Septem b er ,

I 66 S O n the 3ot h I s ent him with my s o n Kir a t

'

.
, ,

Sin gh a nd my P a ym a s t er J a ni Kh a n t o a dva nce a n d ,

"

we lc o m e the imperi a l l ette r o n the w a y .

A l ittl e m u m m cted on thi s occ a s ion

ry w a s a ,

to s at is fy the etiq u e tte o f the M ug h a l Co u rt : As

“
'

Sh vi a ha d w or n no we a po n o n h is pers on from the ‘ '

d ay w he n he h a d come like a pe nitent o ffender t o t

w a it o n the Ra j a h u p t o t hi s d a te ] a i Sin gh now g a ve ,

him a jewe ll e d s word a n d d a g g er an d pre ss ed him

t o p u t the m on (A N . The ceremony c o m
.

p l e t e d h is re s tora tion to t h e g ood g r a ce o f t h e .

Emperor .
J
1 46 S H l V AJ I .
[ CH . v .

Ph a lt a n the 8th Kh a w a n a bo u t a week la ter

, on
'

a n d M a n g a l b i r a h its e lf o n the I 8 t h For the s e s ervice s .

Sh iv a j i received a letter of pr a i s e a robe o f hono u r , ,

a n d a j ewe l l ed d a g g er from th e Emperor ( Pa ra s n i s .

M5 . NO .

The inv a ders m a rch e d on a n d then o n 24 t h , ,

ember the y c a me into to u ch with the en emy fo r

,

rs t time Next da y a M u g h a l det a chment u nder

.
,

D ilir Kh a n a n d Sh iv a j i m a rched I O mi l e s from their

c a mp a n d fo u g ht a Bij a p u ri a rmy o f I 2 000 u nder ,

the f a mo u s g ener a ls Sh a rz a Kh a n a n d Kh a w a s
Kh a n a n d their M a r a th a a u xi li a rie s u nder J a d u
Ra o [ G o p h r a r e 3
] o f K a li a n a n d V y a n k o j i the
The D e cc a nig em e d the
.
,
fi
i

h al£ brother o f Shiy a j i .

ch a rg e o f the c a v a liers o f D e lhi b u t h a ra s s ed ,

them by their co ss a ck t actics dividin g them

"

s e lve s into fo u r b odie s a n d fi g htin g l oo s ely with

the M u g h a l divi s ion s oppo s ite A fter a lon g conte s t . .

D ilir Kh a n s tire l e s s ener g y a n d co u r a g e b roke

’

the enemy force b y repe a ted ch a r g e s a n d they ,

retired in the a fternoon l e a vin g o n e g ener a l ( Y a q u t ,

the Ab yss ini a n)a n d I S c a pt a ins de a d on the fie l d a n d

m a ny fl a g s hors e s a n d we a pon s in the M u g h a l h a nds
,
.

Bu t a s s oon a s the vi ctors b e g a n their ret u rn m a rch

-

to c a mp the e lu,
s ive enem y re a ppe a red a n d g a l l ed
them s evere ly wi th rockets from the two win g s a n d
re a r The M ar a th a re a r g u a rd u nder Net a ji b ore th e
.
-

r
b u nt of the a tt a ck b u t s tood i t s g ro
,
u nd we ll W hen .

the D e c c a n is hemmed Net a ro u nd a n d pre s s ed him

h a rd he c a ll ed for rein forcements from Kir a t Sin g h
,
1 666 ]
2 l N V AS I O N OF B UAP UR . 147

an F a th J a n g Kh an a n d with their a id rep u l s ed the

d ,

e nemy J a d a v Ra o of K a li a n received a m u
.

s hot o f which he died in five o r s ix d a y s

, .

a n d h is b rother V y a n k o j i fo u g ht o n oppo s ite s ide s !

A fter a two d a ys h a lt J a i Sin g h re s u m e d h is

'

m a rch o n the 27 t h Th e next d a y a fter re a ching t h e . ,

c a mpin g g ro u nd in the evenin g he det a ched a force

-
,
‘

t o a tt a ck a n d expel t h e B ij a p u ri a rmy from th e nei g h

b o u r ho o d The fi g ht s oon bec a me g enera l a n d J a i

.
,

Sin g h him s elf h a d t o ch a r g e the enemy s l a rg e s t “

divi s ion Sh iv a j i a nd Ku m a r Kir a t Sin g h s e a ted on

.
,

the s a me eleph a nt led h is V a n a n d d a s hed into the ,

D e c c a n i r a nk s A fter a h a rd fi g ht the enemy

. were ,

p u t t o fli g ht l e a vin g more th a n a h u ndred de a d a n d

m a ny more wo u nded .

O n 29t h D ecember 1 665 ] a i Sin g h a rrived a t , ,

M a k hn a p u r *
ten mi l e s north o f Bij a pu r fort Here
, .

h is a dv a nce w a s s topped a n d a fter w a itin g fo r a ,

week he w a s forced t o be gi n his retre at o n 5 t h

, ,

J a nu a ry I 666 a s he fo u nd his fo n dly hoped f

, ,
-

c h a nce o f t a kin g Bij a p u r by a co u

p d e m a in g o ng
-i
,

He w a s n o t prep a red fo r a re g u l ar s i eg e be c a u s e in , ,

h is e a g e rne s s t o g r a s p the g o l den opportu nity of

"

a tt a ckin g Bl j a p u r while u ndefended a n d torn by

dome s tic fa ction s he h a d n o t bro u g ht a ny b ig ,

a rti ll ery a nd s ie g e —m a teri a ls with him s e lf O n the .

In th e P e rs i a n M5 . th e na m e m ay be re a d e i th e r as

M a kha n a h or as N a g t ha n a . Th e la t t e r is a vi ll a g e 8 m ile s
n . n . e . o f Bi j a p u r .
1 48 S H I VAJ I .
[ CH . v .

other h a nd A dil Sh a h h a d p u t t h e fort o f Bi j a p u r

,

in a s tron g po stu re of d e fence its w a lls h a d b een

r ep a ired l a rg e q u a ntiti e s o f p row s i o ns a nd m a teri al
,

l a id in it s re g u l a r g arrison a u g ment e d b y
,

Ka m a t a k inf a ntry a n d the co u ntry ro u nd fo r a ra d i u s

,
“
.

o f s even m il e s l a id w as te dra i ned of it s w a ter s u pp ly

,
-
,

a n d den u ded o f i t s tree s At the s a me time he h a d .

s ent a picked force u nder Sh a rz a Kh an a n d Sidd i

M as a u d t o inv a de th e M u g h a l do m i nion s a n d m a k e
"

a d iv e rs m n l n ] a i Sin g h s re a r
’ '

O n 2 7 t h J a nu a ry , the retre atin g Mu g h a l a rm y

re a che d a p l a ce I 6 mil es from P arend a a n d th ere ,

h a l ted fo r 24 d a ys Here we s h a ll l e av e it a s the

.
,

hi stori an o f Sh iv a j i is n o t concerned with it s opera

tions a ny f u rther .

20 . Shi va j i fa i ls at P a nh a la , 1 6 66 .

O n rec eivin g the u nex p ected check bef o re

B ua p u r ] a i Sin gh l ooked rou nd to cre a te a divers ion
, , .

As he write s in a d e s p a t ch t o the Co u rt At my
"
' '

req u e s t t he Empero r h a d [ o n 25 th De c ] s en t a ro b e .

o f hono u r a n d a j e w e l fe d d a gg er fo r Shiv a w ho w a s ,
'

re a dy to c o oper a te a t th e s ieg e o f Bij a p u r b u t

- I ,

did n o t d e em it e xpedient Sh iv a s a id t o me ,— l f
'

y o u de t a ch m e I c a n g o a nd c a p t u re for the Empero r

‘

P a nh a l a , o f which I know a ll the exit s a n d entr a nce s ,

whi l e the g a rri s on a r e o ff their g u a rd I sh a ll r a i s e .

s o m u ch di s t u rb a nce in th a t di st rict th a t t h e enemy

wi ll be com pe ll ed t o divert a l a rg e force from their

.

a rmy to oppo s e me A s h i s word s b ore promi s e o f

9

.
16 0 S HI V AJ I .
[ H
C . v .

an d de l ivered a n as s a u l t o n it three hou rs before

s u nri se Bu t the g a rris on were on the al ert a nd
.

o ffered a s t u b bo rn defence A tho u s a nd o f Shiva s

'

foll owers fell down killed a nd wou nded When th e

, .
,

ri s in g s u n lit u p the s cene Shiv a a t la s t reco g ni s ed ,

th a t it w a s m a dness to con tinu e the s tru g g le a n d ,

dre w ba ck su l len ly t o his own fort o f Khe l n a

[ Vish a l g a rh ] a bo u t 25 mil e s we s tw a rd s Bu t h is .

troops continu ed t o r a v a g e t h a t q u a rter a n d s u cceed e d

in dra win g a n d det a inin g there a force o f
Bua p u r is u nder Siddi M a s a u d a n d Ra n d a u l a Kh a n .

(H . A . 8 4 6—8 5 a .
) '

The new s o f Shiv a j i s fa ilu r e a t P a nh a la re a ched

'

] a i Sin g h o n 20t h J a nu a ry Th e evi l w a s a gg ra v a ted

.

by the de s ertion o f Net a ji T a kin g o ffence with .

v a fo r s ome re a s on or oth er —prob a b ly bec a u s e ,

d e emed h is v a lu a bl e s erv ice s a n d g a l la nt fe a t s o f

r
a m s in a deq u a te l y rew a rded — Net a a ccepted the ,

Bij a p u ri b a it of 4 la khs of h u n a n d de s ertin g to A di l ,

Sh a h ra ided the Mu g h a l territo ry with g re a t vi g o u r

,

a n d e ffect ] a i Sin g h cou ld n o t a fford t o lo s e s u ch

.

a m a n ; a n d s o he l u r e d Net a ji b a ck ( 20t h M a rch)

with m a ny per s u a si ve l etters a n d the g ra nting o f a ll
h is hi g h dem a nd s viz the m an s a b o f a Comm a nde r
,
.
,
'

o f Five Tho u s a nd in the M u g h a l peer a ge a j a g ir in ,

the s ett l ed a n d lu cr a tive o ld territory o f the empir e

( a s di s tinct from th e ill co nq u ered u ns ettl ed ever
-
, ,

r a v a g ed recent a nnex a tion s in the D ecc a n) a n d ,

Rs . in ca s h (H A I 93 ) . . . .

Net a ji s d efection a t the end o f J a nu a ry I 666

'

, ,
1 666 ] J AI S I N GH D I STRU S T S M ARATH AS . 15 1

comin g s o s oon a fter the recent revers e s g re a t ly ,

a l a rmed J a i Sin g h . I f Shiva were t o do the s a me ,

the entire M ar a th a a rmy wo u l d s we ll the enemy s

’

r a nks a n d the M u g h a l inva ders wo u ld be cru shed

b etween th e two . As he wrote to the Empero r ,

N o w th a t A di l Sh a h a n d Q u tb Sh a h h a ve u nited
in mi s chief it is nece ss a ry t o win Shiv a s he a rt by
'

, “ u m
'

a l l me a n s a n d t o s e nd h im t o Northern I ndi a to h a ve

( 94a ) The Emperor

"

a u dience of Yo u r M a je s ty . .

h a vin g con s ented t o thi s propo s a l J a i Sing h se t him

,

s elf to ind u ce Shiv a to vi s it the imperi a l Co u rt .

 CH A PTE R V I .

V I S IT TO . AURAN GZ I B , 1666 .

I . Sh i vaj i s f e a rs an d h o p e s fro m a j o u rn e y
to t h e M ug h a l C o u r t .

] a i Sin g h h a d u nderta k en t o s end Shiv a n to the

imperi a l Co u rt Bu t it w a s no e as y t a s k
. I n the .

T r e a ty of Pu r a nd a r Sh iv aj i had <3n, s tipu l a ted

th a t he w a s n o t to be c a ll ed u pon to enter the

M u g h a l mi lit a ry s ervice ( m a ns a b ) nor to a ttend ,

the imperi a l Co u rt There were s t ron g re a s on s

.

fo r it. Fo r one thin g he a n d h is co u ntrymen ha d

,

fa ith in Au r a n g z ib s w o rd a n d b e lieved the

'

no

Emperor t o be c a p a bl e o f a ny a c t o f tre a chery a n d

'

c ru e l ty . Then a g a in the M a ra th a chie f h a d a n in

, ,

b orn rep u g n a nce t o bendin g hi s he a d before a

M u s lim he h a d been brou ght u p in the freedom a n d
s o l itu de o f hi l l a n d wood l a nd a w a y from citie s a nd ,

C ou rt s ; he h a d imbibed the orthodox Hindu s p 1 r1 t

from h is mother a n d hi s tu tor from the comra de s o f ,

h is bo yhoo d a n d the s a ints whom he a dored ; a n d

h e h a d ri s en t o independent so verei g nty withou t ever
fi l l in g a ny s u b ord in a te po s t a s the se rv a nt o f a hi g her
a u thority H e w a s therefore a t firs t a vers e t o vi s it
.

t h e imperi a l Co u rt .

Bu t ] a i Sin g h p l ied him with hope s o f hi g h

( a s he
"

r ew a rd a nd u s ed a tho u s a nd device s
repe a ted ly wrote in h is l etters ) to ind u ce him to g o ,
 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . vi .

Be s ide s the problem a tic a l viceroy a lt y o f t h e

D ecc a n Shiv a h a d s ome h u mbler b u t more nece ss a ry
,

o b ject s which co u ld be g a ined on ly by a pers on al .

interview with the Emperor He h a d req u e s ted th a t . ,

the Emperor s ho u l d order the Siddi n o w a n imperi a l ,

s erv a nt to cede ] a njir a i s la nd t o him Accordin g t o

, .

a modern a n d u nre l i a b le chronicl e ( Chit he ,

.

h a d a ls o hope s o f g a inin g the imperi a l s a nction t o

h is p l a n o f ex a ctin g c h a u t h from Bij a p u r territory .

O n the s e points the rep lie s from D elhi h a d been

'

ev a s ive b u t m u ch better re s u lt co u l d be expected

from a n int e rview a n d pers on a l repre s ent a tion .

l n s pite o f the s e tempt a tion s Shiv a he s it a t e d ,

lon g . Both he a nd h is friend s were a s mu ch a l a rmed

a t the ide a o f h is g oin g t o the M u g h a l Co u rt a s a t

the pro s pe ct of hi s interview with A fz a l Kh a n They '

fe a red th a t a vi s it t o Au r a n g z ib wo u l d be only ru s h
i ng into the j a w s o f a n o g re ( Ra v a n ) Bu t the s ooth .

s a yers whom he con s u lted a s s u red him o f a s a fe r e

t u rn home (S a b b 4 7 ; Chit 1 09; D ig 242 ; T S

. . . . . .

] a i Sin g h took the mo s t s o l emn o a th s po s s ibl e

fo r a Hind u th a t Sh 1 v a wo u l d n o t be b a n ned d u rin g
h is vi s it whi l e the Ra jp u t Ra j a h s s o n a n d a g ent a t
'

Co u rt K u m a r Ra m Sin g h s imi l a rly p l ed g ed h is word

, ,

fo r the s a fety o f Shiv a d u rin g his s t a y a t the c a pit a l .

I n th e M a r a th a co u nci l o f mini s ters the m a jority

fa vou red the jo u rney .

2 . H is a r r a ng e m e nts f
or h is a b s e nc e .

Shiv a j i rr a n g ement s fo r the drriini s t r a t io n f

'

s a a o
1 666 1 HOME D EFEN CE I N S Hi V A S ABSEN CE 155
’

h is kin g dom du rin g h is expected a b s ence in Northern

i ndi a were a m a s terpiece o f foretho u ght a n d
,

org a ni s a tion H is p la n w a s t o m a ke h is loc a l

.

repre s ent a tives a b s ol u tely independent of a ny need

fo r his order s o r g u id a nce d u rin g his a bs ence The .

a dmini s tr a ti on of h is territorie s a n d fort s wo u l d

go o n
a s e ffic i e n t ly a s before even if he were impri s oned
'

o r kil l ed a t A g r a H is mother ] ij a B a i w a s l e ft a s
.

Re g ent with direct control over th e D e s h co u ntry

, ,

whi l e Moro P a nt the P e s h w a Ni lou So nd e v the '

M aj m u a da r a n d Ann a j i D a tto t h e Keeper o f t h e

,

Se a l were p l a ced in independent ch a rg e of the

,

Konk a n province (Sa b h 4 7 Chit The c o m

. . , .

m a nd a nt s of h is fort s were s trictly ordered to b e

w a tchfu l d a y a n d ni g ht a n d t o fo llow h is ru le s :

imp licitly s o a s to g u a rd a g a ins t s u rpri s e o r fr a u d

, .

The civil o fficers were to follow h is former re gu l a tion s

a n d pr a ctice in a l l m a tter s .

After m a kin g a to u r o f in s pection thro u g hou t h is

s m a l l kin g dom a n d even p a yin g s u rpri s e vi s it s to
,

s ome of h is fort s a nd repe a tin g a s h is fin a l , ,

Ac t as I h a d previo u s ly
"

in s tru ction s to h is o fficer s ,

l a id down Sh iv a j i took l e a ve o f h is f a mily a t

,

Ra j g a rh a n d be g a n h is jou rney t o Northern lndi a

, ,

a bo u t the third week o f M a rch 1 666 with h is e lde s t , ,

s o n Sh am b hu j i s even tru s ty chief o fficers ,

a nd ,

troo p s *
A la kh of Ru pee s from the D ecc a n tre a s u ry
.

*
Sa b h . 47 ; C h it . 1 08 . D il . 57 sa ys so l die rs , w h i ch

1 c o ns i de r as m o re p ro ba b l e .
 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH V I. .

w as dv a nce d t o him by or d er o f the Emperor fo r

a

his expen s e s a n d Gh a zi Be g a n o fficer of ] a i Sin g h s

'

, ,

a rm y w a s depu ted to a c t a s h is g u ide

, .

3 . Sh ivaj i j o u rn eys to Ag ra .

O the w a y he received a n imperi a l letter d a ted

n , ,

A g r a 5 th A pri l s a ying Received yo u r letter s t a tin g

, ,

th a t yo u h a ve s t a rted fo r my Co u rt Come q u ick ly .

with compo su re o f mind a n d a fter receivin g my ,

fa vo u r s y o u will be permitted to retu rn home I .

s end y o u a ro b e o f hono u r [ with thi s ] ( Pa ra s n is .

M S L etter N o
'

When he re a ched Au ra n g a b a d h is fa me a n d ,

s p l endid ly dre s s e d e s cort drew a ll the people o u t o f

t he city to g a z e o n him Bu t Sa f Shik a n Kh a n the .

,

g overnor of the p l a ce de s pi s in g Shiv a a s a mere,

z a min d a r a n d a M a ra th a rem a ine d wi th h is o fficers ,

in the a u dience h a ll a n d mere ly s ent h is nephew t o

-
,

receive Shiva o n the w a y a nd a sk him t o come a n d

se e him there Sh iv a j 1 w a s hi g h ly o ffended a t thi s
.

intended s li g ht o f the g overn or a n d a s s ert ed h is

di g nity by ridin g s tr a i g ht t o hi s a ppointed q u a rters
'

in the city entire ly i g norin g the g overnor s exi s t

,

ence Sa f Shik a n Kh a n th e n c limbed down a nd

. .

vi s ited Shiv a a t h is re s idence with a l l the M u g h a l

“

o fficers ! Next da y Shiv a re t u rned the vi s it s howin g

, ,

g r e a t po l itene s s a n d co rdi a lity to a l l Af ter a h a lt .

of s ome d a ys he re s u med h is m a rch receivin g

, ,

r a tion s an d pre sent s from the l o c a l o fficers a l on g h is

ro u te a s ordered b y the Emperor (D il 5 7
,
O n . .
 S Hl V AJ I [ CH . vi .

T hen , i g n a l from the Emp eror he w a s c o n

at a s ,

d u cted b a ck to th e p l a ce re s erved fo r him a mon g

the third g r a de nob le s the work o f the da r b a r
-

proceeded a nd Shiva ,ed t o h a ve b een

f org otten
m
.

w a s n o t the kind o f reception he h a d so

" "

l on g been pictu rin g t o him s e lf a n d expectin g *

as

a l mo s t a cert a inty from h is m a ny conver s a tion s with

J a i Sin g h Ever s ince comin g t o A g r a h is mind h a d

.
-

b e e n i ll a t e a s e
. Fir s t he h a d b een we l comed o n .
,

be h a lf o f the Emperor in the environ s o f the city b y

Ra m Sin g h a n d M u kh li s Kh a n tw o petty o fficers
-
,

ho l din g t h e nom in a l ra nk s o f a nd

re s pective l y N o co s tly pre s ent n o hi g h tit l e n o

. , ,

kind word even h a d fo llowed h is bo w t o the throne ,

.

He fo u nd him s e lf s t a ndin g behind s ever a l rows o f

'

nob l es who a lmo st sh u t him fro m the Emperor s

V iew .He l e a rnt from Ra m Sin g h th a t he w a s a mon g
the comm a nders o f W h a t ! he excl a imed ,

my l itt l e s o n o f s even ye a rs w a s cre a ted a 5 h a z a ri

"
-

'
~

witho u t h a vin g h a d t o come to the Emperor s pre

s ence My s erv a nt Net a ji is a 5 h a z a ri An d a m 1
.
-
. .
,

Th i s v ie w is s u p p o r te d by th e P e r s ia n an d E n g l is h
"
a c co u n ts . Sh iv a c h e r is h e d so m e a b s u r d fa n c i e s an d ho pe s .

s ta n di n g fo r a w h il e , he cre a t e d a s ce n e , re t i re d to

a c o r ne r an d t o ld . K u m a r R a m Si n g h th a t he w as d is a p p o i n t e d ,

m ak i n g b le fo o l is h (A N
"
u n re as o n a an d co m p l a i n ts . . .

H is
"

s p iri t co u ld no t be a r su c h h u m ilia ti o n as th e o th e r

U m ra h s to w a it at a di s ta nce w i th th e i r h a nds b e fo r e the m ,

l ik e m u te s .
( Su r a t to K a rw a r .
) A lso K K
. .
1 666 ] SH I VA FEE L S I N S UL TED . 1 59

aft e r renderin g a ll the s e s ervice s a n d comin g a ll the

w a y to the Co u rt to g e t the s a me low r a nk ? Then ,

he a s ked w h o the noble s t andin g in front o f h im

,

w as Ra m Sin g h rep lied th a t it w a s Ra j a h Ra i

.

Sin g h Sis o dia At thi s Shiv aj 1 cried o u t

*
. Ra i ,

Sin g h 1 a mere s u bordin a te o f Ra j a h ]a i Sin g h

. H a ve
1 b een cons idered on ly eq u a l t o him ?
"

h u mi li a tion Shiv a j l expo s tu l a ted with Ra m Sin g h in

,

a hi g h tone a n d even w a nted to commit s u icide ]

,
'

H e re 1 fo ll o w D il ka s ha , 58 . Th e M a ra t h a w r i te rs

( Sa b h a s a d 4 9 an d C h i t nis say tha t i t w as J as w a n t Si n g h ,

on h e a ri n g w h o se na m e Sh i v a e xcl a im e d , w h o se

ba c k m y so l d i e rs h a v e se e n ! He to s ta n d b e fo re m e ! Bu t
J a s w an t w as a 7 h az a r i
-
, an d as suc h he w o u l d hav e s t oo d two

ro w s i n fr o n t o f Sh i v a . Ra i S i n g h S i s o d i a ( th e so n o f M ah a
ra na B h i m S i n g h) w as c r e a te d a 5 h a z a ri fo r h is
-
s e rv i ce s at
i

P u ra n da r (M . U . ii . 300; A . N . 86 8 , By a m is ta k e h e i s
ca ll e d Ra tho r i n A N . . 891 an d o nc e in H . A . P a ri s MS . 1 25 0 .

.
f H e re fo l l o w K K . . ii . .1 90 an d Sto ria , 11 . 1 38 . Bu t
h e b e g g e d fo r Ra m Si n g h da g g e r i n
'

S a b h as a d , 49 , sa ys tha t s

or de r to k ill J as w a n t ! T he p ro l i fic i m a g i n a t io n o f th e H in d i
p oe t B h u sh a n has d is t o rt e d th e i n ci de nt i nt o th e fo l l o w in g
th e f the Co u r t fe s t iv i ty [ b i r th da y ]
"

s hap e : O n da y o ,

A u ra n g z ib sa t on th e th r o ne l ik e I n dra , w i th h is su b j e c ts
a ro u n d him . Bu t th e sig ht o f a ]! th is sp e n l do u r co u ld no t

m ak d Sh i va t re m b le . He m a de no l
sa a m , he d e s p is e d th e

p om p an d fo rc e o f th e P a d is h a h T h e y m a de h i m s ta n d in
th e r a nk s o f th e 5 h az a ri m a n s a bda rs
-
, as i f h e w e re no t d is ti n c t
'

fr o m t he m . Bh u s h a n s a ys th a t A u ra n g z i b s m i n i s te rs had no

s e ns e o f p ro p r ie H e (Sh iv a j i) co u l d no t ge t th e s w o r d fro m
ty .

th e be lt [ o f Ra m S i n g h ] a n d th e
'
M u s l im ( A u r a n gz i b ) s a v e d
1 60 SH I V AJ l .
[ CH . vi

ra ther tha n o u t live s u ch a s h a me Ra m Sin g h . ,

a l a rmed at thi s u nexp ected deve l opment a n d th e

b re a ch of Co u rt etiq u ette c a u s ed b y Sh iv a s l o u d voice
’
'

a n d vio l ent g e s t u re s tried h is be s t to p a cify him b ut

, ,

s u ppre s s ed a n g er a n d fret tin g

m e ss o f m o r t i fic a t io n Sh iv a j i ,

fe l l downin (D il 59 K K ii 1 90 S u ra t . . . .

t o K a rw a r ) . w a s a s tir a mon g the co u rtiers .

The Emperor a s ked wh a t the m a tter w a s Ra m Sin g h .

diplom a tic a lly rep lied The ti g er is a wi l d b e a s t o f

,

t h e fore s t He fee ls oppre s s ed by he a t m a p l a c e

‘

l ike thi s a n d h a s b een t a ken i ll He a l s o a pol o g i s ed .

fo r the Ra j a h s r u de condu ct by s a yin g th a t he w a s

’

a D e c c a n i u n fa mi li a r with Co u rt s a n d po l i s h e d
m a nners Au r a n g z ib g r a cio u s ly ordered the s ick
.

Ra j ah t o be removed t o a n a nte room a n d s prinkled -

with ro s e w a ter a n d o n h is re s tora tion t o his s ens e s

-
, , ,

g a ve him le a ve to g o to h is q u a rter s witho u t w a itin g

for the cl o s e o f th e da r b a r .

§5 . Sh ivagz p la ced u n d e r g u a rd b y orde r o f

Au ra ng z i b .

O fro mth e Co u rt Shiv a j i openly t a xe d

n r e t u rm n g ,

the Em p eror with bre a ch o f f a ith tow a rd s him a n d ,

a s ked t o b e p u t t o de a th a s a le s s er evi l Ther e .

were m e n a b o u t him who reported his a n g ry word s

a nd comp l a int s he re a nd in the d a rb a r h a ll t o

h i m s e lf [ by ru nni n g ] int o th e g h us al kh an a .
( Bh u sh a n ..

G ra n t ha va l i , pp . 66 , 70 , a sol
 1 62 Sl-II V AJ I .
[ CH . vi .

Sh a is t a Kh a n in the very b o s om of h is h a rem a mids t

a rin g o f M u g h a l troops a nd e s c a ped u n ,

s c a t hed . Pop u la r repo rt cre dited Shiv a with bein g

le t o j u mp a cro ss
the pers on

Shiv a j i next tried t o win over the prime mini s ter -

,

a n d p aid hi m a vi s it be g g in g him to u se his infl u ence

,

o ver the Emperor to s end him b a ck t o the D ecc a n

w ith a deq u a te re so u rce s fo r extendin g t h e M u g h a l

“

empire there J a f a r Kh a n w a rned by h is wife ( a

.
,

s i s ter of Sh a i s t a Kh a n )n o t to tru s t hi m s elf t o o l on g

,

i n the comp a ny o f Shiv a h u rriedly ended the inter

,

Al l ri g ht 1 s h a l l do s o
“

v iew s a yin g Shiv a knew

"

, .

th a t he me a nt to do no t hin g (Sa bh 5 05 1 A N . .
- . .

97 0 Chit .

He w a s now thrown entire ly u pon his o w n

re s o u rce s A t the s a me t ime h is po s ition beca me
.

wors e th a n b efore F u l a d Kh a n the police chief

. ,

o f Ag r a by imperi al order p la ced a l a rg e g u a rd with

,

'

a rti l lery ro u nd Shiv a s m a n s ion a n d he n o w bec a me

,

"

a pri s oner in a ppe a r a nce a s well a s re a li t y Thi s .

m a de the Ra j a h lo s e he a rt ; he felt s a d a n d
l a mented l on g c l a s pin g Sh a m b h u ji to h is bre a s t
, .

I n thi s s t a te he p a ss ed three months .

M u g ha l p o licy du r ing Sh ivaj i s co nfine m e nt

a t A g ra .

We no w tu rn to the policy o f the imperi a l

Co v e m m e n t a n d the a ction o f ] a i Si ng h du rin g thi s
”
1 666 ] M UG H AL PO L I CY TO W ARD S SH N A . 16 3

i nterv a l . Au r a ng z i b h a d inten ded to pre s ent Shiva

with a n el eph a nt a robe of hono u r a n d s ome jewels
, ,

'

a t the end o f h i s fir s t a u dience Bu t Shiv a s viol a tion

.

o f Co u rt etiq u ette m a de him ch a n g e h is mind a nd ,

as a m a rk of di s p l e a s u re he w i thheld the s e g i fts ,

a t l e a s t fo r the time (H A . .The M a ra th a

.

chief on h is p a rt compl a ined th a t the promi s es

, ,

ma de to him o n beh a lf o f the M ug h a l Government

h a d not been kept Au r a ng z ib therefore wrote t o
.
, ,

J a i Sin g h a s kin g him t o report fu lly a n d ex a ctly wh a t

promi s e s he h a d m a de The Ra j a h replied by .

r epe a tin g a n d expl a inin g the c l a u s e s of the Tre a ty

of Pu ra n d a r a n d s o lemnly a ss ertin g th a t nothin g

,

beyond them h a d been promi s ed : ( A N 97 0.H A . . . .

doe s not cont a in ] a i Sin g h s reply )

'

] a i Sin g h w a s p l a ced in a dilemm a b y thi s n u

'

expected re s u l t O f Shiv a s vi s it t o the Co u rt Tru e . ,

h e h a d s ent Shiv a a w a y to Nort h e rn l n di a by a

" °

tho u s a nd devi ce s in order t o g e t him o u t o f the

"

D ecc a n when the milit a ry s itu a tion there t u rne d

a g a in s t the M u g h a l s b u t he h a d a l s o p l ed g ed his
hono u r fo r the s a fe ret u rn of h is a lly He therefore . , ,

tried t o pers u a de the Emperor th a t he wo u l d g a in

nothin g by impri s onin g o r killin g Shiv a a s the ,

M a ra th a chie f s wi s e a rra n g ements h a d m a de h is

'

G overnment independent o f h is pers on a li t y on the

m
‘

contra ry t h e im p a rt e r wo u ld

b e bes t promoted b y tu rnin g Shiv a into a friend a t ,

t h e s a me tu ne th a t s u ch a co u rs e wo u ld convince
"
t h e p u blic o f the s a credne s s o f the imperi a l o fi c e rs
‘
 S Hl V AJ I .
[ CH . vi

word s the whi l e ] a i Sin g h continu ed t o write

. Al l
t o h is Co u rt a g ent Ra m Sin g h t o s e e to it th a t
, ,

Shiv a s life w a s s a fe a n d the s o l emn a s s u r a nce s o f

’

] a i Sin g h a n d his s o n rem a ined inviol a te (H A . .

234 a )
Thi s however w a s no e a s y m a tter I t w a s i m
, , .

po s s i bl e fo r J a i Sin g h t o ch a n g e Au ra ng z ib s crooked
' '

po licy o r a t time s even t o divine it The Emperor

, , , .

s eemed a t firs t to h a ve p l a yed a wa itin g g a me—t o

keep Shiv a u nder s u rvei l la nce in order t o prevent h is .

e s ca pe a n d to decide a fter th e conclu s ion o f the

,

D ecc a n c a mp a i g n if a n d when he wo u l d be re l e a s ed .

A t fir s t Ra m Sin g h w a s ordered to s t a nd b a il a n d
s ec u rity fo r the g ood cond u ct a n d pre s ence o f Shiv a

a t Agr a ] a i Sin g h prote s ted a g a in s t thi s r e s p o n s ib i

.

l ity b ein g thrown on h is so n a n d u r g ed the l a tte r

'

t o try h is b e s t to b e re l ieved o f it After a s hort .

time Au r a n g z i b ch a n g ed h is mind evidently bec a u s e

, ,

he di s tru s ted a Hindu prince a s the keeper o f a nother

Hind u prince a n d for a few d a y s t a l ked o f t a kin g
,

Shiv a o u t O f his b a i l a n d s endin g to him t o Afg h a ni s

t an , where he wo u l d be beyond the po ss ibi lity O f
e s c a pe a s w a s a ctu a l ly done in the c a s e of Net a ji
,
.
'

P a lk a r a fterw a rd s Bu t the ide a w a s s oon dropped

. .

1 96 6 D il 69 S u ra t . Then the
Emperor propo s ed to s e t o u t for the D ecc a n to c o n .

d u ct the w a r in pers on whi l e Shiv a wo u l d be left a

'

St a te pri s oner a t A g ra in ch a rg e of Ra m Sin g h who

-
,

w o u l d b e a ppointed q i la da r fo r the p u rpo s e ] a i Sin g h .

v ehement ly u r g ed h i s s o n to a voi d thi s di s a g ree a bl e

 1 66 S HI V AJ I .

A
( kh b a r a t 9 ,
He however s u cceed ed in g ettin g
, ,

p ermi s s ion for h is M a ra th a e s cort t o retu rn t o the

D ec ca n The E mperor fe lt th a t he wo u l d then h a ve
.

few e r enemi es to w a tch a n d Shi v a wou ld be u tte rly

friendl es s a t A g r a .

The M a ra th a civi l o fficers t oo a t a hint from , ,

.

th eir chi ef retu rne d home in s m a ll p a rtie s Bein g

, .

th u s freed from a nxiety a bo u t his fo ll owers Sh iv a j i ,

se t a bo u t devi s ing pl a ns for h is own e s c a pe He .

fei g n ed ill ne s s a n d be g a n to s end o u t of hi s ho u s e

every evenin g sw eetme a ts for Br a hm a n s rel i gi o u s ,

men dic a nts a n d co u rtiers The s e were c a rried in .

h u g e b a s kets s lu n g from a po le which w a s bo rne b y

two m en O n their s ho u lders The g u a rd s s e a rched .

th e b as ket s for s ome d a ys a n d then a llowed them t o

p a ss O u t u nch a lle n g ed Thi s W a s the opportu nit y fo r
.

whic h Shiv aj i h a d been Wa itin g I n the a fternoon .

O f 1 9t h Au g u s t he s ent word to h is g u a rds th a t he

,

w as very i l l a n d h a d ta ken t o h is bed a n d th a t they

"

s ho u ld n o t di st u r b him His h a lf bro th e r H ir a j i

.
-

z a nd who l ooked s omewh a t like him l a y down o n

, ,

h is c at with a qu i l t co v erin g a ll h is body except the

,

O u ts tretched ri g ht a r m a dorned with Shiv a s g o l d

wris tle t whi l e Shiv a a nd h is s o n crouched down in
'
'

-
,

t w o b a s ket s w hich w e r e sa f e ly s ent o ut thro u gh the

'

l ine o f u ns u s pectin g g u a rd s bei n g preceded a n d ,

fo ll owed by b a s ket s o f re a l s w e et s s hortly a fter ,

s u n s et .

The b a s kets were depo s it ed a t a l onely s pot .

”

o u ts ide the city ; th e porters w e re di s mis s ed ; a n d

'
1 666 ] SH W A S ES CA PE F R O M AGRA 1 67
’

then Shiva a n d his s o n i s s u e d forth a nd m a de thei r

w a y to a vi ll a g e s ix mi l e s from A g r a where th e ,

tru s ty N ir a j i Ra vji (his Chief J u s tice)w a s w a itin g fo r

them with hors e s A fter a h u rried con su lt a tion in
.

a j u n g l e the p a rty di vi ded Shiv a with h is s o n a n d

three o fficers N iraj i Ra vji D a tt a Trimb a k a n d Ra g h u
, ,
»

mitra a l o w c a s te M a r a th a s me a red them s elve s with

-
,

a s he s like Hind u a s cetic s a n d h a s tened tow a rds ,

M a th u ra w hile the others took their O w n w a y home

,

w a rds .

§8 . H is es ca p e d is co vere d by t h e p o lice .

Me a nwhile a t Ag r a H ira ji l a y in b e d a ll th a t
, ,

ni g ht a n d wel l into the a fternoon of the next da y .

The g u a rds w h o peeped in in the mornin g were

s a ti s fied when they s a w Shiv a s g o l d b r a c el et o n th e
'

s l eeper s wri s t a n d a s erv a nt s ittin g o n th e floor

'

m a s s a g in g the p a tient s feet Abo u t 3 P M H ira j i

’

. .

q u ietly w a lked o u t of the ho u s e with the s erva nt ,

w a rnin g the s entri e s a t the g a te M a ke l e s s noi s e ,

" .

Shiv a j i is ill a n d u nder tre a tment Gra d u a lly th e

g u a rd s s u s picion w a s a ro u s ed the ho u s e s eemed
'

s tr a n g e ly de s erted n o crowd of vi s itors c a me to s e e

Shiv a a s u s u a l a n d there w a s no s o u nd n o s tir in ,

the ho u s e They entered h is room a n d fo u nd th a t

.

the b ird h a d flown ! They a t once r a n with t h e

a s to u ndin g news to their chief F u l a d Kh a n who ,

reported it to the Emperor a s cribin g Shiv a s fi g ht to

'

witchcr a ft a nd s a vin g him s elf from a ll bl a me Th e .

Ra j a h We
" “

, s o he s a id w a s in h is o w n room
, .
 1 68 S H lV AJ I .
[ CH VI . .

vi s ited it re g u l a r ly Bu t he va ni s hed al l of a s u dden

.

from o u r s i g ht Whether he flew into the s ky or

”

di s a ppe a red into the e a rth is not known n o r wh a t ,

ra n Z i b w a s no
u m a n to be t a ken m b y
s u ch a t a l e A h u e a nd cry w a s immedi a te ly r a i s ed
. ,

a n d fa s t co u riers a n d s er g e a nts a t a rm s were s ent o ff - -

t o w a tch the ro a d to the D ecc a n thro u g h Ber a r a n d

‘

Kh a nde s h a n d t o w a rn the loc a l O ffi cers t o look o u t

,

fo r the f u g i t ive s The M a ra th a Br a hm a ns a n d other

.

fol lowers of Sh iv a j i were a rre s ted wherever fo u nd ,

a t Ag r a o r ne a r it Bu t by this ti m . e Sh iva h a d h a d
'

twenty fo u r ho u rs c l e a r s t a rt over h is p u rs u ers

- .

The v i g oro u s inq u iry m a de a t the c a pit a l

.

g r a d u a l l y bro u g ht to l i g ht the det a i l s of the rom a ntic

s tory o f t h e fli g ht S u s picion n a tu ra lly fe ll o n Ra m
.

Sin g h a s he h a d so o ften tried to a void the re s p on s i

,

b ility fo r Shiv a s pre s ence a t Ag r a a n d it w a s hi s

'

intere s t to e ffect the M a ra th a chief s s a fe retu rn home

'

for which he a n d h is f a ther h a d pled g ed their hono u r .

Some o f the M a r a th a Br a hm a n s w ho were c a u g ht

a dmitted prob a b ly u nde r tort u re th a t their m a s ter
, ,

h a d fled with the

a h ( H A . . .

201 a ) The Ra jp u t prince w a s p u n i s hed firs t b y

.
,

bein g forbidden the Co u rt a nd then b ein g deprived

o f h is r a nk a n d p a y
*
.

T h re e l e a d in g B r a h m an s f Sh i v a
'
d
'

o s s e rv i c e we re a r r e s te

an d p ro b a b l y t o r t u r e d b y F u l a d Kh an Th e y a lle g e d th a t . th e

fl i g h t o f Sh iv a n w a s d u e t o th e a dv ic e o f Ra m Si n g h an d
l te d fr o m th e l a tt e r ne g l e c t to w a t ch w e ll ]ai Si n g h
'
‘
re s u s him .
1 70 S H I VAJ I .
[ CH . v1 .

re a ch home a n d write for him O n e o f t h e b ro t h e rs .

,

Kris h n a j i even u ndertook t o g u ide the fu g itives a s

,

fa r as Ben a re s .

Sh iv a j i h a d cra mmed the ho llow core Of a

s a nny a s i s s t aff with g em s a n d g ol d coin s Some more
’
.

money w as conce a l ed in h is s hoes ; a nd a di a mond

O f g re a t v a l u e a n d s ever a l ru bie s co a ted with w a x
.

were s ewn in the dre ss e s o f h is s e rv a nts o r c a rrie d

in their mo u th s ( K K ii 200 a n d . . . .

At M a th u r a which w a s re a ched within s ix ho u rs

,

o f l e a vin g A g r a he s h a ved O ff h is be a rd a n d mo u s
,

t a che s s me a red him se lf with as h e s a nd p u t o n the

, ,

di s gu i s e o f s a nnya s is Tra ve llin g in the d a rkne ss o f

.

the ni g ht wi t h s w ift D e c ca n i co u riers w ho were p r a c ,

t i s e d in t h e a rt o f movin g in v a rio u s di s g u i s es a n d

a ss u med ch a r a cters he ra pi dly l eft the c a pit a l b ehind

,

him Forty o r fifty o f his s erv a nts a ccomp a nie d him

.

divided into three p a rtie s a n d dress ed a s monk s o f

the three Hind u orders Ba ir a g is Cos s i n s a n d U d a s is , , , .

§ 10 . Adv
f Sh iva ] : d u r ing h is fl ig h t
e ntu re s o .

The f u g itive s p u rs u ed their w a y cons t a ntly ,

ch a ng i ng their di s gu is e s ometim e s p as s ing fo r re li ,

g io ns me n dic a nts s ometimes a s petty t ra ders

, a nd ,

es c a ped detecti on b ec a u s e no one drea mt o f their

g oin g t o the e a s tern province s of l n di a whi l e their
de s tin a tion w a s the we s t Th ey however h a d s ome .
, ,

h a irbre a dth e s c a pe s .

K K (
. . 11 . 201 8: 2 1 8) i n c o rre ct l y sa ys th at he w as e n tr u s te d to

Ka vi K l u es h at A ll a h a b a d .
1 666 ] V I S IT S HO LY P LACES . I7!

In they were a rre s ted o n s u s picion by

o ne t o vm

the fa u j da r Ali Qul i who h a d l e a rnt o f Shiv a j i s

'

fli g ht from a letter of h is C o u rt a g ent before he

received the o ffi ci a l intim a tion o f it A clo s e .

ex a min a tion o f the pri s oners w a s be gu n Bu t a t mid .

c lo s ed h is identity an d o ffered him di a mond a n d

a

e price of h is
"

libera tion The fa u j da r p r e fe . the bribe to his

du ty ( K K ii Z I S )
. . . . .

After performin g his b a th a t the j u nction o f the

G a ng e s a n d ] a m u n a a t All a h a b a d Sh iv aj i p ro c eed ed ,

to Be n a res Here he h u rried ly went thro u g h a ll the

.

rite s of a pi l g rim in the dim mornin g twi l i g ht a nd

sl ipped o u t o f the town j u s t a s a co u rier a rrived from

A g r a with the procl a m a tion fo r his a rre s t a n d a h u e

a n d cry w a s s t a rted
*
.

In th i s co n ne c ti o n Kh a fi Kh an ( 11 . 2 19 220) W r i t e s
-

W he n 1 w as at th e p or t o f S u ra t , a B ra h m a n p hys ic ia n
na m e d N a b h a [ o r Ba b h a ] u s e d t o te l l t h e fo ll o w i n g ta l e : 1
"

h a d be e n s e rv i n g o n e o f th e B e n a re s B ra h m a ns as h is p u p i l ,

b u t he s ti n t e d m e i n foo d A t l as t m o r n i n g w h e n i t w as
'

. , o ne .

s ti ll d a rk I th e r iv e r - s i de l m an s e iz e d my
'

, w e n t to as u su a ; a

h a nd , th ru s t in to it a q u a n ti ty o f j e w e ls , as h ra fis a nd ha m ,

d d Do n but q u i c kl y th e b a th i n g
'

fin i s h
'

an sa i , t o pe n yo u r fis t ,

I h av e d ba the
’
ri te s fo r m e . i m m e di a te l y h as te ne d to s an

h im , b u t ha d no t do n e m i n i s t e ri n g t o h i m , w he n a hue an d
c ry w as ra ise d an d th e n e w s s p re a d th a t se r g e an ts at th e ma ce
had a r r iv e d [ fro m th e C o u rt ] in se a r ch o f Sh iv a . Wh e n I
be c a m e a tt e n tiv e I fo u n d th a t th e m an to w ho m I had be e n
minis te rin g had s l ip p e d a w a y. I [ th e n ] lm e w th a t it w as
1 72 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . v1 .

Sti l l movin g e a s tw a rd s he vi s ited the f a mo u s ,

s hrine o f ( Hind u ) G a y a a n d w a s joined by t w o o f

-

h is men whom he h a d s ent there beforeh a nd Then .

th ey s t a rted fo r the temp l e of j a g a nn a th a t P u ri o n

the s e a s hore o f O ri ss a Thro u g h tr a ve l ling l on g .

di s t a nce s o n foot every d a y he felt a de s ire for ,

r idin g A t the time o f bu yi ng a pony he h a d not a

.

s u fficient n u m b er o f Ru pee s with him 5 0 openin g .

,

h is p u r s e of g o l d coin s he g a ve a few o f them to ,

the hors e de a l er The fli g ht of Sh iv a j i h a d a lre a dy

-
.

b een noi s ed a bro a d a n d the m a n cried o u t , Yo u ,

m u s t be Shiva as y o u a re p a yin g s o m u ch for a

,

litt l e pony A t thi s Sh iv a j i g a ve him the whole p u rs e

[ a s h u s h money ] a n d fled from the p l a ce D
( il . .

A fter w o rs h ip p in g J a g a nn a t h a t P u ri he tu rned
'

w e st w m ds a n d ret u rned home by w a y of Gondw a n a ,

H a id a ra b a d a n d Bij a pu r territorie s .

W e h a ve a ch a r a cteri s tic a necdote a bo u t a n

incident d u rin g thi s jo u rney The s tory ru n s ( Chit . .

l 1 8 v a ri a nt in D ig th a t the pretended s a nnya s is

.

one evenin g took re fu g e in the ho u s e o f a pe a s a nt

in a vi lla g e on the G od a v a ri *
The o ld mother o f .

the ho s t a po lo g i s ed to the ho ly men fo r the poor ‘

Sh iv a j i . He had g iv e n me 9 ge m s , 9 as h rafis an d 9 hu ns .

T he n w i th o u t g o i n g t o m y p re ce p t o r l re tu r n e d to my c o u n tr y

an d re a c h e d Su r a t . Th e g ra n d ho u se th a t l h av e h e re w as

b ou g ht w i th t h a t m o n e y .

P r o b a b ly n e ar i n du r , a tow n 10 m . e . o f D h ar u r an d
10 m . n . o f t he M a ni i r a , an fl u e nt
af o f th e G od a v a r i .

D ig . 253 na m e s l ndu r .
 17 4 [O H
’

SHI V AJ I . . v1 .

died an d even went into mo u rnin g for him Then

, .
,

when the s u s picion o f the M u g h a l o fficers on the w a y

h a d been thu s l u ll ed a s l eep a n d s ome month s h a d ,

e l a p s ed he wrote t o M a th u ra for him, a nd the three

,

b rothers with their who l e f a mi ly mi g r a ted to M a h a

r a s h t ra ca rr
, yin g Sh a m b hu j i d i s gu i s ed a s a Bra hm a n ,

kins m a n with them , .

At a cert a in o u tp o s t o n the ro a d the Mu g h a l ,

o fficer s u s pected t h a t Sh a m bhu j i w as not of their

.

f a mi ly o r ca s te b u t hi s Bra hm a n prot e ctors dined

with him to prove their kinshi p a nd the d a n g er w a s ,

pa s s ed (Chit 1 20 ; D ig 255 25 6 ; T 5 25 a ; D i l
. . .
- . . .

6 1 g ive s a v a ri a nt ) Shiv a roy a lly rew a rded the f a ith

.

fu l thr e e Kri s hn a 1 1 , K a s hi Ra o a n d Vi s a j i
-
g a ve ,
-

them t h e titl e o f Vis h w a s R a o ( L ords Fide l ity)a n d

a la kh of g ol d piece s a n d s e t tled o n them a n a nn u a l
,

r ev en u e o f hu n The devote d comp a nio ns of .

o w n e s ca pe were s imi l a r ly rew a rded (Sa bh . .

Shi v a j i s e s ca pe from c a ptivity c a u s ed l ife lon g

' '

e t to A u r a n g z i b A s the Emperor wrote in h is

.

"

wil l a n d tes t a ment : The g re a te s t pi l l a r o f a

is the k e epin g o f inf orm a tion a b o u t
everythin g th a t h a ppen s in the kin g dom — whi le even ,

a min u te s ne g li g ence re s u lt s in s h a me fo r l on g ye a rs
’
.

g ht o f the wretch Shiv a w a s d u e to c a re l e ss

b u t it h as invo lved me in a l l the s e di s tr a ctin g

m p a ig n s to t h e end of my d a y s ( An c e . .

§ 11 ] a i S ing h d p la ns b o u t Sh iva j i
’
. s a n x ie t ie s an a .

W e now tu rn to ] a i Sin g h '

s a nxietie s p l a n s, , an d
 1 75
’
1 666 ] 1 A! e cu O N SHIV A S F L I GH T .

me a s u re s du rin g Sh iv a j i s a bs ence from the D e cc a n

'

H i s corre s pondence with the E mperor a n d with

'

K u m a r Ra m Sin g h d u ri ng the thre e mon th s o f Shi v a s

c a ptivity h as be en g iven before .

H is po s ition w a s rendered infinitely wors e by

Shiv a s es c a pe from A g ra ( 19t h Au g u s t ) He h a d
'

.
.

been dis g ra ced in the eye s o f the Emperor b y

f a i lu re o f h is inv a s ion of Bij a p u r A n d n o w his .

Ram Sin g h w as o p en ly suspgg t e d of h a vin g c

a t Shiv a s fli g ht A s he write s in bitterne ss All the
'

.
,

pl a ns a n d device s th a t 1 h a d emp loyed in sendi ng

Shiv a to Co u rt h a ve been s poi l ed a n d me as u rele s s ,

di s tr a ction h a s f a llen t o my lo t Bu t there is n o .

'

reme dy a g a ins t F a te a n d wh a t is written o n a m a n s

forehe a d 1 l e a rn from the letter s o f s ome Co u rt
.

a g ents th a t there i s a propo s a l t o di s mi s s Ra m Sin g h

from h is r a nk ( m a ns a b) a n d j a g ir bec a u s e Shiva s

'

Bra hm a n fo llowers a t the in s ti g a tion o f s e lfis h men

,

[ my enemie s a t Co u rt ] h a ve a lle g ed th a t the fl i ght

,

of Shiv a w a s du e to the a dvice o f Ra m Sin g h a nd ,

re s u lted from the l a tter s omi s s ion to w a tch him well

'

M a y G o d g ive de a th to the m a n who cheri s he s the

very tho u g ht o f s u ch a n a c t o f f a ithle s s ne ss in h is
he a rt 1 Why s ho u l d Shi v a s men s words b e believed
' '

a g a in s t mine when I h a d redu ced him t o s u ch a n

,

extremity [ in w a r ] ? [ H A zol a ]
. . .

The a nticip a ted retu rn o f Shiv a j i t o the D ecc a n

g re a tly a dded to ] a i Sin g h s fe a rs As he wrote o n
'

5 t h November 1666 — The time s a re b a d fo r me

"

, .

My a nxietie s a re ce a s eles s The lyin g Bij a p u ris ar e

.
1 76 S H l V AJ l .
[ CH . M1

w a st in g time [ b y de lu s ive ne g o t i a tions ] There is .

n o t r a ce o r new s of the fu g itive Shiv a

-
My d a ys a re .

p a s s in g in di s tr a ction a n d a nxie t y 1 h a ve s ent tru s ty .

s pie s in v a rio u s di s g u i s e s t o g e t news o f Shiv a

, ,
.

[ P] A 200a ]
. . .

A bo u t thi s time the o ffi cers l eft b y Shiv a in t h e

-

D e cc a n when s t a rtin g fo r A g r a b e g a n t o di s p la y
omino u s a ctivity S a yyid M a s a u d the M u g h a l
.
,

qM g E YH wro t e t o ] a i Sin g h s P a ym a s ter

'
‘ ‘ '

comp la inin g o f the l a ck o f provi s ions etc in the , .

fort a nd the co ll ection o f l e a d gu npowder rocket s

, , ,

a n d inf a ntry in the nei g h b o u rhood o f Ra i g a rh by

s ome men w h o g a ve them s elve s o u t t o be Shiv a s
'
'

fo ll owers a n d pretended th a t they intended t o inv a de

Bij a p u ri territory At thi s a l a rming news ] ai Sin g h
.

s ent o rders t o provi s ion the fort a s a prec a u tion a n d

t o ho l d it s tron g ly pendin g the a rriv a l o f U d a i bh a n

.
,
-

[ the perm a nent q i la da r P] A reinforcement o f 5 00

‘

inf a ntry u nder S u kh m a n Ch a u h a n w a s a l s o ordered -

t o be thrown into the fort if neces s a ry [ H A 234a

'

'

. .

an d
At l a s t
in D ecember 1 666 definite news w a s
, , ,

received o f Shiv a s a rriva l a t Ra j g a rh As ] a i Sing h s

' '
.
.

s ecreta ry wrote Tru s ty s pie s h a ve n o w bro u g ht the

,

news th a t Shiv a him s e l f h a s a rrived b u t is very a nxio u s

a bo u t h is s o n w h o h a s not ret u rned with him He
'

profes s e s a determin a tion [ to s u bmit ] t o the i mperi a l

G overnment Bu t w h o knows wh a t is in his he a rt 1"
.

Fo r s ome time p a s t M a h a dj i Nim b a l k a r the s o n o f

'

B a j a ji the z a mind a r o f Ph a lt a n a n d s o n in l aw o f
,
f - -
 1 78 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . v1 .

f entr a p Shiv a by the f a l s e propo s a l o f a m a rri a g e

[ b etween h is d a u g hter a nd ] a i Sin g h s s o n a n d g e t

’

him m u rdered du rin g h is jo u rney to the Ra jp u t

'

g ener a l s c a mp
l h a ve not f a i l ed nor wi ll I do so in fu tu re
"

, ,

to exert mys elf a g a ins t Bij a p u r G o lk o n da a n d Shi v a

,

in every po s s ible w a y 1 a m tryin g to a rr a n g e

m a tters in s u ch a w a y th a t the w icked wretch Shiva
will come to s e e me once a nd th a t inthe co u rs e of
,

h is jo u rney o r retu rn [ o u r ] clever men m a y g e t a

f a vo u ra ble opport u nity [ of di s po s in g o f] th a t l u ck
l e s s fe l low in h is u n gu a rded moment a t th a t p l a ce .

Thi s s l a ve of the Co u rt fo r fu rtherin g the E mperor s

'

a ff a irs , is prep a red t o g o s o fa r re g a rdle ss o f pr a i s e

,
-

b b —
or l a me y other p e ople th a t if the Emperor s a nc
,

tions it 1 s h a ll s e t on foot a propo s a l fo r a m a tch

,

with h is f a mily a n d s e t tl e the m a rri a g e o f my s o n

with his d a u g hter —tho u g h the pe di g ree a n d c a s te
,

of Shiv a a r e noto ri o u s ly lo w a n d men like me do not

e a t food to u ched b y h is h a nd ( n o t t o s pe a k o f enterin g

into a m a trimoni a l connection with him) a n d in c a s e ,

thi s wretch s d a u g hter is c a ptu red 1 s h a l l n o t c o n

'

d e s cend to ke e p h er in my h a rem A s h is o f l o w
. .

a l low thi s b a it a n d b e

c a re s h o b e t a ken t o keep thi s

a n s ecret .Send me q u ickl y a rep ly t o en a bl e me
t o a c t a ccordin g ly .
[ H A l 39a ] . .

Thi s letter throws a l u rid li g ht o n the politic a l

mora ls of the 1 7 t h centu ry W hen peop l e a rg u e th a t
.

A fz a l Kh a n co u ld not h a ve po ss i bly intended t o s ta b

1 667 ] 1 79
’

1 A! s wan s C UNN IN G P L O T .

Shiv a j i d ur in g an intervi ew they s ho u ld remember

,

th a t the s a nctimonio u s J a i 5 1 h w a s prep a red to

p rove h is loy a lty by lo w eri n g his f a mily hono u r a n d
l a yin g
W
f a t a l s n a re 11
]
 CH APTE R vn .

1667—1 67 0 .

§1 . S t a te o f M u g h a l D e cca n , 1 66 7 .

O ret u rnin g home from A g ra in D ecember

n

Shi v a j i fo u nd the politic a l s itu a tion in the D ecc a n .

entire ly ch a n g ed The M u g h a l viceroy J a i Sing h

.
, ,

w a s no l on g er i n a po s ition t o repe a t h is former s u c

c e s s over t h e M a r a th as W orn o u t by a g e toi l dis

.
, ,

a ppointmen t a n d dome s tic a nxietie s di s credited in ,

h is m a s ter s eye s by the f a i lu re o f h is inv a s ion o f

’

Bij a pu r a n d expectin g every da y t o be removed from

,

h is po s t Mirz a Ra j a h w a s vi s ib ly h a s tenin g to h is
,

g r a ve . i n M a y 1 66 7 Prince M u a zz a m the newly ,

a ppointed g overnor re a ched Au ra n g a b a d a n d r e li e v

,

ed J a i Sin g h o f h is ch a rg e The Ra jp u t vetera n s e t

.
'

o u t o n h is homew a rd jo u rney in extreme mi s ery o f

“

mind a n d s en s e o f p u blic h u mi li a tion a nd died on ,

the w a y a t B u rh a np u r on 2n d J u ly .

The ret u rn o f the we a k a n d indo lent M u a zz a m

the friendly J a s w a nt t o power in the D ecca n
y 166 7) re lieved Shiv a j i o f a l l
n a b le
am n e r a l b e a rin g imp l a c a b l e h a tred to the
,

M a ra th a s joined the M u g h a l c a mp D ilir Kh a n t e

, .

tu rned from the Cond co u ntry to the s ide o f Prince

.

M u a zz a m in O cto b er 1 66 7 b u t the comin g of this , ,

 1 82 S I—
II V AJ I .
[ CH . vu

fe w Ra jp u ts Bh a o Sin g h o n g ettin g news o f D il ir

.
,

Kh a n h a vin g ridden o u t tow a rd s the c a mp o f Ra o

K a rn th a t mornin g a rrived there q u ickly w th h is O w n
i

troop s a n d c a rried O ff Ra o K a rn to s a fety from th e

mid s t o f D ilir s gu a rd s The two Ra o s m a rc h e d
'
a
.

to g ether to A u ra n g a b a d 24 mi l e s behind D ilir s a rmy

'

, .

D ili r Kh a n di d not p u l l we ll with M u a zz a m a n d

j a s w a nt He w a s s ent tow a rd s Bida r to p u ni s h the
.

enemy b u t the t w o Ra o s rem a ined behind a t

,

A u r a n g a b a d b y order [ of the Prince ] ( il 66

D . .

The Prince u s ed to he l p Ra o K a r n with money in

h is di s tre s s a n d en forced id l ene s s a t Au ra n g a b a d .

Th u s D ilir s enemie s fo u nd a re a dy s he lter with

'

M u a zz a m A fter s endin g D ilir Kh a n a w a y t o Bid a r

.
,

the
t w as

W if the viceroy O f th e D ecc a n h a d bee n

u

a m a n of g re a ter s pirit a n d enterpri s e it wo u ld h a v e ,

be en impo ss ibl e fo r him fo r s ome ye a rs from this

time t o g e t a deq u a te men a n d money fo r a n a ttempt
to cru s h Sh iv a j i The re s o u rce s O f the empire h a d
.

t o b e concentr a ted el s ewhere t o meet more pre s s in g

,

W ithin a fortni g ht O f Sh iv a j i s e s c a pe fro m ’

a l a r g e a rmy h a d to b e s ent to the P a nj a b t o

meet the thre a t o f a Pers i a n invas ion a n d th e a nxiety ,

"

on thi s po int w a s not remove d t 1 11 D ecem b er Bu t

‘
.

i m medi a te ly a fterw a rds in M a rch 1 66 7 the Yu s uf z a i

, ,

fl ing in Pe s h a w a r took p l a ce which t a xed t h e ,

Am p e n a s tren g th fo r m ore th a n a ye a r .
1 668 ] SH l VA PROPOSES S U BM I SS I ON .

'

It
therefore the Emperor
w as , ,
s intere st no t

mo l e s t Shiv a j i a t s u ch a time .

§2 . S h i va ] : 3 pe a ce w it h t h e M u g ha ls , 1 668 .

The M a r a th a chi ef o n his p a rt w a s no t e a g er

'

, ,

fo r a w a r with the imperi a l is t s Fo r s ome ye a r .

his ret u rn home from A g ra he live d very q ,

a nd a voided ivin g n y fre s h provoc a tion to the

“

g a

M u g h a l s He w a nted pe a ce fo r a time t o Org a ni s e

*
.

h is c o v e m m
M A
cO M power o n the we stern co a s t xt e n d h is
a t the expen s e o f Bij a p u r a n d the Siddi s o f J a njir a .

A s e a rly a s April 1 667 he h a d s ent a l etter t o the

'

Emperor profe s s in g terror Of the imperi a l a rmy which

w a s reported to h a ve been de s p a tched a g a in s t him ,

a n d O fferin g t o m a ke h is s u bmi ss ion a g a in a n d s end

a contin g ent o f 40 0 men u nder h is s o n t o fig ht u nder

the M u g h a l b a nners (Akk ha ra t 1 0 . ,

Au r a n g z i b h a d t a ken n o notice o f thi s letter .

Some month s l a ter Sh iv a j i m a de a nother a ttempt He .

entre a ted J a s w a nt Sin g h to be h is intermedi a ry in

m a kin g pe a ce with the e mpire He wrote to the .

*
S h iv a j r th e M u g h a ls
'

s tw o ye ars p e a ce w i th 1 668 1 669 -

an d the c a u se s o f r u p t u re : Sa b h . 5 9 62 ; -
Chi t . 1 2 1 1 24
-

Di l . 69 7 1 - . Th e te rm s o f th i s tr e a ty a re n o w h e re giv e n
'

in
d e ta i l . F R Su ra t
. . , 1 05 . Z e dh e C h ro n . , p . 1 88 , t e ll s us th a t

h w as m a de d Sh a m b h u j i w as se n t to M u az z a m i n
t e pe a ce an

O ct . 1 667 , an d th e M a ra th a co n t i n g e n t un de r P ra ta p Ra o w e nt

to A u ra ng a b a d i n A u g u s t 1 66 8 an d fl e d fr o m i t i n D e ce m b e r
1 669 .
 184 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . vn .

M a h a ra j a h The Emperor h a s c a st me O E O t her

, .
~

wi s e I intended to h a ve b e g g ed the t a s k o f recove rin g

Q a nd ah a r with m y u n a ide d re s o u rces 1 fled ( from .

A g r a )in fe ar O f my life Mirz a Ra j a h my p a tron .

, ,

is de a d l f thro u g h yo u r interce s s ion 1 a m p a r do ne d f

.

1 s h all s end Sh a mbh u t o w a it o n the Prince a n d s erve

a s a m a ns a b da r a t the he a d o f my followers wherever

or de red (D il 69
. .

j a s w a nt Singb a nd Princ e M u azz a m j u mped a t

'

the O ff e r a n d re co mmende d Shiva to the Emperor

(9t h M arch who ac cepted th e propo s a l a n d th u s ,

a pe a ce w as m a de which l a st e d ne a rly two ye a r s

-
.

T h e Emper o r re co g ni s ed Sh iv a j i s titl e of Ra j a h b u t
'

s o fa r a s we c a n j u d ge did n o t re s tore to him a ny

’

b f hi s forts except Ch a k a n , Fo r ins t a nce K al i a n .

,

Bhi u n dy Conti nu ed in t h e h a nd s of the M u gh a ls Fo r

’

'

t h e next t w o y e a rs Sh iv aji lived a t pe a ce with the

'

M u gh a l Gover nm ent The En g lis h f a ctory let t ers a t

'

the clo s e o f 1 668 a n d in 1669 de s cri b e him as very

“

q u iet Au r a n g z ib s v a s s a l ( bo u nd ) t o do
" “ '

a nd as ,

H is re l a
"

w h a t s oever is comm a nded b y the Prince .

t ions with Bij a p u r a l s o were p a cific The co u nt ry .

a ll a bo u t [ Ka rw a r ] a t pre s ent is in g re a t tr a nq u i ll ity .

Shiv aj i keep s s ti ll a t Ra j g a rh a nd tho u g h a s yet there ,

is no p ea ce m a de between thi s kin g [ A dil Sh a h ]

a n d him yet both re fr a in from c o m m l t t l n g a ny a cts
,

o f ho s ti l ity a g a in s t one a no t her [ F R S u ra t . . .

V o l 1 05 K a rw a r to S u r a t 16 Sep
.
, Still l a ter , .
, ,

o n 1 7 t h J u ly 1 66 9 the En g li s h tr a der s a t H u b li s pe a k
, ,
 1 86 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . v1 1 .,

at lea st to s eize hi s so n an d g enera l as . hos t a g e s .

(Sa b h .

The ru pt u re inevit a b l e in a ny c a s e w as pre

, ,

c ip it a t e d by fin a nci a l c a u s e s Retrenchment o f .

expenditu re h a d now become a pre s s in g nece s s ity t o

b a n d he ordered the M u g h a l a rmy in t h e
,

D ecc a n t o b e g re a tly redu ced The di s b a nded .

i s o l diery took s ervice with Shiv a w h o h a d t o find ,

emp l oyment for them A nother i ll j u d g ed me a s u re

.
-

imperi al p a rs imony w a s to a tta ch a p a rt Of Shiv a s

'

n e w j a g ir in Ber a r in order to recover the la h of

I k
Ru pee s a dv a nced to him in 1 666 fo r h is jo u rney to ‘

the Co u rt The news o f it re a ched Shiv a j i when he

.

h a d comp l eted h is mi l it a ry prep a r a tion s He s ent .

a s ecret m e s s a g e to Pr a t a p Ra o to s l ip a w a y fro m

A u r a n g a b a d with h is men The other h a l f o f t h e

.

contin g ent fled from Ber a r a t the s a me time p lu nder ,

.

i n g the vi ll a g e s o n the w a y 1 (D il The Z e dh e .

C h ro no lo g y a n d Chha tra p ra ka s h p 68 indirectly , .

,

s u g g e s t th a t Sh iv a j i renewed the w a r a s a prote s t

a g a in s t the temp l e de s tru ction o n which A u r a n g z ib

l a u nched in 1 669 .

Sa b h a s a d however te lls u s tha t Au r a n g z ib wrote

, ,

to his s o n t o a rre s t Pr a t a p Ra o a n d N ir a j 1 P a nt the ,

M a r a th a a g ents a t Au r a n g a b a d a n d a tt a ch the hors e s

,

O f th eir troop s
. a n d th a t the Prince
, who h a d l e a rnt ,

O f the order b eforeh a nd from his Co u rt a g ent ,

reve al ed it t o N ir a j i a nd ins ti g a ted the M a ra th a s to

esca pe whi l e the imperi a l order a rrived a wee k
,
1 6 7 0] B RE ACH w rm M U GH AL S 18 7
’

a fterw a rd s , when it w as to o l a t e to c a rry it o ut .

(Sa bh 6 1 .

§3 . Wa r r e n e w e d , 1 67 0 .

Thi s ru ptu re with the M u g h a l s occu rred in '

J a nu a ry 1 6 7 0 o r a month e a rlier O n 1 1 t h D e c 1 669

, . . ,

the Em peror received a de s p a tch from the

reportin g the de s ertion o f fo u r M a r a th a c a p
Shiv a s cl a n ( b ira da r i) from t h e imperi a l
'

Au r a n g z i b s oon s e t to s tren g thenin g h is

the D ecc a n O n 26th J a nu a ry 16 70 a n order w a s
.
~

s ent t o D il ir to l e a ve D eo g a rh in the Cond co u ntry

a n d h a s ten to A u r a n g a b a d D a u d Kh a n w a s ordered .

t o a rr a n g e fo r the defence o f h is province o f Kh a nde s h .

a n d then g o t o Prince M u a z z a m s a s s i s t a nce M a ny

’
‘

other O fficers were tra ns ferred from North l n dia t o

the D ecc a n ( A kk ha ra t ye a r .
,

Shiv a j i opened h is O ffen s ive with g re a t vi g o

a n d imme di a te s u cce ss H is rovin g b a nd s looted
*
.

M u g h a l territory a n d he a tt a cked s evera l O f the fort s

,

Sa bh a s a d . 59 . s a ys , I n fo u r m o n th s h e re co v e re d t he

27 fo r ts h e h a d M u g h a ls
"
ce de d t o th e . Bu t i t is an e x a g g e ra

ti o n . Th e re is a m ost s p i ri t e d b u t l e ge n dar y ba l l ad on th e

c a p t u re o f Si n g h -
g a rh ( P o w a da s .
) T he A kk ha ra t an d D i l ka s ha
hav e b e e n o f i nv a l u a b l e h e lp i n th e h i s t o ry O f th e ca m p a i g n s

o f 1 67 1 as r e co n s t r u c te d h e re . M ara th i ba kha rs a re l
si e nt .

Z . C .
g iv e s da te s i n th e H i n du l u nar ye a r , an d s a ys tha t

du r in g 1 67 0 th e M a ra th as g a i ne d Ko n da n a , P u ra n dar , T ri m b a k ,

Ro h i ra . M ah u l i , L o h g a rh , Ah i v a n t , Rav l a -
J ay al an d M a r k an da
g a rh , bu t th a t M a h a b a t Kh . re co v e r e d th e l as t th r e e fo r ts
i n 1 67 1 .
 1 88 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . vu
.
.

which he h a d ced e d to A u r a n g z ib b y the Tre a ty o f

“

Pu r a n d a r . The imperi a l O fficers in comm a nd o f

mo s t of the s e forts fe ll a fter fi gh t in gheroica l ly Every .

d a y the Emperor g o t news o f s u ch l o ss e s B u t s ome .

of the s e p l a ce s defied c a ptu re by re a s on Of the

s t r en g th Of their fortific a tion s a n d a b u nd a nt s u pp ly
'

o f w a r m a teri a l (D i l . .

H is mo s t con s picu o u s s u cce ss w a s the c a pt u re

o f Ko n d a n a from U d a L b h a n it s Ra jp u t q ila da r (l a te
, ,

in J a nu a ry ) As s i s ted b y s ome Ko li g u ide s w h o

.

knew the p l a ce we l l one d ar k ni g ht T a n aji M a lu s a re

, ,

wit h h is 300 picke d M a vle inf a ntry s c a led the l e ss

a b ru pt hi ll s ide -
ne a r the K a li a n g a te b y me a n s o f
rope l a dders a n d a dv a nced into the fort s l a yin g the
-
,

T he a la rm w a s g iven the Ra jp u ts ,

with Opi u m took s ome time to a rm a n d

,

come o u t ; b u t in the me a ntime the M a ra th a s h a d

m a de their footin g s ecu re The g a rri s on fo u g ht de s
.

p e r a t e ly b u t t h e M a v l e s with their w a r cry O f H a ra 1

'

M a ha c a rried h a voc into their ra nk s .

e two ch e fs ch a ll en g ed e a ch other a n d both fe ll

down de a d a fter a s i ng l e comb a t The M a ra th a s
, . ,

di s he a rtened by the fa l l of their le a der were r a l lied ,

by h is b rother Su ry a j i M a lu s ar e opened the Ka li a n ,

.

g a te to t heir s u pportin g co l u mn s a n d took comp l ete ,

po s s e s s ion of the fort The re s t w a s bu tchery. .

We v n u t s wer in a nd m a ny more ,

p eri s hed in tryin g to e s c a fl own the hil l s ide The - .

victors s e t fire t o the th a tched h u ts of t h e ca v al ry line s

a n d the s i g n a l b l a ze in formed Sh iv a j i a t Ra j g a rh nine ,
 s mw m
.
[ CH . v11 .

Abo u t the end Of thi s ye a r ( 1 67 0) M a h u l i t o o '

w a s l o s t t o the Emperor M a noh a r D a s cons cio u s .

,

of the in a deq u a cy Of the g a rri s on a nd provi s ions o f

the fort t o repe l a nother a tt a ck Of the su perior
M a ra th a force s re s i g ned h is po s t in de s pa i r o f g ettin g
,

reinforcements Sh iv a j i s eize d the opportu nity a n d .

a bo u t D ecember c a ptu red M a h u li s l a yin g it s new ,

comm a nda nt Al a w ardi Kh a n a n d hi s g a rris on o f 200

men (D il . By the end O f April 1 6 70 he h a d
.
*

looted 5 1 vi ll a g e s ne a r Ahm a dn a g a r J u nn a r a n d ,

P a rend a .

only O fficer w h o m a de a n a ttem p t t o u phold

eri a l pre s ti g e in the D ecc a n w a s D a u d Kh a n -

w h o h a d been s econd on ly to D ili t Kh a n

J a i Sin g h s M a r a th a c a mp a i g n o f 166 5
'

L e a vi n g the province o f Kh a nde s h i n ch a r g e of his ‘

so n , D a u d Kh a n a rrived a t Ahm a dn a g a r o n 28 t h
M a rch 1 67 0 Six d a ys a fterw a rd s he s e t o u t with
.

c a v a l ry to expe l Shiv a s men who were rovin g ne a r

'

Pa rn ir J u nn a r a n d M a h u li
, They ev a cu a ted Pa rn ir
, .

a nd J u nn a r a n d retired b efore him whi l e he ,

occu pied the s e two po s ts Me a nti me Shiv a j i h a d .

,

inve s ted three M u g h a l fort s in th a t re g ion a nd D a u d ,

Kh a n l eft J u nn a r to re lieve them Bu t a t the a ppro a ch .

O f h is V a n ( u nder h is g a l l a nt s o n H a mid a n d L u di

Kh a n)the M a r a th a s ra i s ed the s ie g e a n d fled a wa y ,

*
Th e te xt o f A kk ha ra t h e r e is d o u b t fu l . Th e ye a r m ay

be 167 1 . Z . C . asse r ts th a t Sh i v a re co v e re d M a hu li a bo u t th e

m i d dl e O f Au g . 1 67 0
.
 1 67 0] DA D U KH AN AG AIN S T SHI V AJ I . 1 91

an the M u g h a l a dv a nced divi s ion fell b a ck o n th eir

d
m a in body .

Soon a fterw a rd s the s e t w o o fficers went wi t h ,

a det a chment a n d de s troyed a n O ld fort which the

M a r a th a s were rep a irin g on the frontier 20 mi l e s ,

from M a h u l i Tow a rd s the end o f April D a u d

. ,

Kh a n him s elf m a rched to M a h u li The Emperor in .

o pen Co u rt hi g h l y pr a i s e d D a u d Kh a n fo r h is s pirit

in inva din g the enemy s co u ntry re g a rdle s s o f t h e

'

s m a l lne ss o f h is own force a n d thereby cre a tin g a ,

divers ion o f Shiv a j i s a ttention

'

u s ef u l The hot .

we a ther evidently p u t a n end to the c a mp a i g n s oon

a fterw a rd s (Akk ha ra t ye a r .
,

§4 .
Q uar e r l b e t w e e n M u a zza m an d B ilir .

dmini s tr a tion o f the D ecc a n w

Bu t t he M u g h a l a

i n no condition to m a ke a s t a nd a g a in s t
“
Fo r h a l f o f the ye a r 1 670it w a s p as s in
w a r o f i t s own I n obedie nce to the Empero rs
'

m
»
.

ep e a t e d orders Di lir Kh a n h a d left

‘

*
a ,

t h e Cond co u ntry where he h a d been profit a bly ,

e mp l oyed in s q u eezin g the l oc a l chieft a in s a nd s e t ,

o ff for the D ecc a n St a rtin g from N a g p u r o n 1 9t h .

M a rch 1 6 7 0 he expecte d to re a ch Au ra n g a b a d a n d t o
,

Q u a r re l be tw e e n M u az z am an d D il i t Kh an in 167 0
D il . 73 7 5
-
, 808 2-
( m a in s o u rc e ); l s h w a r da s ( i m p o r t a n t)
5 9a —60a ; S to ri a , ii . 1 6 1 166 -
; w h ile M . A . 1 01 , A kk ha ra t , ye a r
13, an d E n g l is h r e co r ds gi v e da t e s an d a fe w de t a il s . 0 .
C .

34 1 5 , F R S u ra t V o l 3 V o l
. . . , . 1 05 (Bo m b ay to S u ra t , 5 Se p ) .

arc . M i r a t i A hm a di
- -
, 290 m e re l y
, co p ie s l s h w a rd as .
 S HI V AJ I [ CH V ll
‘

. . .

on the Prince o n 1 2t h A pri l Bu t a t h is ne a r .

h the o ld q u a rre l b etween the vice roy a n d

b r oke o u t E e sh W e h a ve s een how .

di s a g reed in 166 7 SO no w t o o
. when , ,

D ilir a fter p u rsu in g s ome enemy r a iders re a che d

, ,

P a th ri 26 mi l e s w o f Au ra n g a b a d ( a bou t 8t h A pri l)
, .

a n d received a n order from the Prince to w a it on him , ,

he fe a re d t o g o t o the intervi e w l e st he s ho u l d b e
tre a chero u s ly impri s oned o r ki l led by the Prince .

Twice o r thrice he took hors e fo r the p u r po s e o f

vi si tin g the Prince b u t re t u rned from the w a y a n d
, ,

s pent s ome d a ys o n the ple a o f illne ss .

At thi s a c t o f 1 n s u b o r di n a t io n M u a zz a m an d ,

J a s w a nt wrote to the Emperor a cc u s in g D ilir Kh a n

o f re b e l l ion . The Kh a n h a d a lre a dy deno u nce d the
Prince to the Emperor s a yin g th a t he w a s in co l lu s ion
,

with Sh iv a ji a n d h a d done nothing to defend the

imp eri a l domin ions a n d O fferin g t o cru s h the M a r a th a
,

c hie f if the comm an d O f the a rmy in the D ecc a n

w e r e l e ft in hi s ( Di lir s )h a nd s fo r t w o ye a rs with a n
'

a deq u a te s u pp ly o f a rti ll ery a n d s ie g e m a teri a l -

.

A u r a ng z ib w a s a t t hi s time fi ll ed with s erio u s

a nxiety a t M u a z z a m s wil f u l condu ct ne g lect o f the
’

imperia l bus ine ss a n d f a i lu re to c a rry o u t orders

, .

Pop u l a r voice in the D ecc a n co u l d a cco u nt fo r the ;

open a u d a city a n d e a s y s u cce s s o f Sh iv aj i s ra id s

’

and the Prince s in a ctivity on ly by as crib in g t o

'

'

M u a zz a m a t re a s on a b l e de s i g n t o a ttempt his f a ther s

SO the end f M a rch 167 0 the Emperor h a d

‘

, at o
 1 94 [O H
‘

S HI V AJ I . .
,
v11 .

.
him th a t the Prince wo u l d s eize o n him if he c a me
.

to A u r a n g a b a d .
( John Trotter t o Pre s ident o f
S u r a t 20 D e c 1 6 7 0 in F R S u ra t V o l
, .
, . . H is , .

u n fort u n a te a dvice t o D il ir on ly pro l on e d the ten s ion

g .

l ftikh a r then ret u rned t o the Prince s Co u rt a rid

’

fa ls e ly te s tified t o D il ir s i ll ne s s a ddin g m a ny
'

im a g in a ry det a ils t o it D ilir ma rched s o u thw a rd s t o

.

a tt a ck a M a r a th a force ( u nder Pr a t a p Ra o )th a t w a s ,

r a idin g M u n gi P a tt a n (in M a y )
-
.

M u a zz a m comp l a ined t o the Emperor th a t D il ir

a n h a d open l y defied h i s a u thority a n d th a t t h e

a n s A fg h a n troop s u s ed t o r o b the peop l e a n d

'

g e s a l on g their l ine O f m a rch a n d th e

w a s b orne o u t b y th e reports of th e

news — writers Th e n D il ir findin g h is po s ition in the

.
,

D ecc a n into l er a b l e w a nted t o g o b a ck t o the imperi a l

,

Co u rt witho u t w a itin g fo r permi s s ion b u t the Princ e

a s cribed thi s co u r s e t o a wicked de s ire o f cre a tin g

di s order in Northern l ndi a I mperi a l orders re a che d

.

him to force D ilir Kh a n b a ck t o t h e p a t h o f O b edience .

The Prince s e t him s e l f t o ra i s e a n a rmy fo r a w a r

with D il ir a n d c a ll ed in the M u g h a l det a chments
from the o u t lyin g p os ts t o h is b a nners .

D ilir Kh a n w a s p u rsu in g a M a r a th a b a nd a cro s s

.
the G od a v a ri river when he he a rd Of the a rriva l o f
,

a fa rm a n from the imperi a l Co u rt a n d divined it s ,

p u rport H is former s u s pi cion a n d a nxi ety n o w

.

deepened into a l a rm a n d perpl e xity Tho u g h it w a s .

.

the hei g ht o f the r a iny s ea s on (A u g u s t) the rivers ,

"

s wo ll en a n d the ro a ds miry
“

he b u rnt h is tent s a n d
,
1 670] M UAZ Z AM P URS U ES D lL I R KHAN . 195

store s a n d fle d northw a rds with hi s a rmy o n h O rs e ’

in g re a t fe a r of life
u

b a ck M a rchin g
. witho u t ,

di s tin g u is hin g between ni g ht a n d da y he re a ched ,

the ferry Of A kb a rp u r on the N a rm a da a n d s w a m his

hors es a cro ss the r a g in g s tre a m lo s in g m a ny men b y ,

drowning .Thence he proceeded to Ujj a in th e '

c a pit a l O f M a lw a to res t fo r a fe w d a ys from th e

,

f a ti g u e s o f thi s m a rch .

A s s oon a s he s t a rted from the s o u th Princ e ,

M u a zz a m a n d J a s w a rit g a ve him ch a s e with a ll the

a v a i l a b l e M u g h a l troop s c a llin g u pon Sh iv a j i to come
to their a id ! _The D e c m
,

ru mo u rs of a civil w a r a mon g the imperi a li s t s which ,

were s o confu s ed th a t we c a nnot write them for

cre dib l e .
( O C 34 70 Bomb a y t o S u ra t 1 Sep
. .
, , .

I n th e p u rs u it Prince M u a zz a m
o f D ilir Kh a n ,

re a ched the p a s s o f Ch a n g de v s ix mi l e s from the ,

T a p ti , intendin g to cro s s the river a n d ente r

B u rh a npu r the c a pit a l o f Kh a nde s h o f which D a u d
, ,

Kh a n w a s s u b a h da r Thi s g overnor refu s ed to let

.

him cro s s h is frontier a nd prep a red fo r a rmed

'

re s i s t a nce The Prince di s tribu te d a month s p a y to

.

h is s o l diers to he a rten them fo r the comin g s tru g g le .

B u t thi s u nexpected oppo s ition bro u g ht him to a h a lt

fo r s ome time d u rin g which a l etter c a me from t h e
,

Emperor orderin g M u a zz a m b a ck to Au ra n g a b a d
.

'

( September ) The Prince

. s evil g eni us J a s w a nt
‘

Sin g h w a s s ep a r a ted from him a n d po s ted a t

,

B u rh a np u r u ntil fu rther orders .

 S HTV AJ T .
[ CH W . .

Fo r in the me a ntime B a h a d u r Kh a n the

, , ,

g overnor o f G u jr a t h a d t a ken D i l i
,r Kh a n u nder h i s
'

protection a n d written t o the Emperor pra i s ing D il ir s

’

l oy a lty a nd p a s t s ervice s exp l a inin g h o w the u n ,

re a s on a b l e a ntip a thy o f J a s w a nt a nd the m is re p r e

s e n t a ti o n s o f b a ckb iters h a d t u rned the Prince s min d
'

a g a in s t the Kh a n a n d recom m endin g th a t D ilir

,

mi g ht b e permitted t o s erve u nder him a s fa u j da r o f

The Emperor s s u s picion a nd a l a rm h a d
'

K a t h ia w a d .

excited b y M u a z z a m s a ppro a ch t o
'
‘

it looked s o very like his o w n move in

l l ndeed h is o w n po s ition now w a s we ak er th a n
,

J a b a n s in th a t ye a r fo r the w a r with Shiv a ji

'

, ,

dra wn the f the M u g h a l force s

'

into the D ecc a no a rmy in

m rched
a forw a rd he wo u ld b e fore thi s h a ve b een
,

kin g Of H in du s t h a n (Trotter t o S u ra t ) M u a zz a m
"

. .

promptly obeye d h is f a ther s order a n d retu rned to

'

Au r a n g a b a d a t the end Of Septemb er ,

We m ay h e re co n c u l de th i s e p iso d e in th e l i fe o f
M u az z a m . I n A p ri l h i s m o t h e r , N aw a b Ba i , w as s e nt fr o m
D e lhi to v i si t him an d b r i n g h i m b a ck to th e rig ht p a th by
h e r in fl u e n ce . Sh e re tu r ne d fro m h e r m i s s i o n i n Se p t e m b e r .

i ft ikh a r Kh an , th e i m p e r i al Ch a m be rla in , had h a rs h l y te

p r i m an de d th e P r i n ce . Bu t w he n th e E m p e ro r l e a rn t th a t

M u az z a m h e ar t l o ya l d th a t hi s m o ti v e s h a d be e n
'

s w as an

m i s r e p re s e n t e d t o h i m b y h i s e ne m ie s , th e i m p e ri a l w r a th fe l l

upon l ft ik h a r Kh an fo r h a v i n g e xce e de d h is i ns t ru c ti o ns an d
be e n gu i l ty o f d o u b le de a l i n g
-
at A u ra n g a b a d . H i s b r o th e r ,
 S Hl V AJ l

O n 3rd O ctobe r h

T h rciiig h o u t Septem b er he h a d b een embl in g a ss

a l a rg e body o f c a v a l ry a t K a l i a n evidently t o inva de ,

Gu jr a t ( F R S u ra t V o l 3 Cons u lt 1 2 Sep
. . .
, . . . .

The m a tter w a s s o notorio u s th a t o n 1 2t h Septem b er

the En g l i s h fa ctors a t S u r a t h a d ri g ht ly conc lu de d
*

th a t th a t town wo u ld b e the firs t p l a ce he wou l d

”
t a ke a nd, fore s eein g the en s u in g d a n g er [ we ] ,

h a d t a k en a convenient time t o empty a l l o u r w a re

ho u s e s a t S u r a t o f wh a t g oods were re a dy b a led a n d
s ent them down to Sw a lly even their entire Co u nci l
with the Pre s ident ( Gera l d Au n g ie r)were a t Sw a lly
a t the be g innin g Of O ctober An d yet the M u g h a l .

g overnor w a s s o crimin a l ly ne g l i g ent a s to keep on ly

300men for the defence of the city O n 2n d O ctober .

'

c a me s u cce s s ive report s o f Shiv a s a rriv a l with

hors e a n d foot within 20 mi l e s of S u ra t All ‘

the l n dia n merch a nts o f the city a n d even the O fficers

o f G overnment fled in the co u rs e o f th a t da y a n d

ni g ht O n the 3rd Shiv a ji a tt a cked the city which h a d

.
,

r ecent l y been w a l l ed ro u nd by order O f A u r a n g z i b .

A fter a s l i g ht re s i s t a nce the defender s fled t o the fort ,

a n d the M a th a s po s s e s se d the mse lve s o f t he w h ol e

'

ra
t o wn except on ly the En g li s h Du t French ,

Th e se co n d loo t o f Su r a t : Su ra t Co u n c il to CO 20 N o v .

xxv i—i x ) F
“

1 67 0 ( H e d ge D ia ry R S u ra t V o l 3
'

. s , ii .
pp . cc . . . .
,
i

(Co n s u l t . at S w a l l y M a r i ne , o ct o b e r); D u tc h Re c o r ds , T r a ns .

V ol . 29 , No . 7 63 . M . A . 106 ( b a re m e nt i o n .
) Sa b h . 63 6 4
-
.

C h it . 72 , f
co n u se d an d u n re l iab le .
1 670] SE CON D L OOT OF S URAT . 199 .

b etwee n the ho u s e s which w a s

n ch , .

occ u pied by Abd u l l a h Kh a n ex kin g o f Ka sh g a rh ,

-
,

j u s t retu rned from a pi l g rim a g e t o Mecc a Th e

'

F rench W
"

h y me a n s O f v a l u a b l e
The w
"

pre s e nts . .
ry; tho u g h it w a s a n
o pen ho u s e w a s d efended by St r e yn s h a m M a s ter
, .

N
w ith 5 0 s a i l ors , a nd the M a r a th a s were received with
.

s u ch a hot fire from it th a t they l o s t s ever a l men ,

a nd , l e a vin g the En g l i s h a lone a ss a u l ted the ,

K a s h g h a r kin g s s e ra i from the a dv a nt a g eo u s po s iti on

’

o f s ome a ven u e s next t o the F rench f a ctory which ,

t hey were s u ffere d by the French to occ u py Th e .

T a rt a rs m a de a s to u t re s i s t a nce a l l the d a
y b u t findin g ,

t h e po s t u n t e n a e t e y ed with their kin g t o the '

fo rt a t ni g ht g iving u p to pl u nder their ho u s e wi t h

,

it s v a l u a bl e property incl u din g a g o l d p a lki a n d other

,

co s t ly pre s ents from A u r a n g z ib .

From the s a fe s helter o f the Ta rt a r Se ra i the

M a ra th a s prep a red to open fire o n the En g li s h f a ctory
the next da y b u t the ,

o f En l i s hme nc wed the m a n d af ter a n a n g ry

g o ,

th ey c a me t o a n u nders t a ndin g a nd a g reed no t

mole s t the En g li s h Th e Du tch w a reho u s e w a s u n
.

A me s s en g er c a me from the inv a der to

"

to u ched .

a ss u re u s th a t n o h a rm wo u ld bef a ll u s if we rem a in e d

q u iet a n d g a ve him o u r a s s u r a n c e s t h a t w e wo ul d
'

(D h R
"

n o t interfere fo r o r a g a in s t him u t c ecords

. ,

T r a n s l a tion s V o l 29 S u ra t t o D irecto rs 1 4 N o v
, .
, , .
200 S H1 V AJT .

The Tu rk s in the N e w Se ra i s uc ce s s fu lly

d e fended the m s e lve s infli ctin g s ome lo ss o n t h e
,

ra ide rs .

T he M a ra tha s p lu ndere d t h e l a r g e r ho u s e s o f th e
city a t l ei s u re t a kin g imm ens e qu a ntitie s o f tre as u re
, .

clo th a nd other v a lu a b l e go ods a n d s e t ti n g fire to

, ,

s ever a l p l a ces ne a rly h a

“

s o tha t
, l f the town w as
b u rnt to t he g ro u nd They then a pproa che d t h e
.

fortre s s o f Su ra t thre a tenin g to s torm it b u t it w a s

,

a mere demon s tr a tion a s they were n o t prep a red t o

,

condu ct a s ie g e a nd di d n o t ventu re clo s e to t h e

,

wa ll s The thi rd da y (5 t h O ct )they a g a in a ppea red

. .

before the En g l i s h f a ctory thre a tenin g t o bu rn it ,

down Sh iv a ji a nd his s oldiers were g re a tly enra g ed

.

a t the l o s s o f their men in the fir s t a s s a u lt o n thi s

i

ho us e a n d they cl a mo u red for ven g e a nce Bu t the

, .

wis er a m ong his c a pt a ins knew th a t a s econd a tt a ck

wo u l d res u lt in fu rther los s o f l ife a n d a t their ,

req u es t t w o En g l i s h a g e nt s w a ited o n Sh iv a j i in h is
tent ou t s ide the town with s ome pres ents Of s c a rl et
,

clo th s word b l a de s a n d knive s The M a r a t h a ki ng

, .

em in a ve ry kind m a nner tell ing them ,

a n d he were g ood friend s a n d p u tt i n g ,

his ha nd i n to their h a nds he told them th a t he wo u l d

do the En g l i s h no wron g ( S u r a t to CO. 20 N o v .
,
.

1 67 0 in Hed g e s Di a r y )
'

.
,

O n 5 t h O cto b er a bo u t noon Shiv a j l s u ddenly

,

retrea ted from t he town t ho u g h n o M u gh a l a rmy ,

Bu t h e
“

w a s ne a r o r even reported t o be comin g .

h a d g o t p lu nder eno u g h a n d tho u g ht it pru dent t o

 SHI V AJ I .
[ CH . vu . .

tide m a de it i for t he M a ra th as t o
a in e d s afe So g re a t
m
.

there h , the 3r d the

E n g l i s h fa ctors removed th e ir tre a s u re from the s hore
to one o f their s hip s a n d next da y lo a ded a ll their
,

bro a dcloth q u icks i lver c u rr a ll ( cora l P)& c o n bo a rd

, , .
,

" n
s h ip t o s ec u re them a g a in s t a ny a ttempt s o f Sh iv a j i
'

, .

T w o other En g l i s h s hip s which were du e t o s a il

, ,

w ere det a ined a t Sw a lly ti l l l 0 t h O cto b er by wh ich ,

t ime the M a r a th a s were expected to withdr a w from

the di s trict The En g li s h f a ctors with the help o f the

.

'

s hip s c a rpenters even r a n u p a wooden p l a tform a t

o n e end of the m a rine y a rd a n d mo u nte d ei g ht g u n s
"

to de fend the Comp a ny s e st a te the be s t we

'

o n it ,

n s c a ring a w a y the M a r a th a myri a d s g re a tly , ,

the he co u ntry The s e tr a ders .

h a d a s a rew a rd o f their br a ve de fence o f their

"

f a ctory d u rin g the loot o f 1 664 received commerci a l ,

privi l e g e s from t h e Emperor An d n o w the s o n o f

.

H a ji S a id Be g the riche st merch a nt o f S u ra t who

, ,

h a d fo u nd s he lter a t Sw a l ly p u blicly s wore th a t he

,

wo u l d mi g r a te with h is f a mily t o Bomb a y

The f a ct th a t a ll the three Eu rope a n f a ctorie s a t
S u ra t were u nto u ched while evey other s hop a n d
h o u s e w a s r a n s a cked b y the r a iders n a t u r a lly excited
,

S u ra t a n d the imperi a l Co u rt
 16 7 0]
‘

CO N FU S I O N AN D L OSS AT S URAT . 203

f orei g n merch a nts therefore received no rew a rd

t h e r u l er o f the l a nd t h is time ( M a s ter to .

;M a rine 3 J a n , in F R S u ra t
. . .
,

A n o ffici a l inq u iry a s cert a ined th a t Shiv a n h a d

c a rried o ff 66 la khs o f Ru pee s worth o f booty from
'

ISu r a t , v iz -
c a s h pe a rls a nd other a rticl e s worth
.
, , ,

5 3 la khs from the city its e lf a n d I 3 la khs worth from

N a w a l S a h u a n d H a ri S a h u a nd a vi ll a g e ne a r S u r a t .

( A kit b a ra t 1 3 ,

Bu t the re a l lo s s of S u r a t w a s no t t o be e s tim a ted

b y the booty which the M a r a th a s c a rried o ff The .

tr a de of thi s the riche s t port o f l n dia w a s pra ctic a lly

, ,

d r a w a l fr the town u s ed t o throb with p a nic

e very now a n d then whenever a ny M a r a th a force
,

c a me within a few d a ys m a rch o f it o r even a t f a l s e

'

a l a rm s o f their comin g O n every s u ch occ a s ion the

.

merch a nts wo u l d q u ickly remove their g ood s to s hip s ,

the citizens wo u l d flee to the vi l l a g e s a n d ,

E u rope a n s wo u l d h a s ten to Sw a lly B u s ine ss w a s .

e ffect u a l ly s c a red a w a y from S u r a t a n d inl a nd p r o ,

d u c ers he s it a ted t o s end their g ood s t o thi s t h e g re a te s t

e mpori u m o f W e s tern l ndi a .

Fo r o n e month a fter the s econd s a ck the town ,

w a s in s o g re a t a confu s ion th a t there w a s neither

"

g overnor n o r Government a n d a l mo s t every d a y ,

w a s trou b l ed by r u mo u rs o f Shiv a s comin g there

'

O n the t h ( i e
"

a g a in . only a week a fter h is . .

,

dep a rt u re )it w a s a g a in ru mo u red th a t he w a s ret u rn

i n g with hors e a nd foot a nd th a t he h a d ,
204 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . vu

a re a ched Pent a p l a ce a bo u t 25 mile s di s ta nt

lre a dy , .

At once there w a s a g enera l exod u s a n d the town w a s

ch a n g ed from a bu s y po rt into the de a th l ike q u iet -

of a de s ert The Tu rki s h Eng l i s h a nd French

.
,

merch a nts a ba n do n ed their f a ctorie s Bu t the Du tch .

,
e

5 2 men in a ll with fl a gs flyin g a n d dru m s be a tin g

,

proceede d from their sh ip t o their fa ctory Thi s w a s .

their b e l a ted imit a tion of the En g li s h demons tra tion

of J a nu a ry l 664 when the En g li s h pre s ident a t the
, ,

he a d of s om e 200 m e n h a d m a rched thro u g h the ,

to wn dec l a rin g th a t he me a nt t o with s t a nd Shiv a j i

,

with thi s h a nd fu l of men ! (D u t ch R ecords Tra ns , .

,

Vo l . 29 l e tt e rh N o
, . 763 an d Vo l . 27 , No . 7 l 9) .

Atthe end b f Novemb er a n d a g a in a b o u t l oth ,

D ecember 1 6 7 0 the a la rm w a s revived ; a n d the

, ,

E u rope a n merch a nt s met to g ether to concert me a n s

o f g u a rdin g their res pective interest s The l a ndwa rd
"

. .

defences o f Sw a ll y were s tren g thened b y a ddi n g a

b re a s twork o n the north s ide o f the c h o u ltry a nd the ,

entr a nce to the h a rbo u r o r ho l e w a s g u a rded b y

s t a tionin g a s hip there The En g li s h u s ed t o remove .

their money a n d g ood s from S u r a t t o thi s p l a ce at

every s u ch a la rm .

l n J u ne 1 6 7 2 the s u cce s s o f the M a r a th a forces

u nder Moro P a n t in the Koli St a te o f Ram n a g a r on ,

the w a y t o S u ra t kept the city in con s t a nt terror fo r

,
'

a l on g time The M a ra th a g eneral openl y dem a nded

.

c h a u th from S u ra t thre a tenin g a vi s it a tion if the

‘

g overnor re fu s ed p a yment : There w a s the s a m e

p a nic a g a in in Feb ru a ry a n d O cto b er l 67 2 Septem b er ,
206 S H I VA1 1 .
[ CH . V1!

B u t the moon bo u t thr ee o clock in the mornin g

’

se t a ,

a n d in t h e d a rkne ss the M u g h a l s o l dier s were s ome

wh a t s c a ttered .

l k h l a s Kh a n Mi a n a ( s o n o f Ab d u l Q a dir Ba h l o l
Kh a n a former P a th a n l e a der o f Bij a p u r) c o m
, ,

m a n d e d the M u g h a l V a n g u a rd As cendin g a hi ll ock .

in the ea r ly mornin g he behe l d the enemy s t a ndin g ,

re a dy for b a ttle in the p l a in b el o w Whi l e h is men .

were p u ttin g on their a rmo u r which w a s conveye d ,

o n c a mel s he him s e lf with a h a ndfu l o f fo llowers

,

reckl e s s ly ch a rg ed the enemy Th e M a-Ial lLd fi é r .

w

g u a rd ,
which h a d f a ced a bo u t w a s s tron g ,

Pra t a p Ra o Gu j a r the M a s ter o f th e Hors e V y a n k o p

, ,

D a tt o a n d M a k a j i A n a nd Ra o ( a n a tu r a l s o n o f
Sh a hj i Bh o n s l a ) l kh l a s Kh a n w a s very s oon
. .

wo u nded an d u nhors ed After a time D a u d a rrived .

o n the s cene a n d s ent u p Ra i M a k a r a n d a n d s om e

other o fficers to reinforce the V a n while he l eft hi s ,

e l eph a nts fl a gs a n d dm m s a t a ru in e d vi ll a g e o n a
,

hei g ht s u rrou nded b y na la s with orders t o m a ke

, ,

h is c a mp a n d re a r g u a rd h a lt there when they w o u l d

-

come u p .

For ho u rs t o g ether a n o b s tin a te a n d bl ood y

"

b a ttl e r a g ed S a n g ra m Kh a n Ghori a nd his kin s men

.
.

were wou nded a n d m a ny were s l a in on the M u g h a l

,

"

s ide . The M a r a th a s l ike the B a rg is of th e D ecc a n

, ,

fou g ht hoverin g ro u nd the imperi a li s t s Bu t t h e .

Bu n d e la inf a ntry of the M u g h a l a rmy with thei r

a b u nd a nt fire arm s kept the enemy b a ck D a u d '
.
1 6 70] M UG H AL R EP UL S E ‘

. AT V AN ] . 207

Kh a n him s e lf entered the fi g ht repu ls ed the enemy ,

wit h h is a rtille ry a n d re s cu ed the wou nded l khla s

,

Kh a n .

Me a ntime in a nother p a rt o f the field Mir

, ,
'

A bd u l M a b u d the da ro g h a o f the divi s ion a l a rti ll ery

, ,

who h a d been s ep a r a ted from the m a in a rmy by a

fo ld in the g ro u nd w a s a tt a cked He w a s wou nded
’

, .

with one o f hi s s on s a n d s ome fo l l o wers whil e

.
.
,

a nother so n a n d m a ny s o l diers were s l a in ; a n d h is

fl a g s a n d hors e s were c a rried o ff b y the enemy .

There w a s a l u l l in the fi g ht a t noon .

A t t h at t ime D a u d Kh a n h a d le s s th a n
men with him w hile the M a r a th a s o u tnu mbere d him
,

fivef o ld I n the evenin g they ch a r g ed him a g a in

. ,

b u t were d riven b a ck evident ly by the a rti llery At , .

“

n ig h t t h e M u g h a l s bivo u a cked u nder the a u t u m n s k y ,

their c a mp w a s entrenched a n d they en g a g ed in ,

b u ryin g the de a d a n d tendin g the w o u nded The .

M a ra th a s retre a ted to Konk a n witho u t fu rthe r ?

oppo s ition Thi s b a tt l e w as fou g ht in the

.

D indori s ubdiv is ion l a te in th e month o f O cto

Thi s b a tt l e neu tr al i s ed the M u g h a l power

more th a n a m o nth The da y a fter the fi g ht .
,

Kh a n m a rched with the broken remn a nt o f his a rmy

to N a s ik a n d h a lted there fo r o n e month evidently
, ,

Ba t t l e o f Van i D i ndo r i ;
-
e n ti re l y b ase d u po n D i l ka s ha ,

84 88
-
, ( Bh i m s e n w as an ey e w i tne s s); w i th
- a fe w p o in ts fro m
Sa bh . 6 4 65
-
.
208 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . v n .

to reco u p h is s tren g th a n d a ls o to w a tch the ro u te

from Konk a n ( by the T a l pa s s The wo u nde d we r e \

s en t t o Au r a n g a b a d
'
L a te in Novembe r he re.
,

mo v e d to Ahm a dn a g a r b u t a t the end o f D ecem b er ,

he w a s rec al l ed t o the s cene o f h i s l a s t b a t tle l y ~

the re iv a l o f M a r a th a a cti vity i n the Ch a ndor r a n g e

v .

( D il 8 7 8 9
.
, ,

§7 . Ra i d int o B e rar an d B a g la na .

We h all fo r the
Sh iv a j i s
'

s p
, re s ent p a ss over ,

a ctivity a t s e a a n d in the we s tern co a s t s t r i p du ri n g -

fi

t h e wh o l e of Novem b er a n d p a rt o f D ecember l 6 7 0

a fter h is ret u rn from S u ra t Ea rly in D ecember a .

M a r a th a force u nder Pra t a p Ra o m a de a r aid i nto

Kh a nde s h A dv a ncin g b y ra pid m a rc he s
. he ,

p lu ndered B a h a d u rpu ra a vil la g e t w o mi l e s from ,

B u rh a np u r (the c a p it a l o f Kh a nde s h ) b u t did not ,

come c lo s er t o th a t city be c a u s e o f the wa rn in g o f ,

j a s wa nt Sin g h w h o h a d be en po s ted there s ince

,

S eptember l a s t P a s s in g into Bera r he fe ll when

.
, ,

l e a s t expected U pon the rich a nd flo u ri s hin g city o f

,

K a ri nj a a n d looted it c omp lete ly Fo u r tho us a nd

, .
.

o xen a n d donkey s Were l o a ded with th e booty

consi s tin g of fine cloth s ilver a nd g o ld to the va lu e , ,

o f a kr ore o f Ru pee s c a ptu red here Al l the rich, .

men o f the p l a ce were c a rri ed 05 fo r ran s om O n ly .

the mo s t emine nt o n e a mong them e s c a ped in the

dis g u i s e of a wom a n The other town s a ls o yi e l ded
.

v a s t s u m s o f money Tha t ri ch pr ovince with it s

.
,

a ccu mu l a ted we a l th o f more th a n h a lf a cen t u ry of

 S H l V AJ l .
[ CH . VI I .

o f Fa r d a p u r he he a rd th a t the M a r a t h a s ret u rnin g

from Bera r had tu rn ed a s ide from Bu rh a npu r a n d
t a ken th e ro a d t o B a g la ma The s itu a tion a t the
.

c a pit a l o f Kh a nde s h wa s a lso sa ved b y the a rriv al

there on l st J a nu a ry l 6 7 l of a ne w s u preme
comm a nd er M a h a ba t Kh a n w ho to ok J as wa nt
,

a w a y with him s e l f when l e a v i ng the town .

From Fa r d a p u r D a u d Kh a n s we rved t o the we s t

,

a n d entered B a g l a n a o n the heel s o f the M a ra th a s .

Whi l e Pra t a p Ra o h a d b een s a ckin g K a rinj a in '

Bera r a nother M a ra th a ba nd u nder Mo ro Trimba k

,

Pin g l e h a d been l ootin g W e s t Kh a nde s h a nd

B a g l a n a a n d n o w the s e two divi s ions h a d u nited in
,

the nei g hbou rh o o d o f Sa lh ir They h a d p lu ndered

'

the vi ll a g e u nder the hil l fort o f M u lhi r a n d l a id

-

s ie g e to Sa lh ir D a u d Kh a n a rrived ne a r M u lh ir a t
.

a bo u t 8 P M . b u t co u l d a dv a nce no fu rther a s mo s t
.
,

o f h is c a mp a nd a rmy were l a g g in g be hind .

The Kh a n urg ed hi s troops to s t a rt next mornin g

in order to r a is e the s ie g e of Sa lh ir He him s e lf .

se t o ut before s u nri se Bu t mos t of h is men h ad

.

not yet a rrived a nd the few th a t h a d c ome with

,

him were s c a ttered They bu s ied them s elve s in

.

cookin g food o r t a kin g re s t in the c a mp i ns te a d o f ,

re s u min g the m a rch with their chief D a u d Kh a n .

he a rd on the w a y th a t Sa lhir h a d a lre a dy b e en

c a ptu re d by the M a ra th a s a nd s o he retu rned in ,

di s a ppointm e nt t o M u lh ir a n d a ft e r a s hort h a l t
,

there fe l l b a ck on h is new b as e ne a r K a nch a n a

M a n c h a n a in the Ch a ndor ra n ge
’
1 67 1 ] v i s1 r OF CHHATRA SAL B UNDEL A . 21 1
Shiv a j i inve st ed Salhir w ith a force o f
ha d
20000 h ors e a nd fo o
, t and o n e da y finding the ,

g a rri s on 03 their gu a rd he h ad s c a led th e w a ll by

me ans o f ro p e l add ers The q ila dar F a th u ll a h Kh a n
-
.

f ell fig htin g a nd his wife 3 bro ther then g a ve u p

,

the fort to the enemy This h a ppened a bo u t 5 th .

J a nu a ry 1 6 7 1 Th e s u cce ss o f the M a ra th a s
.
"

c ontinu ed They threa tened other fort s in the

.

p rovince s uch a s M u lhi r Ch a u ra g ar h a n d T a lu l g a rh

, , .

Their rovin g ba nd s c u t o ff the g ra in s u ppl y o f

'

Nekn a m Kh a n the fa u j da r of B a g la n a ( who s e he a d

,

q u a rte rs were a t M u lh ir ) Th ey a ls o l a id s ie g e t o .

D h o d a p the l oftie s t hill fort in the Ch a ndor r a n g e

,
-

I n the winter o f l 6 7 o7 l -
, Sh iv aj i receive d a v i s1 t

from Chh a tr a Sa l the s o n of Cham p a t Ra i Bu nd e la,,

the l a te chi eft a in o f M a ho b a Thi s yo u n g m an h a d .

entered the imperi a l a rmy a t ] a i Sin g h s re c o m ;

'

m e n da t io n b u t he w a s di s contented wi th wh a t he
’

c on s idered the
M d o f h is s ervice s in
the M u g h a l inv a s ion o f the Cond cou ntry So he .
,

l eft the M u g h a l c a mp o n the p le a of h u ntin g a n d '

m a de a n a dvent u ro u s jo u rney with his wife

M ah a r a s htr a by obs c u re a n d ro u nd a bo u t p a th s He -
.

o ffered to s erve u nder Shiv a a g a ins t th e Emper or .

Sh iv a j i received him with hono u r pra i s ed h is m a nl y ,

s pirit b u t s ent him b a ck with the a dvi ce to ri s e

,

*
Dil . 98 1 00 -
. A kh ba ra t , ye a r 1 3—1 2 . 15 . T . 5 . 330 .

K . K . ii . 247 -249 ( g iv e s ano the r s t o ry o f t he s u r re n e r d o f

S al h i r .
)
2 12 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . vu

a ga in s t A u r a n g z ib in B u nde l kha nd sa yin g , l llu s ,

~

trion s chie f ! conq u er a n d s u bdu e you r foe s Recove r .

a n d ru l e yo u r n a tive is expedient to c o m
mence ho s ti litie s in yo u r own dominions where yo u r ,

repu t a tion wi ll g a in m a ny
the Mu g h a ls evince a n intention of a tt a cking yo u I ,

wi ll di s tra ct their a ttention a n d s u bvert their p l a n s ,

by a ct i ve c o oper a tion
-
The
. contempora ry
hi s tori a n Bhim s en however tel ls u s th a t Chh a tra
, , ,

Sal retu rned from Ra i g a rh in di s a ppointment a s h e

fo u nd the provinci a l s pirit o f the D e c c a n i Co u rt u n
-

con g eni a l to h i m a n d Shiva n never g a ve h i s tr u s t

or a ny hi g h o ffice t o men from Northern lndi a .

C B d l
'

( h h a t r a p k
ra a s,
h c a nto l l P o g s o n s o o n e as ,

pp 5 2 5 3 D il l 32 )
.
-
. .
2 I4 S H I V AJ I [ H
C vm
'
“

. .

D au d Kh a n h a d been a ppointed h is chi ef lieu tena nt

a n d the comm a nder o f h is V a n g u a rd b u t he d e s
p is e d thi s o ffice a s bel o w hi s r a nk a nd be gg ed t h e ,

Emperor to rec a ll him (A kh 1 3 1 2 D il - . .

-
.

We s h a l l now tra ce the hi s tory o f the w a r in

the Ch a ndor ra n g e L a te in D ecember l 6 7o
.

Sh iv a j i s men h a d l a i d s ie g e t o D h o d a p a nd D a u d
'

Kh a n h a d s t a rte d on the 28 t h o f th a t month to r e

lieve the fort Bu t the q ila da r M u h a mm a d Z a ma n
.
, ,

s u cce s s fu l l y re p e lled the a tt a ck u n a id e d D a u d

,
.

Kh a n h a d next a dv a nc e d t o the re lie f o f Sa lhi r bu t

-
,

h a d b een t o o l at e to s a ve it a s we h av e a l r e ady , ,

s een . I n J a nu a ry l 67 l he held a fortified ba s e ne a r

,

the Ka nch a n a p a s s from which he s a l lied fort h in

every dire ction in which the M a r a tha s were he a rd
From the Em p e r o r s l e tt e rs it a p pe a rs
'

o f a s rovin g .

th a t D a u d Kh a n w a s u nder a g enera l o rd er to ri g h t
everythin g th a t m ig ht g o wr on g in Ba g l a n a ! O n c e
a fter a ni g ht m a rch he fe l l o n a body o f f t he enemy
“

- -

ne a r H a t g a rh a n d s l ew 7 00 of the m (D il l O l . .

A kk ha ra t , 13
La te in J a nu a ry l 67 l M a h a ba t Kha n j o ined
-
,

D a u d Kh a n ne a r Ch a n e a n d t h e two l a id si e g e t o .

Ahiv a n t which Shiva h a d recent ly t a ken

,
A ft e r a .

month h a d b een wa s ted in a fru it le s s excha ng e o f

fire t h e fort w a s entered from the trenche s o f Dau d
,
'

Kh a n a n d the g a rri s on c a pi t u l a ted to him M a h a ba t

“

Kh a n b e c a me fu riou s ly a n g ry a t l o s in g the credit o f

“

thi s s u cce s s He h a d b een previo u s ly tre a tin g D a u d

.

Kh a n a 5 h a z a ri with di s co u rte s y a n d now the

,
-
, ,
167 1 ] S LACK M UGH AL O P ERA T ION S . 2 15

rel a tion s between them beca me s tr a ined to th e

u tmo s t Le a vi ng a g a rri s on t o hold Ah iv a nt
.
,

M a h a ba t s pe nt three month s a t N a s ik a n d then w ent

t o Pa rni r ( 20 miles we s t o f Ahm a dn a g a r)t o pa ss th e

r a iny s e a s on ( J u ne t o September)there while D a u d ,

Kh a n w a s rec a lled t o Co u rt ( a bo u t
There w a s exce s s ive r a inf al l th a t ye a r a nd m a ny
men a nd c a t tl e perishe d o f pes tilence in the ca mp
a t Pa rn ir Bu t while hi s troop s w ere dyin g M a h a b a t
.
,

Kh a n a ttended d a ily entert a inment s in the

o f the noble s by t u rn s There were 400 d .

g irl s o f Af g h a ni s t a n a n d the P a nj a b in his c a mp

'

a nd they were p at ron i sed by the o fli c e rs (D i l ; .

IO 6 .
)

§2 . Cm pa a ig n o f B a h a du r a n d D ilif ,

B a tt le o f Sa lh ir .

The Emperor w a s di ss a ti s fied with M a h a ba t

Kh a n for the poor re s u lt of h is c a mp a i g n in the
fir s t q u a rter o f 1 6 7 ] a n d h is lon g s pell o f in a ctivity
a fterw a rd s a n d s u s pected him o f h a vin g formed a
,

s ecret u n d e rs t a n d m
.
w i th Sh i v a 1 So he s ent ,

e D ecca n nex t -

winter They m a rch ed from Gu jra t into Ba g l a n a

. ,

*
D il . 1 02 104 -
, 106 ; Sa bh . 73 .
"
M ah a b a t Kh an is co m e

as fa r as N as i k T ri m b a k an d h a th ta k e n 4 ca s t e s l ; H u tu r n t

(= A h iv a n t) an d Salh i r a re th e na m e s o f tw o o f th e m .

(F . R . S u ra t . 105 , Bo m b . to S u ra t , 8 A p ri l Bu t th e

M u g h a l s di d no t re c o v e r Salh i r . th o u g h Sa b h . 73 sa ys so .

T he y on ly c ap tu re d Ra v l a -
J av l a an d M ark a nda g a rh .
 2 16 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH Wu . .

la id ie g e to Sa lh ir ( n o w in M a r a th a h a nd s) a n d
s ,

l e a vin g lkh la s Kh a n Mi a n a Ra o Am a r Sin g h ,

-

Ch a nd a w a t a n d s ome other o fficers to continu e t he

s ie g e proceeded tow a rd s Ahm a dn a g a r (D il l 07 ;
, . .

O . C .

From t h e environ s o f Ahm a dn a g a r Ba h a dur ,

Kh a n a dva nced t o S u p a ( in the Pu n a di s trict) whi l e ,

D ilir Kh a n with a flying co lu mn recovered P un a ;

m a s s a crin g al l the inh a bit a nt s a bo ve the a g e o f 9

y e a rs , ( end of D ecember l 6 7 l ) E a rly in J a nu a ry

'

1 6 72 Shiva j r w a s a t M a
, h a d dra inin g his forts o f ,

men t o r a i s e a v a s t a rmy fo r expe llin g the inva ders

from the home o f h is chi ldhood *
Bu t th e pre s su re .

o n P u n a w a s immedi a te ly a fterw a rd s removed a n d

Bah a d u r Kh a n w a s rec a l led fro m thi s re g ion by a

s evere di s a s ter to th e M u g h a l a rms in Ba g l a n a .

*
F . R . S u ra t 106 , Bo m b a y to S u ra t , 13 J an . an d 20

Ja n . 1 67 2 . Th e to w n ta k e n b y B il i r Kh an is sp e lt in th e

E n g l is h F a c t o ry Re co rds as P u na C h a c hu e an d P u n a Ca u kna ,

"

an d d e s c r ib e d as a p l a ce o f g re a t c o n ce r n in a v e ry la rg e
p la in in the he a rt o f a ll Sh iv a j i 8 uppe r co u n t r y . Th is
d e s c r ip ti o n s u g g e s ts P u na an d no t Ch a k a n ; b u t we hav e no

P u na
'

d i re c t e vi de nc e th a t Sh i v a j i g o t b a c k an d C h ak a n fro m
the M u g h al s by th e t re a ty o f 1665 or th a t o f 166 8 . Th e
E n g l is h re c o r d a ru m o u r , w h i ch w e k no w w as b ase l e ss , th a t

at th e c a p t u re o f th i s p l a ce D il i r Kh an k il le d Ka r t o j i Cu j a r .

the
‘

M a ra th a L i e u t e na n t -
G e n e ra l , (i . s P ra ta p Rao .
) Su pa , a

fo r P un a i n
'

fe w l i ne s a b ov e m ay e a si ly b e a c o p y is t s e rr o r

”
,

t he P e rs i a n MS . o f D i l ka s ha , 1 07 , w h i ch , ho w e v e r , is si e nt l
a bo u t th i s M u gh a l v i c to ry . C h i t ni s , 9 , s a ys th a t the M a ra th a s
re c o v e re d C h a k a n b y fo r c e i n l 667 or la te r .
2 18 s mv an .
[ CH . vm

Pe rs i a n a cco u nts ar e s ilent a bo u t i t We c a n .

,

h owever b e s u r e th a t the Sa tn am i ris ing in M a rch

,

a n d the rebel lion o f the Kh a i b a r

Af g h a n s in April “

next m a de it impo ss ibl e fo r the Empe ror to a ttempt

,

the recovery of h is pr e s ti g e in the D ecc a n a nd ,

“

Shiv a w a s therefore left the m a s ter of the s itu a tion .

thro u g ho u t the ye a r 167 2 (M A 1 1 5 . . .

-
Ba h a d u r Kh a n retu rned from Ba g l a n a with
fa il u re enc a mped fo r s om e time on th e b a nk of the
,

Bhim a , an d then went ba ck to Ahm a dn a g a r t o c a nto n .

fo r the ra ins A bo u t M a y 1 672 M a h a ba t left the

. :

D ecca n fo r H indu s t ha n a nd a month l a te r

,

M u a zz a m did the s a me _ B a h a du r Kh a n w a s .

a ppoin t e d comm a n de r in chief an d a ctin g viceroy o f

- -
:

the D ecc a n in the p la ce of the s e t w o becomi ng s u b

,
.

s t a n t iv e s u b ah da r in J a n u a ry 1 6 7 3 a n d ho l d in g th a t
' “

, .

o ffice til l Au g u st 1 67 7 (D i l 1 08 1 09 ; M A
. .
- . .

§ 3. M a ra t ha o oc u p a t io n o f t h e K o l i co u nt ry 1 67 2 , .

So g re a tly w a s the s pirit o f the M a ra th a s ro u s ed

by their victory over l khl a s Kh a n c a ptu re o f M u lhir , ,

a n d exp u l s ion of Ba h a d u r a n d D i lir from P u n a th a t ,

r a ctivity continu ed u n a b a ted e v en du rin g th e

'

ho t we a ther a n d th e ra iny s e as on o f thi s ye a r A bo u t

. .

5 t h J u ne a l a r g e M a r a th a a rmy u nder Moro Trim b a k

'

Pin g l e c a p tu red J a wh a r from it s Koli Ra j a h Vikra m ,

Sh a h a n d s eiz ed there tre a su re a mou nting t o 1 7

'

la khs o f Ru pee s The p l a ce i s on ly 1 00 mi l e s fro m

.

S u ra t a n d a djoin s the N a s ik di s trict from which it

, ,

is s ep a ra ted b y the W es tern Gh a t s A dv a ncin g .

f u rther north he thre a tened the other Ko l i St a te o f

,
 Ko L l CO UNT RY AN N E X ED . 2 19

Ra mn a g a r *
which is only s ixty mil e s s ou th o f Sura t .

The Ra j a h fled w i th hi s fa mi ly ( a bo u t 1 9th J u ne

1 6 72) to Chikli s ix mil e s s e o f Ca nda v i a nd 33
, . .
-

m s o f Su ra t Even G a nd e vi w a s de s erted by t he
. . .
-

peop l e in fe a r o f the comin g o f the M a ra th a s Bu t '

t h e inv a ders s peedily ret r e a ted from Ra m n a g a r o n

he a rin g t h a t D ili t Kha n w as a s s e mblin g his force s

for a c a mp a i g n He a vy r a i n st opped the a ctivity o f
'

the M a ra th a s fo r a fe w d ays Bu t s oon a fterwa rds .

M o ro P a nt with h is a rmy r a is ed to
, men ,

ret u rne d t o the a tt a ck a n d too k Ra mn a g a r in the ,

firs t w eek o f Ju ly ;

The a nnex a tio n o f J a wh a r and Ra mn a g a r

th e M a r a th a s a shor t s a fe a nd e as y ro u te ,

Ka li a n up Northern K onk a n t o Su r a t a nd l a id
'

po rt he lpl es s ly ope n to i nva s ion from the s o u th .

city bec a me s u b ject to chr onic a l a rm Whene ver a ny ,

'

M a ra th a s were h e a rd o f even 60 mile s o ff a t ,

Ra mn a g a r .

§4 . S u ra t th re a t e n e d fo r c ha u th .

From the n ei g hbo u rhoo d o f Ra mn a g a r Moro ,

Tri mb a k Pin g le s ent three s u c ce ss ive letters to the

governor a n d l e a din g tr a der s o f S u r a t dem a ndin g
fo u r la khs of Ru pees a s bla ckm ai l a nd t hre a tenin g ,

a vi s it to the city in the c a s e o f th e ir refu s a l The

'

Rain n a g a r
,
i

*
N ow ca l l e d D h ar a m p u r . Th e o ld ca p i t a l ,

no w k no w n as Na gar s ta n ds 24 m . s . w . o f D h ar a rnp u r , th e

ne w c a p i ta l
220 S H l V AJ l .
[ CH . vm
.

thi rd o f the s e epi s tl e s w as very in tone p eremptory

I dem a nd fo r the third t ime which
“

wrote ,
,

ar e s h a ll be th e l a s t the cha u th o r q u a rter,

'

f th e king s r e venu e u nder you r Government .

As yo u r Empe ror h a s forced me to keep a n a rmy

fo r the defence o f m y people a n d co u nt ry th a t a rmy ,

mu s t be p a id b y hi s su bjects I f yo u do n o t s end me
'

t h e money s peedily then m a ke re a dy a l a r g e ho u s e

,

fo r me for 1 s h a ll g o a n d s it down there a n d receive

,

the revenu e a nd cu s tom du tie s a s there is none n o w ,

«
to s top my p a s s a g e .

At t h e first news o f th e a rriv a l of the M a ra th a

a rmy in Ra mn a g a r the g overnor o f S u ra t s u mmoned
,

a l l the le a din g Hind u a n d M u h a mm a d a n merch a nts

a n d propo s ed th a t t h e y s ho u ld s u bs cribe Rs
‘

fo r en g a g in g 5 00 h o rs e a n d foot to g u a rd the
t own for two month s
. O fficers were immedi a te ly
.

s ent to m a ke a l i s t of a ll the Hind u ho u s e s in the

town for a s s e ss in g thi s contr ibu tion Bu t no s o ldiers

. .

were en l i s ted a nd the g overn o r pocketed wh a tever

,

money w as a c t u a lly ra i s ed for the defence .

O n the receipt o f th e third letter from Shiv a .

the he lp le s s citizen s were s eized with a p a nic .

The rich went to the g overnor th a t very ni g ht a nd

w a nted permi ss i on to remove their fa milie s t o
Bro a ch a n d other town s for s a fety He kept them .

w a itin g ti ll a fter midni g ht g a ve them the permi s s ion, ,

b u t retr a cted it next morning when h e hel d a s econd ,

-

c onference with the town s men a s kin g th em to r a i s e

“

the bl a ckm a i l dem a nded —the merch a nt s p a yin g one

,
 SH I V A I J .
[ CH . v m .

The Ra j a h o f Ra fn n a g a r fled to D e v ne s on
"

l o s in g his kin g dom ( J u n e T (40a ) is .

wron g in s a yin g th a t he w a s c apture d b y Moro

.

P a nt

§5 . F u rt h e r M a ra th a s u cc e s s e s in 1 67 2 b u t r a id ,

int o K h a n de s h an d B e ra r D e c 1 6 7 2 de fe at e d , .
, .

From their ba s e in t he Ko li cou ntry of J a wh a r

a n d Ra mna g a r a M a r a th a force u nder M o ro Trimba k
,

e a s ily cro ss ed the Ch at s into t h e N a s ik di s trict in ,

the midd l e o f Ju ly 1 6 72 pl u nd ered a nd o ccu pied it , .

Ja du n Ra o D e cc a ni a g re a t g r a nd s on o f Lu khj i
'

,
-

J a d a v ( th e m a tern a l gr a nd fa ther of Sh iv a j i)with

.

me n w a s the M u g h a l t ha na h da r of N a s ik Trimb a k
'

-
, .

He w a s defe a ted a n d c a p t ured a fter lo s in g m a ny o f

h is t roop s in b a tt l e Siddi H a la l the tha na h da r o f .
,

V a nié D in d o ri ( or North N a s ik) w a s a ls o de fe a ted ,

a nd h is ch a r g e looted by th e M a ra th a s Fo r thi s .

f a i lu re both the o fficers were s h a rp ly reprim a nde d

,

b y B a h a du r Kh a n a nd in a n g er they de s erted t o ,

the M a ra th as with t w o other o fficers a n d a l l the

,

“ "

men o f their fo u r g re a t re g iment s of hors e

( O ctober ) O ther de s ertion
. s were a pprehended a n d ,

Di li r Kh a n w a s l e ft in g re a t d a n g er with a we a kened
a rmy to defend the province o f Gu jr a t a g a in s t the

exu lt a nt enemy (D il 1 1 6 F R Su ra t 87 S u ra t t o
. . . .
,

Bomb a y 20 J u ly 16 7 2 V o l 3 Su r a t 26 O cto b er
, , , .
, ,

B omb a y to Su r a t 1 8 O ctobe r in F R . Su ra t 1 06 , , .
.

T S 336 fo r th e tw o des e rters )

. .
‘
.

'

O n 25 t h O cto ber a l a rg e M a ra th a a rmy ,

1 672] M ARATHAS CHASED I N BERAR . 223

a ppe a red a t Ra mn a g a r a g a in a nd S u r a t trembled in ,

a la rm e s peci a lly a s a p a rty of Shiv a j i s hors e a d

'

v a nc e d to Chik li Bu t th a t city w as not S

.

o b jective now He m a de a li ghtnin g ra id in

.

d ifferent corner of the M u g h a l Ernp ir e .

He s ent h is li ght c a v al ry to pl u nder Bera r a n d

T e l in g a n a Th e viceroy B a h a du r Kh an o n he a rin g
.
,

o it s e t o u t from Ahm a dn a g a r du e e a s tw a rd s le ft
, ,

h is he a vy ba g g a g e a t Bi r ( 7 0 mi l e s t o t he e a s t)a n d
Qa nd a h a r a nd a rrived a s f a s t a s h e cou ld h e a r the
,

fort o f Ra m g ir N 7 935 E )in p u rs u it of the. .

r a iders Bu t they h a d been tw o d a ys beforeh a nd

.

w ith him l ooted the vil l a g e a t the foot of the fort

, ,

a n d c a rried o ff th e f a milie s o f mo s t o f the inh a bit a nt s

fo r ra n s om So the b a ffled M u g h a l g enera l retu rned

.

by w a y o f l nd u r ( modern N iz a m a b a d) 95 mil e s du e ,

w est . Enteri n g the Qu tb Sh a hi territory h e ra v a g ed -

,

t h e l a nd a t the in s ti g a tion of Di lir Kh a n The .

M a r a th a s in their retre a t divided into t w o bo die s

o n e e s c a pin g s o u th into the Co lk o n d a St a te a n d the

other t u rnin g northw a rd s t o Ch a nd a a n d thence

'

w e s tw a rd s into Ber a r proper Dilir Kh a n w a s s ent .

o ff to p u rs u e the firs t divi s ion whil e Ba h a d u r Kh a n ,

tried to cu t o ff the retre a t of the s econd .

Sendin g h is he a vy b a gg a g e b a ck to A u r a n g a ba d
from the nei g hbo u rhood of the vi l la g e o f Kh a ir ‘

the viceroy h a s tened by w a y of P a rtu r Sh e l lo d e a n d ,

Pe e do l a a n d a rrived ne a r the p a ss o f An tu r ( 38
,

miles north o f Au ra n g a ba d ) Here the M a ra th a s .

‘
Di l . 1 16 . 120- 1 22 ( fu l l )
224 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . vm

tu rn e d a t b a y an d a tta cked the M u g h a l V a n u nder

,

S u j a n Sin g h B u n d e la Bu t they were rep u ls ed a n d

.

pu rs u ed til l evenin g m a ny o f the hors e s of tra ders

,

a n d other kind s o f booty were recovered from the

enemy a n d res tored to their owners Next da y t h e .

,

M u g h a ls cro s s ed the p a s s a n d enc a mpe d a t D u rg a

p u r fo u r mile s from the fort of A n t u r
, .

The fo l lowing d a y when they were m a rchin g ,

t o Au r a n g a b a d in r a ther s tr a gg lin g g r o u p s be fore ,

the time fixed fo r the s t a rtin g o f the g enera l o n e ,

divi s ion o f imperi a li s t s w a s ch a rg ed by 75 0

picked M a ra th a c a v a lry on the l eft o f the p a ss o f
B ak a p u r s ix mi l e s (from D u rg a p u r
, After a n
o b s ti n a te b a tt l e in which the M u g h a ls were rein
,

forced by t heir g enera l the M a r a th a s retre a ted , ,

l e a vin g 400 o f their n u mber de a d in the fie ld The .

credit o f this victory belong s t o t h e Bu nd e l a s u nder

S u bh K a rn who s e g a l la nt so n D a lp a t Ra o w a s
-
,

wou nded in the fi g ht .

The divi s ion u nder D ili t Kh a n he a ded the other

M a ra th a ba nd o fl i nto Bij a p u r territory c a ptu rin g ,

mu ch booty a n d rejo inin g Ba h a d u r Kh a n Th a t .

g ener a l c a ntoned hi s troop s a t P a thri 76 mi l e s 8 e

.
,
. . .

o f Au ra n g a b a d Thi s M a rath a r a id into Kh a nde s h

.

their firs t incu rs ion in D ecem b er “

i l ed a nd th e M u g h a l troop s ,

mobi l ity a n d enterpri se .

it is p ro b a b ly t h is cam p ai gn th a t is re fe rr e d to in

M . A . 1 28 , am o n g th e C o u rt ne w s o f 1673 , i n th e .
fo l l o w i n g ‘
226 [ CH . V 111 .

l on g mo nt in s p u r ru nnin g ea s t w a rds fr om Pu n a
u a ~
.

From thi s p l a ce the M u g h a l ge n era l cou l d a t wil l

move we s tw a rd s a lon g th e north o f the r a n g e t o
protect the va l l eys o f the M u l a a nd the Bhim a (t h e
North P u n a di s trict) or a lo ng the s o u th o f it t o gu a rd
,

the v a ll eys o f the Nir a a n d the B a r a m a ti ( the s o u thern

portion of the d i s trict ) Northw a rd s he co u l d c o m .

m u n ic a t e wi t h h is g re a t depo t of a rm s a nd provi s ions

a t Ahm a dn a g a r witho u t h a vin g to cro s s a ny river
,

( except a t the foot o f th a t fort ) a n d s o u thw a rd s he

cou ld e a s i ly inv a de Bij a p u r thro u g h the Sho l a p u r '

c a ntonment a t Ped g a on s erved

a dv a nced b a s e fo r s ome ye a r s a fter

thi s time ex a ct ly a s Au r a n g zib s c a mp a t Bra hm a

'

pu ri 90 mi l e s s e e o f it did twenty t w o y e a rs
, ,
. . .
,
-

l a ter when the M u g h a l empire h a d extende d fu rther

,

s o u th .

l t w a s mo s t prob a b ly in thi s ye a r th a t -

Sh iv a j i met wi th a s ore di s a p p o intment The fort .

o f Shivner a mi l e we s t o f J u nn a r
, w a s n o do u b t o f ,

s tr a te g ic import a nce a s it g u a rded th e M u g h a l ,

frontier in the north of the Pu n a di s trict a n d bl ocked

the s horte s t rou te by which he co u ld s a lly o u t o f
North Konk a n to overru n M u g h a l D ecc a n Bu t .

'

wh a t g a ve it the g re a te s t v a lu e in Sh iv aj i s eye s w a s
th a t it w a s h is birth p la ce The M u g h a l g overnor -
.

o f Shivner w a s A bdul Aziz K h a n a Br a hm a n convert ,

*
Bu t Z . C . ass e rt s th a t he b e s ie ge d J u nn
ar Sh iv n e r)
i n Se p t . 167 0 .
1 6 73] SH I VA F A I L S TO TAKE SH I VN ER . 227

to I sla m an d mo
o ne s t f a ithf
o fu t he
l a n d V a l u ed

a nt s ur a n g m Sh iv a j i promi s ed him
m m fo r s u rrenderin g the fo rt into
M a r a th a h a nd s a nd he pretendin g cons ent received , ,

t h e money a ppo inted a d a y fo r the delivery

,
a nd ,

a s ke d Sh iv a j i t o s e nd c a va lry to t a ke t h e fo rt
'

over Bu t A bd u l A ziz a t th e s a me time s ecr e tly

.

informed Ba h a d u r Kh an o f the plot ; the

a rmy fell into a n a mbu s c a de p l a nn ed by the
M u g h a l s a nd retired in dis a ppointment with he a vy
,

lo s s (Fryer i 339
.
, .

§ 7 ; R a i ds i n t o K a h a r a an d S M a h a ra s h t ra 1 6 7 3 . ,

I n a nother directi o n how e ver a wi de door o f , ,

conq u es t w a s no w open e d to the M a ra th a s Al i .

A 1 1 Sh a h l l d 1 ed 24t h N o v 1 67 2 a n d in a fe w ,

m ont h s t h e Co v e ent o W ll i nto di s order

'
‘
‘

a n d we a kne ss Thi s w a s Sh iv a j i s oppo rtu nity O n

'

. .

5 th M a rch 1 6 73 h e g o t po ss e s s ion o f P a nha la a

,

s econd time by bribery a n d e a rly in Septem b er he

, ,

s ec u red the hi ll f o rt o f S a t a r a b y the s a me m e a n s

'
“

-
.

I n M a y h is men u nder Pr a t a p Ra o G u j a r bu rs t into

th e inl a nd p a rt s o f Bij a p u ri K a n a ra looting H u bl i ,

a nd m a ny other rich citie s Bu t t hey received a

. .

g re a t check from the Bij a p u ri g ener a l B a h l ol Kh a n ,

who repe a t e d ly defe a ted the M a ra th a rovers a nd

expel l ed them from Ka n a ra a n d then (in J u ne 1 6 7 3) ,

took po s t a t Kolha p u r to w a tch the ro a d a n d pre ,

vent their re tu rn Soon a fterwa rd s the r a in s p u t

.

end to milita ry o p era tion s a nd M a ra th a a ctivity ,

thi s re g io n w a s ch e cked b ut fo r a time only (B , . .

 228 SH IV AJ I .
[ CH . vm .

397 -399 ; 0 C 37 7 9 ; F R S u ra t 1 06 Bomb a y to

. . . . ,
.

S u r a t 16 Sep 1 6 73 D u t ch R ecor ds
.
, V ol 31 , . ,

N o 805 O
. C . .

As Mr Ger al d Au n gi e r the En g l is h Pre s ident

. ,

"

o f Bomb a y wrote on 16t h Sep 1 6 73 Shiv a ji be a rs

, . ,

h im s e lf u p m a nfu l ly a g a ins t a l l hi s enemie s a nd

thou g h it is proba ble th a t the Mu g h a l s a rmy m a y

'

f a ll into h is cou ntry thi s ye a r a n d Ba h lo l Kha n o n

the other s ide yet neither o f them c a n s t a y l ong fo r
,

w a nt o f provi s ion s a n d his flyin g a rmy wil l con s t a ntly

,

keep them i n a l a rm nor is it either their des i g n t o ,

de s troy Shi v a j i tot a lly for the U m a ra h s m a int a in a ,

po l itic w a r to their o w n profit a t the kin g s ch a rg e

'

a n d never intend to pro s ecu te it violent ly s o a s to

end it .
(F R Su ra t . .
,

Shiv a j i took fu l l a dva nt a g e of hi s e n e fn ie s mora l

'

a n d po l itic a l we a kne s s E a rly in O ctober 1 6 73 he .

,

w a s reported to h a ve m a de s a ck s re a dy to
convey wh a t pl u nder he c an g e t h a vin g a l s o a c o n ,

s i de r a b l e flyin g a rmy re a dy for th a t a ction Soon .

a fterw a rd s thi s a rmy

,
s tron g led by Shiv a , ,

'
i n pers on bu r s t into w e s t Bij a p u r territory p lu nder
-
, ,

i n g m a ny rich town s a n d then p a s s ed into K a n a r a

'

fo r more p lu nder Thi s work occu pied him ti ll the

.

end o f D ecembe r I n the firs t week o f th a t m o nth .

h e w a s a t K a dra with men a n d s t a yed there ,

o nly fo u r d a y s Bu t h is det a chment s were twice

.

*
F . R . S u ra t 106 , Bo m b . to Su ra t , 10 O ct . , 1 67 3 '

O . C 391 0; F
. . R Su ra t 88
. , K ar w a r to Su ra t , 17 De c .
230 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . V 11 1

dominions b y the S a t a ra P a nh a l a ro u t e i f thi s

'

-
.

'

s tr a te g ic move h a d s u cceeded the roa d for Shiv a s

'

ret u rn from K a n a r a thro u g h the So u ther n D es h ,

co u ntry wo u l d h a ve been cl o s ed while the Portu gu e s e ,

St a te of G o a wo u ld h a ve b a rr ed the l a nd ro u te we s t -

o f th e Ch a t s a n d he wo u l d h a ve been compe ll ed to
,

m a ke the jo u rney in s hip s o r m a ke a wide deto u r

e a stw a rds a n d try to force h is w a y between Mira i
a n d Bij a p u r a n d ru n the ri s k o f a n a tt a ck on both

fla nks b y t h e l a rg e Adi l Sh a hi force s a t the se t w o -

pl ace s .

Pra tap Ra o G u j a r the M a r a th a comm a nder i n ,

-

chie f w a s det a ched with a s li g htl y l a r g er force a n d

,

a rti ll ery to meet the d a n g er He tried to envelop

, .

B a h l o l s a rm y ne a r U mr a ni b etween Mira j a n d
'

Bij a p u r cu tti n g him o ff from his w a ter s u pply The

, .

b a tt l e r a g ed a l l d a y with inten s e ferocity M a ny .

were s l a in on both s ide s the M a r a th a s s u ffe rin g les s ,

th a n the Bij a p u ris After s u ns et B a h lo l ind u ced .

,

Pra t a p t o g ra nt a tru ce whi l e he promis ed not to ,

is at l e a s t 200 m il e s . it is v e ry .
fa r aw ay fro m Bi j ap u r , 06

th e usua l t rack o f ca m p a i g ns , an d o c cu p yin g an o ut -

o i th e
- -
w ay

h i ll y noo k . 1 c a n n ot i m a g i ne a ny m o tiv e tha t cou ld ha v e

b r o u g h t B a hl o l to th is p l a ce th e re w as no ric h c i ty i n t h is
re g io n fo r h i m to p l u n de r , no M a r a th a o u tp o s t to b re a k up .

if the b a t tl e —
fie l d w as c o r re c t ly na m e d N e sa ri , it m ust hav e
be e n so m e ot h e r N e s a ri , n e a re r to P a n h al a an d c o nn e c te d w i th

fo r N i g ua ?
'

it b y a fre q u e n t e d ro a d . i s N e sa r i a c o p y is t s e r ro r

T he r e a re tw o p l a ce s o f th e l a t te r na m e ne a r K o lh ap u r

( Sh . 40 s . W) .
1 6 74 ] D EAT H OF PR AT AP m o . 23!
0

c ommit a ny f u rt her ho s tility a g a ins t Shiva n So . ,

the M a ra th a a rmy withdrew ins te a d o f fo ll owin g u p ,

their s u cce s s a n d c a ptu rin g the whole o f the s tricken

enemy force .

The Bij a p u ris with their n u mero u s wo u nded fe ll ,

b a ck o n Tikot a ( 1 3 m we s t o f Bij a p u r) b u t bein g

.

reinforced a ppe a red in the P a nh a l a di s trict a g a in a

few month s l a ter (Fe b Sh iv a j i s h a rp ly cen s u red
.

Pra t a p Ra o for h a vin g l e t B a h lo l Kh a n e s c a pe when ,

he co u l d h a ve e a s i ly cru s hed h im a n d ended fo r eve r

his freq u ent men a ce t o the M a r a th a po s s e ss ions in
the So u thern D e s h tra ct a n d the ro a d s l e a din g a cro ss .

the G h a ts t o So u th Konk a n Pr a t a p Ra o i mme di a tely .

,

a fter the b a tt l e o f U mr a ni h a d d a s he d o ff to pl u nder

,

p a rt s o f G o lk o n da T e lin g a n a a n d Ber a r
,
O n .

ret u rnin g from thi s r a id which w a s u tterly u s ele ss

,

f r om the mi lit a ry point o f view he fo u nd B a hlo l ,

b a ck ne a r P a nh a l a a nd received a n a n g ry me ss a g e
from his m a s ter s a yin g B a h l o l h a s come a g a in Go
"

.
,

with yo u r a rm y de s troy him a n d win a complete

,

victory . O therwi s e never s how yo u r f a ce t o m e

,

a g a in i

Stu n g t o the q u ick by thi s l etter Pr a t a p Ra o

”
,

s o u g ht B a h l o l o u t a t Ne s a ri in a n a rrow p a s s a g e
,

b etween t w o hi lls Sm a rtin g u nder his m a s te r s

'

cen s u re he threw g ene ra ls hip to the wind s a nd

, ,

ru s hed u pon B a h l o l fo ll owed by only s ix hors eme n ,

the re s t o f h is a rmy h a n g in g b a ck from the m a d

ch a rg e The g a lla nt s even were c u t down b y th e
.

s w a rm o f foe s a n d m u ch h a voc w a s done a mon g

,
232 S H IV AJ I .
[ CH . Vi n .

t he M a r a th a s w h o were di s he a rtened b y the fa l l o f

their le a der a river o f b lood flowed Sh iv a j i .

g re a t l y mo u rned the de a th o f Pr a t a p Ra o a n d re

p e n t e d o f h is a n g ry letter
'

The de a d g enera l s . .

r e l a tive s a n d dependents were we ll provided fo r and ,

h is d a u g hter w a s m a rried to Ra j a Ra m the f a vo u rite ,

s o n o f the kin g .

A n a nd Ra o a l ie u ten a nt o f Pr a t a p Ra o r a llied
, ,

e di s he a rtened a rmy o f h is chief Shiv a a ppointed .

a n s a j i Mohite
*
comm a nder im c h ie f in s u cce ssion to -

Pr a t a p Ra o g a ve him the title of H a m b ir Ra o a nd

, ,

o rdered him not to ret u rn a l ive witho u t defe a tin g

the enemy At thi s H a m b ir Ra o went O H with the
.

who l e b ody o f hi s c a v a lry fa r into Bij a p u r territory

i n s e a rch of B a hlo l B i lir Kh a n with the M u g h a l .

a rmy a dv a nced p rompt ly t o the s u cco u r o f h is

b rother Afg h a n B a h lo l Kh a n B u t H a m b i r Ra o n o t
, .
,

d a rin g t o fi g ht two s u ch l a rg e force s retre a ted t o ,

w a rd s K a n a r a m a kin g forced m a rche s o f 45 mi l e s a

,

d ay . The two Kh a ns u n a b l e to overt a ke the mobil e ,

M a r a th a s g a ve u p the p u rs u it a n d t u m e d —
, B a hl ol ,

t o Kolh a p u r a n d D il ir t o P a nh a l a whence a fter a , ,

*
Th e
’
ne w co m m a n de r in - -
c h ie f s na m e is give n as H a sa j i
(( H a n sa j i) M o h i te b y bo t h S a b h a s a d an d C h i tn is . Th e l a t te r
dds ( p 1 26)th a t H as aj i k e d B ah l o l d isp e rse d
'
:a . a tt a c s arm y w he n
in p u rs u i t , c o nv e r te d the d e fe a t i n t o a v i c to ry , an d c h as e d
B a h l o l b a ck to B ij a p u r . Bu t N a r a ya n Sh e nv i , w r i ti n g fr o m
Ra i g a r h , o nl y a m o n th la te r , on i n fo rm a ti o n su p p l ie d by
S h iv a th a th e l e a d e rl e s s
'

s m i ni s te rs , s ta te s t A na n d Ra o ra ll ie d
a rm y a ft e r th e fa l l o f P ra ta p Ra o .
 SHl V AJ l .
[ CH . vm . .

Bu t the Bij a p u ris h a d their reven g e immedi a te ly

a fterw a rd s B a h l o l Kh a n
. re g a rdin g the l o s s [ o f ,

the e leph a nt s ] as a g re a t di s g r a ce to him be c a m e ,

de s pera te a tt a cked the ro b bers a g a in a n d be in g

, ,

reinforced s ecu red s u ch a victory th a t the ro bb ers

h a d to a b a ndon hors e s a n d were pu rs u ed fo r
a l on g dis t a nce it w a s not the M a r a th a po licy
.

Ra o r a pid ly retre a ted with h is booty to Shiv a s

'

dominions l eft it there in s a fety a n d then (in A pri l)

, ,

b u rs t int o B a l a g h a t .

§9 . D e fe a t o f B ilir Kh a n ] a n 1 67 4 , . .

L a te in J a n u a ry 1 6 7 4 M u g h a l a rmy tried to , a

de s cend into Konk a n a n d c a u s e a divers ion in th a t

q u a rter s im u lt a neo u s ly with the Bij a p u ri inv a s ion o f
.

the P a nh a l a re g ion Bu t Shiv a s topped th e p a th s b y .

b re a kin g the ro a d s a n d mo u nt a in p a s s e s a n d keepin g

h ere the ro u t e
h a d t o retu rn
b a ffled l t w a s prob a b ly thi s expedition to which
.

the En g li s h merch a nts re fer in a l etter written a t the

Dilir
u

end o f J a nu a ry 1 6 7 4 in the fo llowin g word s , ,

Kh a n h a th l a te ly received a ro u t b y Sh iv a j i a nd l o s t

Sa bh a sa d , 81 , s a ys th a t H a m b i r Ra o
'

s ra i d e x t e n de d o e r v

K h an de s h , Ba g la n a , Cu j r a t , A h m a da b a d , B u rh a np r Be a r
u ,
r ,

an d M ahu r , to th e ba nk o f the N a r m a da , an d th a t th e t ire d

M u g h al p u r s u e rs l w a y s l a g g e d 30 o r 40 m il e s b e h i n d s o t h a t
a ,

th e M a ra th as re t u rne d h o m e u n m o l e s te d a n d w i th a ll th e i r
b o o ty .
1 67 4 ] W AR W EARI N ES S
-
OF M UGH AL S . 235 1

of his P a th a n s a n d Sh iv a j l a bo u t five or s ix
hu ndred men I f s o D ilir Kh a n h a d either m a de a
. ,

r a s h front a l a tt a ck on o ne of the entrenched p a s s es

or f a l len into a n a mbu s c a de o f the M a r a th a s .

Throu g ho u t the s e fo u r month s D ecember l 673 to ,

M a rch 1 67 4 Shiv a j i s w a rs with A dil Sh a h a n d the

'

Si dd is were c a rried o n l a n g u idl y with only occ a s io n a l

o u tb re a ks o f vi g o u r The s o l diers on b oth .

were we a ry o f fi g htin g a n d their comm a nders

e a rne s t t o end thi s p a yin g b u s ine s s The .

ra i n s o f thi s ye a r were very he a vy a nd bred pe s ti lence .

Shiva in D ecember a nd J a nu a ry w a s compel l ed t o

di s trib u te h is hors e s thro u g ho u t h is dominions in
*
order to s t a bl e them in comfort .

Soon a fterw a rd s the M u g h a l power in t ,

A f g h a n s bec a me erio u s th a t Au r a n g z ib h a d to
so s

l e a ve D elhi ( 7 t h Apri l) for H a s s a n A bd a l in order ,

t o direct the w a r from the re a r a n d next month ,

Kh a n w a s c a l l ed to the North we stern fro -

B a h a du r Kh a n w a s l eft a lone in the D ecc a n with a

g re a t ly we a kened forc e Thi s l u l l in the w a r w a s .

eW
ut
ifi i h im s e l f with the g re a te s t

pomp a n d ceremony (M A 1 32 F R S u r a t 88 . . . . .
,

O xin d e n s
'

L e t te r 2 1 M ay
, ,

The eve o f Shiv a j i coron a tion a ffords a

'

s u it a b l e time fo r m a kin g a su rvey o f h is territori a l

*
N a ra y a n She n v r s l e t te r fr o m Ra i g a rh in F . R . S u ra t ,

Vol . 88 ; O . C . 3906 an d 3939 ; D u tc h Re co r ds , Vol . 34 .

No . 84 0 .
 236 SHl V AJ I .
[ CH . vul .

p o s ition W e h a ve s een a t the end of Ch a pter l l

. .

wh a t h is kin g dom w a s in 1648 a n d in 1 65 5 H is

“

g a in s between O cto b er 1 65 9 a n d Febru a ry 1 66 0 w ere

s hort l ived except in S
-
Konk a n Here he comp l eted
. .

the conq u e s t o f the Ra tn a g iri di s trict b y t a kin g

p o ss e s s ion o f it s we s tern p a rt ( inc l u din g a ll the ports
except Ra j a pu r a n d V in g u rl a )a s we ll a s it s s o u thern
extremity From thi s time his power b e g a n to im
.

pin g e o n th a t of the S a v a nt s o f V a di ( o r the

d e s a is o f K u da l a s they were then c a ll ed) a n d a fter
, ,

'

a l on g a n d confu s ed s tru g g l e m u ch o f the l a tter s

t erritory a s we l l a s the ports of Ra j a p u r a n d V in g u rl a
“

p a s s ed into Sh iv a j i s h a nd s ( b y the midd l e o f

'

a n d a ll So u th Konk a n owned him a s i t s s o l e m a s ter .

He h a d a lre a dy wr e s ted the we s tern co a s t of the

Kol a b a di s trict from the Si ddis .

Wh a t he ceded t o the M u g h a ls b y the Tre a ty

of Pu r a n d a r ( 1 665 )to u ched on ly h is territorie s in the
P u n a a n d Th a n a di s tricts whi l e h is a cq u i s ition s in
,

middl e a n d So u th Konk a n rem a ined int a ct Mo st .

o f the s e ce s s ion s even were recovered in 1 6 7 1

From 1 664 the M a r a th a s be g a n to ra i d K a n a ra ,

b oth the K a rw a r co a s t a n d the u p l a nd s o f H u bl i a nd

B e dnu r b u t t heir a ctu a l co nq u e s t o f the co as t w a s
a chieved a s l a te a s 1 6 7 5 .

M a r a th a a ctivitie s in 16 7 1 a n d l 67 2 res u lted in

the a nnex a tion o f B a g l a n a ( north o f the N a s ik
di s trict)a n d the Ko l i co u ntry ( J a wh a r a n d Ra mn a g a r)
in Konk a n b etween S u ra t a n d the Th a n a di s trict
,
.

T h e hi ll fort s in the Ch a ndor r a n g e s eem t o h a ve

-
 CH A PTER l X .

TH E CO R ON A T ION or SHI V AJ I AND AF TER .

16 7 4—1 6 7 6 .

§1 . Why Sh i va j i w a n t e d to be cr o w ne d .

Shivan a n d h is mini s ters h a d lon g fe lt the

pra ctic a l di s a dv a nt a g e s o f h is n o t bein g a crowned
kin g *
Tru e he h a d conq u ered m a ny l a nd s a nd
.
,

g a thered m u ch we a l th : he h a d a s tron g a rmy a n d

n a vy a n d exerci s ed powers o f l ife a nd de a th over
l ike a n independent s o v e r e 1 g n Bu t t h e o r e t i .

h is po s ition w a s th a t o f a s u b ject to the M u gh a l

Emperor he w a s a mere z a mind a r t o A di l Sh a h he

Th is c h a p te r i s m a i nl y b as e d upon th e d e ta i l e d re p o r ts
o f th e E n g l is h am b a ss a d o r H e n ry O xi n de n , th e E n g l i s h i n te r ~

p re t e r N a r a y a n Sh e n v i , an d th e D u t c h m e rc h a n t A b r a h a m L e
Fe b e r ( o f V i n g u rl a ) , p r e s e rv e d in Fa c to ry Re co rds , Su ra t ,

Vo ls . 88 an d 3 , an d D u tc h Re c o r ds , Vo l . xxx iv . No . 84 1 , o f
th e i n di a O ffic e , L o n do n . T h e se h av e be e n supp e l m e n te d b y
Sa b h as a d (8 1 Ch i t n is ( 1 57 1 7 0) a n d Sh i va di g v ij a y
-
( 406
— th e l as t b e in g e x tre m e ly u n re l ia b le an d 1 m a g 1 n a ry . Th e
Pe rs ia n MS . Ta ri kh i Sh i vai i - -
, 39a , co n fi rm s the c o n te m p o ra ry
E u r o p e an re c o r ds i n so m e p a r ti c u l a r s in a s u r p ri s i ng m a nne r .

I fi nd th a t th e B o m ba y G az e tt e e r asse r ts , w hat 1 s u sp e c t e d
w he n fi rs t re a d i n g C h i tn i s , th a t th is ba kha r i m p u t e s to Sh i v a j i
’

co r o na ti o n in 1 674 th e ce re m o n ie s w h i ch m ar ke d th e P u na
c o ro na ti o n o f a c e n t u ry l a te r ! Fa m il y h is t o ry o f G a g a Bh a t ta
i n Sa r d e sa i , i . 35 5 .
11 67 4 ] AD V AN T AG E S or CO RON ATI O N . 239

w as the rebe l s o n of a v a s s a l j a g ird a r He co u ld . no t

c l a im eq u a lity o f politic a l s t a t u s with a n y kin g .

Then a g a in s o lon g a s he w a s a mere priv a te

, ,

s u bject he co u l d n o t with a ll h is re a l power cl a im

, , ,

the l oy a lty a n d devotion of the people over whom

he ru led H is promi s e s co u l d n o t h a ve the s a nctity
.

a n d contin u ity o f the p u b l ic en g a g ement s o f the he a d

o f a St a te He co u ld s i g n n o tre a ty g r a nt n o l a nd
.
,

with l e g a l v a lidity a n d a n a s s u r a nce o f perm a nence .

The territorie s conq u ered by h is s word co u ld n o t

become hi s l a wf u l proper t y however u ndi s tu rbed ,

h is po ss e s s ion over them mi g ht be in pr a ctice The .

peop l e living u nder h is s w a y o r s ervin g u nder hi s

b a nners co u l d not reno u nce their a ll e g i a nce to the
,

former s overei g n o f the l a nd n o r be s u re th a t they ,

were exempt f rom the ch a r g e o f tre a s on fo r their

obedience t o him The perm a nence of hi .

cre a tion req u ired th a t it

w rm
«

it
- m
.

18
”o
cl e a r th a t the u s e o f the Bh o n s la s
l
a s
o

cre a ted m u ch je a l o u s y a m O n g the other M a r a th a

fa mi lie s which h a d once been their eq u a l s in s oci a l
s t a t u s Th e s e men cons o l ed them s e l ve s by ref u
. s in g to

a dhere to Sh iv a j i a s h is s erv a nts bra gg ed o f their ,

bein g loy a l s u b jects o f Au r a n g z ib or o f A dil Sh a h ,

a n d s neered a t Sh iv a j i a s a n u p s t a rt rebe l a n d u s u rper .

I t w a s nece s s a ry to rectify his po s ition in their eyes .

A form a l coron a tion a lone co u ld s how them t h a t he

w as a k n
i g and therefore their s u perior a n d en a b l e ,
240 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . 1x

him to tre a t on eq u a l term s wi t h the ru l ers of B1 j a p u r

an d G o lk o nda (D ig 4 06 . .

The hi g her mind s o f M a h a ra s htra too h a d , ,

b e g u n t o l ook u p to Sh iv a j i a s the ch a mpion of

m
-

Hind u i s m a n d w i s he d to
, esa t ed r

s t a t u re o f po l itic a l g rowth by the form a l

a ss ertion o f h is po s ition a s a n independent kin g .

They l on g ed fo r the Hindu s w a raj a n d th a t imp lied ,

a Hind u c hh a t r a p a t i (M t 1 5 8 inference
. .
,

D ig .

§2 . S h iva ): r e co g n is e d by G a g a Bh a t ta as

a K s h a t r iy a .

Bu tthere w a s o n e cu rio u s hindr a nce t o the

re a li s a tion o f thi s ide al A ccordin g t o the a ncient .

Hind u s criptu re s on ly a member o f the K s h a triy a

,

c a s te c a n be l e g a lly crowned a s kin g a n d cl a im the

hom a g e o f Hindu s u b jects The Bh o n s l a s were .

pop u l a rly known to b e neither

other twice born ca s te b u t m-
,

a s Sh iv a j i s g re a t g r a ndf a ther
'

to h a ve been How co u l d a n u p s t a rt s pru n g from

.

su ch a S h u dra ( p l ebei a n ) s tock a s pire t o the ri g hts

m
.

W
a nd h of

a llE
,

cW b l e ss the coron a ’

tion o f Shiv a j i onl y if he co u ld be a u thorit a tive ly

,
"

decl a red a K s h a triya .

I t w a s therefore nece s s a ry firs t t o s ecu re the

, ,

s u pport o f a p a ndit who s e rep u t a tion fo r s chol a rs hip

,

wo u l d s i l ence a ll oppo s ition to the views he mi g h t

242 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . 1x .

on the s e points a n d a g ents were s ent to l e a rn t he

,

m odern pra ctice o f the Ra j a h s o f U da l p u r a n d J a ip u r .

i nvit a tions h a d b een s ent to

.

M ns

every p a rt of l ndi a ; the report of the c o rni rig

re mony h a d a ttra cted others E l even tho u s a nd .

Br a hm a ns m a kin g
, s o u l s with their wive s a n d

chi l d ren were a s s emb l ed a t Ra i g a rh a nd fe d with

,

s weet s for fo u r month s a t the Ra j a h s expens e

’

Chi tni s a s s ert s a n d we c a n re a di ly be lieve it th a t the

, ,

g re a te s t foretho u g ht a n d or g a ni s in g power were

s hown by Shiv a in providin g fo r the comfort o f the

nu mero u s g u e s t s— Br a hm a ns nobl e s loc a l m a g n a te s

, ,

o f the re a l m a g ents o f other St a te s forei g n merch a nts

, ,

a n d vi s itors a n d poor co u s in s
, who h a d flocked to ,

the ceremony Nothi ng went a mi s s there w a s no

.

di s order no deficiency no s ho u tin g or b u s tle in

, ,

c a terin g to thi s la kh o f m e h women a n d chi l dr e n .

The d a i ly re li g io u s ceremonie s a n d cons u l ta tions

with the Bra hm a n s left Shiv a no time t o a ttend t o '

fo u nd t o his ch a g rin Shiv a be g a n by bowin g to h is

.

g u r u Ra md a s Sw a mi a n d h is mother Jij a B a i a n d
their b l e s s ing s The u nh a ppy di s ca rded
.

first wife o f Sh a hji n o w verg in g on ei g hty h a d

, ,

for g otten her h u s b a nd s ne g l ect in the l ove a n d devo

'
~

tion o f her s o n a n d rejoiced t o s e e be fore s h e clo s ed

, ,
-

her eye s th at he h a d re a ched the s u mmit o f hu m a n

,

g re a tne ss a s the crowned kin g o f the l a nd o f hi s

birth a n irre s i s tibl e conq u eror a n d a s tron g defender
, ,

o f the re l i g ion which w a s the s o l a ce of her l ife L ike .

 1 674 ] SH I VA M AD E A PU RE KSHATRI YA . 243

a q u een mother o f the s a me co u ntry born 1 5 cent u rie s

- -
.

e a rlier G a u t a m i the mother o f the A ndhr a ki ng

, ,

S hri Sa t a k a r ni s he g l oried in the g l ory o f her

,

victorio u s a n d orthodox so n A kind Providence .

s eemed t o
: h a ve pro l on g e d her lif e o nly to en a ble
her t o witne s s the s cene o f his coron a tion fo r s h e
'

d ied twe lve d a y s a fter it .

§4 . P uj a an d p u r ific a t io n b y S h iva .

Then he s e t o u t o n a ro u nd o f wors hip a t the

mo s t fa mo u s s hrine s o f the l a nd Chipl u n w a s .

vi s ited e a rly in M a y 1 6 7 4 a n d a fter a dorin g , ,

P a r a s h u ra m in the g re a t temp l e there he retu rned to ,

Ra i g a rh o n the 1 2t h F o u r d a ys a fterw a rd s he a g a in
.

i s su ed forth to wors hip the Bh a v a ni g odde ss he h a d

ins t a lle d a t Pra t a p g a rh a s the a ncient Bh a va ni o f ,

Tu lj a p u r w a s beyond his re a ch T o thi s im a g e he .

pr es ented a n u mbrell a o f p u re g old wei g hin g o n e ,

a nd a
.
q u a rter m a u nd s ( wor t h a bo u t Rs , a n d .

m a ny other co s tly g ifts .

Ret u rnin g t o Ra i g a rh in the a fternoon o f the l t

-
,

he pl u n g ed into devotion there U nder the g u i da nce .

of h is f a mi ly prie s t B a l a m Bh a tt a ( the s o n of
, ,

Pr a bh a k a r Bh a tt a U p a dhy a y) he a dored M a h a dev , ,

Bh a va ni a n d other loc a l deitie s fo r m a ny d a ys in

s u cce s s ion .

B u t o n e g re a t defect h a d t o be removed before

h is coron a tion co u ld t a ke p l a ce He h a d t o be
“

p u b l icly p u rified a n d m a de a K s h a triy a O n 28t h .

M a y he performed pen a nce for his a nce s tors a n d

'
244 S I HV AJ I
-
.
[ CH . 1x ,

h is own omi ss ion in not h a vin g ob s erved t h e

s ni o f
Ks ha t n y a n t e s s o l on g a n d w a s i nye s t e d b y G a g a
'

Bh a tt a with th e s a cred thre a d the di s tinctive b a d g e ,

o f the twice born c a s te s l ike the

.
- p u re K s h a triy a s
of Northern l nd ia The next s tep w a s t o te a ch hi m .

t he m a n t ra ( s a cred vers e s )a n d in it i a t e him into the

ru l e s o f the K s h a triy a c a s te Sh iv a j l very l o g ic a l ly '

dem a nde d th a t a l l the Ve di c vers e s a ppropri a te to

the initi a tion a n d coron a tion o f a tru e Hind u kin g
s ho u l d b e ch a nted in h is he a rin g bec a u s e the ,

Ks h a triy as b ein g o n e o f the ho ly twice b o m c a s te s

“ "
-
,

h e a s a n a dmitted K s h a triy a w a s entitl ed to u s e t h e

Vedic m a nt ra s eq u a l ly with the Bra hm a ns At thi s .

there w as a m u tiny a mon g the a s s embled Bra hm a n s ,

w h o as s erted th a t there w a s n o t ru e K s h a triy a in th e

mo dern a g e a nd th a t the Br a hm a ns were the on ly

* '

twice — born c a s te n o w s u rvivin g ! Even G a g a Bh a tt a

w as cowed by the g ener a l oppo s ition a n d evi dent ly

E x a c tl y th e sa m e k ind o f tr o u b l e h as be e n g iv e n by
th e B r a h m an s f th e p r e se n t g e ne r a ti o n t o Sh ivaj i s de sce n da n t
'

o ,

th e M a h a ra j ah o f Ko l h a p u r M M H ar a p ras a d Sh as t r i s u gg e s ts
. . .

th a t th e g re e dy B ra h m an s p ro ba b l y sa v e d th e i r co n s cie n ce by
r e c i ti n g som e o f th e Ve di c hy m n s a t Sh iv a j i s c o r o n a ti o n b u t '

m u mb l i n g th e m i n su c h a w a y t h a t no t a sy l l a b le re a c he d th e

e a rs o f Sh iv a ji ! Th e fo l l ow i n g s igni fi can t p a ssa g e in T . 5 .

( 39a) s u g g e s ts th a t Sh iv a j i at o ne ti m e th o u g h t f p u n is h in g
o

the l t ra h o d o x B r a h m a ns b y m o v i ng th e m fro m l u c ra t i v e
"

u -
o rt re

s e c u ar l d u ti e s l i ke th e co m m nd a o f ar m ie s an d v i ce ro y a l ti e s o f

p r o v i n ce s an d .
co n fi n in g th e m to th e i r sc r i p tu r a l fu n c ti o ns o f
fas ti n g Th e M ah ar a j ah l e a rni n g [ of th e fu sa l
"

an d p r a yi n g .
re

V e di c d
'

o f th e B ra h m a n s to te a ch h im th e m a n tra s ] , sa i , Th e
246 [
’

S H I V AJ I . CH .

w a s no tnece ss a ry fo r him to p a y compens a tion to t h e

s u rvivin g re l a tive s o f the men a n d women w h o h a d

peri s hed in h is s a ck of S u ra t o r K a rinj a I t wo u l d b e .

eno u g h if he p u t money into the pockets o f the Bra h

m a n s of Konk a n a n d D e s h The price dem a nde d .

‘
fo r thi s p a rdon w a s only Rs
'

a n d Shiv a co u l d .
»
.

not h a v e refu s ed to p a y thi s tri fl e (D ut ch R e cords .

,

V o l 34 No
.
, .

§5 . Sc e n e o f S h iva ] : s Co ron a t ion .

Al l h is dis q u a lific a t i o n s h a vin g been th u s re

moved with g old the a ctu a l coron a tion w a s now ,

be g u n The 5 t h o f J u ne w a s the eve o f the g r a n d

.

'

ceremony I t h a d to be sp ent in s elf re s tr a int a n d

.
-

'

m o rt ific a t i o n o f the fle s h like the ni g ht o f vi g i l ,

precedin g kni g hthood in the a g e o f chiva lry Shiv a ji .

b a thed in w a ter bro u g ht fro m the ho ly G a n g e s a n d ,

g a ve G a g a Bh a tt a h u n a n d the other g re a t
‘

Bra hm a ns a hu ndred g old piece s e a ch The d a y

'

-
.

w a s prob a b ly s pent in f a s tin g .

Next da y (6t h J u ne 1 6 7 4)c a me the coron a tion ,

its e lf Ri s in g very e a rly in the mornin g Sh iv a ji pre

.
,

”
p a red him s e lf by b a thin g a m i ds t ceremonie s intend ed
to a vert evi l wors hipped his ho u s eho l d g ods a n d
, ,

a dored the feet o f h i s fa mi ly prie s t G a g a Bh a tt a

‘
, ,

a n d other eminent Br a hm a n s w h o a ll received g ift s ,

o f orn a ment s a n d c l oth .

The e s s enti a l p a rts o f a Hindu kin g s coron a tion

'

w a s hin g him ( a b h is h e k) a n d ho l din g the roya l

'

a re

u m b re ll a over h is h e a d ( c h h a t r a —
d h a r a n ) C l a d in a '

. ;
 16 7 4 ] C ORON ATI ON B ATH . 24 7

pu re white robe we a rin g g a rl a nd s of fl owers s cented

, ,

e s s ence a n d g ol d orn a ments Shiva w a lked to the

, ,

p l a ce a ppointed fo r the b a th Here he s a t down .

o n a g o ld p l a t e d s t o o l t w o feet s q u a re a n d t w o feet
'

~
,

hi g h The q u een cons ort Soyra Ba i occu pied a s e a t

.
-
, ,

on his l eft w ith her robe knotted u p with his in s i g n ,

of her bein g h is eq u a l p a rtner in thi s worl d a n d th e

next (s a ha dh a rm in i) a s the Hind u s a cred l a w l a ys
-
,

down The heir a pp a rent Sh a m bh u j i s a t down clo s e

.
-

behind Then the ei g ht mini s ters o f hi s c a b inet

.

( a s ht a p ra dha n) w h o s too d re a dy a t the ei g ht points

'

-
,

o f the horizon with g old j u g s f u ll o f the w a ter of the

G a n g e s a n d other ho ly rivers emptied them over ,

the he a d s o f the kin g q u een a n d crown prince -

,

a mid s t th e ch a ntin g o f hymn s a n d the joyo u s m u s ic

o f the b a nd Sixteen p u re robed Bra hm a n wive s e a ch

.
-

with five l a mp s l a id o n a g o l d tr a y w a ved the li g ht s ,

ro u nd his he a d t o s c a re a w a y evi l infl u ence s .

Then Shiv a j i ch a n g e d his dre s s fo r a robe o f

roy a l s c a rl et rich ly embroidered with g old p u t o n
, ,

s p a rklin g g em s a n d g ol d orn a ments a neckl a ce a , ,

g a rl a nd o f flowers a n d a tu rb a n a dorned with s trin g s

,

a n d t a s s e l s o f pe a r l s wors hipped his s word s hie l d ,

bow a n d a rrows a n d a g a in bowed to h is e l ders a n d

,

Br a hm a ns Then a t th e a u s picio u s moment s electe d

by the a s trolo g ers he entere d the throne —
.
,

room
, .

The h a ll o f coron a tion w a s decora ted with th e

32 emb l em a tic fi g u re s pre s cri b ed by Hind u u s a g e
a n d v a rio u s a u s picio u s p l a nt s O v erhe a d a n a wnin g .

o f c l oth o f g old w a s s pre a d wi th s trin g s of pe a rl s ,

248 SH I V AJ I [ CH . lx.

h a n g in g down in fe s toons The floor w as covere d .

with ve lvet I n the centre w a s p l a ced a m a g nific e nt

“

9 0

t hrone ,cons tru cted a fter month s of continu o u s

l a bo u r in a m a nn e r worthy o f a king Even if we .

reject Sa bh a s a d s s t a tement th a t it c ont a ined 32

'

m a u nd s o f g o l d ( worth 14 la kh s o f Ru pee s) we . ,

m u s t a ccept the En g li s h ob s erver s report th a t it

’

"

w as rich a n d s t a te ly The b a s e w as evidently

.

co a ted with g o l d p l a te a nd s o a l s o we re the ei g ht

,

pi lla rs s t a ndin g a t the ei g ht a n g l e s which we re ,

f u rther rich ly em b e lli s hed with g e m s a n d di a monds .

Th ey s u pported a c a nopy of the richest g old

e m b roidery from which s trin g s o f pe a r ls were s u s

pended in t a s s e ls a n d fe s toons inters pers ed with ,

d a zzlin g g em s The coverin g s o f the roy a l s e a t w ere

.
'

a g rote s q u e combin a tion o f a ncient Hind u a s ceticis m

a n d modern M u g h a l lu x u ry : ti g er s kin b e l ow a nd
ve lvet on the top !
O n the t w o s ide s o f the throne v a ri o u s em b lem s ,

o f roy a l ty a n d g overnment were h u n g from g i l ded

l a nce he a d s
-
O n the ri g ht h a nd s tood t w o l a r g e
.

fis h he a d s o f g o l d with very b i g teeth a n d on the

-
,

l eft s ever a l hors e s t a il s ( the ins ig ni a o f roy a l ty

'

[a mon g the T u rk s )a n d a p a ir o f g old s c a l e s evenly ,

b a l a nced ( the em b l em o f j u s tice ) o n a very co s t ly

l a nce he a d
- All the s e were copied from the M u g h a l
.

Co u rt At the p a l a c e g a te were pl a ced o n either

.

h a nd pitcher s f u l l o f w a ter covered with b u nche s o f

l e a ve s , and a lso two yo u n g e l eph a nts a n d t w o
b e a u ti fu l hor s e s with g old b rid l e s a n d rich tr a ppin g s
, .
 S H IV AJ I .

used in fu tu re de s i g n a te their o ffice s a n d th e

to ,
"

Pers i a n tit l e s hitherto cu rrent were a b o li s hed

"

(Sa b h ) .

The crown prince Sh a m b h u j l the hi g h prie s t

-
,
-

G a g a Bh a tt a a n d the prime mini s ter Moro Trim b a k

,
-

Pin g l e were s e a ted o n a n eminence a l ittl e l ower

,
“

th a n the throne The other mini s ters s tood in t w o

. »

rows on th e ri g ht a nd l e ft of the throne Al l othe r .

co u rti ers a n d vi s itors s tood a ccordin g to their r a nks ,

a t proper p l a ce s in a re s pectfu l a ttit u de .

By thi s time it w a s ei g ht o clock in the mornin g

'

The En g li s h a mb a s s a dor Henry O xi n de n w a s now , ,

pre s ented by N ar o j i P a nt He b owed from a di s t a nce .

,

a nd his interpreter N a r a y a n Sh e nv i he l d u p a
di a mond rin g a s a n o ff erin g from the En g li s h to the
Ra j a h . Shiv a j i to ok notice o f the s tr a n g ers a n d
ordered them to come t o the foot o f the throne ,

inve s ted them with robe s o f hono u r a n d then s ent : ,

them b a ck .

§6 . S t re e t p rocess io n at R a ig arh .

When the pres ent a tions were over the , Ra j a h :

de s cended from h is throne mo u nted h is b es t hors e , ,

decked with g org eo u s tra ppin g s a n d rode to the ,

p a l a ce y a rd There he mo u nted the fine s t e l eph a n t

-
.

in his s t a b l e dre ss ed o u t mo s t s p l endidly fo r the

,
’

occ a s ion a n d then rode thro u g h the s treets o f t h e

,
.

c a pit a l in fu ll mi l it a ry proce ss ion g irt ro u nd b y h is ,

.

mini s ters a n d g ener a ls with the two roy al b a nners , ,

] a r-
i p a t a ka a n d B h a g w e —
j ha n d a borne a lo ft on two ,
 ‘

1 6 74 ] PRO CES S I ON S AN D AL MS -G I V I N G . 25 1

e l eph a nts w a lkin g in the V a n whi l e the g ener a ls a n d ,

re g iments o f troop s fo llowed with their re s pective

fl a g s a rtil l ery a n d b a nd The citizens h a d decora te d
, .

their ho u s e s a n d ro a d s in a m a nner worthy o f the

occ a s ion The ho u s ewive s w a ved li g hted l a mp s
.

ro u nd him a n d s howered fried rice fl owers ho ly , ,

'

g r a ss & c , o n h i s he a d A fter vi s itin g the v a rio u s .

temple s on Ra i g a rh hil l a n d o fferin g a dor a tion with .

pre s ents a t e a ch he ret u rned to the p a l a ce

, .

O n the 7 t h be g a n a g e n e r a l di s trib u tio n o f g ifts '

to a ll the a ss emble d envoys a n d Br a hm a ns a n d o f

a lm s to the be g g a r s which l a s ted twelve d a ys d u rin g
, ,

which the people were a ls o fe d a t the kin g s expens e

'

The more di s tin g u i s hed p a dits a nd s a nnya s i s wer e

n
not incl u ded in thi s a im s g ivin g a s the men g o t only -
,
'

3 to 5 Ru pee s a nd the women a n d chi l dren a Ru pe e

o r t w o e a ch .

Prob a bly the da y a fter the coron a tio n t he

mons oon bu rs t the ra ins s e t in wi th violence a n d
, ,
~

the we a ther continu ed wet fo r s ome time to t h e ,

inte ns e di s comfort o f the a s s emb l ed crowd : O n the '

8 t h Sh iv a j i took a fo u rth wife witho u t a ny s t a te o r

'

'

ceremony Shortly before he h a d m a rried a third

.
*
.

( L ett er of O xi n de n 27 M a y ; O x in de n s M e m o r ia i
' '

u nder d a te 8 J u ne ) .

He to o k th is th i rd w i fe tw o d a y s a fte r h i s i nv e s t i tu re
w i th th e sa c re d th re a d . Z . C . s ays th a t t h e m a rr ia g e w a s
ce e l b r a te d w i th [ Ve di c ] m a n t ra s , an d we s hal l no t be w ro n g

in s u p p os i ng th a t Sh iv a j i m a de th e se l a t e m a rr i a g e s i ri de r
or

t w i c e b o rn to h e a r Ve d i c
' '

to a sse r t pu b l i c l y h is ri g ht as a -

m a n tra s !
 S H I V AJ L [ H
C . ix .

After theoron a tion w as sa fely over Jij a Ba i

c ,

died o n 1 8t h J u ne in the fu l ne s s o f ye a rs a nd
,

h a ppine ss le a vi ng t o her s o n her pers o na l p rope rty

,

wo rth 25 la khs o f h u n W h en
"

s ome s a y more , .

t h e period o f mo u rni ng for her w a s over Sh iv a j i s a t ,

on the throne a s e cond time to cel eb r a te h is ,

p u rific a tion a fter her fu nera l (D u tch R e co r ds ) . .

§7 . C o s t o f t h e Coro na t io n .

The tot a l co s t o f the coron a tion inc lu din g the ,

su m s di s trib u ted in g ifts a n d a l m s is p u t down b y ,

Sa b h as a d a t the incredi bl e fi g u re o f one kro r e a n d

4 2 la khs o f h un The D u tch merch a nt Abr a h a m L e
'

Pe b e r writin g from V in g u rl a onl y fo u r month s a fter

,

the event q u ote s the pop u l ar report th a t

, thi s
ceremony a nd di s tri b u tion o f l a rg e s s c o s t
.

p a g od a s .He evident ly me a ns th e mone y s pe nt in

t h e 12 d a y s g ener a l a im s g ivin g from t h e 7 t h to the
'
-

1 8 t h a n d n o t the s peci a l g ift s t o the mini s ters a n d

,

other o fficers Bra hm a ns a n d prie s t s Bu t even when

, .

a l l the s e a r e t a ken into a cco u nt to g ether w i t h the ,

pri c e o f the throne a n d orn a ments m a de fo r t h e ,

occ a s ion a nd the co s t of feedin g the a s s embla g e t he ,

tota l expendit u re c a nnot be p u t hi g her th a n 1 0 la khs

o f h u n o r fifty la khs o f Ru pee s .

§8 L oo t f B a h a d u r K h a n s c a m p a nd e
’
. o e x t e ns i v

co nt e s t w ith th e M u g ha ls .

The co ron a tion exh a u s ted Sh iv a j i s t re a s u ry a n d

'

he w a s in n eed o f money to p a y h is troop s I t w a s .

,
 25 4 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . 1x .

“
tho u s a nd Bhi ls o f Ra mn a g a r he l d the j u n g l e s a n d
“

p a s s e s throu g h th a t St a te a n d oppo s ed the M a r a th a s ,

w h o v a in ly o ffered them a b ri b e o f one la kh o f

Ru pee s for a sa fe p a s s a g e ( midd l e o f O ctobe r

By the end o f the month the b a ffl ed M a r a th a ,

a rmy a fter provi s ionin g their forts in th a t re g ion

‘

, ,

m a rched a w a y to join Shiv a ne a r Au ra n g a b a d a n d ,

S u ra t bre a thed free ly a g a in They h a d fo u nd a n .

e a s ier prey in a nother q u a rter L a te in O ctober a . ,

l a rg e a rmy comm a nded by Sh iv a ji in pers on cro ss ed .

t h e Gh a t s into the D ecc a n p l a te a u s kirted B a h a du r ,

K h a n s c a mp which w a s ho t ly a l a rmed l ooted

'

, ,

s ever a l town s ne a r A u r a n g a b a d a n d then b u rs t into ,

B a g l ana a n d Kh a nde s h where they contin u ed for ,

more th a n a month ( N o v to midd l e o f D e c ) Amon g

”
. .

"
'
other p l a ce s they pi ll a g ed a n d bu rnt Du n g o m
( D h a r a m g a o n I O m north o f Era ndo l) a n d it s
, .

En g li s h f a ctory Qu tb u ddin Kh a n Khe s h g i bra ve ly

.

oppo s ed the ra iders b u t his s m a ll force w a s ro u ted

,

with th e l o s s of 3 to 4 h u ndred m e n a n d he fle d to
’ '

A u r a n g a b a d fo r re fu g e ( F R S u ra t 8 7 S u ra t t o . . .
,

Bom b 28 O c t 1 66 4 ; V o l 1 07 Bomb to sura t 2

. .
, .

Nov l 6 7 4 ; D u n g o m to S u ra t 10 De c ; 0 C , . . .

It prob a b ly o n h is ret u rn from thi s r a id

w as

th a t Shiv a enc a mped ne a r J u nn a r b u t a s hot from a ,

22 feet n a rrow bore g u n on the w a ll s o f Shivner

-

F R Su ra t 3 Co ns u l t 6 A u g
. .
. , . .
; V o l 8 7 Su ra t
. , to Bo m b .

6 Au g . an d 22 O ct . , l 67 4 ; O . C . 4062 .
11 6 7 5
] F AL SE N EGO TI AT I ON S W I TH M UGH AL S . 255

a t a di s t a nce o f fo u r
*
k i ll ed a Ra j a h
rm y o f h is a

mi l e s a n d c a u s ed the prompt retre a t o f the M a ra th a s

"

( Fryer i , .

A t the end o f J a nu a ry l 6 75 a b a nd of ,

M a r a th a c a v a l ry u nder D a t t a j l roved in th e Ko l h a p u r
d is t ri c t Th e town o f Ko lh a p u r s a ved its elf by p a y
tin g l 5 00 h u n a n d Sh o n g a o n ( ne a r G a rg oti a b o u t
, , ,

30 mi l e s s o u th of Ko l h a p u r)5 00 h u n I n the middle .

o f Febr u a ry a M u g h a l forc e cro ss ed the Gh a t s

, fell ,

o n the town o f K a l i a n b u rnt the ho u s e s ( incl u din g ,

t ho s e o f m a ny Khoj a s )a n d then q u ickly reti red when ,

t h e M a r a th a s r e occ u pied the pl a ce ( F R S u ra t 88

-
. . .
,

R a j a p u r to S ura t 6 Feb V o l l o7 Bom b t o S u r a t

, . .
, . ,

.
2 7 Feb

§9 . S h iva j r 3 fa ls e ne g o t ia t io ns w it h
B a h a du r K h a n , 1 67 5 .

Sh iV a j l
next opened del u s ive pe a ce ne g oti a tion s
w ith B a h a d u r Kh a n w h o e a g erly s w a llowed the b a it , ,

a s he w a s we a ry o f the w a r a n d a t h is w it s end
'

h o w t o gu a rd a ll p a rts o f h is viceroy a l ty a g a in s t s u ch
a mo bi l e a n d e lu s ive enemy Fo r ne a rly three .

s a —
month ( M rch M a y) Shiva kept the M u g h a ls in
p l a y b y feedin g f a ls e hope s o f a p e a c e l H is re a l
, .
' ‘

Fr ye r sa ys th a t i t h ap p e n e d so m e fo u r m o n th s be fo re
22 M ay , 1 67 5 .

I Fal se o v e r t u re s f w i th th e M u g h al s in l 675
' '
o p e a ce
'

F . R . Su ra t 1 07 . Bo m b . to S u ra t . 27 Fe b . 1 67 5 ; O . C . 407 7
”
Vo l . 88 Su ra t
. to Bom b . 15 J u ne an d I7 J u ly .
a sol L e tte r fr o m
256 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . 1x .

motive s were to g a in re s pite from M u g h al a tt a cks in

order t o provi si on his fort s t o g e t money o u t o f A di l ,

Sh a h by the thre a t o f a n a ll i a nce with the M u g h a ls

fo r the inva s ion of Bij a p u r a n d t o s ec u re his northern,

frontier d u rin g the s ie g e o f Pond a

“

I t w a s propo s ed th a t Sh iv a j i s ho u l d cede 1 7 o f
h is forts t o Au r a n g z ib a n d s end h is s o n Sh a m b h u j i
.

wit h a contin g ent t o s erve u nder the M u g h a l .

s u b a hd a r , whi l e the Emperor wo u l d cre a te Sh a m b h u

a comm a nder o f 6 tho u s a nd hors e a n d g r a nt Shiv a ,

a l l the co u ntry o n the ri g ht b a nk o f the Bhim a The .

ne g oti a tions were de li b er a te ly s p u n o u t Shiv a .

d e m u rr e d to s endin g h is s o n t o the M u g h a l g ener a l

u

un ti l he h a d b etter s ecu rity fo r h is s a fety B a h a du r .

Kh a n rep orted the term s t o the Emperor w h o s ent ,

in rep ly a fa rm a n a cceptin g them a n d p a rdonin g

Shiv a s p a s t mi s deed s Then the viceroy s ent
'

me s s en g ers t o Sh iv a j i to receive the fa rm a n a n d

d eliver the fo r ts Bu t b y thi s time (J u ly
.
, Fo n d a
h a d been c a p t u red Sh iv a j i n o w threw o ff the m a s k
.
.

a n d di s mi ss ed the M u g h a l envoys with t a u nt s s a yin g , ,

Wh a t pre s s u re h a ve y o u s u cceeded in p u ttin g o n me

u

th a t I s ho u l d s eek pe a ce with y o u ? G o hence

q u ick ly o r yo u wi ll be di s g r a ced
, .

B a h a d u r Kh a n a s h a med a t b ein g th u s o u twitted

-
,

a n d a nxio u s t o cover h i s foo l i s h cre du l ity a n d dip l o

m a ti c defe a t b y s ome s triki n g s u cce s s h u rrie d ly ,

1 34—1 35 401 —2 ; M
J .

h
C il d ; 7 Au g us t ; D 17 .
; B . 5 . . A . 1 42
( 7 J u ly .
258 S HI V AJ l .
[ CH . 1x .

wil l b e de s cribed in the ch a pter on So u th Konk a n

a nd K a n a ra .

§ 10 . Wa r w it h t h e M u g ha ls r e ne wed .

Un io n w ith B ij a p ur .

In
November B a h a du r Kh a n o n bein g s h a rply , ,

censu red by Au r a n g z ib m a rche d to K a li a n a n d , ,

p re s se d Shiv a h a rd in North Konk a n I n J a nu a ry .

ne xt a M a r a th a b a nd s p re a d ne a r Au r a n g a b a d ,

b u t B a h a du r w ith li g ht e q u ipment a nd no tent m a de ,

a r a p id m ar ch from Ped g a on d e fe a ted the rove rs ,

n e a r L a s u r 28 mi l e s from the c a pit a l a n d drove them

, ,

b a ck tow a rds J u nn a r ( O C 4 1 39 D il . . . .

A t thi s tim e Shiv a W a s t a ke n s ev erely ill a n d ,

p a s s ed the next three month s on the s ick bed a t -

S a ta ra H is perfec t recovery w a s a nno u nced a t the

.

end o f M a rch The M ara th a s looted Athni 43 m .

, .

wes t o f Bij a p u r in A pr l The civi l w a r th a t h a d

i
’

.
,

broken o u t be t ween the D e c c a n i a nd A f g h a n p a rti e s

w a s Sh iv a j i s opp o rt u nity
'

a t Bij a p u r , E a rly in M a y .

we he a r of h is h a vin g s ent o u t hors e th a t

r a n g e s u p a n d down pl u nders a nd robs witho u t a ny
”
,

hindra nce o r d a n g er ( F R S u r a t V o l 89 Ra j a p u r. . .
, .
,

to S u r a t 1 1 J a n a n d 9 M a y 16 7 6 O C
, . . .

I n M a y h is prime mini s ter Moro Trimb a k drove

,
-

the Ra j a h of Ra mn a g a r o u t o f his co u ntry a nd took

Pindo l a nd Pa in e c a h within three da ys m a rch of
'
*

*
P i nd va l , 11 m . s . e . o f D h a ra t np u r , in th e Dh a ra m p u r
St a t e , sou t h o f S u ra t . Pa i n e ca h i s p ro b a b l y e i th e r P a n va , 5 m .

w f P i ndv al P a nai 9 m f Dh a ra m p u r (I nd AL
'

. o , or , . n . o . .
,

24 N . E) .
 B I J AP UR SEEKS SH I VA S 25 9
'

1 6 76 ] AI D .

S u ra t . B u t the mons oons bein g h a nd he l eft

at ,

m e n t o g a rri s on the distri ct a n d retir ed with the re s t

o f h is a rmy to Ra i g a rh a t the end o f the month .

( F R 8 9 S u ra t to Bomb 27 M a y a n d 1 J u ne
. .
,

O n 3l s t M a y B a h a d u r Kh a n opened a vi g oro u s
a n d l on g c a mp a i g n a g a i n s t Bij a p u r where the Af g h a n
,

f a ction h a d s eized the Government Th e ;c o n s e

“

q u e n c e w a s t o drive the new re g ent B a hlol Kh a n int o

‘ ‘

the a rm s o f Sh iv a a n d in J u ly we h a ve the report o f

,

a
.
pe a ce between the t w o h a vin g been conclu ded
thro u g h the medi a tion o f the Co l k o n da mini s ter
M a da n n a The term s o f thi s tre a ty were th a t the
.

A dil Sh a hi Govern m ent wo u l d p a y Shi va 3 la khs o f '

-

Ru pee s down a s a gift a n d on e la kh o f h i m a nn u a l l y

’

a s s u bs idy for protection a g a in s t the M u g h a l s a n d ,

c onfirm him in the p o s s e s s 1 o n o f the co u ntry bo u nded

on the e a s t b y the Kri s hn a incl u din g the Ko lh a p u r
,

di s trict But the u nion w a s s hort l ived a s no po l i cy

.
-
,

co u l d b e d u ra b l e in a St a te ra v a g ed b y civi l w a r a n d
s u b ject to a l mo s t d a i l y ch a n g e s o f a u thority Sh iv a j i .

h a rdly minded the ru pt u re o f thi s s u b s idi a ry a l li a nce

h is eye s were fixed e ls ewhere a nd a t t h e en d o f
thi s ye a r he s e t o u t o n the g re a te s t expedition
o f h is life the inv a s ion of the K ar n a t a k ( B S
, . .

4 05 4 1 4
-
F R S u ra t 89 Ra j a p u r to S u ra t
.
, ,

2 4 J u ly
 C H A PT ER X .

SO UTH K ON KAN AND KAN ARA .

§1 . K a n a ra its , ru le rs an d tra de .

In the s eventeenth centu ry K a n a r a the extens ive , ,

c o u ntry a l on g o u r we s t co as t w a s he l d b y v a rio u s
,
.

H ind u chie ft a ins North K a n a r a ( now inc lu ded in

.

the Bom b a y Pre s idency)owned the overlordship o f

Bij a pu r which ru led di rectly over the co a s t s tri p
, -

from K a rw a r ( s ou th o f G o a )to Mirj a n N La t ) ,

l e a vin g the in la nd di s t ricts in the h a nd s of fe u d a tory

chiefs a mon g whom the N a y a k s o f Su nd a were the
,

mo st import a nt The portion o f K a n a ra th a t l a y

.

s o u th o f Mirj a n formed a l a rg e a n d independent

princip a lity u nder the Kel a di dyn a s ty who s e c a pit a l ,

w a s then a t B e dn u r .

A M u s l im o fficer with the heredit a ry titl e o f

:

Ru s t a m i Z a m a n ( ori g in a lly Ra n da u l a Kh a n)w a s the

- -

viceroy o f the s o u th we s tern corner o f th e Bij a p u r

-
.

kin g dom H is ch a rg e extended o n the we s t co a s t

.

from Ra tn a g iri town g oin g s o u thw a rd s ro u nd t h e

,

Port u gu e s e territory o f G o a to K a rw a r a n d Mirj a n ,

whi l e l a ndw a rds it inclu ded the s o u thern p a rt o f the

R a tn a g iri di s trict Ko lh a p u r Be l g a u m a bit of
, , ,

D h a rw a r a n d the we s tern co m er o f the North K a n a ra

di s trict H is s e at w a s a t Mira j The fort o f P a nh a l a
. .

l a y within h is province b u t it w a s g overned by a

,
.
262

A ll the ports o f the Ra tn a g iri di s trict did m i rc h t r a de

a ls o in c a licoe s s ilks g r a in a n d co a rs e l a c tho u g h
, , ,

pepper w a s their chie f export , which comin g o u t

“

o f Ka n a r a is s ent by s e a to Pers i a S u r a t a n d Eu rope , .

T hi s c o u ntry is the s toreho us e for a l l it s nei g hbo ur s .

(B o m G a z x . .
, .

§2 Sh i vaj i Ra j a p u r
’
. s co nfl ic t w ith t he E ng lis h at .

the di s a s tro u s f a il u re of Afz a l Kh a n

A fter ,

Ru s t a m i Z a m a n h a d m a rched a g a ins t Sh iv a ji
- -

(O ctober 1 659) with , hors e b u t thi s S how o f ,

ho s ti l ity w a s m a de s imp ly t o s a ve h is credit with his :

kin g .The q u e en re g ent B a ri S a hib a be in g h is -

, ,

enemy he h a d m a de a s ecret a lli a nce w ith Sh iv a j i

,

fo r s e lf prot ection Thi s fa ct w a s we l l known t o t h e

-
.
-

co u nt ry a ro u nd a nd even the En g li s h fa ctors h a d ,

he a rd of it Bu t even if Ru s t a m h a d b een in e a rne s t

.
,

he co u l d h a ve done litt le with h is s m a ll a rmy .

fo llowed up hi s victory over Afz a l s

Shi v a j i h a d
’

a rmy by p u sh in g o n t o P a nh a l a a nd c a pt u ri n g th a t : ‘
-

for t . Then he e ntered the Ra tn a g iri dis tri c t a n d

b e g a n t o t a ke po s s e ss ion o f a l l th e port a n d in la nd
“

to w n s The Bij a pu ri g overnors of the s e pl a ces fl e d

.

to Ra j a p u r which w a s a t firs t s p a r e d bec a u s e it

“

, ,

be long ed t o Ru s t a m i Z a m a n w ho is a friend o f - -
,

Shiv a j i ( R j p r S r t 0 h cto er 165 9 F R

"

a a .u t o u a l t O b , , . .

Ra j a p u r ) .

O
the fa ll o f D a b ho l its defe a ted g overnor
'
‘

n
“

,
'

m a de h is e s c a pe to Ra j a p u r w ith three j u nks o f

1 660] ENGL I SH F I L I B U S TERERS . 263

Afz a l Kh a n , o f 45 0 35 0 an d 300 tons b u rden

.
, re s

pe i
ct v e ly .The m ag i s tr a te o f Ra j a p u r by orde r o f ,

h is m a s ter Ru s t a m i Z a m a n received the j u nk s a n d - -

,

l a nde d their c a r g oe s I n the me a ntime Sh iv a j i h a d .

enco u ntered a n d ro u ted ne a r P a nh a l a the combined ,

a rmie s o f Ru s t a m a n d F a zl Kh a n ( the s o n o f A fza l ) .

The l a tter who bore the bru nt o f the b a ttle lo s t m a ny

, ,

o f h is fo ll owers whi l e Ru s t a m w h o h a d m a de a
, ,

mere s how o f fi g htin g retre a ted t o H u k ri with s l i g ht ,

lo s s ( end of J a nu a ry
, a n d there s a t s till whi l e ,

the M a ra th as continu ed t o m a ke thei r incu rs ion s in

A dil Sh a hi territory
-
( Ra j a p u r to Ba s s ein 4 F e b ru a ry
.
,

1 660 F R Ra j a p u r )
, . . .

The news o f this b a tt l e g re a t ly a l a rmed Ru s t a m s

'

a g ent a t Ra j a p u r who tried to e s c a pe t o the open

,

se a in o n e o f t h e j u n k s a rrived from D a bhol F ro m .

th is incident s pra n g t h e firs t col li s ion between th e

Eng li s h a n d the M a ra th a s b u t it s re a l c a u s e w a s n o t ,

a n y hin dra nce o ffere d by Sh iv a j i t o the le g itim a te

tr a d e o f the E a s t i ndi a C omp a ny or it s s erv a nt s
'

it w a s s olel y d u e to the g reed a nd crooked de a lin g

of of the C omp a ny s o fficer s Mr Henry
'

o ne , .

Re v i n g t o n the chief of the Ra j a p u r f a ctory An

’

.
,

l ndi a n broker emp l oyed by him h a d l ent s ome money

t o Ru s t a m i Z a m a n a n d t a ken a bill for it f a l s ely in
- -
,

the Com p a ny s na me as creditor When the g overnor

'

w a s t ryin g to ru n a w a y from the town the broke r ,

infl u enced Mr Re v i n g t o n t o a s s i s t him in g ettin g his

.

money b a ck Mr Re v in g t o n s ent a n En g li sh shi p t h e

. .
,

D ia m o n d t o s top the j u nk occu pi ed by the g overnor

,
264 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . x . .

an d m a ke him wh a t he Wa s ple a s e d t o repre s ent

p ay
as monie s du e t o the Comp a ny A p a rt o f th e .
'

a mo u nt w a s i mme di a tely p a id in g ood s Bu t j u s t .

then Sh iv a j i s hors emen a ppe ared o n the b a nk to

'

s eize the j u nks o f A fz a l Kh a n a n d c a l l ed u pon the

‘

En g li s h t o g ive u p the one in which t he g overnor

w as . The En g li s h declined a n d the g overnor g l a dl y
,

s e ized thi s device f or e s c a pin g c a ptu re by the

M a ra th a s a n d u r g ed the En g li s h t o t a ke po ss e ss io n .

of two o f the s e j u nk s a n d o w n them Mr

"

. .

Re v in g t o n took o n e o f the vess el s over ren a med ,

it the Ra j a p u r M e rcha nt a n d p l a ced it u nder a n

,

E n g li s h c a pt a in .

i n a p a rl ey with D oron the M a r a th a g enera l the

, ,

En g li s h r ef u s ed to g ive u p the g oods in the j u nk

u n l e s s he g a ve them a n order o n the reven u e o f the

town fo r the money cl a imed by them The l a r g e s t .

j u nk which h a d n o t been t a ken over by the En gl i s h

, ,

w ei g hed a nchor a n d fe l l down the creek t o b e yond

'

the r a n g e o f the M a ra th a gu ns a fter firin g on Shiva s ,

m e n o n both b a nks At thi s di s a ppointment the

”
.
,

M a r a th a s s eized the En g l i s h brokers B a ghj i a n d Ba lji , ,

a t J a it a p u r ( a t the mo u th of the creek mil e s we s t ,

the En g li s h wo u l d
"

o f Ra j a p u r) o n the g ro u nd th a t
,

n o t t a ke the j u nk for them b u t l e t her g o , (I b id .

a l s o S u r a t Co u nci l to C omp a ny 6 April 1 660 F R , , . .

S u ra t V o l, .

Mr Phi lip G yffa r d w a s s ent to th e M a ra th a

.

c a mp t o dem a nd the re l e a s e o f the b roker s b u t they ,

s eized him too a n d c a rried a w a y the t h ree pri s oners

,
266 S H IV AJ I .
[ CH x . .

M a r a th a e sc ort in a town 1 0 mile s from Ra j a p u r

a nd re s c u ed Mr G yffa r d by force (I b id 23
’

. .
,

Fe b ru a ry ) .

The D u tch report s t a te s th a t a b o u t thi s time '

Shiv a with h is troops a rrived within fo u r d a ys m a rch

'

o f V in g u r l a b u t w as driven o ff by the de s a i o f K u d a l
°

S a v a nt v a di ) while a nother M a ra th a a rmy which

-
,

h a d penetr a ted t o ne a r Bij a p u r w a s forced t o with

dra w a fter bein g de fe a ted in a bloo dy b a ttle by th e
combined Bij a p u r a n d G o lk o nd a troop s (l a te M a rch
o r e a rl y A pri l (D u t ch R e cor ds Tr a n s V o l , .
, .

24 No 664 a n d V o l 23 No
, . .
, .

The s econd M a ra th a a tt a ck o n the En g li s h took

p la ce a t the end of the s a me ye a r a n d here t h e ,

En g li s hmen were c le a rly in the wron g tho u g h the ,

Comp a ny s o ffici a l a ttitu de w a s correct a n d ne u tra l

'

i n J u ne 1 660 whi l e Siddi J au h a r actin g o n

, ,

beh a l f o f the Bij a pu r Go vernment w a s inve s ting ,

Sh iv a j i in P a nh a l a fort the former p u rch a se d from

,

the En g li s h a t Ra j a p u r s ome g ren a de s w h ic h u m

u

do u bte d ly wi ll b e the chiefe s t di s tu rbers o f the

be s ie g ed . Some En g li s hmen o f Ra j a p u r were a ls o
bri bed to g o to the Bij a pu ri c a mp o u ts ide P a nh a la
"

a n d help in the bom b a rdment of the fort by to ss ing ,

' "

b a l ls with a fl a g th a t w a s known t o b e the En g l is h s .

Sh iv a j i p u ni s hed thi s bre a ch o f neu tra li ty in

D ecember next when he s u rpri sed Ra j a pu r
, .

p lu nd ered the En g li s h fa ctor y a n d c a rri e d 05 fo u r of

"

the fa ctors Henry Re v in g t o n Rich a rd Ta yl or

,
-
, ,

Ra ndo lph T a y l or a n d Phili p G yffa r d —a s pri s oner s

'

, , ,
1 663] R USTA M As ALL Y OF SH l V A . 26 7

firs t to Wa is a t i then t o Son g a rh ( a fort 3 miles n w

,
. .

o f Ma h a d in the Kol a b a di s trict) a n d fin a l ly to Ra i ,

g a rh .They were rele a s e d a fter more th a n three

ye a rs o f c a ptivity a bo u t 5 th Febru a ry 1 66 3 ( O r m e , , ,

M SS V o l 1 55 pp 1
.
,
.
, .

i n M a rch 166 3 Ru s t a m i Z a m a n di d a nother ,

- -

'

fri end ly tu rn to Shiv a j i Net a ji P a lk a r Shiv a s .

,

l i e u t e n a nt g ener a l h a d r a ided the imperi a l terri

-
,

tory b u t a l a r g e M u g h a l divi s ion o f

, c a v a lry
p u rs u ed him s o cl o s e a s t o force him t o m a rch 45 o r
5 0 mile s a da y Ru s t a m met this a rmy ne a r Bi j a p u r
.

a n d per s u a ded the M u g h a l comm a nder t o g ive u p th e

ch a s e a s t h a t co u ntry w a s d a ng ero u s fo r a ny s tr a n g e
a rmy to m a rch in likewi s e promi s in g them t o g o hi m ,

s el f a nd fol low him by which deceit Net a ji g o t ,

e s c a ped tho u g h n o t witho u t the l o s s o f 300 hors e

,

him s e l f wo u nded (G yffa rd to S u ra t 30t h

"

a nd . ,

M a rch a n d 8 t h A pri l 1 663 F R Su r a t Thi s , .

revers e defe a ted Sh iv a j i s pl a n o f r a i din g North

'

K a n a ra a n d penetr a tin g to the rich port o f K a rw a r .

(F R S u r a t V o l 2 9t h O ctober )
. .
, .
, .

O n l s t M a rch 1 66 3 Ali A di l Sh a h 1 1 with a ll

.

h is Co u rt l eft hi s c a pit a l for B a nk a p u r

,
*
There they .

*
F . R . Su r a t , Vol . 1 03 G y ffa r d
, to Su r a t , 20t h J u l y 1 6 63 .

A l e tte r fr o m him to S u ra t , 30th M a r ch , sa y s th a t th e A d il

Sh a h i Cdu r t w e nt th e r e in fe a r o f th e Mu g h a l s w ho ha d
co m e w i th in fiv e l e a gu e s o f Bij ap u r in p u rs u it o f N e ta j i .

Bu t Ta r i kh i Al i 11 - -
160 164 -
, ( a l so 3 . S . 366) sa y s th a t A li
w e nt
-

to B a nk a p u r to d i re ct th e op e r a ti o ns a g a ins t th e Ra j a h
o f Be d nu r i n p e rso n .
 7268 SH l V AJ l .
[ CH x . .

w firs t denied entra nce by the mother o f Abd u r

ere at
‘

R a hi m B a h lo l Kh a n in who s e fie f it l a y Bu t the
'

.
,

g
«
a te s wer e s oon opened t o t he kin g A di l Sh a h .

s u mmon ed B a hlol Kh a n Sh a hji a n d other o fficers ,

from th e Ka m at a k who c a me by forc ed m a rche s a n d ,

w a ited o n the kin g o n the b a nk o f the W a rd a ( a n

’
‘

a ffl u ent o f the T u n g a b h a dr a ) B a h l ol a n d Sh a hji .

were a t once a rre s ted a n d pl a ced in ch a in s ( end o f

J u ne b u t Sh a hji w a s re l e a s ed in t w o d a ys ,

t ho u g h he contin u ed to be deprived o f h is comm a nd

f o r s ome time The Bij a p u ri inva s ion o f K a n a r a

.

h a d a l re a dy be g u n ( F R S u r a t 1 03 G yffa rd to . . .
,

S u ra t 8 t h A pril a n d 20t h J u ly
.
,

§3 . M a ra th a con q u e s t o f So u th K o nka n 1 663 , .

w ho Be dn u r fo r
*
Shiv a p p a N a ya k , g overned
forty hy e ye a rs ( 16 1 8
-
firs t a s re g ent a n d then
a s kin g h a d extended h is kin g dom o n a ll s ide s b y
,

h is conq u e s ts a nd s tretched his s w a y over the whole

“

of So u th K a n a ra the north w e s tern corner o f Mys ore

,
-
,

a n d North K a n a r a u p to the G a n g a v a ti river inclu d ,

i n g the fort of Mirj a n At the c l o s e o f his life h is .

in th e P e r s i an h is t o ri e s o f Bi j ap u r he is ca l le d
B ha dra pp a , fr o m B ha d ra iya , th e o ri g i n a l na m e o f th e fo u nde r
o f th e dyn a s ty . He is th e r e s ty e l d th e Ra j a h o- f M al n a d ,

w h i ch is a Ka na re se w o rd m e an i ng
“
h ill c o u n t ry .
"

( M yso r e
Gaz e t te e r , ii . Th e B o m ba y G a z e tte e r xv , Pa rt II , p . 1 22 .

p l a ce s h is d e a th in 167 0 . Bu t th e En g l is h fa c t o ry re co r ds
p ro v e th a t he d ie d .
at th e l
c ose o f 1 663 .
(Su ra t , Vol . 1 04 ,

Ka rw a r to Su ra t , 1 8t h A p ril
 S H I VAJ I .
[ CH x . .

th a t ll
the M u h a mm a d a n g overnors a s fa r a s
a

i Sin c l a
y a n d D u t c h o l e wer e li e d a nd in co u s e
'

g ,

q u e n c e the petty rob b er s on the ro u te b ec a me more

a ctive th a n u s u al I n J u ne Sh iv a ji retu rne d from
.

V i n g u rl a a fter l e a vin g a g a rri s on o f s o l diers

“

there Shortl y be fore t hi s Sh a i s t a Kh a n h a d

.

de fe a ted a M a r a th a a r my ki lling more th a n 200 men

, .

( I b i d G
, y ffa r d to S u r a t 24 t h M a y a n d ,22n d J u ne

I n J u ly the B i j a p u r Government ordered the

g overnor Pond a to join force s with the S a v a nt o f
o f
V a di a n d other petty Ra j a h s a n d try t o d riv e Sh iv a j i s
'
'

men o u t of Ra j a p u r a n d Kh a rep a t a n Bu t nothin g .

there w a s j u g g l in g b etween th em a n d
“

w a s done a s , ,

he rem a ined po ss e ss ed o f a ll ( I b i d 2o t h J u l.y 1 66 3 , ,

V o l 86 S u r a t to C0 20t h November
.
,

I n p u ni s hment o f Ru s t a m i Z a m a n s s ecret
'
- -

fri e nd s hip wi t h Shiva the S ul t a n di s mi s s ed him from

,

h is viceroy a lty a n d g a ve the province to M u h a mm a d

l kh la s Kh a n the e l de s t s o n of the l a te Kh a n i Kh a n a n
,
- -

i kh l a s Kh a n a n d a b rother o f Kh a w a s Kh a n whi l e ,

D a b ho l a n d Chipl u n were g iven t o F a z l Kh a n .

S hiv a ji g o t po s s e s s ion o f Ra j a p u r a t thi s time a nd

k ept it perm a nently in h is o w n h a nd s ( b id )
I . .

Ru s t a m s a g ent a t K a rw a r fl e e c e d the E n g li s h
'

f a ctors there s o s evere ly th a t in J u ly 1 663 th e y were

ordere d by the Co u ncil a t S u ra t t o remove them
s e lve s a n d the Comp a ny s ood q iet y to H u bli
'

g s u l .

A di l Sh a h a nd Ru s t a m i Z a m a n a like were s ens i bl e

- -

o f the l o s s o f reven u e c a u s ed b y s u ch mole s t a tion o f

” MORE TRO U B L ES 27 1
1 664 ] lN BED N U R .

t raders , ent them a fa rm a n

d therefore the kin g
‘

an s

promi s in g th a t t hey wo u l d be l eft in pe a ce a t K a rw a r

a n d wo u ld h a ve to pa y n o other du tie s th a n they
h a d formerly done Then the f a ctory w a s r e
.

e s t a bli s hed a t K a rw a r ( F R Su ra t V o l 2 Con s u lt

. . .
, . ,

14t h Au g u s t

§4 . S h i va ): in Ka na ra , 1 66 4 .

in 1664 the with Be d n u r w a s renewed

w ar .

Shiv a p p a N a ya k evidently a n o l d m a n died s oon

, ,

a fter h is de fe a t by the Bij a p u ri s in 1 663 H is s o n .

a n d s u cce ss or Som a Shekh a r w a s m u rdered by h is

, ,

Bra hm a ns a nd a n inf a nt g r a nds on n a me d B a s a v a

,

w a s s e t u p o n the throne u nder the re g ency o f h is

mother Ch e n n a mm a j i a nd her f a vo u rite Ti m m a ya

N a y a k a toddy s eller who b y h is c u nnin g po l icy
"
-
, ,

r a i s ed him s elf to be g enera l a nd protector o f the

"

re a lm A t thi s revo lu tion Ali A dil Sh a h l l w a s s o

. .

incens ed th a t he s ent his g enera l s B a hlol Kh a n a n d ,

S a yyi d l liy a s Sh a rz a Kh a n to inva de Be dnu r from ,

two s ide s ( Apri l [ F R Su ra t 1 04 K a rw a r t o .

,

S u ra t 18t h A pril 1 664 Fryer i 4 1

, .
, .

By thi s time Ru st a m i Z a m a n s eem s t o h a ve - -

retu rned t o f a vo u r a t Co u rt M u h a mm a d i kh la s .

Kh a n w a s tra ns ferred from the Government o f

K a rw a r a nd h is friend s from th a t o f Anko la .

Shiv e s hw a r ( o r H a le k o t ) K a dr a a nd other pl a ce s,

in North K a n a r a a n d the s e tra ct s were g iven t o three

o f Ru s t a m s s on s i n Au g u s t Ru s t a m him s e lf w a s
'

ordered t o g o to th a t re g ion w ith t w o other Bij a pu ri

27 2 SH I V AJ I .

ener l d try expe l Sh i j He re che d K d a lf

'

g a s a n t o v a i a u .

at the end o f Au g u s t b u t did not h in g (F R Su ra t , . . . ,

1 04 K a rw a r 23rd J u ly a n d H u b l i 28t h Au g u s t
, ,

Any s erio u s a tt a ck b y A di l Sh a h o n Shiv a j i w a s

’

now rendered impo s s ibl e a s the S u lt a n s a ttention

w as diverted t o Be dn u r whither he w a nted t o m a rch ,

in p ers on with hors e a fter the D e w a li fe s tiv a l

(O cto b er) a n d c o opera te with Sh a rz a Kh a n in -

cru s hin g th e K a n ar a Ra j a h Thro u g ho u t the s econd .

h a lf of 1 664 the co a s t re g ion w a s in a n u nh a ppy

condition As the En g l i s h merch a nt s write D e c c a n
.
,

a n d a l l the s o u th co a s t s a r e a l l embroiled in civi l

w a rs kin g a g a in s t kin g a n d co u ntry a g a ins t co u ntry

, ,

a n d Sh iv a j i rei g n s victorio u s l y a n d u ncontro l l ed tha t

'

he is a terror to a ll the kin g s a n d prince s ro u nd a bo u t ,

d a ily incr ea s in g in s tren gth He h a th now fitte d u p .

'

fo u r more ve s s e ls a n d s ent them down to Bh a tk a l ’

a nd there a bo u ts whil s t he intends to meet them ,

overl a nd wi th a flyin g a rmy o f hors e The news

o f him a t pre s ent a r e th a t he is intercepted in his
jo u rney down to hi s fleet by a p a rty of thi s king s
'

a rmy a n d fo u g ht where between them s ix tho u s a nd

,

men were s l a in him s e lf wors ted a n d forc ed to fly

- *
,

*
.
It is e vid e nt ly th is b a tt le th a t is re fe r re d to in th e

A d il
"

B as a ti n i Sal a ti n
- -
, 37 3 37 5 -
: A u ra n g z ib se n t an e nv o y to

Sh ah to b e g h is co -o p e ra ti o n w i th J ai Sin g h in th e w ar w i th

d A dil Sh a h ar m y
Sh iv a . Be fo re J ai Si n g h i
a rr v e .
s e nt an

un de r Kh a w as Kh an . Sh iv a h e a ri n g o f i t b e g an
,
to l
c ose th e

m o u n ta i n p asse s ( g ha ts), bu t Kh aw a s , by m ak i n g ra p i d
m a r ch e s , c r osse d th e g ha t in sa e f ty an d d e s ce nde d [ i n to u
2 74 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . x .

t r a din g ve ss el s ye a rly from every port t o Pers i a ,

B a s ra Moch a etc
, , .

E a rly in D ecem b er 1664 Sh iv a j i l ooted H u bl i

a n d m a ny other rich town s o f th a t re g ion ho l din g ,

s ever a l eminent merch a n t s pri s oners for ra n s om He .

h a d s ent o nl y three h u ndred hors emen t o H u b li b u t ,

the s e did their work s o thoro u g hly th a t the town w a s

“

l i t t l e better th a n s poi l ed The merch a nts w h o h a d

.

fle d a t the a tt a ck were t o o fri g htened to ret u rn there

s oon , even a fter the dep a rtu re o f the M a ra th a s The .

r a iders w ere s a i d to h a ve b een a s s i s ted by s ome of

Ru s t am s s o l diers th a t nob l e a s the E n g li s h rem a rk
'

ed h a d b e g u n to t a s te th e s weetne s s o f pl u nder
,

f
“

[ ]
s o t h a t in a s hort time he wo u ld g e t a h a bit o i t .

Soon a fterwa rd s Shiv a J I plu ndered V in g u rl a a n

, ,

importa nt s e a port a n d tr a de centre from which he

-
,

ca rried a w a y v a s t riche s Shiva a n d his s co u ts

.

ra n g e a ll over the co u ntry m a kin g h a voc wherever ,

he come s with fir e a n d s word

, ( F R S u r a t 1 0 4 . . . ,

K a rwa r t o S u r a t 6t h J a nu a ry 1 665 T a yl or to S u r a t
, , ,

1 4t h D ecember 166 4 Vol 86 S u r a t to K a rw a r 23r d .

, ,

M a rch S u r a t to Co
, 2n d J a n u a ry.
,

§5 . L oo t . o f B a s ru r an d bla c km a il
fro m K a r w a r , 1 66 5 .

At the be g inning o f Fe b ru a ry 1 665 Shiv a j i l e ft

M a l va n wi t h fleet of 8 5 fri g a te s a nd three l a r g e
a

s hip s s a i l ed p as t G o a to Bas ru r which he p l u ndered

, , ,

a n d l a nded a t the ho l y city of G ok a rn a o n the co a s t

‘

, ,

22 mi l e s s o u th o f K a rw a r t o t a k e p a rt in the holy
‘

,
1 665 ] S Hl V A FO I L ED AT KARW AR . 275

b a th fe s tiv a l before t h e temple o f M a ha b a l e s h r g re a t

‘

w a r o n Shiv a r a t r i d a y ( 5 t h Febru a ry ) He next .

m a rched to Ankol a ( nine mi l e s northw a rd s ) wi t h

infa ntry s endin g a ll h is fleet b a ck with the
, ,

e xception o f tw elve fri g a te s which he det a ined fo r ,

t r a n s p o rt i n g h is a rmy over the rivers o n h is w a y b a c k

‘

to North Konk a n O n the 22n d he c am e t o K a rw a r .

.

Th e En g li sh f a ctors h a vin g g o t e a rly news o f h is ,

comin g from the s p i es they h a d s ent o u t p u t a ll ,

the Comp a ny s re a dy money a n d port a ble g oo ds o n

'

bo a rd a s m a ll h u ndre d t o n s hi p belon g in g to the -

“

l m a m of M a s k a t then lyin g in the river it s c a pt a in

, ,

Em a n u e l D o n n a v a do promi s in g to defend it as lon g

a s he lived o r h is ve ss e l kept flo a tin g The f a cto rs .

t hem s e l ves took refu g e in the s hip Sher Kh a n

'

*
.
,

a s o n o f the l a te Kh a n i Kh a n a n i kh l a s Kh a n a nd - . -

a s u b ordin a te o f B a h l ol Kh a n a rrived in the town ,

th a t very ni g ht witho u t knowin g a nythin g a bo ut

,

Sh iv a j i s a ppro a ch W ith the help o f his e s cort of

'

5 00 men he q u ickly fortified him s elf a s well a s he

co u l d t o protect the g oods he h a d bro u g ht down ,

a n d s ent a me s s en g er t o Shiv a in the ni g ht w a rning ,

him n o t to enter the town a s he wo u l d re s i s t him to

the u tmo s t Sher Kh a n w a s f a mo u s thro u g ho u t the
.

c o u ntry fo r his v a l o u r a n d ru lin g c a p a city a n d h is ,

chief B a h lol Kh a n w a s o n e of the p o t e n t e s t men

"

, ,

in the kin g dom o f Bij a p u r Sh iv a j i therefore . , ,

*
Th e ca u s e o f h is c o mi n g to K arw ar w as to ch arte r a

s h ip o f Rus ta m i Z a m a n- -
'
s to co n e y v Bah l o l Kh an s '
mo th e r to
M e cca .
276 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . xl .

s hra n k from provokin g hi m a nd a fter much di s cu s s ion

"

con des cended t o g o a littl e o ut o f the w a y a n d so

"

c a me a n d enc a mped with h is a rmy a t t h e mo u th o f 1

the ri ver Ka l a n a di s p a ring the town

"

.
,

From thi s p l a ce he s ent a n en vo y to Sher Kh a n

‘

a s ki ng him eithe r to del iver the En g li s h merch a nt s

u p t o him o r retirin g him s e l f permit him t o reven g e
, ,

"

him s e lf o n them whom h e s tyl ed his inv etera te ,

e ne m ie s Sher Kh a n s ent thi s news t o the En g li s h

.

a n d de s ired t o know t heir fin a l a ns wer which w a s ,

t h a t they h a d nothin g o n b o a rd except powder a n d

b u ll ets which Sh iv a j i m ig ht come a n d fetch if h e

t ho u g ht they wo u l d s erve him in s te a d o f g o l d .

”
Thi s o u r a ns wer be i n g s ent t o Sh iv a ji did s o ex
a s per a te him th a t he sa id he wo u l d h a ve u s b e fore

he dep a rt ed wh ich t he g overnor of the town he a r

,

in g they persu a de d a ll the m erch a nts to a g ree t o

,

s end him [ Sh iv a j i ] a pre s ent l e s t he s ho u l d rec a l l

h is fleet which l a y o n t his s ide o f S a ls ette
, (F R . . .

S u r a t V o l 1 04 K a rwar to Su r a t 1 4 t h M a rch
, .
, , ,

1
To thi s bl a ckm a i l the En g li s h contri b u ted £ 1 1 2 so
'

a s n o t to enda n g er the Comp a ny s p rop erty in Ka r

'

W ith this Shiv a j i dep a rte d

“

w a r worth
,
hu n .

o n 23r d Fe b ru a ry very u n wi llin g ly s a yin g th a t S her

, ,

Kh a n h a d s poi l ed h is h u ntin g a t the H o li which is a ,

t im e he g ener a lly a ttempt s s ome s u ch de s i g n .

*
Shi v a j i s loo t o f Basr u r an d .
v is i t to K arw ar : F R .

Su ra t , Vo l . 1 04 , K arw ar to Su r a t . 28 th J a n u a ry an d 14th ,

Mar ch 166 5 . Sa b h . 7 07 1
-
; Ch i t . 69 7 0 -
.
 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . .
x

at Co u rt an the g overnor of Mirj a n rebel l ed

d .

M u h a mm a d Kh a n a tt a cked th a t fort (Au g us t.

He h a d recovered D a bhol a n d m a ny other p l a ce s in .

So u th Konk a n from the M a r a th a s while the l a tte r ,

were bu s y fi g hting J a i Sin g h Bu t b y Novem b er next

. :

Shiv a j i n o w a n a l ly o f the M u g h a l s h a d re c o n q u e r e di
,
-
,

a ll th a t co u ntry a fter s l a yin g s o l dier s of .

M u h a mm a d lkh l a s inclu di n g s ev era l men of note

, .

The Kh a n fe ll b a ck o n Ku d a l a n d w a ite d fo r Sh a rz a
Kh a n t o reinforce him Bu t no s u ch a id c a me a s
.
‘

J a i Sin g h be g a n his inva s ion o f Bij a pu r th a t very

month a n d l kh las Kh a n h a d to h a s ten from Ku d a l "

t o th e de fence o f the c a pit a l Bu t V in gu rl a a n d

.

K u d a l continu ed in Bij a p u ri h a nd s whi l e Sh iv a j i he ld

’

Ra j a p u r a nd Kh a rep a t a n (o r Ch a r a p u r The »

co u ntry a bo u t K a rw a r w a s a t thi s time s u b jected t o

cons t a nt pi ll a g e b y t h e s o l diers of Shiv a ji s g a rr i s on
'

there w h o u s ed t o l e a ve their fort s a n d ro a m a b o u t

,

in a b a nd o f 200 men u p a n d do w n the co u ntry ,

p lu nderin g the s m a l l town s M u rt a za Be g w h o h a d

. ,

l o s t h is fort a l s o took t o pl u nder with h is ret a iners

, .

(I b id 29t h Au g u s t l t September a n d 29t h Novem

, ,

ber l 665 a nd l 5 t h J a nu a ry l 666 ) .

§ 7 S h iva ): a nd R u s ta m
.
,

I n the co u rs e o f ] a i Sin gh s w a r with Bi j a p u r

'

, .

Sh iv a j i h a d b een det a ched a g a in s t P a nh a l a H is .

a s s a u l t on th a t f ort ( I 6th J a nu a ry 1 666) fai led a n d .

the n he went o ff to Kh e l n a From thi s p l a ce he s ent

.

men u nder a M u h a mm a d a n o fficer to b e s ie g e

1 666 ] F I R ST S I EG E OF PON DA FAIL S . 279

Pond a . Th e g a rri s on re s i s te d for t w o month s

( Febr u a ry a n d M a rch )ki l l in g 5 00M a r a th a s a n d fin a lly ,

a g reed to s u rrender i n s ix ho u rs I n the me a ntime . ,

the Bij a pu ri Government h a d s ent hors e a n d

l 000 foot u nder Siddi M a s a u d A bd u l Aziz (t h e so n
, ,

o f Siddi J a u h a r)a n d Ru s t a m i Z a m a n to the P a nh a l a - -

re g ion They formed a pl a n for s u rpri s in g Shiv a ji

. ,

who l a y o n the top o f the hi ll overlookin g Konk a n .

When their V a n u nder Ru s t a m a ppro a ched h e , , ,

be a t his dru m s a n d s o u nded his tru mpet s a n d th u s

g a ve h is friend Sh iv a j i timely w a rnin g t o e s c a pe .

Bu t M a s a u d ch a s ed the M a r a th a s with 60 0 cho s en

c a v a lry a n d c u t o ff 200 of the enemy O n the w a y .

b a ck he intercepted Sh iv a j i s friend ly l etters t o

'

Ru s t a m which he i mmedi a te ly s ent to B i j a p u r

,
At .

thi s A dil Sh a h wrote to Ru s t a m th a t tho u g h he re ~

l u c t a nt ly p a rdoned thi s a c t o f di s loy a lty he wo u l d ,

di s mi s s him u nle s s he r a i s ed the s ie g e o f Pond a ;

Ru s t a m then wrote to h is a g ent M u h a mm a d Kh a n
t o s a ve Pond a by a ll me a n s Thi s w a s e ffected by a .

s tr a t a g em M u h a mm a d Kh a n co u ld g e t to g ether
.

on ly a s m a l l force with which he went a n d s a t down ,

Fi rs t s ie ge o f Fo nda : F R Su ra t 104
. . . De c ca n Ne w s ,

fo ll o w i n g a l e tte r fro m K a rw ar , d a te d 24th A p r il 1666 . P a n da ,

10 m . s . s . e . o f Goa c i ty , w as th e w e s te r n m o s t fr o n t ie r
fo rt r e ss o f B ij a p u r ne a re s t t o Go a , an d a m e n a ce t o th e l a tte r .

T he P o r tu g u e s e , a ft e r so me p re v i o u s fa il u re s , a nn e xe d it i n
P ho nda
.

the l 8 th ce n t u ry . I t is q u i te d i fie re n t fr o m , in t he

Ra tn a g i r i d is tr i c t . 3} m . n . o f Sava n t -
va di ,
—th o u gh th e w
t o

p la ce s a re sp e lt a l ike i n th e v e rn acu ar l .
2 80 i
s i N AJ i .
[ CH x . .

'

in a to W n o f hi s
m a s ter s a b o u t thre e mi le s from .

Fo nd a a n d se nt word to the g ener a l o f Sh iv a j l th a t

"

h e h a d only come to look a fter h is o w n co u ntry .

The g ene ra l s u s p e cted no s tra t a g em a s h is m a s ter , .

a nd Rus t a m were friend s

°

He went with h is M u s l im
'

s ol diery to a hi ll a mi l e o ff in order t o s a y h is pr a yers

in p ub lic M u ha mm a d Kh a n s eized thi s opport u nity

.

he s u rpri s ed a n d ro u ted the s o ldiers l eft in t h e s ie g e

c ai np a nd a fter a l on g a n d we l l conte s ted fi g ht de
,

fe a ted the re s t of the M a ra th a a rmy who h a d h u rried

ba ck from the hi ll Th u s t h e s ie g e o f Pond a w a s
.

-
.

r a is ed a fter t h e poor men in it h a d been driven to

e a t l e a ve s fo r the l a s t three d a y s Thi s bu s ine ss
“

. ,

it is g enera ll y tho u g ht h a th q u ite b roken the l on g ,

continu ed friend s hip b etween Ru s t a m i Z a m a n a n d - -

’

Shiv a j i Ru s t a m h a th t a ken now Pond a K u d a l

.
, ,

B a nd a Sun c le a n d D u ch o l e five town s o f note from

'

, , ,

§ 8 P lo t to s e ize G o a 1 668 .
, .

Soon a fterw a rd s a t the e n d o f M a rch l 666 , .

Shiv aj i we nt t o the M u g h a l Co u rt For the next .

fo u r ye a rs he g a ve no tro u b l e t o Bij a p u ri Konk a n or

K a n a ra h is opp o ne nt s du ri ng thi s i nterv a l b ein g the
,

Port u g u e s e and th e Siddis The En g lis h merch a nts .

* Ku dal an d Ban da a re w e ll -kno w n t ow ns , 12 m . n . W

an d 7 m . s . of S av a nt —
v adi ‘ to w n . Su ncl e or Si ng cl ay is
Sa n k ul l i , 8 m . e . o f Goa ; and D u ch o l e is a m i s tak e fo r
B ich o l im . 7 m . n . e . o f G oa to w n .
,
T h e l as t tw o a re no w

in Po r tu g u e s e te rr i t o ry . ( I nd A L .
, 4] N W . . an d S . W) .
28 2 SH IV AJ I .

S u ra t 1 2th Nove mb er a n d 16t h D ecembe r 1 668

, ,

F R S u ra t l 05 )
. . .

A t the be g innin g o f l 6 70 c a me h is ru pt u re with »

the M u g h a ls which kept him b u s y in other q u a rte rs

,
}

a n d pro l on g ed the pe a ce in K a n a r a ti l l the c l o s e of

l 6 7 2 when t a kin g a dv a nt a g e of the de a th o f Ali l l

, ,

he renewed h is depred a tions in Bij a p u r territory

Me a nti me in Septem b er l 6 7 l Ru s t a m i Z a m a n
, ,
- - »

h a d b roken o u t in reb el l ion a g a ins t h is m a s ter He .

h a d a t l a s t b een deprived o f his viceroy a lt y a n d ,

j a g ir fo r h is tr e a chero u s intim a cy with Shiv a t he ,

crownin g a c t o f which w a s the s u rrender o f o n e o f

t h e kin g s fort s t o the M a r a th a s An d n o w he took
'

. .

u p a rm s in the hope o f intimid a tin g the G overnment .

to reins t a te him With the u nderh a nd he l p o f Sh iv a ji .

,

he occu pied B i j a p u ri territory yie l din g three la khs ,

o f h u n a ye a r
. a n d pl u ndered a n d b u rnt Ra i b a g h ,
,

comp letin g the ru in of th a t port previo u s ly s a cked

“

b y the M a ra th a s Bu t within a month the roy a l .

troop s cru s hed the rebellion s—the for ts o f Mirj a n

a n d A nko l a a l one holdin g o u t for s evera l month s :

more By the midd le o f l 672 M u z a ffa r Kh a n the

.
,

new A di l Sh a hi viceroy o f the K a n a ra co a s t h a d

-
,

m a de pe a ce with the rebel chiefs (N a ya kw a ris) o f

“

Sh iv e s hw a r a n d K a dra *
.

§9 Sh iva j i 1 67 3
’
. s fa ilu re in B i j a p u r i K a na ra , .

The de a th of Ali A di l Sh a h l l ( o n 24 t h Novembe r .

F R Su t 1 0
*
6 Ka rw a r t o Su r t 20th Se p t e m
. . ra be 3l t , a .
r, s

O ct o b e l 67 l 26th J u ne 1 67 2
r , .
1 673] S ACK OF H U B LI . 283A

l 6 72) w a s fo ll ow e d by the rebe llion o f the Ra j a hs

o f S und a a n d B e dn u r who inva ded t h e Bij a p u r terri ,

tory a cro ss their fro ntier s An a rmy u nder M u z afi a r .

'

Kh a n ch a s ti s ed them (Fe b ru a ry l 673) a n d wre s ted

.

S u nd a from it s Ra j a h ( F R S u ra t 1 06 K a rw a r t o . . .
, ,

CO l 7 th Febru a ry l 6 73 ) .

Thi s rebe llion h a d been h a rd ly s u ppre s s ed whe n

the M a r a th a s m a de their s econd incu rs ion into t h e
u p l a nd o f B ij a p u ri K a n a r a s a ckin g m a ny forts a n d
‘

rich citie s in th a t re g ion Their g ener a l Pra t a p Ra o .

ra ided H u b li the mo s t import a nt inl a nd m a rt o f t h e

*
,

province c a u s in g a l o ss o f
, h a m to the En g li s h
Co mp a ny a lone b e s ide s the pri v a te property o f t h e
,

f a ctors ( M a y l 673 ) The Comp a ny s ho u s e w a s t h e

’

fi rs t they entered a n d du g u p c a rryin g a w a y a ll the ,

b ro a d cl oth in it to t heir g ener a l who s a t in the b a z a r

- .

M u z a ff a r Kh a n however prompt ly ca me to the s cene

, ,

with c a va l ry a n d s a ved the town from tot a l

de s tru ction The M a r a th a s fled precipit a te ly with
.

wh a t booty they h a d a l re a dy p a cked u p le a vin g ,

Th e co m m e rc i al i m p o r ta nce O f H ubli ca n b e j u d ge d fro m

th e fo l l o w i n g re m a rks o f th e E n g l is h m er ch a n ts —H u b l i .

t he m ar t o f our Karw ar fa c to ry , w he re we se ll an d bu y m os t
f th e g ooids th a t ( F R Su ra t 87 l s t f ds
'

o p o rt af o r
’

us. . . ,

N o v e m b e r l 67 3 ) H u bl i a g re a t i nro a d [ = i nl a rid ] t o w n a n d
.
"

,
’

m a r t o f v e ry c o ns i dera b l e t r a de (0 C M a ra th a
"
a . . . .

i nv as i o n o f K a na ra i n l 67 3 : F R Su ra t 3 Co ns u l t 24th M a y . .
. . ,

1 0th an d 19th J u ly , Vo l . 87 , S u ra t to Pe rs ia , l st N o ve m be r.

0 . C . 37 79 an d 3800 . Sa b h as a d , 7 0 h as , on ly e i g h t l in e s fo r '

th e e v e n ts o f 1 67 3 7 5 -
; C h it 70 ( n i ne l in e s on ly ; v a gu e , m ay '

re fe r to l 67 3 or
284 S HI V AJ I .

s ever a l g ood s o u t in the s tr ee ts Which they h a d no t

time to c a rry a wa y Wh en the En g l i s h a t S u ra t
.

c o mp l a ined t o Shiv a a b o u t the o u tr a g e he denie d ,

th a t it w a s done b y h is s o l diers .

At H u bl i M u z a ff a r mi s s e d the M a r a th a r a iders
,

by j u s t o n e d a y He w as prob a b ly s u s pected o f
.

h a vin g entere d into a s ecret u nders t a ndin g with them

l i ke Ru s t a m —
,

i Z a m a n for imme di a te ly a fterw a rd s a ll

-
,

”
t h e nob l e s u nd er h is comm a nd a n d mo s t o f h i s o w n
.

s o l diers, fors ook him a n d th e Bij a p u r G overnment

remove d him from h is viceroy a l ty Thi s drove him .

i nto rebe llion a n d he tried force t o ret a in po s s e s s ion

o f h i s fie fs. The g re a t fort of Be l g a u m rem a ined in

h is h a nds a n d a l s o m a ny s tron g p l a ce s bet ween G o a
a n d K a n a r a ( J u ne l 67 3 ) Adil Sh a h s ent a l a r g e a rmy ’

, .

to redu ce Be l g a u m in c a s e M u z a ff a r dec lined the

compromi se o ffered to him .

I n J u ne B a h l o l Kh a n with a l a r g e Bi j a p u ri a rmy
he l d Ko lh a p u r a n d de fe a ted the M a r a th a s in s evera l
enco u nters forcin g a ll their rovin g b a nd s to le a ve the
,

Ka rw a r co u ntry H e a ls o t a lked o f inv a din g So u th

'

Konk a n a n d recoverin g Ra j a p u r a n d other to wns next

”
a u t u mn. I n Aug u s t he is s ti l l s p o ken o f a s pre s s in g
h a rd u po n Sh iv a ji who s u pp l ic a tes for p e a ce b ein g
, ,

But s oon a f t erw a rds

"

fe a rf u l o f his own c o n ditio n .

B a h lo l Kh a n h is irreconci l a b l e enemy fe ll i ll a t Mira j

, ,

an d Sh iv a j i s h el p w a s s o l icited b y t h e Bija p u r a n d
.

'

G o lk o nd a G overnments to defend them from a

thre a te ne d M u g h a l inv as ion u nder B a h a du r Kh a n
( Septem er ) S ain d rin t h i ye r inc l u ded
'

b . h iv a j g
i s s u g s a
 [ CH . x .

.S a hi b the fa u j da r of K a rw a r ( ins ti g a ted it w a s s a id

, ,
“
, ,

b y Shiv a ) re b e l l ed a n d A di l Sh a h h a d t o cond u ct
'

a l on g w a r b e fore h e co u l d b e s u ppre ss ed The t w o .

s ide s contin u ed to h a ve s kirmi s he s with v a ryin g s u c

ce s s . I n Febru a ry 1 67 4 the roy a l troop s c a pt u re d

S u nd a with the re b e l s wife in it b u t he hel d o u t
'
'

,
,

f
o b s t in a t e ly in h i s other fort s By 22 n d A pri l thi s .

w a s a t l a s t ended b y
"

l on g a nd tedio u s rebel l ion

“

t h e a rriv a l o f Ab u Kh a n Ru s t a m i Z a m a n a s the
,
- -

new viceroy Mi a n S a hib s fo ll owers de s erted him

'

fo r l a ck o f p a y ; h is fort s ( K a dr a K a rw a r A nko l a , ,

a n d Shi v e s hw a r)a l l s u rrendered witho u t a bl ow and ,

he him se l f m a de pe a ce on condition o f his wife b ein g

re l e as e d Shi v a j i w a s then only a d a y s m a rch from
'

K a rw a r g oin g t o b u i l d a c a s tl e u pon a very hi g h

,

hi ll from which he m a y very m u ch a nnoy the s e

,

p a rts .
( F R S u ra t 88 K a rw a r t o S u ra t , i 4t h
. .
,

Fe b ru a ry a n d 22n d A pri l l 67 4 O rme F ra g .

, .
,

U nl ike h is f a ther the new Ru s t a m i Z a m a n did ,

- -

n o t c u l tiv a te fri end s hip with the M a r a th a s I n Au gu s t .

1 6 7 4 he s eized a rich merch a nt s u b ject o f Shiv a

i

l ivin g a t N a rs a ( I 6 mi l e s fro mFo n d a )a n d the M a r a th a

, ,

kin g prep a re d fo r ret a li a tion I n O ctobe r Ru s t a m .

w a s s u mmoned b y Kh a w a s Kh a n th e new w a z ir to , ,

Bij a p u r ; a n d a s he fe a red th a t h is po s t wo u l d b e
,

g iven t o a nother he extorted forced l o a n s from a ll ,

the rich men o f K a rw a r a nd its nei ghb o u rhood th a t

he co u l d la y h a nd s o n b efore he went a w a y ( F R , . . .

S u ra t 88 K a rw a r to S u ra t zu d Septemb er a n d 27t h
, ,

O ctober l 6 7 4 ) I n the b e g innin g o f Septem b er

u

, . in ,
 .
1 674 ] SH I VA B EF OO L S M UGH AL V I C EROY . 28 7

Ku da l fo u r ho u rs [ jo u rney ] from here

bo u t
f

A
'

[ = V i n u rl a
g ] one of S h iv a j i s g ener a l s c a lled nn a j i
e am e with s oldiers to s u rpri s e the fort re ss
Pond a b u t M a met Kh a n who w a s there a rmed
,

hims e l f s o th a t the a fore s a id p a ndit a ccomplis hed

,

n othin g (D u t ch R e c V o l 34 N o 8 4 l )
. .
, .
, . .

A t B i j a p u r everythin g w a s in confu s ion the ,

g re a t Kh a n s were a t d ifference The worthle ss

w a z ir Kh a w a s Kh a n w a s driven t o h ar d s t r a its b y the
A f g h a n f a ction in t h e St a te Ru s t a m i Z a m a n l l . .
- -

a fter h is vi s it t o the c a pit a l evi dently lo s t h is vice

r oy a l ty This w a s Shiv a j i s opportu nity a n d he now

'

c onq u ered K a n a r a for g ood F irs t he befoole d the .

,

M u g h a l viceroy B a h a du r Kh a n by s endin g him a pre

tended O ffer o f pe a ce as kin g for the p a rdon of the ,

iVlu g h a l Gov ernment thro u g h the Kh a n s medi a tion

'

a nd promi s in g to cede the imperi a l forts he h a d

r ecent ly conq u ered a s wel l a s the twenty three fort s -

of h is o w n th a t he h a d once before yielded in J a i

Sin g h s time By the s e ins i ncere ne g oti a tions Sh iv a j i
’
‘

f o r the time bein g a verted th e ris k o f a M u g h a l a tt a ck

o n h is territory a n d be g a n h is inv a s ion o f Bij a p u ri

*
K a n a ra wi t h compo s u re o f mind .

In v as io n o f K a n ar a an d ca p t u re o f P o n da ( l 6 7 5 ) F , . R .

S u ra t 8 8 , Karw ar to S u ra t , l 4t h d 22n d Ap r il
an , 8 th an d 25 th
M ay ; Ra j a p u r to Su ra t , l st a n d 20th A p ri l ; 3rd , l t an d 3l s t
M ay ; 3rd an d l 4 th J u ne ; B . S 40l
.
; O rm e F ra g , 38 , 40 Sa h h . .

70 ( s ca nty ) D e l u s iv e .
p e a ce f
of e r to M u g h al s , B . S . 40]
0 . C . 4077 .
 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . x .

§ _l l .Cap tu r e o f F o n da a n d a nne x a t io n o f
K a n a ra co a s t I 6 7 5 , .

I n M a rch l 6 75 he g o t to g eth er a n a rmy o f l 5 000 ,

‘

c a v a lry l4 000in fa ntry a n d

, , pioneers with pick
a xe s, crow b a rs a n d h a tche t s etc A rrivin g a t Ra j a
-
, .

( 22 d M a rch) he s pent three d a ys there orderin g

.

p u r n , ,

forty s m a ll s hip s t o g o to V in g u r l a with a ll s peed

a nd there w a it for fre s h comm a nds Next he .

m a rched t o his town o f Ku d a l a n d e a rly in Apri l ,

l a i d s ie g e t o Pond a the mo s t import a nt Bij a p u ri fort

,

n e a r Go a W hi l e he w a s pro s ecu tin g the s ie g e

.
,

a nother divi s ion o f hi s a rmy p lu ndered At g i r i in A di l

Sh a hi territory a n d t w o other l a rg e citie s ne a r

H a id a ra b a d c a rryin g a w a y a g re a t de a l o f riches
, ,

be s ide s m a ny rich pers ons he l d t o r a ns om .

He b e g a n the s ie g e o f Pond a o n 9t h Apri l l 67 5

with hors e a nd foot a nd m a de a rr a ng e
,

ments fo r s ittin g down before th e fort even d u ring

the co m ing ra iny s e as on in order t o s t a rve t h e g a rri s on
into s u rrend er M u h a mm a d Kh a n h a d only fo u r
.
‘

month s pr ov i s io ns withi n the w a lls there w a s no

'

hope o f re lief from B ij a p u r or even from the Portu

g u e s e who now trem bl ed for the s a fety O f G o a a n d
a ppe a s ed Sh iv a j i by prom i s i n g ne u tr a l ity Ru s t a m i .
-

Z a m a n h a d t o o l itt l e money or men to a ttempt the

ra i s in g o f the s ie g e Bu t M u h a mm a d Kh a n m a de a
.

heroic defence u n a ided a n d a g a ins t overwhe l min g

,

odds .

Sh iv a j i r a n fo u r mine s u nder the w a l ls b u t they ,

'

were a ll co u ntermined with a he a vy l o ss o f m e n

,
.
 290 S H I V AJ l .
[ CH x
. .

fa u j da r of A nko l a s eized the co u ntry a n d fort s l a te ly

,

he l d b y M u h a mm a d Kh a n a n d p l a ced h is o w n men
in them b u t he co u l d m a ke n o s t a nd a g a in s t Sh iv a j i
,

who s e force s were now s e t free by the f a l l o f Fo n da .

He the re fore compo u nded a nd g a ve u p the fort s fo r

mone y I n a fe w d a ys A nko l a Sh iv e s h w a r (which
.
,

h a d b een be s ieg ed by M a r a th a hors e a n d s ome

foot s o l diers s ince 24t h A pri l) K a rw a r a n d K a dr a
-
, ,

( which a l one h a d m a de a s hort s t a nd) a ll c a pit u l a ted ,

to Shiv a j i a n d b y the 25 t h o f M a y the co u ntry a s

,

fa r s o u th a s the G a n g a v a ti river h a d p a ss ed o u t o f
Bij a p u ri po s s e s s ion into h is h a nd s .

§ l2 . M a ra t ha s in K a na ra up an l ds .

O 26t h Apri l of Shiv a s g enera ls h a d

l 6 75
’

n , , o ne

vi s ited K a rw a r a n d b u rnt the town e ffect u a lly ,

l e a vin g n o t a ho u s e s t a ndin g in p u ni sh ment o f the

"

fort of K a rw a r s ti ll ho l din g o u t The En g li s h fa ctory .

w a s n o t mo l e s ted Thi s g ener a l however went

. , ,

b a ck in a fe w d a ys Bu t next month a fter the fa l l

.
,

o f F o nd a t he fort o f K a rw a r s u rrendered t o the

'

M a ra th a s .

The r a iny s e a s on n o w p u t a n end to the c a m

pa i g n B a h lo l Kh a n went b a ck to Bij a p u r l e a vin g
.
,

h is a rmy a t Mir a j Shiv a a t firs t tho u g ht o f c a nton

.

i ng for the r a ins in a fort on the frontier o f S u nd a ,

b u t so on ch an g ed h is mind a n d retu rned t o Ra i g a rh ,

p a s s in g Ra j a p u r o n l l t h J u ne .

A M a r a th a force w a s deta ched into the S u nd a

Ra j a h s co u ntry a t the end o f M a y
' “

They findin g .
1 675 ] B I J AP URI S GI VE U P KAN ARA . . 29]

no g re a t oppo s ition s eized u pon S u p a a n d W hu rw a

be lon g in g t o the Ra j a h B u t Khizr Kh an P ani an d
.

the de s a is in concert a tt a cked the M a r a th a g a rri s ons

there ki ll ed 300 Of the men a n d recovered both the
,

p l a ce s A p a rty o f M a ra th a s th a t w a s po s te d at
.

Bu rb u l l e [ V a rh u lli 7 mi l e s s o u th o f A nko la ] t o t a ke
,
.

c u s tom d u ty o n a ll g oo ds p a ss in g th a t w a y w a s now ,

forced t o withdr a w (Au g u s t (F R S u ra t 88 . .

,

R a j a p u r t o S u r a t 27 t h A u gu s t
,

The dow a g er Ra ni o f B e d nu r h a d q u a rre l led wi th

h er co lle a g u e Tim m a y a bu t h a d been compe ll ed to
,

m a ke pe a ce with him (Au g u s t) s h e bein g a me re ,

cypher whi l e he he l d the re a l power o f the St a te

, .

The Ra ni then a ppe a l ed t o Shiv a ji fo r protection ,

a g reed t o p a y him a n a nn u a l tri b u t e a nd a dm itte d ,

a M a r a th a re s ident a t her Co u rt (I b id a n d Chit .

, .

The da l v i o r lie u ten a nt o f the d e s a i w h o h a d

,

b een the l oc a l Bij a p u ri g overnor o f North K a n a r a ,

h a d a ided Sh iv a j i in the conq u e s t o f th a t di s trict .

Bu t n o w di s g u s te d with him the da lv i w a s ,

movin g a b o u t the co u ntry with a force s a yin g th a t ,

.

he wo u ld re s tore h is former m a s ter He a tt a cked .

Sh iv a j i s g u a rd s in K a rw a r town a n d force d them to

'

retire to the c a s tle The peop l e were in extreme

.

mi s ery in Sh iv a j i s new conq u e s t s : he s q u eezed the

'

d e s a is w h o in their t u rn s q u eezed the ryot s

, (B o rn . .

G a z xv Pt i
. . .
, Bu t Bij a p u r w a s n o w in the
g rip o f a civi l w a r the A dil
, Sh a hi St a te w
-
a s h a s ten
i n g t o a di s s ol u tion a n d Shiv a j i s po ss e ss ion o f So u th
'

,
292.

SH I V AJ I .
ICH . X .

Konk a n a n d North K a n a ra rem a ined u nch a l l en g ed t ill

a fter h is de a th .

Bu t B e dnu r did n o t re a lly b ecome a M a ra th a

protector a te W e l e a rn from a n En g li s h l etter Of 29t h
.

J u ly 1 679 th a t the Ra j a h o f S u nd a a n d the Ra ni o f

, ,

B e dnu r h a d s h a rp w a rs b u t the former b y the

“

a s s i s t a nce o f J a m s hid Kh a n h a s h a d the a dv a nt a g e

o f compe l lin g the Ra ni ,o n concl u s ion o f the pe a ce ,

t o de l iver u p to him h is c a s tl e s of Sirs y a n d Ser a ,

formerly po s s e s s ed by them a s likewi s e the port a n d

,

c a s tl e o f M ir gy a l ittle to the s o u thw a rd

n

o f K a rwa r .
( O rm e M SS .
294 S H I VAJ L [ CH . x1 .

Siddi chief a s its repre s ent a tive in the di s trict ,

el ev a ted him t o the ra nk o f a w a z ir a n d a dded t o h is ,

ch a r g e the whol e se a bo a rd from N a g othna t o

-

B a nkot on condition o f h is protectin g Bij a pu r tr a d e

,

a nd Mecc a pi l g rim s a t s e a .

As the Siddis forme d a s m a ll mi l it a ry a ri s tocra cy

d o min a tin g a v a s t a lien pop u l a tion their cons tit u tion ,

provided fo r the ru l e of the a b l e s t a n d o n the de a th ,

o f a chie f n o t hi s s o n b u t the fir s t O fficer o f the flee t

'

s u cceeded to the g overnors hip The Aby s s ini a n s .

were h a rdy s ki l fu l a n d d a rin g m a riners a n d the mo s t

e fficient fi g hters a t s e a a mon g the M u s l im r a ce s whi l e ,

their co u r a g e a n d ener g y joined t o coo lne s s a n d

,

power o f comm a nd m a de them enjoy a hi g h e s tim a

,

tion a s s o l di ers a n d a dmini s tra tors .

t
The Siddi chief o f J a njir a m a int a ined a n e fficient
fl eet ; a n d thro u g ho u t the l 7 th centu ry he w a s o ffi ci a lly
re co g ni s ed a s the a dmir a l a t firs t o f Bij a p u r a n d
,

l a tt e rly o f the Mu g h a l empire; There w a s no n a tive

-

Power o n the we s t co a s t th a t co u l d m a ke a s t a nd
a g a in s t him a t s e a. B
( o m G a z xi 434 . . .
,

T o the o w ner o f Konk a n it w a s e ss enti a l th a t the

Siddi s ho u l d b e either m a de a n a l ly o r rendered
;
po werl e s s for mi s chief Shiv a j i fo u nd th a t u nl e ss h e
cre a ted a s tron g n a vy h is forei g n tra de wo u ld b e lo s t
,
-
,

a n d h is s u bj e ct s o n the s e a co a s t a n d for s ome di s t a nce

-

in l a nd wo u l d rem a in li a b l e to con s t a nt p lu nder ,

en s la vement o u tra g e a n d s l a u g hter a t the wi ll o f a

‘
'

, ,

b a nd o f pir a te s a lien b y r a ce creed a n d l a n gu a g e

,
.

The innu mera b l e c reeks a n d n a vi g a b l e rivers of the

1 65 9] S H I VA S EA RL Y C ON FL I C TS W I TH s mms 295
’

w e st co a st whil e they n a tu r a l ly fo s tered the g rowth

,

o f ri ch port s a n d tr a de centre s m a de it impera tive ly

,

nece s s a ry fo r their protection tha t their owner sh o u l d

ru le the s e a O n the other h a nd the po ss e s sion o f
.
,

D a nd a Ra jp u ri a n d it s a dj a cent di s trict w a s nece ss a ry

-

t o the owner o f J a njir a fo r h is very exi s tence The .

pol itica l s ep a r a tion o f the t w o m a de w a r a n economic

nece s s ity t o him .

§2 . M a ra th a co nq u e s ts fro m th e A byss in ia ns ,

u p t o 1 66 1 .

I n l 6 48 Shiv a j i h a d c a pt u red the forts o f Ta l a ,

Ch o n s a la a nd Ra iri (o r Ra i g a rh) s it u a te d in the

, ,

Sidd i s territory b u t the l a tter s ti ll hel d D a nd a

’ '

Ra jp u ri a n d m u ch o f the nei g hbo u rin g l a nd The re .

m u s t h a ve been cons t a nt s k irmi s he s between the

t w o Powers th u s occ u pyin g the e a s tern a n d we s tern . .

portion s o f the Ko la b a di s trict b u t no record o f th em

,

h a s come down t o us The Siddi h ad t o o s m all a n

.
'

a rmy to defy the re g u l a r M a r a th a force s o n l a nd and ,

s eem s t o h a ve confined him s e l f to m a kin s ecret r a id s

g
a n d doin pett a ct s o f m is chief to Shiv a ji s vi ll a e
g y g
in th a t re g ion as is cl e a r fro m the M a ra tha chronicl er 3
,

de s cription o f t h e Siddi a s a n enemy li ke th e m ic e

in a ho u s e (S a hh
. .

Very litt l e a ctivity w a s prob a b ly s hown by Y u s u f

Kh a n w h o ru l ed J a njir a from 1 642 to 1 65 5 .

B u t h is s u cce s s or F a th Kh a n w a s a bra ve a ctive

a n d a b l e l e a der I n 1 65 9 w hen Afz a l K ha n w as
.
,

a dv a ncin g a g a in s t Shiv a ji from the e a s t w i th a

 296 SH I V AJ l .
[ CH . x1 .

formid a b l e B l j a p u ri a rmy F ath Kh a n s eize d the ,

opport u nity o f tryin g t o recover h is o w n a n d l a id s ie g e

to T a l a Bu t on he a ring of the de s tru ction of the
. ,

Bij a pu r a rmy (O cto b er) he retired in h a s te Next , .

ye a r when Ali A di l Sh a h l l opened a c a mp a i g n

, .

a g a in s t Sh iv a j i w h o w a s inve s ted in P a nh a l a fort

, ,

F a t h Kh a n renewed h l s 1 nv a 31 o n o f Konk a n The .

Ka y S a v a nt o f V a di a loy a l v a s s a l o f B l j a p u r , ,

c o oper a ted with the Siddi

-
After a n o b s tin a te b a tt l e .

b oth the S a v a nt a n d B a j i Ra o Pa s a l lca r ( Sh iv aj i s

'

g ener a l)fe l l in a s i n g l e com b a t a n d the M a r a th a s ,

retre a ted t o their b a s e (S a b b 66 Chit 65 . . .

T o retrieve the po s ition Sh iv a j l next s ent a l a r g er ,

force five t o s even tho u s a nd s tro n g u nder Ra g h u n a th

, ,

B a lla l Atre w h o forced h is w a y t o the s e a co a st The

,
-
.

M a r a th a s continu ed the c a mp a i g n even d u rin g the

ra ins a n d a fter a l on g s ie g e c a pt u red the fort o f
,

D a nd a Ra jp u ri ( J u ly o r Au g u s t l 66 l ) a n d fo l l owin g
-
, ,

up their s u cce ss opened b a tterie s a g a ins t J a njira

its e lf Bu t th eir we a kne s s in a rtil l ery defe a ted their
.

*
l h a v e fo l l o w e d Sa bh as a d i n th e a b o ve or de r o f e v e n ts .

B u t Ch it . 34 an d 66 g iv e s a di ffe r e n t n a r r a t iv e : Sh iv a j i 8 fi rs t

Pe shw a inv a de s th e Si d d i
'

s d o m i n i o n, b u t is de fe a t e d w ith

g re a t l
s aug h te r ( e ar ly —Ra g h u n a th
l 65 9) B a l l al re p l a ce s h im
i n th e co m m a nd —
b o th p a r tie s re ti re fo r th e m o n so o ns—d u r i n g
th e tim e w he n Sh iv a j i w as b e s ie g e d i n P a n h a l a (J u l y | 660)
B a j i P a s al k a r fo u g h t th e Ka y Sa v a n t , b o th b e i n g l
s a in — S h iv a
D a n da Ra j p u r i (Au g T he E n g l is h m e r c h a n ts
‘

c a p t u re s -
.

f Ra j a p u r Sh i v a n h a v i n g l dy
u

o w r i te on 10 O ct . 1 65 9 , o f a re a

t a k e n th e tow n o f D a nda Ra j p u r i
-
, bu t no t t he cas t e l .
(F R . .

Raj a p u r ) .
298 S H I V AJ I .
[ H
C . X]

the conq u e s t o f ] a nj 1 r a which con tinu ed as a thorn in

h is s ide (Sa b h . .

§ 3 . S h i va): s n a vy d e s c ri b e d .

The M a ra thi chronic l e s s pe a k o f Shiv a j i s fleet a s

'

co ns i s tin g o f fo u r h u ndred ve sse ls o f v a rio u s s ize s a n d

cl a s s es s u ch , as g h u ra b s (g u n bo a ts ) t a ra ndis ,
-
, ,

ta ra m be s , g a ll i va t s , s h i ba rs , p a g a rs , m a n c h wu s '

b a b h o rs , t ir ka t is , Their co s t is pa s , l an d du b a re s .
*
:

p u t down v a gu e l y a s 5 o r 1 0 la khs o f Ru pee s Bu t t h e .

E ng li s h report s never p u t their n u mber a bove | 60 a n d ,

u s u a lly 60 on ly They were formed into two “

as .

s q u a dron s ( o f 200 ve s s e ls e a ch if we a ccept t h e ,

M a r a thi a cco u nt s ) a n d comm a nded b y t w o a dmira ls ,

w h o b ore the tit l es o f D a r ia Sa r a n g (Se a C a pt a in)a n d

M a i N a ya k or M ia n N a ya kf l '

*
S a bh . 68 ; Ch i t . 67 . Ch u rc hs a re fl o a ti n g b a tte r i e s or

g u n -
b o a ts ca r ryi n g two m a s ts an d m o v in g l
s ow ly . G dl l i va ts
a re v e s se ls c o n s t r u c te d fo r sw i ft sa i l ing . S h i ba rs a re t ra di n g

b o a ts , m u n c h u as be i ng a st ro n g e r k in d o f tr a di ng v e sse l th a n

F ra g Se e I ) Th e ma c h w a ( a d b u il t
'
s hi ba rs .
(O rm e s . . . ro u n -

tw o - m as t e d cr aft o f fr o m 3 to 20 t o ns ) a n d th e s hi ba r ( a la r ge
'

sq u a e r -
ste w e d , fl at b o t t o m e d
- v e sse l w i th 2 m a s ts b u t no de c k)
a re d e s c r i be d i n B o m . Gaz . xi ii . 345 4 9 .

TD a rid is P e rs i an fo r O ce a n . Sa b h asa d , 68 , sp e a ks o f
N H i ndu
'

D a r ia Sa r a n g as a
'

M u sa l man an d o f Ma i a ya k as a

o f t he Bhanda r i c as t e . Bu t a B o m b a y l e t te r d a t e d 2 ] N o v .

167 0 s ay s d m i r al f th e [ M a ra th a ] fl e e Ve n t g e e
“

, Th e a o t is o ne

A n o th e r
"
S a ru n g e e , co m m o nl y ca l le d D u rre a Sa ru n g e e .

f M i a N a y ak Bh a n d a r i
°

B o m b a y l e tt e r , I ] Se p 167 9 . , sp e a ks o , a

o f Ra j a p u r .
’

( O rm e M SS . Da u l a t Kh an w as an o ffice r

d is ti n c t fro m th e D a r i a Sa r a n g (Ra j w a d e , v ii i . 27 an d T S . .
)
1 660} M AR ATH I SAIL O RS . 299

The n u mero u s creek s on the Bomb a y co a s t h a d

deve loped a mon g m a ny lo w c a s te Hind u s o f the -

re g ion (s u ch a s the Ko l i s Sa n g h a r s V a g h e rs a n d t h e , ,

M a r a th a cl a n o f An g ri a s)heredit a ry s ki ll in s e a f a rin g
"

a n d n a v a l fi g ht The M a l a b a r pira te s were a terro r

.

even t o the En g li sh F rom them Shiva recru ited h is

*
.

Cr ew a n d he a fterw a rds a dded to them a b ody o f

"

M u s lim s not a b ly a di s contented Siddi n a med Mi s ri

,

a n d D a u l a t Kh a n .

Sh iv a j i s n a vy immedi a te l y took t o p l u nderin g t h e

'

co a s t o f K a n a r a a n d G o a a n d bro u g ht to him v a s t ,

q u a ntitie s o f booty in t h e m a nner o f h is l a nd forces -

They often fo u g ht the Siddi fleet b u t the l a tter ,

ret a ined it s s u prem a cy o n t h e whole ( S a bb 68 ) '

. .

W e m a y here record wh a t lit tl e is definitel y known

a bo u t Shiv a j i s merc a nti l e m a rine Soon a fter g ettin g
'

po s s e s s ion o f t h e ports in Nort h Konk a n he b e g a n ,

t o en g a g e in for ei g n t r a de on h is o w n a cco u nt E a rl y .

in 1 660 he c a ptu red a t Ra j a p u r s ome o f the j u nks of

A fz a l Kh a n a n d tu rned them t o h is o w n u s e in .

Fe b ru a ry | 663 the En g li s h a t S u r a t report th a t he w a s

'

’ ‘

fittin g o u t t w o s hip s o f con s idera b l e b u rden for tr a din g

.

Th e B h a n da r i '

[ cas te o f h u s b an d m e n ] a re fo u n d in
m o s t p a r ts
"
'
o f th e Ra tn a g i ri d is tri ct but '

c h ic fly i n '
th e co a s t
,

vi ll a g e s . The y su p p li e d th e fo r m e r p i ra t e c h ie fs w i th m os t

o f th e ir fi g h ti n g me n . A s tr o n g , h e al th y an d fine l o o k i n g
-
se t
‘

o f me n th e y a re fo nd o f at hl e t i c e xe rc ise s an d do no t

d i ff e r fro m th e M a ra th as an d K un b is
"

( B o rn Ga z x

”
.
. .
, .

Fo r th e Ko l i p i ra te s , ix . Pt . i . 5 l 9 5 22 ;
-
an d th e A n g r i a s , i . Pt .

ii . 87 8 8 ;
-
xi . 5 .
300 S H I V AJ I .
[ H
C . x1 .

with Moch a (in we s tern A r a b i a )a nd lo a din g them a t

J a it a p u r two mi l e s u p the Ra j a p u r river with g ood s
,
,

o f con s ider a b l e v a lu e which were b

y s torm s o r fo u l
we a ther d riven u pon his co a s t T w o ye a rs l a ter .

( 1 2t h M a rch they write th a t from e a ch o f t h e

e i g ht o r nine u mo s t con s ider a b l e port s in the D ecc a n
"

th a t he po s s e s s ed he u s ed t o s e t o u t 2 o r 3 o r more
,

tr a din g ve s s e ls ye a rly to Pers i a B a s ra Moch a & c , , , .

A g a in we l e a rn th a t in A pri l 1669 a g re a t s torm o n

, , ,

the K a rw a r co a s t de s troyed s evera l o f h is s hip s a n d

rice b o a t s o n e o f the s hip s b ein g very rich ly l a den
-
, .

( F R S u ra t Vo ls
. .
, .

§ 4 . D o ing s o f th e M a ra t h a n a vy , 1 664 —
1 665 .

V The ri s e o f the M a r a th a n a v a l power c a u s ed

a nxiety t o the Sidd is the En g li s h merch a nts a n d the
, ,

M u g h a l Emperor a like O n 26 t h J u ne 1 664 the

.
, ,

S u ra t f a ctors report th a t Shi v a w a s fittin g o u t a fleet

o f 60fri g a te s fo r a n a tt a ck o n s ome u nknown q u a rter ,

pro b a b ly to s u rpri s e a ll j u nk s a n d ve s s e l s b e lon g ing

“

t o th a t port a n d t o w a y l a y them o n their ret u rn from

B a s r a a n d Pers i a o r t o tr a n s port a n a r my u p th e
,

C a mb a y creek (S a b a rm a ti) fo r m a kin g a r a id on

A hm a d a b a d A t the end of November it w a s
.

le ar nt th a t the fl eet h a d be en s ent to Bh a tk a l t o ,

c o opera te with h is a rmy in the inv a s ion o f K a n a r a .

The En g l i s h Pre s ident de s cribe s the M a r a th a ve s s el s

as u piti fu l thin g s s o th a t o n e g ood En g l i s h s hip
,

wo u l d de s troy a h u ndred o f them withou t ru nnin g

hers e l f into g re a t d a n g er ( F R S u ra t.
86 26 . . , ,
 302 S H I V AJ l .
[ CH . xl .

By the Tre a ty o f Pu r a n d a r the M u g h a ls le ft the ,

t erritory o f J a njir a a djoini n g Shiv a s d ominion s t o

’
‘

Shiv a j i i f h e co u l d conq u er it
,
.
(I b i d ) Shiva a l s o . .

o ffered t o a ttempt th e conq u e s t o f J a nj i ra fo r the

Emperor . (I b i d 7 8 6 B u t Chit 1 07 D ig 240 a n d
, . .
, .
,

Ta r i kh i Sh i va j i 226 a g ree th a t J a i Sin g h definite ly

- -
, ,

re fu s ed t o m a ke the Siddis g ive u p J a njir a t o Shiv a ) .

5 . M a ra tha
c k on ] a nj ira fa ils a tt a .

I n 16 69 Sh iv a j i s a t t a ck u pon J a njir a w a s r e
'

newed with gr e a t vi g o u r i n the e a rl ier month s o f .

t he ye a r the ho s ti le a rmie s m a de a l mo s t d a i ly
inro a ds into e a ch other s co u ntry a n d the w a rf a re
'

:clo s ed the ro a d s t o a ll pe a cefu l tra ffic I n O cto b er .

,

the Siddi w a s s o very h a rd pre s s ed a n d l a njira w a s

in s u ch d a n g er o f b ein g s t a rved into s u rrender th at
h e wrote t o the En g l is h merch a nts o f h is res o lve
"

to ho l d o u t t o the l a s t a n d then de l iverin g it u p to

the M u g h a l ( F R S u ra t 1 05 Bomb t o S u ra t
. . .
, .
,

16 O ct ) .

The conte s t c a me t o a cri s is next ye a r ( 1 6 7 0)

S hiv a j i s t a ked a ll hi s r e s o u rce s on th e ca pt u re o f
J a njira F a th Kh a n worn o u t b y the ince s sa nt
.
,

s tr u g g l e impoveri s hed b y the ru in o f h is su b ject s

, ,

a nd hope l e s s o f a id from h is m a s ter a t Bij a p u r ,

re s o lved to a ccept Shiva s o ffer of a la rg e bri b e a n d

’

rich j a g ir a s the price o f J a njir a Bu t h is three .

Ab y s s ini a n s l a ve s ro u s ed their cl a n s men o n the i s l a nd

a g a in s t thi s s u rrender t o a n infidel impri s oned F a th ,

Kh a n s eized the G overnment a n d a pp lied t o A di l

, ,
1 6 7 0] 5 1 001 5 EN TER MUGHAL SERV I C E . 303

Sh a h an d the M u g h a l viceroy of the D ecc an fo r a id .

T h e M u g h a ls re a di ly reed a n d the Siddi fleet w a s ag ,

tra ns ferred from the overl ords hip of Bij a p u r to th a t

o f D elhi a n d Siddi S a mb a l
, o ne o f the le a der s of ,

the revo lu tion w a s cre a ted imperi a l a dmira l wi t h a

m a ns a b a n d a j a g ir yi e l din g 3 la khs o f Ru pee s H is .

t w o ass oci a te s Siddi Q a s im a n d Siddi Kh a iriy a t

, ,

were g iven the comm a nd o f J a nj 1 r a a n d the l a nd

do m inion s re spective ly The Siddi fl e e t w a s t a ken . .

int o M u g h a l s ervice o n the s a me term s a s u nder

Bij a p u r The g ener a l tit l e o f Y a q u t Kh a n w a s c o n
.

ferred ( n s u cce s s ive Siddi a dmir a l s from thi s time ,

a n d the Government o f J a njir a w a s s ep a r a ted from

the a dmira l s ch a rg e a nd pl a ced u nd er a noth er Si ddi

'

w h o w a s re g a rded a s the s econd l e a der o f the tribe

a n d heir to the a dmir a l s po s t ( K K ii 224 on ly

'
.
. . . .

a u thority ) .

Thi s revo lu ti o n a t l e mm a is s a id by Kh a fi Kh a n
t o h a ve t a ken p l a ce in J a n u a ry o r Fe b ru a ry 1 6 7 1

Short ly before it the M a r a th a fleet h a d met with a

Bu t th e da t e is e vi de n tl y w ro n g . O n 4 th A p r i l 1 67 4 ,

N a ra ya n Sh e n v i . th e E n g l i sh a ge nt , w r i te s fr o m R a i g a r h t o
Bo m b a y
“
l h a v e d is c o u rse d w i th N a ra j i P a n di t co n c e r n i n g th e

p e a ce yo u de s i re d m i g h t b e c o nc u l de d w i th the Sidd i Fa th
Kh a n .
( F . R . S u ra t , Vol . T h i s p ro v e s ( a ) t h a t F a th
Kh an w as a S idd i an d no t a n A fg h an , an d ( b)th a t h e w as in

p ow e r i n 1 67 4 . i ns te a d o f h a v i n g b e e n de p o s e d i n 1 67 1 . H e re
K ha fi Kh an is p ro v e d by co n t e m p o ra ry r e co r ds to be u n re l ia b l e .

. B u t Siddi Sa m b a l w as un do u b te dly a d m ir a l o f th e fle e t fro m

1 67 1 o nw a r ds .
304 SH I VAJ I .
[ CH . xi .

g re a t revers e I n Novembe r 1 67 0 Sh iv a j r co ll ected

.
,

a t N a nd g a on 1 0 mi l es no rth o f ] a njir a 1 60 s m a ll
, ,

ve s s e ls a n d a n a rm y o f hors e a n d foot ,

with fu ll provi s ion s fo r a s ie g e l a rg e n u mbe rs o f

.

minin g too l s (p ick a xe s s hove ls a n d cr ow b a r s) a n d

-
,
-
,

vict u a ls fo r 40 d a y s Another bo dy o f . s o l dier s ,

with a g re a t nu mber o f pioneers w a s kept re a dy ,

t o e m b a rk a n d dep a rt with the fleet a t a min u te s

'
' ‘

notice . H is s ecret d e s ign w a s t o m a rch t o S u r a t

b y l a nd where the fleet wo u l d join him a n d then
, ,

the fort wou l d be de l ivered t o him o n 29t h

Novembe r a s h a d been s ecre tly a g reed u pon by it s
,

comm a nd a nt l f he s u cceeded there he intended

. ,
.

t o m a rch o n a n d t a ke Bro a ch a l s o .

Bu t the p l a n f a i l ed The fl eet l e ft N a n dg a o n o n

.
-

24 t h N ovem b er a n d p a s s ed northw a rd s s ki rtin g the

Bom b a y i s l a nd the next d a y a n d M a him o n the 26t h .

T h e a rmy u nde r Sh iv a j i m a rched in the s a me

direction b y l a nd B u t o n the 26t h he s u dden ly
.

tu rned b a ck a n d rec a l led h is fleet He h a d dis .

covered th a t the s eemin g ly tre achero u s q ila da r s

’
‘

promi s e t o s e ll the fort t o him w a s on ly a tra p l a id - »

fo r him .Q u ick ly ch an g in g h is p l a n he t u rn e d to ,

an e a s ier a n d s u rer prey E a rly in D ecember h e

.

s u dden ly b u rs t into Kh a nde s h a n d B er a r a n d l ooted

'

them fa r a n d wide D u r in g h is a b s ence o n this ra id

. ,

h is fl e e t met with a de fe a t l n p a s s in g b y D a m a n
. ,

h is a dmir a l h a d c a pt u red a l a r g e s hip o f t h a t p l a ce

worth Rs . bo u nd fo r S u r a t Th e Portu gu e s e .

ret a li a ted b y c a p tu rin g 1 2 o f h is s hip s an d le a vin g

'
30
6 SH I V AJ I .

o f the a ss a Y a q u t promp tly r a is ed his battl e

i lants
.

K h a ss u I a n d s ho u tin g M y br a ve s b e
u

c ry K h a ss u ,

compo s ed 1 a m a l ive a n d s a fe he a dva nced s l a y

"

in g a n d bindin g t o the ce ntre o f the fort where he

joined h a nd s with Kh a ir iy a t s p a rty a n d the entire
'

p l a ce w a s conq u ere d .

Shiv a h a d been p l a nnin g the c a pt u re o f J a nj 1 ra ,

a n d n o w he h a d fa i l ed to ho l d e ven D and a Ra jp u r i ! -

l t is s a id th a t du rin g the ni g ht of the s u rpri s e a t the ,

mo m e nt the powder m a g a zine bl ew u p Shiv a who

-
, ,

w a s 40 mi l e s a w a y s t a rted from h i s s l eep a nd

,

excl a imed th a t s ome c a l a mity mu s t h a ve bef a ll en

D a nd a —
'

Ra jp u ri ! H e w a s how e ver u n a bl e to m a ke , ,

repri s a ls i m medi a te ly a s h i s a rmy w a s bu s y e ls e

,

where in t h e N a s ik a n d B a g l a n a di s tricts where the

i

, ,
l

M u g h a l viceroy w a s pre s s in g him h a rd Ya q u t . .

therefore cou l d e a si ly fol low u p h is s u cce ss by

,
.

c a ptu rin g s even other fort s in the nei g hbo u rhood .

Six o f them opened their g a te s in terror o f h is .

prowe s s a fter h is gr a nd victory a t D a nd a Ra jp u ri -

.

Th e s event h s t ood a s ie g e for a week a n d then

c a pitu la ted o n terms which Ya q u t f a ith l e ss ly
,

vio l a ted ens la vin g a n d convertin g the boys a n d

,

h a nd s ome women di s mi ss in g the o ld an d u g ly

,

women a n d m as s a crin g a ll the men o f the g a rri so n

,
i
.

Fo r s ome time a ft e rw a rds t h e M a r a th a s were forced

t o s t a nd on the de fen s ive in their own territory .

( K K ii : 225 228 ; on ly a u thority )

. .
-
.

Thes e di s a s te rs fu lly rou s ed Shiva The recovery .

o f D a nd a Ra jp u ri fort b ec a me a n a b s orbin
-
p s s ion
g a
 1 6 72] MARATH A F AI L U R E AT SE A . 307

.
as wel l politic a l nece s s ity with him To the
as a , .

'

e nd of h is life a n d thro u g ho u t the rei g n of

Sh a m b h u j i ho s tilitie s continu ed between the
,

M a r a th a s a nd the Sidd is int ermittently i ndeci s ive ly , , ,

b u t with g re a t bitterne s s a n d fu ry Cro s s cru e lty .

a n d w a nton inj u ry were pra cti s ed by e a ch s ide o n

t h e c a ptive s oldiers a n d inno c ent pe a s a ntry of the

'
o ther , a nd the co u ntry b ec a me de s o la te The .

economic lo s s w a s more keenly fe lt by the s m a ll a n d

poor St a te o f the Ab ys s ini a n s th a n by the M a ra th a s ,

a n d the Sidd is a t time s be g g ed fo r pe a ce b u t did ,

n o t s u cceed a s they were n o t prep a red t o

, a ccept

S hiv a s term s o f cedin g their a ll t o him

’

I n Septem b er 1 6 7 1 Sh iv a ji s ent a n a mb as s a dor,

to Bomb a y to s ecu re the a id o f the En g l i s h in a n

a tt a ck on D a nd a Ra jp u ri Bu t the Pres ident a n d
-
.

Co u ncil o f S u ra t a dvi s ed th e Bomba y f a ct o rs not

t o po s itively promi s e him the g r e n a d o e s mort a r ,

piece s a n d a mmu nition he d e s ire s n o r to a bs olu tely

, ,

deny him in re g a rd we d o not think it conve nient

,

t o help him a g a in s t D a nd a Ra jp u ri which p la ce if

'

-
,

it were in h is po ss e s s ion wo u l d prove a g re a t

'

a nnoy a nce to the port o f Bomb a y ( F R . . .

S u ra t ,

7 . N a va l wa r ,
1 67 2 1 675
-
.

l n th e l a tter p a rt ent a flee t o f 1 67 2 Au r a n gz ib

, s

of 36 ve s s el s gre a t a nd s m al l from S u r a t to a s s i s t
, ,

t h e Siddi o f D a n da Ra jp u ri by ca u s in g a diver s i o n
-

by s e a Thi s s q u a dron did Shiv a j i g re a t mi s chief

u

. .
308 S HI VAJ I .
[ c1 1
-
. xi .

bu rnin g a n d p lu nderin g a ll his s e a port town s a n d -

de s troyin g a ls o a b ove 5 00 o f h is ve s s e ls ( evident ly

"

tra din g bo a ts ) At thi s time (l t D ecembe r)Shiva

.

h a d s ix s m a ll fri g a te s which he l a id u p in Bo m b a y
,

h a rbo u r in fe a r o f the M u g h a l a rm a d a a nd which ,

the En g li s h s a v e d from the l a tter by pretendin g th a t

they them s elve s h a d a tt a ch ed them a s compen s a tion
for the plu nder o f their Ra j a p u r f a ctory in 1 66 0 .

(O C
. . Ea rly in J a nu a ry next the M u g h a l ,

fleet vi s ited Bomb a y a fter it s su cce s s f u l c a mp a i g n

r
a g a in s t the M a r a t h a s At thi s time both Shiv a a n d
.

the Emperor were e a g erly cou rtin g the n a v a l he l p

o f the En g li s h in a w a r with the other s id e Bu t .

the forei g n tra ders very wi s e ly m a int a ined their

ne u tra lity tho u g h it w as a u tickli s h g a me
, (0 C . . .

3734 a n d l n the fo ll owin g Au g u s t h o wever , ,

the s hip So le il d O ri e nt o f the new French E a s t

’

i ndi a Comp a n y fo u nded by Col b ert a rrived at ,

Ra j a p u r a n d s ecret ly s o l d 8 0 g u n s ( mo s t ly s m a ll
piece s) a n d m a u nd s of l e a d to Shiv a s fleet
'

The French g a ve s imi l a r hel p in November 1 679

when they so l d hi m 40 g u n s fo r the defence of
P a nh a l a ( F R S u ra t 8 7 S u ra t t o Co
. . . 12 Ja n
, . ,

1 6 7 4 ; V o l 1 08 Ra j a p u r to S u ra t 30 D e c
. ,
1 6 79 ,

The di fference b etween the En g li sh a nd Shiv a j i

w a s u ti l i s ed by Re i ck l o ff V a n Goen t h e D u tch com ,

m o do r e w h o a b o u t M a rch 1 67 3 opened ne g oti a tion s

,

wi th the M a ra tha chief promi s in g him the he lp o f ,

.

the entire Du tch fleet (o f 22 shi ps ) in ret a kin g

D a nd a Ra jp u ri whi l e Sh iv a j 1 w a s t o l end
-
, of
3l 0 S H I V AJ l .
[ CH.X ] .

the Pre s ident o f Su rat w as req u e s t ed by th e Siddi

”
t o medi a te a pe a ce between them . (0 C
"

. .

Next month ( M a rch h o wever Siddi

"

, .

S a m b a ] a tt a cked Shiv aj i s a dmira l D a u l at Kha n in

'

the Sa t a v li river the M u c h ku n di c reek in the »

Ra tn a g iri di s trict) both the a dmir a l s be in g wo u nded

,

a n d the two s ide s l o s in g 1 0 0a n d 44 men respective ly .

The M a ra th a s were l e ft victors a n d Sid di S a m b a ] ,

withdrew to H a ri s hw a r a port 2 ] mi l es s o u th o f
”
,

J a njira I n M a y Shiv a j i who w a s re s o l ved to t a ke

.
,

th a t c a s tle ( D a nd a — Ra jp u ri ) l e t it co s t him wh a t it
wi ll, w a s repo rted to be d a i ly s endin g down more

a rti ll ery a mm u niti o n

, men a n d money to s tren g then ,

h is s i e g e troop s I n the co u rs e o f thi s ye a r h e

-
.

red u ced the who l e co a s t of So uth Konk a n fro m

Ra jp u ri to Ba rdez ne a r Go a b u t n ot th e for t o f ,

D a nd a Ra jpu ri-
(F R Su ra t . . .

8 . Gr a n d a ss a u lt on ] a nyxra , 1 67 5 4 67 6 .

I n September we re a d o f h is m a kin g l 6 75 ,

prep a ra tion s fo r t a kin g th a t fort by a l a nd a n d se a

'

a tt a ck Th e cru i s e of t he Siddi fleet a l on g Shiva s

.

co as t in J a nu a ry a n d F ebru a ry o f thi s ye a r ha d
proved u n s u cce s s fu l Bu t it ret u rned in Novemb er .

with reinforcement s a nd s a ile d down the coas t to , _

V in g u rl a p lu nderin g
, and bu rn i n g M a ra th a .

s qt fi dr o n s
g from Gheri a ( Vij a y d u r g) a n d Ra j a p u r ~

took the s e a s eekin g a fi g ht b u t the Siddi e s c a pe d

, ,

to J a njira ( F R S u r a t l o7 Bo rn t o S u r a t 7 Sep
. . .
, . ,

O rme Fra g
, 49 .
, ,
1 6 76 ] G RAN D s uzcs OF J AN J l RA . 3”
Th a t i s l a nd h a d be en be s ie g ed by Shiva with a
g re a t force s ome month s e a r lier The nei g h b o u rin g .

co a s t w a s dotte d wi th h is o u tpo s ts an d redo u bt s ,

a n d he a ls o bu i l t s ome flo a tin
g b a tterie s a n d m a de
a n a ttempt to throw a mo le a cro ss the s e a from the

m a inl a nd t o the i s l a nd of J a nj ir a *
The s ie g e w a s .

r a i s ed a t the end o f 1 6 7 5 a t the a rriva l o f the fleet ,

u nder Siddi S a mb a ] b u t it w a s renewed next ye a r

with g re a ter vi g o u r th a n b e for e The Pe s hwa Moro
’

P a nt w a s s ent with men to c o o p era te with -

the fleet a nd the former s ie g e troop s (u nder V y a nk o j i -

D a tto ) ] f we c a n re ly on the pu zz l in g M a r athi

.

chronic l e the l a ndin g pl a ce a t J anj ira a nd two

,
-

rden s o u t s ide the fort were s tormed a n d the

g a

Sidd is were driven to s eek refu g e in a cit a de l on

a hei g ht in the centre o f the i s l a nd Th e p l a ce w a s .

who lly inve s ted .

Bu t the a ttempt f a il ed Siddi Q a s im a rrived .

with the M u g h a l fleet b roke the line o f inve s tment , ,

in fu s ed life int o the defence m a de co u nter a tt a ck s

-
,
-
,

bu rnt the flo a tin g ba tterie s a n d forced the M a ra th a s

t o r a i s e the s ie g e ( end o f D ecember J a njira
w a s s a ved h y th e bl e s s in g s o f a l ivin g sa int a n d
u

*
Si e g e o f J a nnra : O rm e , F ra g , 48 . 57 . A v e ry co n u se f d
an d o b s cu re l y w ri t te n acco u nt o f th is s tru g g e l i s g iv e n i n th e

M a ra t h i S hi va d i g v ij a y , pp . 1 92 1 96 -
, an d a sol i n th e . Ta ri kh i -

S h i va j i . it is e vi de n t th a t th e las t tw o w or ks h a v e tr a n s fe rre d
i nc i de n ts f Sh a m b h u j i
'

Sh iv a j i f th e
'

to s re ig n so me o o s s ie ge

o f J e nn a t i n l 68 | an d a fte r .
 31 2 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . x1 .

'

the M a h a r a j a h s men r etu rned di s a ppo inted , as

the M a ra thi chronic l er p u ts it (Sh iva dig vij ay .

,

9 . N a va l w a r , 1 6 7 6 4 68 0 .

The re s t of the s tru g g l e with the Sid dis is g iven

below in a s u mm a ry form o n the b a s i s o f O rme s
'

n a rr a tive ( F ra g 55 88 ) compi l ed from the En g l i sh

,
-

fa ctory records which , h a ve S u pp l emented b y a

re ference to s ome a ddition a l record s in the I ndi a
O ffice L o nd o n
, .

i n M a y 1 6 7 6 Siddi S a m b a ] who h a d q u a rre l l ed

,

with the Mu gh a l Government w a s di s mi s s ed a n d

h i s po s t o f imperi a l a dmir a l w a s g iven t o Siddi
Q a s im ,with the g overnor ship o f D a nd a Ra jpu ri - .

Q a s im h a lted a t Bom b a y o n h is w a y t o h is new

he a dq u a rters . Bu t S a m b a ] de l a yed h a ndin g over
t h e fleet t o h is s u cce s s or He cru i s ed a l on g Sh iv a j i s
'

c o a s t ( in O ctober) b u rnin g J a it a pu r ( a t th e mo u th
o f th e Ra j a p u r river)in D ecember b u t w a s prevented ,

from a dv a ncin g fu rther in l a nd a n d retu rn ed t o

J a nj ira where Q a s im h a d a lre a dy ra i s ed the M a r a tha
,

s ie g e u nder Moro P a nt .

E a rly in 1 6 7 7 s trict orders c a me from D e lhi th a t

t h e fleet m u s t b e de l ivered to Q a s im Bu t S a mb a ] .

p u t o ff o b e yin g the order fo r m a ny month s ti ll the ,

riva l Siddi a dmira ls who were livin g in Bom b a y

c a me t o b l ow s a n d fin a lly throu g h th e m e di a tion
,

o f the En g l i s h Co u nci l the q u a rre l Wa s s ett l ed

«
a nd ,

Q a s im w a s in s t a ll ed a s a dmira l a t the end o f ,

O ctober S a m b a ] in di s g u s t tra ns ferred h is s ervic es

.
31 4 SH I V A l j .
[ CH . xl .

( immen s e ) tr affi c from port t o p o r t o f the M a la bar

. .

a nd Konk a n c o a s t s h a d fro m time immemori a l

been ca rried on in ve s s e ls o f s h a ll ow bu rden c a p a b l e
.

o f t a kin g cl o s e re fu g e u nder every she lter o f t h e

l a nd The ve ss e ls fo r thes e co a s ts were
"

al s o b u i l t o f the s a me s m a l l s ize a n d tru s ted to

“

the s u periority of n u m b er ( a n d n o t o f g u n power o r -

'

s e a worthi ne ss ) a g a in s t s hip s o f b u rden in the open .

se a . Sh iv a ji did n o t ch a n g e thi s s y s tem in h is o w n

m a rine (O rme s F ra g m e n ts 7 7
’

in Febru a ry 1 680 Q a s im s a l lyin g from his

,

a nchor a g e in Bo mb a y h a rbo u r b u rnt m a ny vi l l a g e s

o n the Pen river a n d b ro u g ht a w a y a tho u s a nd c a p

t iv e s Then Shiv a a n d the En g l i sh m a de a n a gree

.
'

ment ( M a rch ) n o t t o let th e Siddi fleet winter in .

Bomba y u n le s s they promi s ed to ob s erve s tri ct

neu tra l ity Thi s b rin g s the n arr ative down to the
.

de a th of Shi v aj i b u t the s a m e we a ri s ome s tory of

,

a b ortive a tt a ck s on J a njira b y the M a r a th a s a n d

cru e l d eva st a tion o f the c o a s t di s tri ct b y the Sid d is
conti nued u nder Sh a m b huji .

§ 10. Wa r wi th t h e E ng lis h fo r K h a nde ri

is la n d , 1 67 9 .

The di ffi cu lty o f c a pt u rin g ] a n p r a s e t Shiva

think in g o f s ome other i s la nd in th e nei g h bo u rhood
which wo u ld a fford him a n a v a l ba s e H is choice .

fe l l o n Kh a n d e ri a s m a ll rocky i s l a nd ,

W2 mi l es b y %7_ mi l e s itu a ted 1 1 mi le s s o u th o f

,
 1 6 7 9] S H I VA F O R T I F I E S KH AND ERI . 315

Bomb a y a n d 30 mi l e s north o f J a nj i ra As e a rly a s .

A pri l 1 6 72 the pe ople o f Su r a t le a rnt o f his intention

t o bu ild a fort o n the is l a nd The En g li s h Pre sident
.

at once decided to prevent it as aff e ctin g the ,

intere s t s o f Bomb a y even more th a n tho s e o f S u r a t ,

b ec a u s e n o s hip c o u l d ente r o r i ss u e from Bom b a y

h a rb o u r withou t bein g s ee n fr om Kh a nd e r i ( F R .
’

. .

S u ra t 8 7 , Su ra t to Bo m b 22 A p ri l ; V o l 1 06. . ,

1 M ay

The pro g re ss o f t he M a ra th a en g ineer s w a s very

s low , a n d in September next their fo rtific a tion s were

s ti ll incomp l ete Th e En g li sh a n d Siddi flee ts c a me

.

there in concer t a n d w a rned the M a r a th a s to s top

'

the ir work Sh iv a j i s a dmir a l s D a u l a t Kh a n a n d

'

.
,

,
M ia N a y a k findin g thems e lve s oppo s ed t o v e ry
.

s u perior force s withdre w fro m the i s l a nd ( F R

, . . .

S u r a t 1 06 T Roa ch t o S u ra t 26 S ep 1 6 7 2 D ig
, , . , . .

A t the end o f A u g u s t 1 6 79 Shiv a

in t o ok u p
, a ga

the project o f fortifyi n g Kh a n de ri a nd co llected men ,

a n d m a teri a l s fo r the p u rpos e a t Ch a u l H e a l lotted .

la kh o f h a m from the reven u e s of K a li a n a n d

.

o ne

Ch a u l to b e s pent on the work O n 1 5 t h September .

we find th a t 1 5 0 m e no f Shiv a with fo u r s m a ll g u n s

u nder comm a nd o f M i a N a y a k a r e a lre a dy o n the
i s l a nd a n d h a ve ru n u p b re a st work s o f e a rth a nd -

s tone al l a ro u nd it ) ( O rme M SS 1 1 6 ) A req u e s t .

from the D ep u ty G overnor o f Bomb a y t o q u it t h e

pl a ce a s it belon g ed to the i s l a nd o f Bo m b a y w as ,
 31 6 S H I VAJ I .
[ CH . xi .

d ec lined b y the M a r a th as in the bs ence o f orders

a

f rom Sh iv a j i t o th a t effect The En g li sh therefore

.
, ,

re s olved tha t if the o ccu pa tion o f the i s l a nd w a s

p er s i s ted in a n d the M a r a th a fleet u nder D a u l a t
Kh a n c a me there to protect the forti fi c a tion s they ,

wo u ld urepe l them with force a s a n open a n d p u b lic

e nemy .
( F R Su ra t 4 Con su lt 4 a n d 1 5 Sep
. .
, , .

The
‘
fi r s t enco u nter between t h e En g l is h a n d the
M a ra th a s a t s e a took pl a ce o n 1 9th September a n d
ended in a revers e fo r th e former The l a r g er
-
.

En g li s h s hip s were s ti l l o u ts ide the b a y o t a n de r i ,

b ec au s e the s ou ndin g s h a d not yet be en t a ken a n d

the y cou ld n o t be b ro u g ht clo s er t o the i sl a nd .

L ieu ten a nt Fr a nci s Thorpe with s ome s h i b a rs m a de

,

a
'

r a s h a ttempt to la nd on th e i sl a nd upo s itive ly ,

a g a in s t orders The En g lishmen were a s s a i l ed with

“

g re a t a n d s m a l l s ho t from the s hore work s The

‘

impetu o u s yo u n g o fficer w a s ki lled with t w o other

'

men ( John Br a d b u ry a n d Henry W e l ch) s evera l ,

others were wou nded a n d Georg e Co l e a n d m a ny

,

other En g lis hmen were left pri soners o n the i s l a nd .

The l ieuten a nt s sh ib a r w a s c a ptu red b y the enemy

'

while tw o o ther s h i b a rs e s c a ped t o the fl e e t in the

'

open s e a Next da y the M a r a th a s c a rried o ff a nother

.

En g li sh s h ib a r Se r g e a nt G i l e s timid ly o fferin g n o
,

r e s i s t a nce .
( O rm e M SS .

E a r ly in O cto be r the M a ra th a fleet w a s g o t

r e a dy to
g o t o the s u cco u r o f K h a n d e ri The s econd .

.
b a ttl e with the En g li s h w a s fo u g ht o n 1 8 t h O ct o ber .
318 SH I V AJ I [ H
C xl
‘

. . .

ra n wa y l e a vin g the R e ve ng e a lone in the mid s t

a ,

o f the enemy B u t s h e fo u g ht g a ll a ntly a n d s a nk

.

five o f the M a ra th a g a lliv a ts a t which their who l e ,

fleet fle d t o the b a r o f N a g othn a pu rs u ed b y the ,

R e ve ng e T w o da ys a fterw a rd s the M a r a th a fl e e t
. .

i s su ed from the creek b u t o n the En g li s h ve ss e ls

,

a dva ncin g they fled b a ck S u ch is the ine fficiency

.

”
of mo s q u ito cr a ft in n a v a l b a ttl e s fo u g ht with
a rti ll ery th a t even fi fty s lende r a n d open l ndi a n s hip s

were no m a tch fo r a sin g l e l a rg e a n d s tron g ly b u i lt

En g l i s h ve s s e l A t the end o f Novem b er the Siddi
.

fleet o f 34 s hips joined the En g li sh o ff Kh a nd e ri a n d

kept u p a d a i ly b a ttery a g a ins t the i s la nd (O rme .
,

81
Bu t
the co s t o f the s e opera tion s w a s he a vi ly
fe lt b y the En g l i s h merch a nt s who a ls o re a li s e d th a t
,

they cou ld n o t recru it white s o l diers t o rep l a ce a n y

l o s t in fi g ht a n d there fore co u l d n o t
,
l on g oppo s e
h im (Shiv a ) l e s t they s ho u l d impr u dently s o we a k en
,
'

them s elve s a s n o t t o b e a bl e t o de fe n d Bomb a y it s el f ,

i f he s ho u l d be ex a s per a ted t o d ra w down h is a rmy

th a t w a y Moreover d u rin g the mon s oon s torm s
.
,

the Eng l i s h wou ld b e forced to with dra w t heir n a v a l

p a tro l from Kh a n de ri a n d then Shiva wo u ld t a ke
,

h is opport u nity to forti fy a n d s tore the i s la nd ,

m a u g re a ll o u r de s i g ns So the S u ra t Co u ncil
.
,

wi s e ly re s o lved (25 th O ctob er) th a t t h e En g l i sh ,

h o n o u r a b ly withdr a w them s e lves in time

u

sho u l d ,

a n d either s ett l e thi s difference with Sh iv a j i by me a n s

o f a friend l y medi a tor or el s e thro w the bu rden o f

,
1 6 79] ENG L I SH CE ASE HOS TILI TI ES . 31 9

oppo s in g h im on the Po rtu g u e s e g overnor of B a s s ein

e as e the H o n b l e Co m
'

o r o n the Siddi a n d th u s ,

p a ny o f thi s g re a t ch a rg e Th e S u r a t f a ctory its elf

.

w a s I n d a n g er a n d c o u l d s p a re n o Eu rope a n s oldier

fo r s u cco u rin g Bomb a y ( F R Su r a t 4 Con su l t

. . .
,

25 . an d 31 O ct .
, 3 8
, an d 1 2 De c .

§11 . Anx ie t ies an d d e v ic e s o f th e E ng l is h o f

B o m ba y .

The repri s a l a g a ins t Bom b a y fe a red from Shiv a

a l mo s t c a me t o p a ss Hi g hly ex a s pera ted by the
.

de fe a t o f his fleet b efore Kh a nde ri

"

he s ent ,

men t o K a li a n Bhiu n dy with the intention to l a nd in

-

Bom b a y by w a y o f Th a n a The Port u g u e s e g overnor .

of B a s s ein h a vin g refu s ed to a llow them to p a s s

thro u g h h is co u ntry the inv a ders m a rched t o P a nve l
,

( a port in their o w n territory ) oppo s ite Trom b ay

i s l a nd intendin g there to emb a rk o n s even s h ib a rs

,

( end o f O cto b er The inh a bit a nt s o f Bom b a y

'

were terribly a l a rmed The D ep u ty Governor .

bre a thed fire b u t the Pre s ident a n d Co u ncil of S u ra t

,

decided t o c lim b down O n receivin g a co u rteo u s .

letter from Sh iv a j i s ent b y w a y o f Ra j a pu r they wrote ,

civil a ns wer demons tra tin g o u r tro u bl e fo r the

“

a ,

o cc a s ion h is peop l e h a ve g iven the En g l i s h a t Bomb a y

t o q u a rre l with him a b o u t h is forti fyin g s o in s i g ni

fic a n t a rock a s Kh a n de r i which is n o t in the l e a s t ,

b ecomin g a prince o f h is eminence a n d q u a li fi c a tion s

a n d tho u g h we h a ve a ri g ht to th a t pl a ce yet t o , ,

.
s how the c a ndo u r o f o u r proceedin g s we ar e willin g ,
320 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . x1 .

to forg et wh a t is p a s t a n d there fore h a ve g iven

,

ins tru ction s t o the D ep u ty Governor o f Bomb a y t o

tre a t with s u ch pers on s a s he s h a ll a ppoint a b o u t th e
”
pre s ent di fference s The D ep u ty G overnor w a s
”
.

very m u ch di s s a ti s fied with thi s p a cific tone a n d

he l d th a t a vi g oro u s po l icy o f a g g re ss ion a g a ins t
”
Shiva s co u ntry a n d fleet wo u l d g ive a s peedy con
'

c lu s i o n t o thi s di s p u te t o the H o n bl e Comp a ny s

' '

a dv a nt a g e . Bu t the hi g her a u tho ritie s a t S u ra t on ly

repe a ted their former orders th a t Bomb a y s ho u l d
a void a w a r with Shiv a a nd fru s tr a te h is de s i g n s
o f fortifyin g Kh a n de ri either b y tre a ty or b y the Si ddi s
'

fleet a s s i s tin g u s to oppo s e him thereon

I
The two .

En g li s h c a pt a in s con s u lted took th e s a me view (1 b i d ) . .

At the end o f D ecem b er the M a r a th a s dr a g g ed s ever a l

l a rg e g u n s t o Th a l ( o n the m a inl a nd)a n d b e g a n t o
fire them a t the s m a ll En g li s h cra ft lyin g u nder U n de ri
fo r s tres s o f w e a ther ( O r m e M SS
. .

Bu t the hope o f hinderin g the M a ra th a fo rtific a

tion o f the i s l a nd witho u t fi g htin g proved fu ti l e a n d ,

the En g l is h s hips were withdr a wn ( J a nu a ry 168 0) ,

from Kh a n d e ri which a fter ho lding o u t [ a g a ins t

, ,

the Si ddis a n d the En g li s h ] to the a d m I r a tI o n o f a l l ,

w a s freed from enemy ve s s e l s by the comin g o f t h e

mons oons a nd rem a ined in Shi va s h a nd s (F R

'

, . .

S u ra t 1 08 Bomb a y t o S u ra t 1 J a n
, , .

Bu t the Siddi occ u pied U n de ri a s m a ll

i s l a nd a b o u t a mi l e in circu mference clo s e to Kha n ,

deri with 300 men a n d 1 0 l a r g e g u n s fortified it

,
,

( 9t h J a nu a ry , a n d tried to s i l ence the M a r a th a

 CH A PTE R X I ] .

l NV ASlO N o r TH E K ARN ATAK ,

§1 . Th e M a dra s co a s t : its w e a lth .

Shi v a ji coron a tion in J u ne 167 4 h a d

g r a nd
'

g re a tly re d u ce d h i s tre a s u ry Si nce then he

. h a d n o t

b e en a ble t o s e ize a ny very rich prize tho u g h h is ,

rov in g b a nds h a d r a ided m a ny p l a ce s I n A di l Sh a hi -

terri t or y Added to thi s h is w a rs with the M u g h a l s

. ,

a nd the Bi j a p u r is in 1 67 4 a n d 1 6 75 a n d h is s ie g e of

Pon da h a d been co s tly a ffa irs a n d cheq u ered by ,

defe a ts while h is inv a s ion o f the S u nd a co u ntry o r

,

K a n a ra u p l a nds ( M a y 1 6 75 )h a d f a i l ed l n the e a rl ier .

month s o f 1 67 6 he h a d s u ffered from a protra cte d

i llne s s which h a d force d on him a lon g period o f
,

in a ctivity
He there fore l ooked a bo u t fo r s ome fre s h fi el d
, ,

o f g a in i n the M u g h a l territory S u ra t h a d b een

.
,

s u cked dry b y h is t w o r a ids whi l e h is perm a nent

,

occu p a tion o f the Ko l i co u ntry o f Ra mn a g a r a n d

J a wh a r clo s e to Su ra t h a d s o a l a rmed th a t port th a t
, ,

it s tra de a n d we a lth were we ll ni g h g one The rich

-
.

K a n a ra co a s t h a d a lre a dy been s wept cl e a n of b ooty .

The di s order a n d mi s g overnment of the Bij a p u r St a te

d u rin g the e ffete ru l e o f the re g ent Kh a wa s Kh a n a n d
t h e civi l w a r between the Af g h a n a n d D e c c a ni p a rtie s

a t the Co u rt h a d s o impoveri s hed the centr a l p a rt

 1 676] KARN ATAK I TS W EAL TH . 323

o f the re a lm m a ke it no lon g er a n object o f

as to

c u pidity A n a tt a ck on the he a rt o f the Adil Sh a hi

.
-

king dom mi g ht a ls o h a ve u nited a l l the f a ctions a t

the c a p it a l in a common res i s t a nce to the inva der .

Bu t there w a s a n o u tlyin g province o f thi s kin g -

dom which ha d enjoyed m a ny ye a rs o f pe a ce a nd

pro s perit y a n d who s e we a lth w a s f a b u lo u s The .

K a rn a t a k p la in o r the M a d ra s co a s t w a s known in
th a t a g e a s the l a nd o f g old it W a s a n extremely .

ferti l e tra ct rich in a gricu lt u r a l p rod u ce with a p 0p u

, ,

l a tion th a t l e d a life o f p ri m it iv e s im p lic ity a n d con

s u med very l ittl e in f ood an d c l othi n g The m a ny .

port s on the lon g s e a bo a rd h a d fo s tered a bri s k

-
"

forei g n tr a de from re mote a nti q u ity w hile the rich

'

mine s o f the hinterl a nd Bro u g ht we a lth i nto t h e pl a in s

‘
.

Th u s the a nnu al a ddition t o the n a tion a l we a lth w a s

v ery l a r g e
'

A p a rt o f it w as s pent o n the g r a n d
.

temp l e s fo r whi ch t h e la nd is stil l f am ou s b u t mo s t

o f it w a s ho a rded u nder g ro u nd ( D il From
'

. .

very ea rly times the K a rn a t a k h a s been f a mo us fo r

its bu ried tre a s u re a n d a ttr a cted forei gn pl u nderers .

From thi s l a nd S a m u dr a gu pt a a n d the W e s tern

-

C h a lu ky a s M a lik K a fu r a n d Mir J u m l a h a d bro u g ht

'

, ,

a w a y v a st bootie s An d a t the end o f the 1 7 t h

.

centu ry even a fter the recent r ai ds o f M ir J u m l a a n d

,
'

M u h a mm a d A di l Sh a h Shiv a j i a n d N u s r a t J a n g t h e
, ,

l a nd h a d s till eno u g h we a lth left to tempt the cu pidity

o f A u r a n g z ib As the Emperor wrote ( a b o u t 1 703)
.

M a ny la r g e tre a s u re s o f olden time s

"

to h is g enera l ,

a re reported t o be bu ried in the K a rn a t a k The .

324 [ CH
'
S H I V AJ l . . Xl l ;

za mind a r T a njore who is worth l e s s ( b e a s a l)a n d

o f ,
-

a g r and s on o f Sh a hji the f a t her o f Shiv a ji now in,

he ll is po s s e ss ed of the cou ntry by u s u rp a tion H is

, .

king dom is n o t very s tron g l ts revenu e a ccordin g . ,

t o the l a te Siddi M a s a u d Kh a n is between 7 0 a n d ,

80 la khs o f h u n W hy s ho u ld it be l eft in h is po s
.
e

s e s s ion ? I nq u ire into the s t a te o f the co u ntry a n d

'

the me a n s o f wres tin g it from h is h a nd s R

( u qa t .
,

T o thi s re a l l a nd of g o l d Sh iv a ji s eye s
'

No .
.

were now t u rned An a tt a ck on thi s frontier p ro .

vince wo u l d s c a rce ly ro u s e the Government o f Bij a

p u r a s the K a rn a t a k formed the fie fs o f cert a in s emi
,

independent nob le s w ho a lone were intere s ted in it s

defence Moreover Shiva h a d a pl a u s ible cl a im t o
.
, .

a po rtion o f it .

§2 . Vya nko yr t h e Ra j a h o f Ta nj or e a nd h is m in is t e r
Ra g hu na th N H a nu m a nt e . .

Sh a hj i h a d died in 1664 l e a vin g t o his yo u n g e r ,

s o n V y a n k o j i h is v a s t j a g irs in the s o u th a n d e a s t

o f the Bij a p u r St a te They pra ctic a l ly formed a

kin g dom with T a njore fo r it s c a pit a l tho u g h their
"

Ra j a h w a s nomin a l ly a v a s s a l of A dil Sh a h Al l t h e .

pers on a l property o f Sh a hji h a d p a ss ed into V y a n

'

koji s h a nds H is e l de s t s o n Sh iv aji h a d merely g o t

.
, ,

the few s m a ll j a g irs in the P u n a di s trict which he ,

h a d u su rped in h is f a ther s life time b u t n o p a rt o f

'

..
,

Sh a h j i s l e g a cy W hether Shiv a wou ld of him s e l f

'

.
, ,

h a ve c a red to dem a nd h is l e g a l s h a re o f his p a tri

m ony is very do u btfu l
, He cert a inl y did n o t nee d
.
 '

326 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . x1 1 .

an d pros pero us m a ste r like Shiv a31 while he s t a g ,

~

n at e d in t he du l l pe a cefu l a tmo s phere o f T a njore .

A fter m u ch m u tu a l irrit a ti o n o n e da y there w a s a ,

’

stormy s ce ne a t C o u rt ; Ra g h u n a th pr a i s ed Shiv a j i

as a model ki ng a n d ch a r g ed h is o w n m a ste r with

l a ck o f a m b ition c a p a city a n d s pirit a n d with a n

i g no bl e l ove o f e a s e whi l e V y a nk o p retorte d by
,
'

c al lin g Shiv a ji a tr a i t or a n d a rebel a g ains t his l a wf u l

“ -

sov er e ig n a n d rebu k i ng Ra g h u n a th fo r h is o u t s po k en
ne s s ( Chit 1 31 D ig 288 3 T 5
. . . . .

T he m i ni ster in di s gu s t threw u p h is p o s t a n d
l eft T a njore f e i gn in g a d e sire to retire to Bena re s
, .

Bu t h e s e t o u t fo r M a h a r as htr a i nste a d an d on the ,

w ay hal t e d at Ha id a r a b a d where h is theolo gi c a l ,

l e a rning a n d l o g i c a l s ki ll ch a rme d M a da n n a P a nt ,

the Q ut b S h a
-
h i pr im e mi nist er ; Here
- R a gh u n a t h w a s

made mu ch o f a nd in his fa r si ghted dip l om a cy pre

,
-

p ared t he g ro u n d for a s ecret a l li a nce between Shiv a ji

a nd Qutb Sha h (D ig 290293 ; Chit
. .
-
.

Th e n he w e nt to S at a r a a n d interviewed Sh iv a ,

W ho ho no u red hi m hi g hly f o r t h e s a ke o f h is f a the r

N a ra y a n P a nt a n d hi s o w n g re a t s ervice s a n d i n '

ired min u te ly a b o u t V y a nk o j i s d oi n s a nd a im s
'

q u g
a nd t h e c o nditio n of his kin g dom Raghu n a th i s s a i d .

t o h a ve tempted Shiv a ji by g ivi n g him r ich re se nt s

p
fr om the produ ce o f the K a rn at a k an d des cri b in g it s
‘ '

fa b u l ou s we a lth a n d the e a s e with which it co u l d be

conq u ere d (Chit A s h e k new the in s a n d o u ts
'

o f the co u ntry h e w a s a t once t a k en into Shiv a s '

s ervice , W it h a vi e w to u s in g h is l oc a l knowl ed g e
 1 6 76 ] B I J A PU R W EAK AND D I ST R AC T ED .
327

du rin g the p roj ected inv as ion the i de a o f which ,

w a s m a t u r e d d u rin g Shiv a s lon g i l lne s s a t S a t a r a in

'

the e a rlier month s o f | 6 76 .

§3 . D ip lom a t ic p r e p a ra t ion s fo r th e Ka rna ta k

ex p e d it ion .

T he po l itic a l it u a tion in the nei g hbo u rin g cou n

s

trie s w a s eminently f a vo u r a b l e t o the de s i g n _Th e .

M u g ha l E m p e ro r h a d no do u bt retu rned to D e lhi

'

, ,

'

o n 27t h M a rch a fter a t w o ye a rs a b s ence in the

,

P a nj a b b u t h is be s t tr oop s were s till en g a g ed in

,

control lin g the revo lted hi llmen of the N W fronti e r . . .

At Bij a p u r the A fg h a n l e a der B a h l o l Kh a n h a d s eized

the g u a rdi a ns hip of the b o y kin g Sik a nd a r ( I l t h N o v -

1 67 5 ) an d m u rde red the depo s ed re g ent Kh a w a s

Kh a n ( l 8 t h J a n
.
Bu t hi s f a vo u riti s m to h is
.
,

cl a ns men t u rn e d the Government into Af g h a n ru le

" "

a n d ro u s e d the a nt a g oni s m of the D e c c a n i p a rt y a n d

i ts a llie s the A b ys s ini a ns

, The D e c c a n is m u rdered .

Khizr Kh a n the ri g ht h a nd m a n a n d a ble s t s erva nt

,
-

of t h e new re g ent a n d civi l w a r broke o u t b e tw e en

,
-

the A f g h a n s a n d t h e D e c c a n is thro u g ho u t the St a te

(Feb ) To m a ke m a tters wors e B a hlo l Kh a n a li en a ted ,

B a h a d u r Kh a n the M u g h a l viceroy w h o openly took

, ,

the s ide o f the D e c c a ni p a rty a nd o n 3l st M a y opened

a c a mp a i g n a g a in s t Bij a p u r which w as t o contin u e for

more th a n a ye a r The rotten a n d totterin g Adil

‘

Sh a hi G overnment w a s in no po s ition t o tro u ble

Sh iv a j i a t s u ch a time
"

O ver the M Ug ha l viceroy o f the D ecca n Shiv a ji s

'

,
328 SH I VAJ I .
[ GB . xu
.

c lever dip lom a cy won a comp l ete tri u mph B a h a d u r .

Kh an h a d now g rown we a ry o f his more th a n t w o

ye a rs w a r with Shiv aj i which h a d been cheq u ered
'

b y a s m a ny defe a ts a s s u cce s s e s a n d which s eemed

to promi s e no deci s ive end a s far a s he co u l d l ook
into t h e f u tu re He h a d a l re a dy coq u etted wi th
‘
.

Shiva fo r a friend ly u nders t a ndin g a n d o ffered t o

m a ke pe a ce b etween him a nd the Emperor a n d g e t
a comm a nd o f hors e for h is s o n Sh a m b h u ji ,

(J u ne , A n d n o w o n the eve o f openin g the

,

M u g h a l c a mp a i g n a g a ins t B i j a pu r ( M a y it w a s , ,

a s m u ch h is intere s t to m a ke friends with the M a r a th a s

o n h is ri g ht fl a nk a s it w a s Shiv a s to s ec u re M u g h a l
'

ne u tr a lity in his re a r d u rin g his inv a s ion of the

.

K a rn a t a k When tw o p a rtie s find a m u tu a l a dva nt a g e

.

in bein g a t pe a ce the term s a r e q u ick ly s ett l ed

,

Shiva s ent h is Chie f J u s tice N ir a ji Ra vji a , ,

c lever l o g ici a n t o B a h a d u r Kh a n with co s t ly pre

, ,

s ent s t o ind u ce him to promi s e ne u tr a l ity d u rin g h i s

projected a b s ence in the K a rn a t a k the conq u e s t of ,

which w a s expecte d to t a ke o n e ye a r B a h a du r .

receive d a l a r g e b ri b e fo r him s e lf in s ecret a n d a ,

cert a in s u m in p u bl ic a s tri b u te for his m a s ter a n d ,

m a de a form a l pe a ce with the M a ra th a s (Sa bh

"

. .

H a vin g th u s s ec u red his Ha nk a n d re a r Shiv a ,

m a de prep a r a tions fo r s t a rtin g o n thi s h is l on g e s t

c a mp a i g n I n J u ne 1 6 7 6 Net a ji P a ik a r h a d retu rne d
.
, ,

t o M a h a r a s htr a a fter ten ye a r s l ife a t D e lhi a s a

'

M u h a mm a d a n a n d he h a d n o w been rem a de a
,

Hindu b y me a ns o f rel i g io u s p u rific a tion a n d s ome

"

,
330 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . xu .

wo u nded Sh a i s t a a n d de fied Au r an g z i b in the very

,
'

mid s t of his Co u rt Bu t Pr a hl a d N ir a ji took the mo s t

.

s o l emn o a th s in s u pport o f Shiv a s hone s ty of p u rpo s e

'

M a d a n n a P a ndit a ls o to l d the king th a t he w as .

s a ti s fied o n th a t point a n d mo s t prob a b l y he a ls o ,

u r g ed t h e import a nce o f a pers o na l interv iew in

s tren g thenin g the a lli a nce b etween the two kin g s

( S a h h 85
.

Qu tb Sh a h h a vin g a g reed to re ceiv e him ,

Shiv a j i s t a rted from Ra i g a rh a t the be g innin g o f

J a nu a ry | 6 7 7 a n d a dv a nced du e e a s t by re gu l a r
, ,

m a rch e s O n enterin g H a id a ra b a d territory h e

.

i ss u ed s trict orders t o h is men n o t t o r o b o r mo l e s t

a ny inh a b it a nt o f the co u ntry b u t to b u y a ll ,

nece ss a ry thin g s with the owners cons ent The

'

h a ng in g or m u tila tio n of the firs t few o ffenders

s tr u ck s u ch terror a mon g the M a r a th a troop s a nd

c a mp fo llowers th a t they s trictl y obeyed h is orde r

-

a nd b eh a v ed with exempl a ry propriety ever a fter ,

a n d the mo s t pe rf ect di s cip l ine w a s m a int a ined a mon g

th a t horde o f a rmed

H a id a r a b a d w a s re a ched e a rly in Febru a ry , | 6 7 7 .

Qu tb Sh a h h a d propo s e d t o a dv a nce from his c a pit a l

Sa h h . 86 ; Ch i t . 1 36 . The a rm y th a t fo l l o w e d Sh iv a j i
i nt o th e K a r n a ta k is e s t i m a te d by H . Ca ry in a l e tte r d a t e d
| 6t h Jan . 167 8 , as h o rse an d fo o t ( 0 . C .

S a bh as a d m e n t io ns h o rse m e n
"

on ly a l
s e e ct fo rce o f
(p ; Ch i t n i s , p . 1 35 , ha s p a ga w i th ka s hm : D ig .

p . 297 , g iv e s 30 or 40 th o u s an d
’

ca v a ry l an d M av le
i n fa n try ; T
"
. 5 . ca v a l ry an d i n fa n tr y .
16 7 7 ] A
GR N D ENT R Y [m o H AI D ARAB AD . 331

an d welcome Shiv aj i the w a y Bu t the M a ra th a

on .

chi ef very g r a cefu lly declined the o fie re d hono u r ,

Y o u a r e my eld e r brother Y o u s ho u l d not

“

sa yi ng
'

, .

come forw a rd t o receive a j u nior like me So the . ,

S u lt a n rem a ined a t H a i d a r a b a d b u t h is mini s t er s ,

M a da nn a a n d A k a nn a with m a ny o f the hi g he s t
citizens met Shiv a ji s evera l mile s before t h e c a pita l
a n d cond u cted him into it .

§5 . Sh iva j i s g ra n d en t ry in to H a ida ra b a d .

Th e city o f H a id a ra b a d h a d been g a ily decor a ted

to welc ome the g re a t friend a n d protector o f her ‘

kin g The s treets a n d l a ne s o u al l s i de s were

'

co lo u red with a thin l a yer o f ku nku m powder a n d

s a ffron M a ypole s a n d tri u mph a l a rche s were erected
.

a n d fl a g s h u n g a t interv a l s thro u g ho u t the city The .

citizens in their h u ndreds of tho u s a nds lined the

"

ro a d s to g a ze on the s cene while the l a die s cro w ded ,

o n the ba l conie s t o ble ss the vi s itor .

The g u e s ts re s ponded to the city s civility T h e

'

M a r a th a a rmy for once a b a n doned i t s ru de s imp li

, ,

city a n d m a g nificent ly a ttired its elf Shiv a h a d di s .

:

tri b u ted a mon g h is c a pt a ins a n d s elect s o l diers s trin g s

of pe a rls ( to rc h)for their helmets g old bra cel ets , ,

bri g ht new a rmo u r an d rich a cco u trement s e m b ro i

,

dered with g old a n d m a de the whole a rmy look

,

s p l endi d H is g ener a l s in their eq u ipment a nd

.

tra ppin gs riv a lled th e gr a nde u r o f heredit a ry

noble s .
332 s mw m .
[ CH . xu .

At the a u s p i c i o u s ho u r cho s en fo r the interview ,

*

the M a ra th a a rmy o f more th a n s tron g entered

the C i ty The citizens g a zed with a dmir a tion n o t

.

u nmixed w ith a w e a t the men w h o h a d va nq u i s he d

the g re a te st kin g s of North l ndi a a n d So u th i ndi a
a l ike, a n d c a u s ed w a i l in g a t the C o u rt o f Bij a p u r a n d

cons tern a tion a mon g the peer a g e o f D e lhi H e re .

rode the fleet h a rdy hors emen Wh o h a d po u red l ike

a s wift re s i s t l e s s fl ood t o the f a rthe s t dis tricts o f
M u g h a l D ecc a n a n d c a rried their r a id s t o the very
g a te s o f Bij a p u r a n d G o l k o n da There tr a mped the .

M a vl e inf a nt ry who s e fe a t s were the theme of m a ny

,

a b a ll a d a n d l e g end thro u g ho u t the So u thern l a nd ,

who s e a s s a ult n o fort h a d b een a ble to with s t a nd a n d ,

who s e s words were dre a ded b y every fo e they h a d

met in b a ttl e The l e a ders were men who s e n a me s
.

h a d b ecome ho u s eho l d word s : Net a j i Pa l k a r once ,

the M a ster o f the Hors e a n d s u m a m e d the Second

Sh iv a j i Su ry a j i M a lu s a r e a n d Y e s a j i K a nk the ,

g i g a ntic c a pt a in s of the M a v l e s e a ch a b l e t o de fe a t ,

an e l eph a nt in s in g l e comb a t ; So n a j l N a y a k the ,

roya l door keeper H a m b ir Ra o Mohite the d a s hing

~
,

b u t fa r s i g hted comm a nder in chief

-
a nd B a b a ji
- -

D h a n dh e r e ( prob a bly the c a pt a in o f the b ody g u a rd )

, .

N o r even a mon g s u ch heroic fi gu re s did t h e

citizens fa i l to notice the hi g h brows the bri g ht b u t ,

s u nken eye s a n d the p a inted forehe a ds o f the

,

M a r a th a Bra hm a n s who s e a dmini s tr a tive c a p a city

,

Sh iv a j i at H ai dar a b a d :

”
Sa b h 86 88 Chit l 36 l 37 ; D ig
- -
.
; . .

297 302 ; T S
-
. . 360 -37 5 ; D il . 24 1 3 .
 [ CH xri
'

S H I V AJ I . . .

crowd on the tw o s ide s a nd pre s ented co s tly robe s

o f hono u r to the chie f citizen s o f e very w a rd .

§6 . I n t e r v ie w b e t w e e n S h iva ): an d Qt b
u S ha h .

I n thi s w proce s s ion a rrived a t the D a d

ay ,
the

M a ha l o r P a l a ce of J u s tice Th e re a l l s toppe d before

.

the g a te keepin g perfect order while Shiv a j i a ttended

, ,

by five of h is o ffi cers a s cended the st a irs a n d entere d

the p al a ce h a ll where Qu t b Sha h w a s w a itin g fo r
-

h im . The S u lt a n c a me forwa rd emb ra ced Shiv a ji , ,

a n d s e a ted him by h is s ide o n the roy a l c a rpet The

'

w a zir M a da n n a w a s a ls o permitted t o s it down a l l

others kept s t a ndin g The l a die s o f the h a rem looked
.

on the s ce ne with wonder thro u g h the l a t ticed

windows a ro u nd .

Fo r three ho u rs did the t w o mon a rch s ho l d a

friend ly convers a tion After the u s u a l exch a n g e o f
.

comp liments a n d convention a l inq u irie s a bo u t he a lth ,

Ab u l H a ss a n Qu tb Sh a h l i s tened with r a pt a tt ention

to the s torie s o f Shiv a j i s heroic fe a ts To the s l othf u l
'

vo lu ptu a ry o f G o lk o n d a who h a d never dra wn a,

-

s w ord in a n g er n o r ridden to a tented fie l d in h is

l ife it s o u nded like the mo s t fa s cin a tin g o f rom a nce s

,

when Shiv a j i reco u nted ho w he h a d s l a in the g i g a ntic

Afz a l Kh a n s in g l e h a nded a n d h a cked a t Sh a is t a
-

Kh a n in the bo s om o f h is h a rem ho w he h a d
ch a ll en g ed Au r a n g z ib in f u ll Co u rt wh a t h a irbre a dth ,

e s c a pe s he h a d m a de in h is fli g ht from Ag r a how ,

he h a d s a cked S u ra t a n d s tormed s o m a ny hi ll fort s -

.

At l a s t he g a ve h is roy a l g u e s t a n d the chief M a r a th a

 1677 ] M EN AN D MONEY AID . 335

o fficers orn a ment s jewel s hors e s eleph a nts a n d

, , , ,

robe s o f hono u r a n d di s mi s s ed them for the da y

, ,

a fter g r a cio u s ly a nointin g Sh i v a j i with s cent a n d

ivin him bete l le f with h i own h nd d
’

g g
-
a s a a n a cc o rn ,

p a nyin g him to the foot o f the st a irc a se .

Then Qu tb Sh a h he a ved a s i g h of relief he now

f elt convinced of Shiv a s hone s t y o f p u rpo s e a n d
determin a tion to befriend hi m The M a r a th a a mb a s
.

s a dor a t h i s C o u rt w a s pr a i s ed a n d rew a rded fo r the

tru th o f h is a ss ertions Sh iv a j i ret u rned with h is

.

a rmy t o the re s idence s e l ected for him s c a tterin g ,

a l m s a l l the w a y

Next d a y the w a zir M a da n n a P a ndit g a ve a

,
-

g r a nd dinner t o Sh iv a j i a n d h is chief men The .

Ra j a h s me a l w a s cooked by the prime mini s ter s

' '

v ener a ble mother a n d M a da n n a a n d Ak a n n a s a t with

,

du e re s pect a n d a ttention before Shiv a j i a s he fed .

The g u e s ts were c ond u cted b a ck to their q u a rters

with pre s ent s o f e l eph a nt s hors e s a n d c lothe s
, , .

§7 . A llia nce w it h G olko nda .

They then proceeded t o b u s ine s s Ab u l H a s s a n . ,

b ein g very f a vo u r a b ly impre s s e d b y Shiv a j i s pers on a l

'

ch a rm ch a ra cter a n d a bi lity a n d the s tren g th a n d

, ,

di s cip line o f h is a rmy b a de his w a zir g r a nt him

,

w h a tever he w a nted After s ome di s cu ss ion a s ecret

.

comp a ct w a s m a de re g a rdin g the comin g c a mp aig n .

The S u lt a n w a s t o p a y Shiv a j i a s u b s idy of hun

a day o r fo u r a n d a h a lf la khs o f Ru pee s a month
, ,

a n d s end a n a rmy of
: men in ch a r g e o f o n e o f
336 sv p .
[ CH . .
xn;

h is g ener a ls (s a r i la s h ka r) Mirz a M u h a mm a d A min

- -
, ,

t o c o oper a te in the conq ue s t o f the K a rn a t a k

-
A .

tra m o f a rti ll ery with m a teri a l w a s a ls o s u pp lied by

Q u tb Sh a h a n d pro b a b ly a l a rg e s u m o f money a s
, .

a dv a nce p a yment o f the promi s ed s u b s idy I n retu rn .

for thi s a id Shiva j i s eem s to h a ve promi s ed his a lly

,

a s h a re o f s u ch p a rt s of h is conq u e s t s in the K a rn a t a k

a s h a d not be l on g ed to h i s fa ther Sh a hji ( D u ff i

"

.
, .

The de fen s ive a ll i a nce a g a ins t t he M u g h a l s w a s

s tren g th ened a new with s o l emn o a th s ta ken by Sh iv a j i

in the pre s ence o f Qu tb Sh a h whi l e the l a tt er p ro ,

m is e d t o p a y h is a nn u a l tribu te of o n e la kh of h u n
re g u la rly a n d to keep a M a r a th a a m b a s s a dor a t h is
Co u rt .

W hi le thes e s ecret ne g oti a tion s were g oin g o n

'

s oci a l fu nction s a n d ceremonie s were a l s o b ein g he ld

in p u bl ic Shiv a j i p a i d a s econd form a l vi s it t o Abu l

.

H a s s a n a n d w a s pre s ented with a n immens e q u a n

t it o f j ewel s a n d orn a ments a n d inn u mer a b l e hors e s
y
a nd e l eph a nts (Sa b h
. The tw o kin g s s a t
.

down to g ether o n the terr a ce o f th e p a l a ce a n d

recei ved the s a lu te of a ll the M a ra th a o fficers w h o ,

were rew a rded by Qu tb Sh a h with g ifts a ccordi n g t o

’

their ra nks a n d a chievements Even Shiv a ji s ch a rg er .

*
did not g o u nrewa rded a s trin g o f precio u s s tone s
w a s p l a ced ro u nd it s neck a s the worthy comp a nion
-
,
.

o f h is g l orio u s deed s !

A n e ck l a ce p u te d to be th i s h is t o r i ca l o ne p as s e d
'

, re ,

fr o m Sa ta ra i n t o th e p o s se s s i o n o f Mr . P u r u sh o tt a m V i sh ra rn
M aw n o f Bo m bay an d w as s ho w n to m e b y t h a t g e n tl e m an .
338 S H I V AJ I .
[ CR . xn .

a rmy wa ited for him a t A n a n tp u r ( 44 m e a s t o f .

K a rnu l ) .

As the Kri s hn a winds it s w a y e a s tw a rd s t o the

se a it form s s ome 7 0 mi le s below K a rn u l a s h a rp
,

l oop northw a rd s flowin g thro u g h a wide a nd s teep ,

s ided trench o f n ea r ly a tho u s a nd f e et in depth .

Here i n the he a rt o f the u ninh a bited N a ll a m a la

,

fore s t s u rro u nded by ru g g ed hi lls a n d a de s o la te

,

fever h a u nted be lt o f l a nd ri s e s a pl a te a u 1 563 feet

-
,

hi g h overl ooki ng the river o n which s t a nd s the

, ,

f a mo u s Shiva templ e o f Shri Sh a il a the mo s t a ncient

“
-
,

a n d s a cred in So u thern Entering the pl a te a u

by a la rg e a rchw a y ( now no more )c a lled the Ka ila s h
.

d w a ra ( or G a tew a y o f Shiv a s He a ven) the pil g rim

'

s i g hted the temple encl o s u re a n o b lon g s p a ce 660 , ,

feet b y 5 1 0 s u rro u nded by thick w a l ls v a ryin g from

,

20 to 26 feet in hei g ht b u i lt o f l a r g e hewn b l ock s ,

o f g reyi s h s tone ex a ct l y s q u a red a n d l a i d to g ether ,

a nd e la bora te ly s cu lptu red w ith a profu s ion of

a cc u r a te l y de s i g ned fi g u re s o f eleph a nt s hors e s , ,

ti g ers hu nters w a rriors a n d yo g is a s we ll a s

, , , ,

nu mero u s s cene s from the Hind u epics a n d re l i g io u s

b ooks i n the centre of t hi s enclo s u re is the s q u a re
.

temp l e o f M a llik a rj u n a ( l ing a ) the chief deity wor ,

s hipped here the w a ll s a n d roof bein g entire ly

,

*
Sh r i Sh a il a : Ku m o o l D i s t . M a n u al , 14 , 1 44 . 1 8 1 1 83-
.

Sh i v a j i
'

s v is i t : Sab h . 88 ; Chit . 137 - 138 ; D ig . 302 S .

37 6 Sa na ds
.
an d L e tte rs , iv . No . 20 re c o rds Sh i v a
'

s en do w m e n ts

fo r pu ja h e re ; but th e d a te , A p ril , 1 67 7 , i s i m p o s s ib l e ; h e n c e .

i t m ay be fo rg e d
’

a g r an t .
 1 677 ] vrs n
r TO SH R I S H AI L A . 339

«covere d with g ilded bra s s pl a t es pre s ente d by Kri shn a

"
De v the victorio u s Ra j a h of Vij a yn a g a r
,

'

There i s a s m a ller temple dedic a ted to Shiva s con

s ort . A fli g ht o f s tone s tep s b u ilt by a Vij a yn a g a r ,

q u een l e a d s down from the pl a te a u to the bed o f

,

t h e Kri s hn a c a l l ed P a t a l G a n g a a nd a ford c a lled

,
-
,

.Ni l a G a n g a a little below both of which a r e c o n s i

-
, ,

fi
d e re d a s s a cred b a thin g pl a ce s - .

Sh iv a j i a s ce nded this di ffi cu lt p l a te a u b a thed in ,

t h e Kri s hn a a n d s pent s ome ten d a y s a t Shri Sh a il a

~d oin g re l i g io u s rites The q u iet a n d s ecl u ded be a u t y
.

o f the s cenery a n d the s pirit u a l a tmo s phere of the

p l a ce penetr a ted h is s o u l a n d he believed th a t he ,

wo u ld find no p u rer s po t t o die in So he a ttempted .

,

t o c u t o ff h is own he a d before the g odde ss b u t h is

m ini s ters re s tr a ined his reli g io u s frenzy a n d rec a l led
h im to a s ens e o f h is d u ty to h is s u bjects a nd the
Hindu worl d a t l a rg e Here he b u ilt a g ha t n a me d .
,

.Shri G a ng e s h a a mon a s tery a n d a dh a rm a s ha la fe d

-
, , ,

a la kh o f Br a hm a n s a n d g a ve a wa y l a r g e s u m s t o
,

t hem .

Then le a vin g Shri Sh e i l a he overtook hi s a rm y

, ,

by r a pid m a rche s a n d enterin g the K a rn a t a k pl a in s ,

in April 16 7 7 h a s tened s o u thw a rd s

, I n the firs t .

week o f M a y he a rrived a t Pe dda p o l l a m a bo u t

, ,

s even mile s from M a dr a s city a n d h a l ted there for ,

s ome time O n 1 4 t h M a y the En g li s h received a

.

l etter from him b ro u g ht by his Br a hm a n a g ent

, ,

M a h a dj i P a nt a s kin g fo r s ome cordi a l s tone s a n d

,

c o u n t e r poi s on s
v - The M a dra s Co u ncil g a ve him
.
34 0 S HI VAJ I .
[ CH . Xi] ;

pre s ents worth 60 h u ri with 3 ya rd s of broa d cloth: ,

-

a nd 4 ve e c e o f s a nda l wood for M a h a dji in fe a r o f

'

"

his a rmy continu in g now a t 2 to 5 Gentu l e a g u e s

from thi s p l a ce a n d l ike to do s o yet [ for ] s ome
"

time O n 25 t h M a y Sh iv a j l wrote t o th a nk them

.

fo r the pre s ents a nd to a s k fo r a fre s h s u pp ly o fferin g ,

t o p a y fo r t he m b u t the En g l i s h merch a nt s o n 1 8t h
J u ne g a ve him the pre s ent s a t a co s t o f 5 2 h u n t o
them s e lve s A M a dra s l etter d a t ed 1 9t h J u ne te ll s
.
'

u s th a t hi s m en h a d a l re a dy l ooted the En g l i s h g odown

a t Ti m m e ry in V y a n k o j i s territory to the v a lu e o f
’ .

hu n (R e cords o f Fo rt St G eo rg e D i a ry a n d
"

. .

Cons u l t 1 6 7 7 pp 1 1 2 1 15 O C , . - . .

§9 . Ca p tu r e o f fi rm .

By me a ns o f Ra g h un a th N a ra y a n H a n u m a n t e
m a ny o f the loc a l chie ft a ins g re a t a n d s m a ll o f the , ,

K a rn a t a k were won over a n d their po ss e s s ions were

pe a ce fu lly occu pied by Shiv a j i .

I n thi s w a y the impre g n a b l e fortres s o f Jinn w a s

s ec u red witho u t a b low from Ra u f Kh a n a n d N a s ir
, ,
'

M u h a mm a d Kh a n the s ons of the l a te Bij a p u ri w a z i r

*
‘

'

*
Sa b h . 8 8 89-
. D u ff ca ll s th e m th e s o ns o f A m b ar Kh n a , ,

w h ic h is w ro n g . D ig , 305 , na m e s th e q i l a da r A m ba r Kh n a

(T . 5 .
giv i ng Kh a w as K h a n ) a n d te l l s a lo ng s to ry a bo u t th e

fo r t b e i n g se i z e d b y tr e a c h e ry , w h i ch is u n re liab l e an d a bs o
”
l u te l y u n s u p p o r te d by a n y co n t e m p o ra ry au t h o ri t y . T h e le tt e r o f
a co n t e m p o ra ry J e su i t p ri e s t o f M a du ra say s th a t
H

Sh iv a j i fe ll
th e p l a ce l ik e th u n de b ol t d d it th e fi r s t
.

u p on a r an c a r rie at

fissa u l t ( L a M i s s i o n da M a d u r e A Ca z
"
.
, as q u o te d in S . .
342 SHI V AJ I .
[ CI I -
. x1 1 ;

Tiru va di Wit h his contin g ent o f hors e a n d

"

a b u nd a nce o f e l e p h a nt s a n d w a r m a teri a l he o ffere d -

,

a n ob s tin a te re s i s t a nce to the inv a ders A rni ( defended .

by Vedo V a s k a r) s eem s to h a ve been inve s ted in o

M a y a n d we find it ho l ding o u t ti l l the be g innin g o f

.

O ctober 1 6 7 7 ( Chit 1 42 D ig
, . . .

Shiv a j i l a id s i e g e to Ve llore a bo u t the midd l e

O n the 25 t h of th a t month We find
"

o f M ay ,1 677 .
,

him pres ent in pers on before the fort Th e a tt a ck .

w a s en tru s ted to N a r a h a ri B a ll a l S a bni s He opene d .

'

trenche s a ro u nd it a n d be g a n to bomb a rd it a fte r ,

mo u ntin g b a tte rie s on two nei g hbo u rin g hi ll s which(

,

he fo rtified a nd n a med Sa z r a Qo z r a Vell ore w as -

.

o n e o f the s tron g e s t forts in the K a rn a t a k A dee p .

wet ditch s w a rmin g with crocodile s s u rro u nded it

, .

The o u ter ra mp a rts were wide eno u g h for two ca rt s

t o b e driven a b re a s t I t h a d fo u r concentric line s of
.

circu mv a l la tion (S a b b . I t defied the M a r a th a s

.

fo r 1 4 month s a n d fell onl y in Au g 1 6 7 8 . .

At the end of the next month Sher Kh a n s u ffere d

a deci s ive de fe a t I n the ni g ht o f 26th J u ne h e
.

a ttempted to e s c a pe from the fort o f Tiru v a di 13 m , .

we s t o f Cu dd a lore tow a rds T e v e n a p a t a m ( o r

,

D e v e n a p a t a m a s u b u rb o f Cu dd a l ore ) The M a ra th a
, .

hors e g ettin g s cent o f the de s i g n g a ve ch a s e a n d

, ,

drove him into Ak a l a N a y a k s wood which l a y in

'

the w a y Five h u ndred o f the Kh a n s hors emen

'
.

o ffered b a ttl e a n d he l d u p the p u rs u ers fo r t w o ho u rs .

Then the moon s e t a n d Sher Kh a n r a n a w a y with

s ome o f h is c a v a l ry a n d e l eph a nt s to the s o u th o f the .
1 67 7 ] P R E S EN TS F ROM M AD RAS FACTORS . 343

wood The M a r a th a s contin u ed the pu rs u it in th e

.

d a rkne s s a n d c a ptu red from him 5 00 hors e s 20 ‘

c a me ls two eleph a nts a n d m a ny oxen tents a n d

, , ,

w a r dr u m s The Kh a n ti ed with a broken remn a nt

.

o f only 1 0 0c a v a lry to the town o f Bo w a nigi ri 22 mile s ,

s o u thw a rds on the V e l la r river s till p u rs u ed by th e

, ,

enemy .

Bu t the fort of Tiru v a di continu ed to ho l d o u t

u nder Sher Kh a n s f a ther in l a w L e a vin g B a bo
'
- - .

S a hib Sa v a nu m w a r
, a nd s ome o f N a s ir M u h a m

m a d s hors e to inve s t the p l a ce Shiv a ji him s elf

'

enc a mped thre e mi l e s s o u th o f T e v e n a p a t a m while ,

a p a rty o f hi s c a v a lry wa s pu shed u p t ow a rds "

B o w a n i g iri Thither Shiv a w ent in pers on a bo u t the

.

midd l e o f J u ly t o m a ke a n end o f Sher Kh a n Here

, .

he received N e llo r Ra m a n a a n envoy o f the En g li s h

.
,

f a ctory o f M a dr a s w ho pre s ented him with a se cond ,

s u pply o f M a l div a coco a n u t s be a z a r a n d cordi a l , ,

s tone s a nd other s ort s o f g ood co u nter poi s on s -

,

*
which the Ra j a h h a d s olicited from M a dra s .

§ l l Sh i va j i m a rc h es s o u th to wa r ds Ta nj ore
. .

Then a fter a time he m a rched s o u th a cro s s the ,

V e l la r a n d c a ntoned h is a rmy for the r a iny s e a s on a t

T i m m a l a v a di o n the north b a nk o f the Ko l e ru n
,

C o n te s t w i th Sh e r Kh an : F a c to ry Re co rds , F o r t St .

Ge o rge . Vo l . 27 .
"
L e tt e r fro m our B ra h m a n Wa r d a p a f ro m
Sh i v a j i Ra j a
'

s ca m p , 27 J u ne ,
"

Le t t e r fro m our

B ra h m a n N e ll o r Ra m a n a fro m Sh iv a j i Ra j a Ju ly
'

s ar my , 16 .

A lso 2 . C .
344 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . x1 1 .

river 10mi l es d u e north o f T a njore H ere a n e nvoy

,
.

from Chokk a na th a the ru l er o f M a du ra the chief

-
, ,

a llyo f V y a n k o j i w a ited u pon Sh iv a j i who dem a nded

, ,

from him one kro r e o f Ru p ee s for the pre s ent fo r ,

h is expens e s a r g u in g th a t t h e N a y a k bore the s i g n

,

o f bein g worth nine kro r e s The envoy a ns wered .

th a t p a rt o f his m a s ter s co u ntry the N a y a k o f Mys ore

'

h a d t a ken a n d p a rt V y a n k o j i a nd th a t if he (Shiv a ) ,

wo u l d re s tore him the s a id co u ntry the N a ya k o f ,

M a d u r a wo u l d g ive him s even la khs The N a y a k .

s ent a ll hi s f a mi ly a w a y from Ch a rt a n a p a l li
( Trichinopo ly) where they were be fore to M a du r a
, ,

[ fo r s a fety ] a n d whi l e the river Ko le r u n rem a ined

fu l l he fe a red nothin g [ from the M a r a th a s ] ( L etter
to G overnor o f M a dra s 1 6 J u ly Bu t s hort ly
,

a fterw a rd s Ra g h u n a th P a nt c a me from M a h a ra s htr a

a n d w a s cordi a ll y we l comed by Sh iv a j i w h o then s ent ,

him to M a du ra with the N a y a k s envoy t o s ettl e the

’

a mo u nt o f the b l a ckm a i l b y ne oti a tion The N a y a k

g .

a g reed t o p a y s ix la khs o f h u n o u t o f which 1 V 2 l a kh s

,

were de livered immedi a te ly a n d Sh iv a ji promi s ed to , .

retire with h is a rmy ( N e llo r Ra m a n a t o M a dr a s

.
,

1 6 J u ly ) .

12 . I nt e r v ie w b e t w e e n Sh i va j i an d Vyan ko n .

ln
the me a ntime me s s a g e s h a d b een p a ss ing,

b etween Sh iv a j i a n d h is h a l f b rother V y a nk o j i fo r
'

a meetin g *
At Shiv a j i 3 req u e s t
. the Ra j a h o f ,

M ee t in g b e tw e e n Sh iv a j i an d V ya nk o n : F R F o r t St
. . .

Ge o r g e , V ol . 27 ,
Le t t e r fro m N e l l o r Ra m a n a , 27 J u ly . 1 677
 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . x1 1 .

h is b rother cond u ct as it implied di s tru s t of his

'

at s ,

s o le mn p l ed g e o f s a fety a n d cried o u t in open Co u rt , ,

Wa s I g oin g to impri s on him ? My f a me h a s s pre a d

1 a s ked fo r my f a ther s
’

over the s e a g irt e a rth - . .

property on ly b eca u s e o n e s ho u l d keep his herit a g e

, .

l i he doe s not wi s h t o p a rt with it he is u nder no ,

comp u ls ion to g ive it Why did he flee fo r no thin g

”
.

He is very yo u n g a nd h a s a cted l ike a chi ld .

(Sa bh a s a d ,

A fter a time the c a ptive mini s ters of V y a nk o j i »

were s e t free a n d s ent b a ck t o T a njore wi t h pre s ents

,

a n d ro b e s o f hono u r Th u s Shiv a j i cl e a red him s e lf

'

in the eye s of the p u b lic Bu t tho u g h he g a ve u p .

'

the ide a o f inv a din g the T a njore territory s o u th o f t h e

Ko l e ru n he s eized the who l e K a rn a t a k north o f th a t
,

river b oth the j a g irs of V y a nk o j i a n d tho s e of Sher

,

*
Kh a n The fe w fo rts th a t he ld o u t were conq u ere d
.

b y the end o f September .

§ 1 3 S h iva ] : s p ilg r im a g es . .

The s e c a mp a i g n s were v a ried a s w a s Sh iv a j i s

'

u s u a l pr a ctice by pi l g rim a g e s t o ho ly pl a ce s
, At .

the end o f J u ly 1 6 7 7 le a vin g Wa li g o n da p u ra m (37

, ,
-

mi le s north o f Trichinopoly) he cro ss ed t he V e ll a r ,

'

river a t Titt a gu di ( 1 6 mi l e s north e a s t o f W a li g o nd a -

p u r a m) a nd t h e n c e he s ent h is a rmy t o E l a va n a s u r
,

( 22 mi l e s du e north)whi l e he him s e l f with Sim a ji .

*
F . R . Fo rt S t . Ge o rg e , M a d ra s to J am e s an d Ch a m b e r
l a i ne , 24 A u g . , 167 7 .
 1 67 7 ] E N GL l SH EN G I N EERS ASKED FO R . 347

N a y a k an d others o f h is g re a t men t u rned 16 mile s

north e a s t t o wors hip a t the g re a t Sh i v a temple O f
’

Vri ddh a ch a l a m Here the chief O f the D u tch f a ctory

.

o f Te v e na p at a m (Cu dd a lore) w a it ed o n hi m with

pre s ents o f s c a rlet s ilk s tu ffs s a n da l wood ro s e
"
"

, ,

w a ter M a ldiv a coco a nu ts cl ove s a n d s word bl a de s

, , .

( N e llo r Ra m a n a s letter 2 Au g )
'

.
,

O n 22n d September Sh iv a j i V a ni a m w as at

v a di (40 mile s s w Of Vellore ) a n d wrote to t h e

, . .

En g li s h g overnor o f M a dra s l n the K a rn a t

intend to bu ild new work s in s evera l fort s ,

a n d c a s tle s Y o u m a y likely h a ve with yo u s u ch men

.

a s know how to m a ke g e a t c a rria g e s fo r g u n s a n d

r
how t o contrive mine s We h a ve need o f s u ch m e n .

a t pre s ent e s peci a lly tho s e th a t know how t o m a ke

,

mines a n d t o blow u p s tone wa ll s I f there be a ny - .

s u ch men with y o u th a t know h o w t o m a ke mine s ,

y o u wo u ld be ple a s e d t o s end s ome 20 o r 25 o r a t ,

le a s t 1 0o r 5 s u ch men fo r 1 s h a ll p ay them very w ell

,

"

a n d s h a ll entert a in them in s ever a l o f my forts .

( F R Fort St Geor g e V o l
. . . The En g li sh
, .

politely dec lined the req u e s t s a yin g th a t bein g , ,

merch a nt s it w a s their d u ty to m a int a in s trict

,

ne u tr a li ty O n 3rd O cto b er Sh iv aj i w a s within tw o

.
,

d a ys m a rch o f M a dr a s ( L ove i
'

Shortly before
. , .
,

he h a d pi ll a g ed Porto Novo a nd m a de him s elf m a s te r ,

o f the So u th A rcot di s trict ( L ove i In .

, .

O ctober Arni s u rrendered t o him a n d s o a l s o did ,

’

s ome other fort s in the North Arcot di s trict .

 348 [ CH
“

S HI V AJ I . . x1 1 .

§ 14 . Sh i va j i s co n q u es ts in t h e Ka rna t a k an d
'

M ys ore .

Then a t the b e g innin g o f November 1 67 7 he

, , ,

h im s e l f with c a v a l ry m a rched a w a y from t h e

K a rn a t a k p l a ins l e a ving th e bu lk o f his a rmy in
,

occu p a tion o f h is new conq u e s t a n d promi s in g to

'

retu rn q u ick ly ( F R S u r a t V ol 1 07 M a dra s

. . . , .
,

l etter o f 20N o v A s cendin g the E a s tern G h a ts

.

into the t a b l e l a nd he took e a s y po s s e s s ion of ,

hi s af ther s j ag ir
'

di s trict s — Ko l a r U s k o t a B a n g a lore , , , ,

B a l a p u r a n d Sera in the e a s tern a n d centra l p a rts of

,

the pre s ent kin g dom o f Mys ore repre ss ed the ,

tu rb u l ent p o lig a rs o f th a t No M a n s L a nd a n d then

'

retu rned home thro u g h the Be ll a ry a n d D h a rw a r

di s tric ts re a chin g P a nh a l a in M a rch 1 6 7 8
, (Sa b h , . .

91 ; Chit 14 1 D ig
. .

E a rly in Au g u s t 1 6 78 the fort o f Ve llore ,

s u rren dered t o Sh iv a j i s force s a fter a s ie g e of 1 4

'

month s Ab d u ll a h Kh a n the C a pt a in th a t he l d
“

, , ,

it o u t a l l thi s time h a vin g beh a ved him s e l f ve ry ,

re s o l u te ly therein Bu t h is m en from
.

. foot
a nd 50 0 hors e bein g by the extremity o f the s ie g e
,

a n d s ickne s s red u ced t o 20 0 foot a n d 1 00 hors e a n d ,

n o s u pp lie s s ent from co ul d no t hold

it lon g er a n d there fore delivered it u pon condition to
,

h a ve p a g od a s in money a s m a l l fort a n d ,

co u ntry worth p a g od a s per a nnu m (D ia ry .

a n d Co ns u lt 1 6 78 —79 p
.
The b ribe p a id b y the
, .

M a ra th a s t o A b d u ll a h is p u t a t h u n in the
Bij a p u r hi s tory (B S . . .
 3 50 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . X “ .

w as v a s t a s to s t a g g er the im a g in a tion o f the

so

M a ra th a chronicl ers a nd they m a de n o a ttempt to ,

comp u te it s v a lu e .

O ver the K a rn a t a k pl a ins thu s conq u ered h e ,

at fi rs t p la ced Sh a n t a j i a n a tu r a l s o n o f Sh a hji , ,

a s viceroy with Jinji fo r h is he a dq u a rter s a s s i s ted by

'

Ra gh u n a th N a r a y a n H a n u m a nt e a s dip l om a ti s t a n d
l oc a l a dvi s er a n d H a m b ir Ra o a s comm a nder o f the
,

a rmy of occu p a tion The t a b l el a nd o f Mys ore .

w a s pl a ced u nder Ra n g o N a r a y a n a s viceroy bu t

'

s u bject to the hi g her j u ri s diction o f Jinji .

§ 15 . S t ru g g le w it h Vya nko n re n e w e d .

Bu t the new conq u e s t w as no t to enjoy pe a ce

in the a bs ence of h is m a s ter mind Vy a nk o j i o n . ,

retu rnin g t o T a njore s e t o n foot intri g u e s with the ,

"

N a ya k s Of M a du ra a n d Mys ore a n d other woodmen

( a s the En g l i s h c a l led the p o li g a rs ) a n d even a ppe a led ,

to the Co u rt o f Bij a p u r a n d the M u s lim nobl e s in

“

h is nei g hb o u rhood to org a ni s e a co n fe de r a c y fo r

,

re g a inin g their Own The N a y a k o f M a du ra h o w .

,

ever rem a ined ne u tr al a n d no he l p s eem s to h a ve

, ,

c ome from Mys ore or Bij a p u r Abo u t 25 t h November . ,

V ya n k o j i a t the he a d o f
, c a v a l ry a n d
inf a ntry o f h is o w n a n d O f the a l lied p o lig a rs cro s s ed ,

the Ko le ru n a n d a tt a cked Sh a n t a j i who b o l dly

, ,

re s i sted with his men from mornin g to ni g ht fa ll .

fu r th e r v i ct o ri o u s de s i g n s .
(H . Ga ry to Co . , d a te d B o m b a y .

16 Jan 1 67 8 . O . C .
"
Pe e l e d to th e b o ne s
"
i n M a d r as
‘
re co r ds o f O ct . 1 67 7 .
1 6 78 ] B ATT LE OF W AL I GO N D A- P URAM . 35 1

At firs t Sh a nt a j i w a s wors ted a n d fled fo r tw o

mile s The T a njore hors emen a fter p u rs u in g him
*

. ,

f o r a mi l e ret u rne d t o their tents to re s t from the

,

*
d a y s fa ti g u e B u t Sh a nt a j i o n re a chin g h is c a mp
'

. , ,

con s u ltin g with his c a pt a ins wh a t the import a nce

a n d s h a me [ o f the defe a t ] wo u l d be re s olved t o ,

dre s s a n d s a ddle their hors e s a g a in a n d s o ,

immedi a tely rode a wa y by other w a ys a n d in the ,

d e a d of ni g ht s u rpri s ed them f a s t a t re s t a fter s o

h a rd l a b o u r their hors e s u n s a ddled a nd m a de a
, ,

g
'
re a t s l a u g hter o f them t a k in g ni g h hor s e the , ,

three chief comm a nders the tents a n d a ll their ,

b a g g a g e a nd 1 00 hors e s more t a k en by woo dmen

,

who fe ll to s h a re the p lu nder The re s t fle d over

the river Ko le ru n fo r T a njore (F R Su ra t Vo l . . .
, .

1 07 M a dr a s l etter Of 20t h a n d 29t h Nov 1 6 7 7 Z C )

, .
, . .

The victors g a ve ch a s e
,
Vya nk o j i u n a bl e to . ,

re s i s t s u ed fo r pe a ce a nd Shiv a j i cons entin g a tre a ty

, , ,

w a s m a de thro u g h the me di a tion O f Ra g h u n a th

N a r a y a n H a n u m a nt e The term s a r e g iven in .

Sh iva d ig vij a y , 328 332- .

*
Sa bh a s a d 91 d e sc r ib e s t he b a tt l e th u s ; V ya nk o j i
'

, . s

a rm y w as fo u r t im e s as l a rg e as th a t o f H a m b i r Rao . bu t th e

l a tte r de fe a te d th e fo rm e r , c a p tu ri ng O f h is h o rse s
b e s ide s e l e p h a n ts , j e w e ls , or d i n a ry O ffi c e rs , an d V ika j i an d
P ra ta p j i ( tw o n a t u ra l so n s o f Sh a h j i) a n d ot h e r O ffi c e rs o f hig h
ra n k . S h i va di g o ij a y , 31 4 . s ay s th a t th e b a t tle to o k p la ce at

W a l i g o nda
'
-
p u ra m an d th a t Sh iv a j i s a rm y w as co m m a nd e d
b y B a h i r Ra o M o h i te , an d no t b y Sha nt a j r . C h i tn is , 143 .

g iv e s W a l i go n da -
p u ra m .
35 2 SH l V AJ l .
[ CH . x1 1 .

Shiv a n a fter ne a rly o n e ye a r o f oc c u p at ion

,
,

re s tored the K a rn a t a k pl a in to V y a nk o j i ret a inin g ,

only the fort s in h is o w n h a nds a s well a s a ll the ,

t a b le la nd o f Mys ore which h a d once b el on g ed t o

h is fa ther I n M. a y 1 67 8 the En g l i s h a t M a dr a s repo rt ,

th a t Vy a nk o j i h a d g o t his territorie s b a ck by p a yin g

three la khs o f h u n in c a s h to h is e l der brother .

( M a dr a s t o S u r a t F R S u ra t V ol , . .
, .

The a rmy o f occu p a tion u nder H a m b ir Ra o

*

a nd Ra g h u n a th
'

w as rec a l l ed t o Shiv a s s ide ,

org a ni s e d a loc a l force of hors e (both p a g a a n d

s i la h d a r) fo r the defence o f the co u nt ry
,
a nd c o n ,

t in u e d to a ct a s re g ent a n d a dvi s er t o V y a n k o ji B u t
“

he ret a ined his o ld a ntip a thy to th a t Prince a n d ,

th ere w a s con s t a nt friction between the two Sh iv a j i .

h a d repe a tedl y to write to both co u n s e l lin g a mity

‘

a n d moder a tion a n d it w a s onl y the fe a r o f h is s tron g

,
.

pers on a lity th a t kept the pe a ce b etween the t w o ,

a n d m a de Ra g h u n a th reco g ni s e th a t V y a n k o j i m u s t

b e m a st er in h is o w n re a l m ( T 5 38a a n d 6 . . .

D ig .326 335 362 ; P a r a s nis Ta nj a va r c h e n R a j

- ,
-

g h a ra n e , 36 38 -
an d 42

Fr o m M a d ra s C o ns u l t d a te d 1 9 A u gu st , 1 67 8 , we le a rn
Y e s t e r da y C o n j e v e ra m
'

t h e re cam e ne w s fr o m th a t 1000 or

1 500 o f S h iv a n s h o rs e un de r h i s b r o the r Sh an ta j i a p pe a r e d
b e fo re th a t p l a ce . T h i s da y ot he r p e rs o n s fr o m C o n j e v e ra m
cam e an d re p o rt e d th a t th e 1000 h o rse m e n o f Sh i v a ca m e

t h i th e r i n p u rs u i t o f som e B i j a p u r i fo o t th a t w as i n t e n de d t o
re l ie v e V e l l o re , w h i ch h as b ee n b e s ie g e d b y Sh i v a
’

s fo r c e s
t h e se 1 4 m o n th s .
( D ia ry an d Co n s u l t . Bo o k , 167 8 7 9 p -
, .
35 4 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . x m.

the B a nk a p u r 20 mi le s s w o f
M a r a th a s . , .
.
.

L a k s h m is hw a r w a s b e s ie g ed u ns u cce s s f u l ly a bo u t
, ,

the midd l e o f J a nu a ry 1 67 8 ( O C From ,

'
. . .

thi s p la ce Shiv a j i retr a ced h is s tep s nort hw a rds a n d ,

a rrived ne a r Sa m p g a o n in t h e Be l g a u m di s trict At .

B e lv a di a s m a l l vi ll a g e 1 2 mile s s e o f Sa m p g a o n
,
. .

a n d 30 mi l e s s e o f Belg a u m S a vitri B ai the . . , ,

wi dowed l a dy proprietor p l u ndered s ome tra n s port ,

b u ll ocks o f Shiv a s a rmy when p as s in g by Her

'

fort w a s a t once b e s ie g ed b u t s h e defended it mo s t ,

heroic a lly fo r 27 d a ys a fter which it w a s c a rried b y ,

a s sa u l t a n d s h e hers e lf w a s c a pt u red .

Thi s l on g check by a wom a n be fore a petty ,

m u d fort g re a t ly l o w ered Shiv a j i s pre s ti g e As

'
-
, .

t h e En g l i s h merch a nts of Ra j a p u r write o n 28 t h

Feb 16 7 8 : He is a t pre s ent b e s ie g in g a fort

wh e re b y re l a tion of their o w n people come from
,

him he h a s s u ffered more di s g r a ce th a n ever he

,
‘

did from a ll power o f the M u g h a l o r the D e c ca ns .

T . 5 38a , th u s de s c r i be s h e r fa te : A w om an na m e d
Be l v a di . F ro m
“

S a v i tr i w as th e p ate l n i (p ro p ri e t re ss ) o f th e

s h e l te r o f he r fo r t s he fo u g h t Sh iv a fo r o ne m o n th . O n he r
p ro v is i o ns an d m u n i ti o ns r u nnin g s h o rt , s he m a de a s o r t ie ,

de m o l ish e d a ll t he s ie ge t r e n ch e s . an d dis p e r s e d an d s e l w

m a ny o f th e b e s i e g e rs . For o ne day s he ke p t th e fie ld
h e r o i ca l ly , b u t at last fle d v an q u is he d . w as c a p t u re d an d
g re at l y d ish o n ou re d . Sakh u j i G a i k w ar w as th e de e r o f th i s

e vi l de e d . S h iv a j i , on h e a ri ng o f h is a ct , put out b o th h i s e ye s
an d th u s g av e h im h is d e se r ts . He w as i m p r is o n e d in th e

ll a g e f M an au l i
"
vi o .
11 67 8 ] ATT E MPT TO G A I N B I J AP UR FO RT BY B RI BERY . 355

an d he w ho ha th conq u ere d
m a ny so

king do m s i s no t a ble to red u ce thi s wom a n D es a i

( F R Sura t
. .
,

Soon a fterw a rds Shiv a j i h a d a nother a n d very

g re a t di s a ppointment — the g,re a te s t in h i s li fe which ,

w e de s cri b e in the wo rd s o f the Ra j a p u r f a ctors in

"

their l etter dated 3rd Apri l J a m s hid Kh a n s ince

. ,

th e de a th o f hi s m a s ter the N a w a b [ B a hlol Kh a n , o n

23rd D e c fo u nd him s elf inc a p a b le of lo ng er
ho l din g o u t a g r ees with Sh iv a j i to de l iver u p [ t h e
,

fort o f Bij a p u r a n d the pers on o f Sik a nd a r A di l Sh a h ]

fo r p a g od a s Siddi M a s a u d h a vin g int e lli
.
,

g ence o f thi s fei g ns a s ickne ss a t l a s t de a th a n d

, , ,

c au s es a h a n do l p u blicly t o be s ent a w a y with p a rt

o f the a rmy t o Adoni the re s id u e ( of h is troop s )a b o u t
,

s en t t o J a m s hid pretendin g th a t s ince the

,
-

l e a der w a s de a d if he wo u l d entert a in them they

,

wo u l d s erve him H e pre s ently a ccepts their s ervice

.

a n d receive s them into the Fo rt f w h o within t w o d a y s

s eized h is pers on c a u s ed the g a te s to be opened a n d

,

recei ved the Siddi in a live ( l t Feb ,

Shiv a j i u pon h is m arch he a rin g thi s news retu rn s ,

a nd is expect e d a t P a nh a l a in a s hort time (F R . . .

S u r a t Vo l
, .

I n a n a g e when a l mo s t every m a n h a d his price ,

Shiv a j i c a nno t be b l a med for tryin g to m a ke g a in s

by bribery The fort o f Bij a p u r w a s for s a le a nd
.
,

he onl y m a de a bid fo r it a nd took his ch a nce with

,

o ther competitors fo r the po s ition o f keeper o f t h e

p u ppet A dil Sh a h even a s Sh a hji ha d been the

,
35 6 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . xur .~

keeper of a p u ppet Niz a m Sh a h M asau d and .

B a hlo l were n o t more di s intere s ted b u t cert a inly le s s , :

e ffi cient th a n he wo u l d h a ve been a s Re g ent o f

Bij a p u r .

The news o f the tr a ns fer o f the Adi l Sh a h i -

ca pit a l to Siddi M a s a u d (l t Febru a ry) r e a c h e d i

Shiv a j i on h is w a y from B e lv a di thro u g h Tu r g a l t o

Bij a pu r a n d he s we rved a s ide t o the we s t a nd
,

retu rned t o h is o w n s tron g ho l d o f P a nh a la a t the

end o f M a rch o r in the firs t w e ek of April 1 6 7 8 , .

§2 . M a ra t h a a c ti vity in 1 6 7 7 .

At thi s t e we m a y convenientl y inq u ire into

s ag
'

wh a t h a ppened in M a h ar a s htr a d urin g Sh iv a j i s

a b s ence in the K a rn a t a k I n November 16 7 6 a n
. , ,

a rmy w a s s ent u nder Sh a m b h u j i to a nnex s ome

Port u gu e s e territory ne a r G o a H e dem a nded 60.

vi ll a g e s from the Portu g u e s e o n the g ro u nd th a t they

belon g ed to the fort o f Ponda which w a s n o w in
'

‘
,

Shiv a j i s po s s e ss ion b u t o n meetin g with a re fu s a l

'

he m a de a r a s h a s s a u lt on the Port u g u e s e fo rce s w ho ,

»

be a t him o ff Then the M a ra th a s l eft the di s trict fo r

.

D a m a n hopin g to find le s s oppo s ition there

, Bu t .

'

n o perm a nent g a in re s u lted from thi s c a mp a i g n .

(D u t ch R e c V o l 34 N o
.
, .
, .

D u rin g thi s period ( D ecember 16 7 6— M a rch , ,

the a rmy l eft a t home u nder Moro Trim b a k

.

in the D e s h a n d A nn a ji D a tto in Konk a n na t u ra lly ,

confined it s e lf to the defence o f the re a l m witho u t ,

ventu rin g to m a ke a ny a gg re ss ion l n November .

“
35 8 SH IV AJ I .
[ CH . x m

m a rti a l s pirit a nd comm a ndin g

, P a th a n a rchers ,

l a nce rs , mus keteers a nd a rti ll ery men The fort o f

'
'

- .

Kop a l w as s ecu red by M o ro P ant fro m Q asim Kh a n

fo r a p rice H u s a in Kh an is Sa id b y Chit n
. i s (p .

'
to h a ve opp o s ed Sh iVa j i s retu rn by the Kop a l G a d a g -

r o u te a n d t o h a ve b ee n rep u l s ed Some time a fter .

w a r ds he w as defe a ted a n d c a ptu red by H a m b ir Ra o

ne ar Sa m p g a o n b u t di s mi s s e d b y Shiv a ji with hono u r
'

.
,

Ac cordin g t o a l a t e tr a dition ( T S H u s a in Kh a n .
,

bein g a m a n o f a delic a te s en s e o f ho no u r took hi s ,

.

di s g r a ce to he a rt a n d s wal l owe d poi s on Thi s i s .

u ntru e , a s we h a ve contempor a ry evi dence of H u s a i n r

Mi ana de s ertin g from Bij a pu r to the M u g h a l s o n

.

l l t h"M a rch 168 3 (B s 445 ; M A

, , . . Th e .

Ma rat h a tr00p s who h a d won the s e tri u mph s u nde r

H a m b ir Ra o a nd Moro P a nt were on their retu rn , ,

revi ew ed b yShiv a j i a n d hi g hly pra i se d a n d re wa rde d

( Chit
‘

Kop a l ( 1 05 mile s du e s o u th o f B i j a pu r a nd a “

s li ght ly g r e a ter di s t a nce s o u th e a s t o f Bel g a u m )i s t h e

-

g a te o f the s o u th a n d it s po ss e ss ion en a b l ed t h e
,

M a ra th a dominion to b e exte nded to the b a nk o f

the Tu ng abh a dra riv e r a nd ev en a cro ss it into the
Bel la ry a n d Chitt a ldu r g di s tricts M a ny o f the l oc a l .

chieft a ins who h a d l on g defi e d the Bij a p u r Govern

,

m e nt a n d withheld t ax es in thi s ill s u bd u ed b orde r -

co u ntry were n o w ch a s ti s e d by the M a r a th a s a n d

'

redu ced t o ob edience — a mon g them bein g the po li

,

g a r s o f K a n a k giri ( 25 mi l e s n e of Kop a l) H a rp a n . .
,

Ha lli ( 40 mi l e s 3 o f Kop a l) Ra y du r g Ch it t a ldu rg

.
, ,
1 6 78 ] S EC ON D F A IL U RE AT SH I VN ER . 35 9

Vidy a n a g a r o ld V i j a y n a g a r) , an d Bu n dik o t
( P G u dic o t a mi l e s e o f H p , 45 ) Thi s . at a n h a lli
-
. .

co u ntry w a s now form ed int o a re gu l ar pr o vin ce

o f Sh iv a j i s kin g dom a n d pl a ced u n der J a n a rda n

'

*
N a ra ya n H a nu m a n t e a s viceroy .

'

l n the me a ntime a few d a ys a fter Sh iv a j i s ,

retu rn t o P a nh a l a h is troop s a tt a cked M u n g i P a tta n ,

‘
-
,

o n the God a v a ri 30 mi l e s s o u th o f Au r a n g a b a d
,
;

(M A I 66 ) I t w a s pro b a bly next manth th a t th ey

‘

. . .

m a de a s econd a ttempt t o g e t po s s e s s ion o f Shivner .

They inve s ted the vill a g e (o f J u nn a r)a t its fo o t a nd

'
'

at ni g ht tried t o s c a l e the fort Three h u ndred .

M a r a th a s climbe d the fort w a lls a t ni g ht by me a ns -

of noo s e s a n d rope l a dders B u t A bdu l A ziz Kh a n -

.

w a s a n expert q i la da r Tho u g h he h a d s ent a w a y .

Th e M i a n a s : Sa bb . 808 1 -
; Chi t . 142 , 1 46 , 1 7 9; D i g . 285 ,

339; TS . . 33a Gr b ; 406 ( o ne se n t e n c e on ly .

) Di g . 335
sp e a ks o f a Yu su f Kh an M ia n a . ls it a m is re a di n g o f H u sa i n
(I s a b fo r H a s e n)? Sa hh . an d T . 5 .
p l a ce th e M a r a th a
e xp a ns i o n i n to th e K opa l d i s t ric t b e fo re , an d Ch i
tn i s an d D ig .

K arn
.

fte r k Th e l a tt e r
'

a , Sh iv a j i s i nv a s i o n o f th e a ta . v ie w is
m o re p r o b a b le . Th e co n q u e s t an d c o n so l i da ti o n m u st h av e
ta k e n m o re e xp e di ti o n s th a n o ne an d a p re tty l o n g ti m e . The
'

n ar ra t iv e in Ch it . 1 79 an d D ig . 28 5 -287 se e ms to me to be
f
c o n u se d an d u n re l ia bl e . 2 . C . ass e r t s th a t in Jan u a ry 1 67 7
H a m b i r Ra o de fe a te d H u s a i n Kh an ne a r Y e l ge dl a
i n t he G a da g d is tr ic t an d t oo k h o rse s an d so me e e l p h an t s
fro m h i m ; i n M a y 1 67 8 , Sh i v a j i a fte r g a i n i n g th e G a da g dis tr i ct
re t u r n e d to Ra i g a rh ; in M a rch 1 67 9 M o ro Pa nt , by se n d in g
b a ck th e c a p ti v e so n o f H u sa i n Kh an, se c u re d th e fo r t o f
K o pal ; he re l e a se d H u sa i n Kh an, w h o no w e n t e re d h is se rv i c e .
360 SH I V AJ I [ CH . X III .

h is ons a n d fo llowers to reinforce the fa u j da r

s

Ya hiy a Kh a n in the vi l la g e he pers on a lly with a few ,

men s l ew a ll the inf a ntry o f Shiv a who h a d entered

the fort Next mornin g he h u nted o u t the few w h o
.

h a d conce a l ed them s e l ve s in the hi ll [ s ide ] be l ow

the fort a n d a mon g rocks a n d ho l e s a n d re l e a s ed ,

them with pre s ents s endin g a me s s a g e to Sh iv a j i

,

t o the e ffect 5 0 l on g a s 1 a m q ila da r y o u wi ll never

, ,

t a ke thi s fort (D il I S7 )
’

. . .

§4 . Th e M u g h a ls , B ij a p u r , an d Sh iva j i , 1 67 8 .

A ru ptu re took p l a ce b etween Shiv a a n d

no w

Qu t b Sh a h a n d the dip l om a tic s ys tem s o p atientl y

,

bu i lt u p b y M a d a nn a P a ndit fe ll t o the g ro u nd .

'

Qu tb Sh a h s indi g n a tion h a d b een ri s ing a s he fo u nd ,

him s e lf m a de a mere c a t s p a w o f Shiva in the

'

K a rn a t a k a dvent u re He h a d b orne a ll the expens e s

.

of the expedition a n d s u pp lied a rti ll ery a n d a n ‘

a u xi l i a ry force fo r it Bu t not o n e o f the conq u ered

.

forts w a s g iven t o him n o t one pice o f h is c o nt rib u ,

tion w a s rep a id o u t o f the f a b u l o u s booty c a rried

a w a y b y Shiv a from th a t l a nd o f g o l d An d n o w the .

M a ra th a p lot t o c a ptu re Bij a p u r b y tre a chery de s troy

ed the l a s t tr a ce o f p a tience in the G o l k o n da kin g ,

e s peci a lly a s he h a d b een p l a yin g fo r s ome ye a rs

p a s t the fl a tterin g ro l e o f a chiv a l ro u s friend a n d
protector o f the boy A di l Sh a h So A b u l H a ss a n .
,

a rr a n g ed fo r a pe a ce b etween the new Bij a p u ri

re g ent Siddi M a s a u d a n d h is riv a ls ( e s peci a lly
, ,

Sh arz a Kh a n) hel ped him with mone y to p a c ify the

,
362 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . xm .

g rew a n g ry a n d s e t him s e l f to conq u er B i j a p u r O n l y .

re s pect for tre a tie s h a d kept him from doin g s o

be fore b u t M a s a u d s bre a ch o f f a ith a b s o lv ed him
'

from the ob li g a tion t o s p a re A di l Sh a h (B S 4 08 . . .

,

A n d he n o w received a mo s t u nexp ecte d

Sh iv a ji s e l de s t s o n Sh a m b h u j i
'

a cce ss ion o f s tren g th .

w a s the c u r s e o f h is o ld a g e Thi s yo u th o f nineteen

.

w a s vio l ent c a pricio u s u ns te a dy tho u g htle ss a n d

, , ,

notorio u s ly depra ved in h is mora ls For h is o u tra g e .

o n a m a rried Br a hm a n wom a n he h a d been confine d

in P a nh a l a fort b u t e s c a ped with h is wife Ye s u Ba i

,

a n d a few comr a de s to join D il ir Kh a n Sh iv a j i s ent .

a force in p u rs u it b u t w a s t o o l a te
, Di lir Kh a n . ,

g ettin g Sh a m b h u j i s l etter h a d det a ched from

'

on ,

h is c a mp a t B a h a d u rg a rh men u nder l kh l a s
Kh a n (the comm a nder of his Va n gu a rd)a n d Ch a ira t '

Kh a n (h is nephew)t o a dv a nce a n d e s cort the f u g itive .

They met him 8 mi l e s s o u th o f S u p a a n d D ilir ,

h I m s e lf joined them a t K a rk a mb 1 2 mi l e s fu rther ,

north e a s t D ilir Kh a n w a s thrown into tr a n s ports

-
.
’

o f joy a t the de s ertion o f Sh iv a j i s heir t o h is s ide

'

"

He fe lt a s h a ppy a s if he h a d c o n q u e r e d the who le ‘

D ecc a n ! (B S . . He be a t h is dru ms in jo y '

a n d s ent a report t o th e Emperor Sh a mbhu w a s .

.

cre a ted a 7 h a z a ri a n d a Ra j a h a n d pre s ented with a n

-

e l eph a nt .
(D i l .Thi s h a ppened in Novemb er ,

1 678 . The Kh a n with h is v a l u a b le new a lly h a lted

‘
a t Akl u j
( 5 0 mi l e s s o u th o f B a h a du rg a rh)fo r s o m e
time t o prep a re fo r the inv a s ion o f Bij a p u r .
1 678 ] M ARATH A STRATACE M To SE IZ E B l J AP UR FO RT . 36 3 .

§6 . M a ra th a p lo t t o s e ize B i j a p u r .

I n thi s d a n g e r Siddi M a s a u d immedi a tely ked as

fo r he l p from Shiv a a s a gr eed u pon The Ra j a h

,
.

s ent s ix to s even tho u s a nd we l l a rmed c a v a lry t o -

g u a rd Bij a p u r M a s a u d co u ld n o t
. f u ll y tr u s t h i s a lly ,

he a s ked the M a r a th a contin g ent to h a lt b e s ide the

s tre a m o f the vi l l a g e l t a n g i h a l ( 5 m n w o f th e . . .

city) b u t they c a me ne a rer enc a mped a t Kh a n a p u r

, ,
‘

a n d Kh u s r a u p u r a n d de m a n de d t h a t o n e o f the g a te s
‘

a n d tower s o f the fort s ho u ld be entru s ted t o them .

M a s a u d wi s ely declined Then they moved to .

Z u hra p u r a n d enc a mped on the pl a in j u s t o u t s ide

the w a ll s t hu s incre a s in g M a s a u d s s u s picion Soon
’

.
,

th e a llie s be g a n t o q u a rre l openl y The M a ra th a s

were detected in tryin g to s m u g g le a rm s a n d men
into the fort by conce a l in g the a rm s in s a ck s o f
,

g r a in a n d di s g u i s in g them s elve s a s drivers o f the

p a ck oxen ! Then Shiv a threw o ff the m a s k He
-
.

be g a n to pl u nder a n d dev a s t a te A di l Sh a hi territory -

a g a in H is men looted the s u bu rb s o f Bij a p u r

.
, ,

D au l a tp u r a Kh u s r a u p u r a a nd

Z u h ra p u ra a nd c a rri ed o ff the rich b a n ia s fo r ra n s om

, .

Ne a r the tomb o f Sha ikh Ahm a d Kh a wa s Kh a ni they -

,

"

it is r e p o r te d th a t Sh iv a j i h as in p e rso n p l u n de re d
Sh a hp u r , t he su b u rb s o f B ija p u r , an d h ad l ik e d to hav e got

i n t o th e r o ya l c i ty , t he co nque s t w he re o f i s h i s l
so e ai m , le s t
h o u l d fa l l i nt o th e M u g h al h a nd s
'

it s s , an d th e n he k no w s he
c
ou ld no t lo n g su b s is t .
( Bo m b a y to S u ra t , 4 A p ri l 16 7 9 i n ,

O rm e M SS .
364 S H IV AJ I .
[ CH . XIII .

s lew A li R a z a an d wo u nded Siddi Y a q u t . Bu t when

they re a ched the tom b o f l b r a him A d il Sh a h we s t .
,

o f the . city a s hot from the fort g u n s ki l led the

,
-

M a ra th a comm a nder a n d the men fl e d a w a y M a s a ud .

now m ade pe a ce with D il ir Kh a n .

A M u g h a l force w a s invited t o Bi j a p u r roy a lly ,

we l comed a n d s ent O ff with a Bij a p u ri a rmy u nder

,

V e n k a t a dri M u r a ri (the con fi d a nt o f the re g ent)a n d

other O ffi cers a g a in s t the M a ra th a s They re a ched
, .

Tikot a ( 1 3 mil e s w of Bij a pu r) when s pie s bro u g ht .

,

the report th a t Shiv a him s elf h a d a rrived a t Se l gu r

'

( 55 mi l e s w of Bij a pu r a n d the s a me di s t a nce e a s t of

.

P a nh a l a )with 7 to 8 tho u s a nd men a n d w a nted t o

m a ke a ni g ht a tt a ck o n the M u g h a l o r the Bij a p u ri
-

a rmy whichever wo u l d a dva nce firs t

, Bu t a new .

q u a rre l b etween M a s a u d a n d Sh a rz a Kh a n p a ra lys ed

the power of Bij a p u r (B 5 4 15
'
“

. . .

§7 . B ilir ca p t u re s B h u p a lg a rh .

D il ir
Kh a n next m a rched t o the fort o f Bhu p a l
‘
g a rh
*
which Shiv a j i h a d b u ilt a s a s toreho u se o f h is
,

property a n d the refu g e o f the fa mi l ie s of his

s u b ject s in the nei g hbo u rhood d u rin g h i s w a rs with

the M g h a ls By g re a t l a bo u r the imperi a li s ts

u
.

*
Sh a m b h u n s de se r ti o n to th e M u gh a ls an d c a p t u re o f
Bh u p a l g arh : B . S . 4 15 , 4 18 19
-
, 430 (b e s t ) D il . 1 59 1 63
-

( re l ia bl e ) F R Su r a t
. . .
, Vo l . 1 08 , Ra j a p u r to Su ra t , 16 De c . ,

1 67 9 , Bo m b a y to S u ra t , 1 J an .
, 1 680 ( re tu r n .
) Sa b h . 93 94
-
;

Ch i t . 1 7 23 4 ; D ig . 26 3 269-
(l e g e nd ) T . 5 . 39a ( c o n fu s e d )
366 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . x m .

'

a rti ll ery a n d s la yin g ne a rly o n e tho u s a nd of Shiva s

,

men Then l a rg e rein forcements a rrived from D ilir

.

Kh a n a t who s e a ppro a ch the M a r a th a s fled Di lir

,
.

t hen went b a ck t o Bh u p a l g a rh b u rnt everythin g th a t ,

he co u l d n o t c a rry o ff di s m a ntl ed it s fortific a tions

'

, ,

a n d ret u rned t o D h u l kh e d (B 5 4 1 8 4 19 ; D i l
. . . - .

160 Chitni s 1 7 6 di ffers ), .

The fu gitive M a ra th a s however s cored a , ,

s u cce s s Ne a r K a rk a m b (30mi l e s s o u th of P a rend a )

. ,

they fe ll in with i r a j Kh a n l ooted a ll hi s g r a in a n d the

,

p roperty o f h i s troop s a n d forced him

, t o flee with a

fe w men into a s m a l l fort h ard by where he w a s ,

a fterw a rd s re lieved b y h is kin s m a n Mir M u h a mm a d ,

Kh a n the q ila da r o f P a rend a (D il

, . .

The fa ll o f Bhu p a lg a rh took pl a ce in A pri l 1 6 7 9 , .

T hen fo llowed a period o f p u z z l in g intri g u e a n d

Co u nter intri g u e between the M u g h a l viceroy a n d the
-

Bij a p u r no b i lity a nd a ls o q u a rre ls between M a s a u d

,

a n d Sh a rz a Kh a n M a s a u d a n d D ili r a nd M a s a u d
, ,

a n d hi s f a vo u rite V e n k a t a dri Abo u t the mid dle o f .

thi s ye a r Sh iv a j i s ent to A u r a n g z ib a we ll re a s oned -

a n d s pirited letter o f prote s t a g a in s t the j a z iy a which ,

w a s dr a fted b y Ni l a Pr a bh u in e l oq u ent Pers i a n .

§8 . Sh i va j i 3 le tt e r o n re lig io u s t o le ra t io n .

To the Emperor A l a m g ir
Thi s firm a n d cons t a nt we l l wi s her Shiv a j I -
,

a fter renderin
g th a nk s fo r the g r a ce o f G o d a n d the
fa vo u rs o f the Emperor — which a re c l e a rer th a n the
,
 SH IV A S P R OT E ST 36 7
’

1 6 7 9] ACAtN ST J AZ l Y A .

S u m —b e g s to inform yo u r M a je s ty th a t a ltho u gh ,

thi s we ll wi s her w a s l e d by h is a dvers e F a te to come

-

a w a y from yo u r a u g u s t Pre s ence w itho u t t a kin g l e a ve ,

y e t he i s ever re a dy t o perform t o the f u l le s t ext e nt ,

po s s ib l e a n d proper everythin g th a t du ty a s a s erv a nt

,
.

a n d g r a tit u de dem a nd o f him

“

l t h a s recent ly come t o my e a rs th a t o n the ,

g ro u nd o f the w a r with me h a vin g exh a u s ted yo u r

we a lth a n d emptied yo u r tre a s u ry yo u r M a je s ty ,

h a s ordered th a t money u nder the n a me o f j a z iya

s ho u l d b e co ll ecte d from the Hind u s a n d the imperi a l

needs s u pp lied with it M a y it p l e a s e yo u r M a je s ty !

.

T h a t a rchite c t o f the f a b ric o f empire [ J a l a l u ddin ] ,

A kb a r P a di s h a h rei g ne d with f u l l power for 5 2

,

[ l u n a r ] ye a rs He a dopted the a dmira b l e policy o f

.

u nivers a l h a rmony ( s u lh i— ku l) in rel a tion to a ll the-

.

v a ri o u s s ect s , su ch as C hri s ti a n s Jews M u s lim s , , ,

D a d u s fo llowers s ky wors hippers (fa la kia ) m a la kia

'
-
, , ,

m a teri a li s t s ( a ns a r ia ) a thei s ts ( da h a r ia ) Br a hm a ns
, ,

a n d J a in prie s t s The a im o f h is liber a l he a rt w a s

.

t o cheri s h a n d protect a l l t h e peop l e So he b eca me .

,

f a mo u s u nder the title o f ] a g a t— the W orld s

‘

G u ru
'

s pirit u a l g u i de
’

Next the Emperor N u ru ddin J a h an g ir fo r 22

,

ye a rs s pre a d h is g r a cio u s s h a de o n the he a d o f the

world a n d its dwe llers g a ve h is he a rt to his friends ,

a nd his h a nd t o h is work a n d g a ined his de s ire s , .

The Emperor Sh a h J a h a n for 32 ye ar s c a s t his ble s s ed

s h a de on the h e a d o f the world a nd g a the red th e .

fru it o f etern a l life —which is only a s ynonym fo r

,
368 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . Xl l l .

g oodne ss a n d f a ir f a me — a s the re s u lt of hi s happy

,

time on e a rth ( Ve rs e s )
.

He who live s with a g oo d n a me g a in s ever

l a s tin g we a lth ,

Bec a u s e a fter h is de a th the recit a l o f his g oo d

,

deed s keep s h is n a me a live .

Thro u g h the a u s picio u s e ffect o f thi s s u b lime

di s po s ition wherever he [ Akb a r ] bent the g l a nce o f
,

h is a u gu s t wi s h Victory a n d S u cce s s a dv a nced t o

,

we lcome him o n the w a y I n h is rei g n m a ny kin g

.

dom s a n d fort s were conq u ered [ by him ] The s t a t e .

a n d power o f the s e Emperors c a n be e a s i l y u nder

s tood from t h e f a ct th a t A l a m g ir P a di s h a h h a s f a i l ed

a nd b ecome d i s tra cted in the a ttempt t o mere ly

fo ll ow their po l itic a l s ys tem They t o o h a d the
.
, ,

power b f l evyin g the j a z ig o ; b u t they di d n o t g ive

p la ce to b i g otry in their he a rt s a s they cons idere d a ll
, .

men hi g h a n d l o w cre a ted by G o d t o be [ l ivin g ]

, ,

ex a mp l e s o f the n a t u re o f divers e creeds a n d tempera

ment s Their kindne s s a n d b enevo l ence end u re o n
.

the p a g e s o f Time a s their memori a l a n d s o pra ye r ,

a n d pr a i s e fo r the s e [ three ] p u re s o u l s w i ll dwel l fo r

ever in the he a rt s a n d ton g u e s o f m a nkind a mon g ,

'

b oth g re a t a n d s m a l l . Pro s perity is the fru it o f one s

.

intentions Therefore their we a l th a nd g ood fortu ne

.
,

continu ed t o incre a s e a s G o d s cre a tu re s repo s ed

’

in the cr a dl e o f pe a ce a n d s a fety [ u nder their ru l e ] ,

a n d their u ndert a kin s s u cceeded

g .

"

Bu t in yo u r M a je s ty s rei g n m a ny o f the forts

'

a n d province s h a ve
g one o u t of yo u r po s s e s s ion a n d
'

,
370 S H I VAJ I .
[ CH . XII I .

Veri ly I s la m a nd Hindu i s m a r e terms o f contra s t

,
.

They a r e [ divers e pi g ments ] u s ed by the tru e D ivi ne

P a inter for b l endin g the co lo u rs a n d fil lin g in the
o u tlines [ o f H is pictu re o f the entire h u m a n s pecies ]
i f it be a mo s q u e the c a l l to pr a yer is ch a nted in
,

remembra nce o f Him I f it be a templ e the bell

. ,

is ru ng in ye a rning fo r Him only T o s how bi g otry fo r .

a ny m a n s cree d a n d pr a ctice s i s eq u iv a lent t o a lter

'

in g the word s o f the Holy Book To dr a w new line s .

o n a pictu re i s eq u iv a l ent t o findin g f a u l t with the

p a inter
in
u

trict j u s tice the j a z iya is n o t a t a ll l a wf u l

s .

From the politic a l point o f view it c a n be al lowa b le

onl y if a b e a u ti fu l wom a n we a rin g g old orn a ments
c a n p a s s from o n e province to a nother witho u t fe a r

or moles ta tion .
[ Bu t ] in the s e d a ys even the citie s
a re being pl u ndered wh a t s h a ll I s a y o f the open
,

c ou nt ry ? Ap a rt from its inj u s tice thi s impos ition o f ,

the J a z zy a 1 8 a n innov a tion in I ndi a a nd inexpedient .

If yo u im a g ine piety t o co ns i s t in oppre ss in g

the peopl e a n d terrori s in g the Hind u s yo u o u g ht firs t ,

to l evy th e j a z iya from Ra n a Ra j Sin g h who is the ,

he a d of the Hindu s Then it will not b e s o very

.

di fficu l t t o co ll ect it from me as 1 a m a t yo u r s erv ice

, .

Bu t to oppres s a nts a n d flie s is fa r from di s pla ying

v a l o u r a n d s pirit .

I wonder the s tra n g e fide lity o f yo u r O fficers

at

th a t they ne g l ect t o te ll y o u o f the tru e s t a te o f thin g s ,

b u t cover a bl a zin g fire with s tra w ! M a y the Sun

1 6 7 9] M UG HAL S AG A N S T B l J APUR I . 37 !

o yo u r roya lty continu e to s hine a bove the horizon

f
o f g re a tne ss ! ( H i s t o ry o f Au r a n g z i b iii 325 , .

§ 9 . D il ir inva d es B ija p u r . Sh iva j i ai ds Adil S ha h .

O n l 8 t h Au g u s t
cro s s ed the Bhim a a t , D i li t
D h u lkh e d 40 m du e north of Bij a p u r a nd opened
, . ,

a new c a mp a i g n a g a inst M a s a u d Th a t helple ss .

r e g ent be g g ed a i d from Shiv a j i s endin g t o him a n ,

envoy n a me d Hind u Ra o ch a rg ed w ith thi s piteo u s

a ppe a l The condition o f thi s roy a lty is no t hi dd en
from yo u There is no a rmy money o r a lly fo r
.
, ,

d efendin g the fort a n d no provi s ion a t a l l The enemy .

i s s tron g a n d ever bent o n w a r Y o u ar e a heredit a ry .

s erv a nt elev a ted by this Co u rt An d t herefore yo u

, .
, ,

wil l fee l fo r thi s ho u s e more th a n others c a n We .

c a nnot defend the kin g dom a n d its forts wi t ho u t yo u r

a id Be tru e t o yo u r s a lt tu rn towa rd s u s Comm a nd
. .

wh a t y o u con s ider proper a nd it s h a l l be done by ,

u s (B S
. . .

Shiv a u ndertook the defence o f Bi j a p u r ordered

*
,

o f h is c a v a l ry to reinforce M a s a u d s ent from ,

h is forts c x lo a d s of provi s ion s t o the city-

and ,

b a de his s u bjects s end g r a in a n d other necess a ri es

t o Bij a p u r fo r s a l e s o th a t the citizens a n d s oldiers,

there mi g ht no t s u ffer s c a rcity H is envoy V is a ji .

N ilk a n t h bro u g ht to M a s a u d his cheerin g me ss a g e ,

*
Sh iv aj I as the a l ly o f Bi j ap u r in 1 67 9 : B . 5 .

432 ; C h it . l 7 5- l7 9 . Sa b h .
( s il e nt ) F . R . Fo r t St . Ge o r g e ,

V ol . 28 , p . 34 (V i t a Ra gh av fr o m G olk o nda to Ma dras . 14

J a n u a ry ,
372 S HI V AJ I .
[ H
C . xm .

Yo u ho l d the fort l s h a l l g o o u t a n d p u ni s h B i lir

.
~

Kh a n a s he d e s e rves Vis a j i re p o rt e d t o the re g ent

.
'

th a t M a ra th a troopers h a d re a ched Ain a p u r

(20 m 8 e o f Mir a j )a n d
. . . others Bh u p a lg a rh ,

w a itin g for his c a ll to com e when needed (B S , . . .

The M u g h a l g e ner a l S u j a n Sin g h took M a n g a lv ide

from Shiv a s men a bo u t September (M A
'

a nd . . .

Ca me ne a rer to Bij a p u r M a s a u d concili a ted Sa b a j i

.

Gh a t g e a nd s ent him with the a rmy o f T u r g a l t o

i

l ndi (28 m n of Bij a p u r ) Thi s det a chment h a d a

. . .

s kirmi s h with Sh a m b h u ji Wh o w a s o u t f ora g in g

abo u t fi fteen men were s l a in o n e a ch s ide ; Sa b a j i
w a s wou nded b u t c a pt u red 5 0 hors e s 5 0 oxen a n d , ,

Sh iv a ji s envoy now
'

4 c a me ls from the enemy .

~

re a ched Bij a p u r wi t h A n a nd Rao a t the he a d o f

hors e They were we lcomed b y M a s a u d a n d
.

s t a tioned in the N a u r a s p u ra s u b u rb B a j a ji [ Nim .

b a lk a r ] now in M u g h a l s e rvi ce l a id s ie g e t o the

, ,

fort o f A k lu j b u t a Bij a p u ri g ener a l n a med Ba h a d u r

,

m a rched u p from S a n g u l a (32 m s )a n d drove him . .

a wa y .

B u t o n l 5 t h Septem b er B i lir Kh a n l e ft his c a mp ,

a t D h u lkh e d a n d c a me very c l o s e t o Bij a p u r re a chin g ,

B a r a t g i 6 m n e o f the city o n 7 t h O cto b er

, . . . Here , .

he h a lted a n d he l d p a l a vers with M a s a u d s envoys .

O n 3ot h O ct ober Shiv a j i a rrived a t Se l g u r midw a y ,

b etween P a nh a l a a n d Bij a p u r with l O 000 c a va l ry , , .

H is fi rs t d et a chment l e ft N a u r a s p u r a next da y t o
wel come h im there Shiv a w a nted to vi s it A di l
. .

Sh a h M a s a u d permitted him t o come with a n e s cort

37 4 SH I VN I .
[ CH X II r . .

Bu t h isfirs t work w a s to ra v a g e the Bij a p u r i

territory wi th ins a ne cru el ty By w a y o f Ba h m a nh ali . ,

M a kn a p u r a n d J a l g eri he re a ched Tikot a ( I 3 m w

, , . .

of Bij a pu r) a rich a n d popu lo u s vi lla g e where t h e

, ,

we a lthy men o f the nei g hbo u rhood h a d t a ken refu g e

The M u g h a ls were u tte rly
“

wi th their f a mi l ie s .

When l khl a s Kh a n wi th [ Di lir s j

'

u nexp ected

V a n g u a rd a rrived there a n d be g a n to plu nder it ,

th e wive s of the Hindu s a n d M u s lim s with their “

chi l dren j u mped into the we lls ne a r their h ou s e s a n d

committ e d s u icide The vi ll a g e w as u tterly sa cked
. .

Ne a rly men both Hind u s a nd M u s l im s w e ie

, ,

t a ken pri s oner [ for b ein g s o l d into s l a very ] .

Tikot a on 18 th November by w a y o f H o nv a d a n d ,

Tels a ng r a v a g in g the co u ntry a n d c a rrying o ff the

,

peop l e a s s l a ve s the imperi a li s t s re a ched Athni ( 43

,

m w o f Bij a p u r ) Here a ccordin g t o the En g li s h

. . .
,

f a ctory records a bre ach took p l a ce between th e

,

M ug h a l g enera l a n d h is M a ra th a a lly Athni a .

,

"
con s id e ra b l e m a rt w a s b u rnt down a n d B ilir p ro
,

po s ed to s e ll the inh a bit a nts who were a ll Hindu s}

Sh a m b h u j i o b jected t o it b u t w a s overru l ed a n d , ,

be g a n t o g row s ick of h is a s s oci a te s ( F R S u r a t . . .

l 08 Bom b t o S u r a t I ] a n
, . O n l t November , .
, ,

D i li t l e ft Athni fo r Ain a p u r l 2 mi l e s we s tw a rd s b u t , ,

l e a rnt o n the w a y th a t Sh a m b h u n h a d fled a w a y t o ;

Bij a pu r (B S 4 28
. . .

Since h is coming over t o the M u g h a ls in

Novemb er 1 67 8 Sh a m bh u j i h a d b een con st a ntl y
,
1 6 791 SHAMBH U U
RE T RN S TO S H l V AJ l 37 5
“

ppro a ched by Sh iv a j i s a g ent s with a l l s orts o f per

'

s u as ion s a n d promi s e s to ret u rn t o h i s f a ther Even .

M a h a dj i Nimb a l k a r hi s brother i n l a w thou g h n o w ,

- -
,

a M u g h a l s erv a nt cens u red him fo r his a ct o f de s e r

,

tion (Sh a mbh u reported the m a tter t o D ilir w h o

.
,

p u t M a h a dj i in confinement fo r s ome da ys D il l 60) . . .

Bu t by thi s time Sh a m b h u ji h a d m a de u p his mind

to l e a ve the M u g h a l s *
I n the ni g ht o f 20t h .

November he s lipped o u t of the c a mp with his wife

Ye s u B a i di s gu i s ed in m al e a ttire a nd only 1 0troopers
for e s cort rode h a rd to Bij a p u r in the co u rs e o f the
,

d a y a n d w as w a rm ly received b y M a s a u d B ilir ,
.

promptly retu rned tow a rds Bij a p u r on l e a rm n g o f

Sh a m b h u s fli g ht o n the l t a n d s ent a n a g ent
'

, ,

Khw a j a h A bdu r Ra zz a q to th a t city t o bribe the ,

re g ent t o c a ptu re the M a r a th a prince (28 t h ) I n the .

ni g ht o f the 30t h Sh a m b hu j i g ettin g s cent of the , ,

m a tter i s s u ed in s ecret from Bl j a p u r met a body o f

, ,

c a v a lry s ent by his f a ther to e s cort him a nd g a ll oped ,

a w a y to P a nh a l a which he re a ched a bo u t the 2n d ,

o f D ecember .

§ll . Last ca m p a ig n o f Sh i va j i .

We h a l l now tr a ce the hi s tory f Shiv a j i

'

s o s

A cc o rdi n g to Sa b h as a d , 93 A u ra n g z ib
, w r o te to D il i r to

a r re s t Sh a m b h u an d se n d h im a p r i so n e r to De l h i ; b u t the

M u g hal g e ne ral . to k e e p h is w o rd t o h is gu e s t . i n fo rm e d the

M ar a t h a p ri n ce o f th e l e tte r an d co nn iv e d at h is fl ight . Un
l ike l y s t o ry . B . S . 430 s a ys th a t A u r a ngzib s u mm o ne d
Sh a m b h u to h is Co u r t .
37 6 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . XI I I .

movements from 4t h when he

-

m a rch e d o u t to r a id the M u g h a l dominion s in order '

t o cre a te a divers ion fo r the re lief of Bij a p u r The '

c a mp a i g n w a s not a n u nbroken s u cce ss for him As .

the Bomb a y Co u n cil w ro t e on l s t J a n | 68 0 He '

.
,

h a th b oth lo s t a n d g a ined Ne a r Bij a p u r he w a s .

a tt a cked ( midd l e o f Novem b er)a n d u tter l y ro u te d by

D i li t Kh a n w h o c a pt u red fro m him

, hors e s ,

b e s ides pri s oners The de fe a te d Ra j a h fled t o P a tt a

.

g a rh ( Vis hr a m g a rh )with only 5 00 c a v a lry h a vin g

* -
'

l o s t the g re a ter p a rt o f h is a rmy a n d s u mmoned ,

Moro Trimb a k a n d Ann a ji D a tto to a co u nci l o f w ar

there . The Pe s hw a h a d him s e lf j u s t s u ffered a
revers e in a dv a ncin g tow a rd s S u r a t ; he h a d been
de fe a ted a n d driven b a ck b y Ra n m a s t Kh a n a
‘

P a th a n g ener a l with the lo s s o f , m e n ki ll ed

a n d 40 0 hors e s c a ptu red ( F R S u r a t | 08 Born . . .
, . .

to S u ra t 29 Nov ,

A s Di lir Kh a n w a s a dv a ncin g we s tw a rd s from

Bij a pu r (midd l e o f November)a n d s eemed intent o n
l a yi n g s ie g e t o P a nh a la a nd the pre s ence of ,

Sh a m b h u j i in th e enemy s c a mp thre a tened a civi l

'

w a r in the M a r a th a St a te Sh iv a j i tried t o convert ,

P a nh a la into a n impre g n a bl e refu g e by removin g t o

it the g u ns o f m a ny o f h is other fort s be s ide s 40piece s ,

b o u g ht from the French As e a rly a s 24t h Novem b er .

*
P u t ta , 20 m . s . o f Nas ik , an d 20 m .
-
e . o f T h a l Ch a t .

( 1 nd . Ai .
, O l d Sh e e t l 9 42 N
°
.
, 7 3 54 E°
. B . S . is s t ra n g e ly
s ile nt a bo u t th i s d e fe a t o f Sh iv a .
37 8 SHI V AJ I .
[ CH . XIII .

we a l th in the s a int s a b ode , entered it a n d robbed

'

the ref u g ee s wou ndi n g m a ny of them The ho ly , .

m a n a ppe a l ed t o them to de s i s t b u t they only a b u s ed ,

a n d thre a tened him for h is p a in s ( K K ii 27 1 . . . .

T S 39a ) Then the m a n o f G o d

"

D i l 1 65 . . w ho . .
,

h a d m a rvel l o u s effic a cy o f pr a yer cu rs ed Shiv a , ,

a n d pop u l a r b elie f a s cribed the Ra j a h s de a th fiv e

'

month s a fte rwa rds to h is cu rs e s .

Retri b u tion vi s ited the M a r a th a a rmy very m u ch

s oo ner J a ln a bo th town a nd s u b u rb w a s t horo u g hly
.
, ,

p lu ndered a nd deva s t a ted fo r fo u r d a ys Then a s .

the M a ra th a s l o a ded with booty con si s tin g o f ,

co u ntl e s s g o l d s i lver j ewe ls cl oth s hors e s

“
~
, , , , ,

e leph a nts a n d c a me ls were retre a tin g a n e nt e rp ri s

"

, ,

i n g M u g h a l o fficer Ra n m a s t Kh a n *
a tt a cked thei r , ,

re a r g u a rd ( ne a r S a n g a mner a ccordin g to D u ff i
-
, , .

Sh id ho j i Nim b a l k a r with men oppo s e d

him fo r s ome d a ys b u t w a s a t l a s t s l a in w it h m a ny ,
.

of his men I n the me a ntime the M u g h a l s h a d

.
,

received v ery he a vy reinforcements from Au r a n g a

bad ;men) a n d they n o w thre a tened t o ,

enve l op a n d c u t o ff the entire M ar a t h a a rmy U nder .

Ran m as t Kh an , b ro th e r o f K h iz r Kh an P an i , re ce iv e d a

ro be o f h o n o u r fr o m th e E m p e ro r on 1 8th Se p te m be r 1 68 2 , .

an d w as cr e a t e d Bah a du r Kha n in A u g u s t n e xt (M A 222 . . ,

T . S . spe a ks o f h im as th an ah dar or q il a da r o f ] a l na
at t h is tim e . We a ft e rw a rds m e e t h i m as th a n a hda r o f Akl u j
(D il ) Fo r t h e s a ck o f J al n a a n d t he b a t tl e fo ll o w i n g i t
.

F R S u ra t 1 08 Ra j a p u r to Su ra t 30 D e c
. . 1 67 9; D i l 1 65
, ,
.

K . K . ii . 27 0 T . 5 . 39a ; Sa h h . 92 93 ;
- Ch i t . 176
( c o n fu se d )
 16 79] S H IV A D EFE AT ED BY RAN M AST . 37 9

the gu i d a nce o f B aihi rj i his c hief s p y Shiv a j i a fter , , ,

three d a ys a nd ni g hts o f a nxio u s a n d ce as ele s s m a rch

i n g e s c a ped from the rin g o f h is enemie s by a n
,
~

o b s cu re p a th *
Bu t he h a d t o s a crifice m u ch o f h is
.

booty be s ide s lo s ing

, c a v a l ry ki l led a nd H a m b ir -
~

Ra o hi s , comm a nder in chief wo u nded Thi s - -

, .

h a ppened tow a rds the end of D ecemb er a n d Shiv a ji ,

retired to P a nh a l a to meet h is r e c o v e r e d s o n .

The credit o f thi s victory over the M a ra th a s

m u s t be g iven to the troop s immedi a tely u nder
Prince M u a zz a m the viceroy o f Au r a n g a b a d who , ,

" n

h a d retu rned to the D ecc a n w i t h a v a s t a rmy

(M A . in November l 6 78 D il ir Kh a n w a s
.
, .

too fa r a wa y in the s o u th ne a r Bij a p u r a n d t o o , ,

cl o s ely en g a g ed with the enemy there to h a ve t a ken

p a rt in the fi g htin g ne a r J a ln a l .
‘ ‘

A cco r di n g to Sa b h . 93 Sh iv a
, w a n te d to re tr e a t by th e

] a g di ri ro u te .

l Sa b h a s a d m e n ti o ns M a ra th a m i l i ta ry e n t e rp r ise
' '

no

be tw e e n Sh i v a
'

s b a t tl e w i th . Ra n m as t Kh an an d h is de a t h .

3 . S . co n t ra dic ts th e th e o ry th a t th e M a ra th a s at a ll o p p o se d
D il i t K h an d u r in g th e se fo u r m o n th s . Th e E n g l is h re c o r ds
a re l
si e nt . B u t C h i tn is ( 1 7 6 -177
) sa ys th a t Sh iv a on h is re t u rn

fro m Jal n a e xp e ll e d D il i r Kh an fro m B ij a p u r i te r r i t o ry , re c o v e re d

Bh u p a l g arh an d B ah a d u r b i nda ( 2 m s o f K o p al ) a n d se n t
-
. .
,

M o ro Pa nt w i th m e n t o i nv a de B a g l a n a a nd ca p tu re
27 fo rts fr o m th e M u g h als th e re .

‘
All th e se e xp l o i ts in
J a n u ar y or Fe b r u a ry . 1 680 , ap p e a r to me im p r o b a b le , as Sh i v a
w as th e n p re -
o c c u p ie d w i th d o m e s ti c t r o u b le s . F R S u ra t 1 08
. .

( C h o p ra to B o m ba y 7 A u g , . , ho w e ve r , sa ys th a t B ah a d u r
K h an
'

l w h i ch Sh i v aj i to o k
"

w as th e n l a yi n g s ie ge to a ca s t e

N ow
"

l as t ye a r , H u m m u ti g a r h , b o rde ri n g upon th e s e pa r ts . .
 ‘
SH l V AJ l .
[ H
C . XI I I .

§ I2 f Sh iva j i
D o m e s t ic tro u b l e s o .

The recent re b e llion o f Sh a m b h u j i h a d reve a l ed

the s erio u s d a n g er t h a t thre a tened the newly fo u nded
M a r a th a kin g dom The ch a ra cter o f h is eldes t so n
.

fil led Shiv a with the g loo m ie s t a nticipa tions o f the

fu t u re A p ro fl ig a t e c a pric io u s a nd cru e l yo u th
.
, .
,

devoid o f every s p a rk o f hono u r p a trioti s m or .

,

re l i g io u s fervo u r co u ld not b e l e ft s o le m a s ter o f

'

M a h a r a s htr a An d yet the o nly a l tern a tive t o

. ,

Sh a m b h u w a s Ra j a Ra m a yo u th o f I 8 who s e , ,

a cce ss ion wo u l d h a ve me a nt a re g ency Bu t there .

w a s s u ch m u t u a l je a lo u s y a n d di s cord a mon g the

o ld mini s ters o f the St a te e s peci a lly b etween Moro ,

Trimb a k the premier a n d A n n a j i D a tto the viceroy

, , ,

o f the W e s t th a t a co u nci l o f re g ency wo u l d h a ve

,

b roken u p in civi l w a r a n d the r u in o f the St a te a s

s u rely a s the P u n a co u nci l o f mini s t er s di d a cent u ry

l a ter .A divi s ion o f the kin g dom b etween the t w o

prince s w a s then contemp la ted b u t the ide a w a s ,

v ery wi s e ly g iven u p ( Chi t I 8 I I 82 S a bb 94

. .
-
.
,

Shi v a j i tried hard to conci li a te a n d re a s on with

Sh a m b h u He a ppe a led to a ll the no b l er ins tinct s
.

o f the prince a s we l l a s to h is s el f intere s t re a d him -

,

m a ny a l ect u re s howed him his tre a s u ry revenu e

, ,

retu rns li s t of forts a n d m u s ter-ro l ls a n d u r g ed him

, ,

w e l e ar n fro m D il ka sh a th a t B ah ad u r Kh a n a t t h i s t i m e b e
s ie ge d A h i va n t w i th o u t s u cc e ss H u m m u t t g a rh t h e re fo r e . , ,

se e m s to b e A h iv a n t an d no t H i m m a tg a rh or H an a m a n t g a r h .

If so , th e M a r a th a s h a d c o n q u e re d A h iv a n t b e tw e e n A p ri l I 67 9
an d M a r ch I 68O .
 382 S H I V AJ I .
[ GB . X III .

wife So yr a Ba i the mother of Ra j a Ra m fe lt hers e lf

,
’

, ,

n e g l ected by her h u s b a nd a n d tried a l l kind s o f

c h a rm s a n d l ove phi l tre s to w i

- n b a ck h i s a fie c t i o n

from her more yo u thfu l riv a ls Sh iv a ji s h a rem w a s

'

.
,

therefore a s cene o f vei l ed w rf a re the q u eens

,
a — ,

p lotting a g a ins t o n e a nother thr o u g h their m a i ds ,

doctors a n d m a g ici a ns a n d the poor h u s b a nd trying

,

to fin d s ome q u iet by s leepin g o u ts ide (D ig . .

45 5 The q u e s tion of s u cce s s ion which w a s ,

cons ta nt ly di s cu s s ed du rin g the e a rlier month s o f

I 68 O,
intens ified thi s confl ict o f wives Aft er .

D ecember I 6 7 9 Shiv a j i s he a lth s eem s t o h a ve de

’

, ,

c li n e d ( Chit l 8o)
. a n d he s eem ,s t o h a ve h ad a

premonition of the a ppro a ch o f de a th (Sa bh I O I ) . . .

Thi s f a ct m a de the choice of a n heir a live is s u e and ,

the p lots a n d co u nter p l ots in the h a rem a n d c a binet

-

thickened in cons eq u ence (D ig 45 9 . .

§ I3 . D e a th o f Sh i va j i .

O n 24t h M a rch I G8O the Ra j a h w as s eized

, ,

with fever a n d dys entery The i ll ne ss continu ed .

fo r twelve d a ys Gra d u a lly a ll hopes o f recovery

.

fa ded a w a y a n d then a fter g ivi ng s o l emn ch a rg e s

, ,

a n d wi s e co u ns els to his nobl e s a n d o fficers a n d ,

cons o lin g the weepin g a s s emb l a g e with as s u ra nce s

o f t h e S pirit s i mmort a l ity in s pite o f the peri s h a b l e
’ '

ne s s o f the b ody the m a ker o f the M a r a th a n a tion

,

pe rformed the l a s t rite s o f hi s re li g ion a n d then fe ll

into a tra nce which imperceptibly p a ss ed into de a th
, .
1 680] D EAT H OF SH l V AJ l . 38 3

It w as the noon of S u nd a y 5 t h A pril | 680 the f u l l , , ,

moon o f the mo nt h o f Ch a itr a *

.

He h a d not yet comp l eted 5 3 ye a rs o f a g e The .

M u s lim world a s cribed his prem a tu re de a th to the

c u rs e o f the s a int S a yyid J a n M u h a mm a d o f J a ln a .

I n M a h a r a s h t r a t here were s ome whi s pers of h is

wife Soyra B a i the mother of Ra j a Ra m h a ving
,

a dmini s tered poi s on t o him to prevent h i s g i vin g the

t hrone to Sh a m b h u j i .

The o l de s t M a ra thi b a kha r th a t o f Sa bh a s a d i s , ,

s i l ent on the point a n d with g ood re as on A s erv a nt

, .

o f Ra j a Ra m in a book written by order o f th a t

,

king a n d fo r h is eye s co u l d no t po ss ibly h a ve ,

mentioned his mother s m u rder o f her h u s b a nd even

’

if it h a d been tru e Chitni s tells u s th a t Sh a m b h u j i.

o n h is a cce s s ion p u t Soyr a B a i t o de a th o n the ch a r g e

o f h a vin g poi s oned Shiv a b u t it w a s in a ll p ro ,

h a bi l ity a f a ls e pretext fo r wre a kin g ven g e a nce o n his

s tep mother fo r her l a te a ttempt t o
-
crown her o w n
Re a ders o f M a c a u l a y s a cco u nt of the de a th
'

so n .

o f Ch a rle s I I wi ll remembe r how a t th a t very time

.

in Eu rope h a rdly a s overei g n died witho u t the event

b ein g a s cribed to poi s on .

"‘
Las t il l ne s s an d de a th o f Sh iv a j i : Sab h . IO I-I04 ; R R .

S u ra t 1 08 , Bo m b a y to Su r a t , 28 A p r il , I 680 ( fo l l o w e d b y m e )
M . A . 1 94 ; D i l . 1 65 ( o ne se n t e nce on l y); K K . . ii . 27 I (o ne
se n te n ce ); S to ri a , ii . 23I ; Ch i t . I 8O I 83
-
. T . S . 405 .
( o ne
"

se n te n ce ) d D ig 462-467 l oo se tr a di ti o na l
"
an . are , w o rks

h ar g e S o yra Ba i w i th m u r de r O
'
b o th c . rm e s F ra g . 89
.
 CH A PTE R X I V .

SH I V AJ l AN D TH E E N G LI SH ME R CH AN T S OF T HE
W ES T COAST .

§1 . E ng lis h fa c to rs o f R aj a p u r ke p t in p r is o n ,

1 66 063 -
.

W e h a ve de s crib ed in Ch a pter the X ho w

'

M a r a th a s c a me into co l li s ion with the En g li s h tr a ders

o f Ra j a p u r e a rly in I 66 0 a n d h o w the s a me fa cto ry ,

b ro u g ht u pon its el f the ven g e a nce o f Sh iv a j i by

g ivin g u no ffici a l a s s i s t a nce to the Bij a p u ri a rmy
b e s ie g in g the M a ra th a chie f in the fort o f P a nh a la
five month s l a ter I n the fo l l owin g D ecem b er.

Sh 1 v a 1 1 s u rpri s ed Ra j a p u r p lu ndered the En g lis h ,

fa ctory a n d c a rri ed o ff fo u r o f the fa ctor s n a me ly ,

Henry Re v in g t o n Rich a rd T a yl or Ra ndo lph T a ylor, , ,

a n d Phi lip G y ffa r d a s pri s oner s to Ra i g a rh , .

W hi le they were s ti ll a t Ra j a p u r the Bra hm a n '

a g ent o f Sh iv a j i to l d the pri s oners th a t h is ma s te r ,

wo u l d g ive the E n g lis h a fine port n a med Me a te -

B a nd a r o n the co a s t if they he lped him in t a kin g

*
, ,

D a nd a Ra jp u ri ; b u t they dec lined t o u di s co u r s e

-

M e a te B a n da r is no t the na m e o f a p l a ce , but a g e ne ra l
t e rm fo r sa lt -
p o r ts , it be i n g a co m p o u nd o f th e M a ra th i w o rd
m i th , sa lt , an d P e r s i an ba n da r , p o rt . Th e te r m o cc u rs in
o l d M a ra th i l e tte rs .
( Vide Ra j w a de
'

, v ii i . 22 , and Sa n ads an d
L e tt e rs ,
386 [ CH XI V. .

c on fi nem e nt l o s t their te mper

, a nd wrote in
dis re s pec t f u l a n d a bu sive term s to the Pre s ident a n d
Co u nci l a t S u r a t ch a r g in g the l a tter with m a kin g n o
,

exert ion fo r their re l e a s e The reply o f the S u r a t .

Co u ncil w a s a s tern b u t wel l merited reb u ke ( da te d -

”
I oth M a rch I 662): , How y o u ca me in pri s o n yo u
know very w e ll Tw a s n o t fo r defendin g the
'

C o mpa ny s g ood s tw as for g o in g t o the s ie g e o f

' '

P a nh a la a n d to s s in g ba lls with a fl a g th a t w a s known

t o b e t he En g li s h s N o ne b u t wh a t [ i s ] rehe a rs ed
'

i s t he ca u s e o f yo u r impri s onment (I b i d a l s o .
,

S u ra t to the Pri s o ners in Rairi c a s tl e I O M a rch , ,

I 662 F R S u r a t V o l
, . .
, .

I t s e e ms th a t t h e fo u r E ng li s hme n m a de a n
a ttempt t o e s c a pe from Son g ar h b u t were c a u g ht ,

a n d s en t o ff to Ra i g a rh t o
“

b e k ept in c l os er con
fin e m e nt . Tow a rds the middle of I 662 when ,

t heir c a ptivity h a d l as ted a ye a r a nd a h a l f t h e ,

Co u nci l a t S u r a t fi nding a ll a ppe a l s t o Sh iv a j i a nd

,

his s u zer a in fru itle ss commi ss ioned some o f the ,

Eng l is h s hip s t o m a ke repri s a ls by c a ptu rin g o n the

hi gh s e as D e c c a ni ve s s el s whether b elong in g to the ,

ki ng of Bij a p u r o r Shiv a j i o r a ny merch a nt o f the

cou ntry e s peci a l ly the one bring in g the Dow a g er
,

Qu een B a ri S a hib a ba ck from Mecc a They ho ped .

th a t s u ch a s u cce s s wo u ld c d m p e l th e Bij a pu r
G overnment to p u t pre s su re o n Shi v aj i t o rele a s e the
Eng lishmen But no g ood p rii e o ffered its el f t o the
.

Eng lis h priv a t e e rs The S u ra t Co u ncil a ls o influ enc e d

.

the M u g h a l g overnor o f S u ra t t o w rite t o Sh a i st a

 1 66 3] EN GLI SH DE CL I NE REPRI S AL S
'

. 38 7

K h a n who , then reported to be pre s s in g Shiv a j i

w as

h a rd ( a bo u t No v ember I 662) to import u ne him t o ,

m o ve fo r their re le as e (S u ra t to R T a ylor I 7 M a y . .
, ,

I 662 F R S u r at Vol 8 5 S u r a t Con s u l t 2 I J u ly

, . .
, .
,

F R S u r a t Vol 2 a ls o u nder l t J u ly I 9th Au g u s t

( .
, .
,

a nd I 4 t h Novemb er in V o l .

O n 3r d F e bru a ry I 663 the Co u ncil commi s s ioned , ,

t h e c a pt a in o f H M S Con ve rt it e to c a pt u re tw o
. . .

v e s s e ls of co ns idera ble b u rden which Shiv a ji w a s

fi t ting o u t a t J e t a p u r for Moch a a n d lo a din g wi th
“

s u ch good s a s were driven by s torm s u pon hi s

co a s t which w as o f cons ider a b le v a lu e
, (F R . . .

S u ra t V o l , B u t s u ch a s tep bec a me u nnece ss a ry

. ,

a s Ra o ji P a ndi t the M a r a th a g overnor of Ra j a p u r

, ,

s ent fo r the fo u r c a ptive s fro m Ra i g a rh a n d s e t them

free ( a bo u t 5 th F eb ru a ry) with s olemn a s s u r a nce s

f rom Sh iv a j i th a t the En g li s h wo ul d enjoy h is p ro t e c
tion in fu t u re ( Ra j a p u r to S u ra t 6t h F eb ru a ry
.
, ,

I 663 in F R S u ra t V o l
, . . The Co u ncil a t , .

S u r a t s a y t h a t they h a d de s i s ted from ca llin g th a t

“
.

p e rfidio u s rebe l Sh iv a j i to a n a cco u nt bec a u s e they ,

h a d no t either conveniency o f force o r time They .

were s t ill res o lved t o a ven g e the wron g done t o their

"

m a s ters property a n d the s nfie ri n g s o f their lovin g

'

"

brethren b u t s a dly re a lis ed th a t

, as yet we a re
a lt o g et h er u nc a p a b le for w a nt o f s hipping a n d men

nece ss a ry for s u ch a n enterpri s e wherefore p a tience , .

( S u r a t Co u ncil to R T a y l or 9 O c t | 66 3 in
. F R , , . .

S u rat V o l , .

Theref ore in ste a d o f res o rti ng t o force they

, ,
 388 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . XI V .

b eg a n ne g oti a tions with Shiv a j i fo r com p ens a tion fo r

the los s done t o t heir fa ctory a t Ra j a p u r The s e
.

were protr a cted fo r m a ny ye a rs ti ll the he a rts o f t h e .

En g l i s hmen g rew s ick Even when Shiv a j i a g reed as

.

to the a mo u nt o f the d a m a g e s a n d a dmitted h is

l i a b i lity fo r it the a ctu a l p a yment w a s repe a tedly
"
,

p u t o ff a n d never fu lly c a rried o u t W ith t h e he lp

.

o f the F a ctory Record s pre s erved in the I ndi a O ffice ,

L ondon we c a n c l e a rly tr a ce t h e hi s tory of the s e

,

ne g oti a tion s thro u g h their s u cce s s ive s t a g e s —t h e ,

a ltern a te hope s a n d di s a ppointments of the En g l i s h

’

their divers e t a ctics their s erie s o f emb a ss ie s a n d

, ,

their fin a l conviction a t the cl o s e o f Shiv a ji s l i fe

'

, ,

th a t they wo u l d g e t nothin g a t a l l from him Th e .

record s o f thi s l on g dr a wn dip l om a tic interco u rs e

-

”
a fio r d s trikin g ex a mp l e s o f the pers everance a n d
p a tience o f the En g l i s h tr a ders tho u g h one is a p t t o
,

s mi l e when he re a d s h o w they he l d di a metrica lly

oppo s ite views o f Sh iv a j i s ch a ra cter a n d fee lin g s a t
'

di fferent s t a g es o f the ne g oti a tions a s they hoped o r,

de s p a ired o f a s e t tl ement o f their c l a l m s O u r .

psycho l o g y 1 8 n a tu r a lly co lo u red by o u r emotion s .

Shiv a j i s enco u nter with the En g li s h du rin g h is‘

two ra i ds o u S u ra t (in I 664 a nd 1 6 70)a n d the di s p u t e
b etween them in connec t ion with hi s fortific a tion o f
the Kh a nde ri i s l a nd h a ve been de a lt wi t h in e a rlier “

ch a pters .

§2 . N eg o t ia t io ns
fo r Ra j a p u r fa cto ry da m a g e s .

The po licy o f the En g li s h tra ders is th u s cle a rl y

390 S H I VAJ l .
[ CH XI V .

which were m a de to the Pre s ident o f a n a ccommod a - f

'

tion with Shiv a j i t o u ching the Compa ny s dem a nds

o n him b u t we hope they wi l l yet g o
we wo u l d no t h a ve y o u a ppe a r too forw a rd le s t y o u
u dn erv al ue o u r pretence = I a wfu l c l a im ] a n d m a ke
him coo l .
( F .R S u.r a t V ,o l .

I n O c tob e r Sh iv a j i tried to p u t the En g li s h o f

,

Bom b a y in di s tre s s evidently bec a u s e they refu s e d

,

t o s e ll him w a r m a te ri a l ( e s p
-
l e a d) for his conte s t
.

with the Siddi o f D a nd a Ra jp u ri Bomb a y write s

-

t o S u r at on I 4 t h O cto b er I 6 7O :
, A few d a ys s inc e
we a s u s u a lly s ent o u r bo a ts t o the m a in
, , l a nd ] ~

fo r wood t o b u rn o u r c h u na m with bo a t s
ret u rned empty b ein g forb id by Shiv a ji s peop l e to
'

c u t a n y more wood in tho s e p a rts (F R S u r a t. . . ,

O n I 2t h A u g u s t I 6 7 I Bomb a y write s to S u r a t ,

The D epu ty Governor [ o f B omb a y ] received a n

“

a n s wer b y which yo u r Hono u r etc

. ,

wi ll s e e how h e s li g hts o u r friends hip (I b id ) . .

Bu t in Septem b er I 67 I Sh iv a j i s ent a n a m b a s s a do r
t o Bomb a y t o tre a t with the E n g l is h H is chief mo t ive .

w a s to s ec u re E n g li s h a i d a g a in s t Da nd a Ra jp u ri -
,

e s p e c i ai ly a s u pply of g r e n a d o e s m ort a r piece

, s a n d -

a mm u nition The Bomb a y Co u nci l immedi a te ly -

r e a li s e d t h a t u n l es s he o b ta ined the s e w a r m a teri a ls

'
-

"

he wo u l d n o t p a y a penny o f compens a tion fo r

"

the l oot o f their fa cto ry a t Ra ja p u r The Pre s ident .

of S u r a t s ent th e fo ll owin g in s tr u ctions t o the f a ctors

Bom b a y : L e t him know th a t if he g ives u s

“
at

s u ch enco u r
g em e nt th a t we s ettl e in h is port he
a . ,
167 1] SH REW D D I P L OM ACY OF ENG LI SH . 39!

m ay obt a in from u s tho s e a dva nt a g es th a t other

n a tion s do in who s e port s we tra de Bu t We wo u l d .

n o t po s itive l y h a ve them [ the En g li s h repres ent a tive s

in thes e ne g oti a tion s ] promi s e him tho s e g re n a do e s ,

mor t a r piece s a nd a mm u niti on he de s ire s

-
no r ,

a b s o lu te ly deny him in re g a rd we do not think it

,

convenient t o he l p him a g a ins t D a nd a Ra jpu ri -

,

which p l a ce if it were in h is po s s e ss ion wo u l d prove ,

a g re a t a nnoy a nce to the port of Bomb a y ; a n d on

the other s ide o u r deni a l is not c ons i s tent a t pres ent

,

with o u r intere s t in re s pect we be lieve the keepin g

,

in s u s pen s e wi ll brin g him t o a s peedier conclu s io n

o f the tre a ty hopin g there b y t o b e f u rni s hed with
,

tho s e thin g s he de s ires (F R Su ra t . . .

,

The ne g oti a tion s a s mi g ht h a ve b een expected

,

from the divers e a im s o f th e two p a rtie s co u l d ,

not p o ss i b ly end in a n a g reement They were pro .

tr a cted ti ll D ecem b er when Shiv a j i w a s o u t on his

,

for a ys a n d n o w n o t e a s i ly to b e fo u nd o r tre a ted

with . The En g li s h propo s ed t o s end L ie u t .

Stephen Us tick to tre a t direct ly with Shiv a j i ( F R .

. . .

S u r a t I O G Bo m b f t o S u ra t 8 N o v a n d I S De c
, , , . .
,

167 I ) Th is envoy w a s directed t o in a

“

. se t o u t

h a nd s ome eq u ip a g e b efittin g the Comp a ny s hono u r

'

with Ra m Sh e nv i the Comp a ny s interpreter

'

, .

( F R S u r a t 8 7 S u r a t to Bom b a y 30 Se p
. .
, , I 67 I ) , .
, .

A s e a rly a s the end o f Novem b er the Co u nci l ,

o f S u ra t lo s t a l l hope o f a s ettl ement They writ e

.
.

to Bom b a y ( 30t h Novem ber I 6 7 I ) Ra m She nv i , ,

h a th priv a te [ ly ] di s co u rs ed with u s [ a s to ] wh a t
 392 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . XI V .

propo s e s t o u s by w a y of a ccommod a tion a n d

Shiv a j i
wh a t he dem a nds from u s in order t o the s u pp ly o f
his w a rs a g a in s t D a nd a Ra jp u ri in both which we
-
,

find s o m u ch s u b ti lity s e l f po l icy a n d u ns ec u re i n

,
-

cons t a ncy o n h is p a rt , a n d s o g re a t di fficu l tie s a n d

'

a pp a rent h a z a rd o n the Comp a ny s to de a l with him

o n the s e term s th a t we be g in t o de s p a ir of b rin g in g

,

the bu s ine s s t o a ny i s su e in the w a y it is n o w c a rried .

do confirm o u r former re s o lu tion th a t t ill the

' '

m a tter o f s a ti s fa ction for the Comp a ny s a nd n a tion s

former l o s s e s b e firs t determined we c a nnot with ,

hono u r o r s a fety concede t o a ny thin g which he

p ro p o s e t h .

The ins tru c t ions t o L ie u t Us tick were th a t he .

ende a vo u r t o end the di s pu te to u chin g s a ti s f a ction o f

p a st a s a l s o to proc u re hi s [ i e Shiv a j i s ]
'

g ener a l q a a l or fa rm a n for u s to tr a de with freedom

a n d s ec u rity in a ll t h e ports of h is c o u n t ry a n d in l a nd '

citie s wh a t s oever p a yin g 2 per cent cu s tom (F R

"

, . . . .

S u ra t,

T h e M a r a th a envoy h a d b ro u g ht with him s e l f

t o Bom b a y Rs . worth o f the cloth l ooted a t
S u r a t in O cto b er I 6 7 O cons i s tin g of ka ta n is r u m a ls
, , ,

e tc a n d a s ked the En g l i s h t o b u y them b u t t hey

b ein g n o t commoditie s proper fo r the H o n b le Co m
'

p a ny t o de a l in
-
-

the f a ctors ref u s ed t o b u y them .

( F R S u r a t 8 7 S u r a t t o Bo m b a y I J a n u a ry I 6 7 2 )
‘

. .
, , , , .

B u t a s Sh iv a j i h a d pre s u m a b ly no re a dy money t o
s p a re, the En g li s h were prep a red to a ccept the s e
g ood s in p a rt p a yment o f wh a t s h a ll be a g reed o n
"
 S H I VAJ I .
[ CH XI V .

the En g li s h th a t wh a t w a s t a ken in the che s t s ,

tru nks a n d w a reho u s e s o f pa rticu l a r men

E u rope a n priv a te tr a ders ) it m a y be w a s pl u ndered
,

b y h is s oldiers b u t he never h a d a nyt h in g thereof

, ,

a nd therefore wo u l d n o t s a ti s fy fo r it ; b u t wh a t
(booty)w a s received a n d entered into h is book s he
w a s wi ll in g to re s tore a n d m a ke s a ti s fa ction

Whi le thes e thin g s were tra ns a ctin g Shiv a j i w a s ,

en g a g ed in a g re a t de s i g n a g a ins t the Ko li co u ntry ,

where u pon the ( Bra hm a n) m i m s t e r a ppointed t o

tre a t ( with Mr Us tick)bein g c a l l ed a w a y Mr Us tick
.
, .

a l s o ret u rned to Bom b a y .Bu t the En g l i s h f a ctors

de li b era te ly he l d O ff from pre ss in g the n eg oti a tion s
”
t o a cl o s e . A s they w r it e We h a ve a h a rd a n d
,

tick li s h g a me to p l a y fo r the Kin g (Au r a n g z i b )b ein g

,

hi g h ly enr a g ed a g a ins t Shiv a j i s ho u l d he u nders t a nd

,

th a t we ho ld a n y corre s pondence with him it mi g ht ,

pro b a b ly c a u s e him t o order s ome di s tu rb a nce t o

b e g iven t o yo u r g enera l a ffa irs n o t only in the s e
,

p a rt s b u t in Ben g a l a ls o O n the ot her h a nd w e a r e

.
,

fo rced t o keep fa ir with Sh iv a j i a l s o bec a u s e from ,

h is co u ntrie s we a r e s u pp lied with provi s ion s timbe r ,

a nd firewood a n d l ikewi s e you r inh a bit a nts o f

'

Bom b a y drive a g ood tra de into the m a in I a nd ] -

,

which wo u l d b e a g re a t prej u dice t o yo u r i s l a nd if

it were ob s tru cted . O n the s e con s ider a tio n s w e
j u d g e it yo u r intere s t t o su s pend the tre a ty a t
,
s h a ll h a ve g re a t di ffic ulty to recover
a nyt hin g fo r tho s e g entl emen priva te tr a ders)
w h o s u ffered p a rtic u l a rly in th a t l o ss a t Ra j a p u r fo r , .
1 6 73] EMB ASSY OF N I CCO LL S . 395

the merch a nts o f Ra j a p u r h a th u nder

by
s t ood wh a t did belo n g to the C omp a ny a n d wh a t to

p a rtic u l a r men the l a tter he di s own s

it n o t b een fo r o u r s t a ndin g o n s ome s a ti s f a ction for
them we h a d en de d the di s p u te b e fore now
,
.

( I b id )
.

§4 . E m b a s sy o f Th om a s Nicco lls , 1 67 3 .

Between M a y a n d D ecem b er I 6 72 two envoy s

were s ent by Shiv a j i to the En g li s h f a ctors a t Bomb a y .

I n Febr u a ry I 6 73 a third envoy Pil a ji c a me from

, , ,

Sh iv a j i b u t w a s di s mi s s ed witho u t e ffectin g a nythin g

, .

I n M a y the Bom b a y Co u nci l re s o lved t o s end Mr

"

Thom as Nicco lls with a B ani a n broker to m a ke a

fin a l de m a n d of the d a m a g e do n e u s a t Ra j a p u r a n d
'

n o w l a tely by h is force s in ( F R S u ra t .
,

Vo l 3 S u r at Con s u l t a tio n 24 M a y I 6 7 3 )
.
, , , .

O n I 9t h M a y Ni cco lls l eft Bomba y with 37

,

p e rs ons in a l l fo r Ra ir i c as t le which he w a s permitted ,

t o a s cend o n the 23r d He interviewed Sh a m b hu j i

.

o n the 24 t h in the a b s ence o f Shiv a j i o n a pil gr im a g e .

O n 2a d J u ne Sh iv a j i ret u rned t o the c a s t l e a n d next ,

day Nicco lls w a s receive d in a u dience The Ra j a h .

too k the Eng li s h envoy b y the h a nd a n d s howed

'

him where he s ho u ld s it which w a s on the left h a nd ,

n e a r o n e o f his s ide pi l lo ws a nd then as ked him

-
,
.

h is bus ines s B u t I n . s pite o f the kindne s s o f hi s

m a nners Sh iv a j i did nothin g t o s ettle the di s p u t e

,

*
T he l at te r a m o u nte d to p a g o da s , or
 396 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . x1 v .

an the 6t h di s mi s s ed Nicco lls s a yin g He wo u l d

d on , ,

s end o n a n a n s wer to the Pre s ident by o n e of h i s

o w n peop l e n a med Bhi m a j i P a n dit a da y o r t w o ,

a fter me So Nicco lls retu rned to Bomb a y ( l 7 t h

.

Ju ne) witho u t a chievin g a nythin g ( Niccol ls di a ry

'

'

in O C . .

Soon a fterw a rd s Bhim a j r arrived a t Bomb a y (l t )

a n d a fter s ome di s c u s s ion s l eft with N a r a y a n Sh e n v i

{ the interpreter o f the En g li s h )to repre s ent m a tters

t o h is m a s ter L a te in September the two retu rned
.

t o Bom b a y with the fo ll owin g l etter ( 0 C 395 2) . .

F ro m Sh i va j i Raj a h t o th e H o n b le G era ld
’

”
A ung ie r G o v e rn o r o f B om b a y :
, 1 receiv e d yo u r
l i o n o u r s l etter b y Bh im a j i P a ndit a n d N a r a ya n
'

I Sh e nv i w h o m a ni fe s ted the g ood corre s pondence

‘
,

th a t yo u r Hono u r doth u s e with me likewi s e they

"
tre a ted with me a bo u t t h e bu s ine s s of Ra j a p u r which
‘

I h a ve a n s wered a n d do s end them a g a in t o tre a t

'

with yo u r Hono u r my des ire b ein g only t o keep the

,

s a me corre s pondence wh ich yo u r Hono u r doth with

:

me I s h a ll n o t s a y more b u t de s ire yo u th a t th ere

.

m a y b e n o difie r e n c e in o u r friends hip for I am very ,

we l l a cq u a inted o f yo u r Hono u r s pru dence I s ent

'

yo u r Hono u r a pre s ent which I de s ire yo u t o a ccept

,

o f .

Committee o f the Bomb a y Co u nci l w a s

A
a ppointed to meet o n l s t O ctober a n d receive
S h iv a j i s o b jecti on s t o the Comp a ny s dem a nd s Oh
' '

3r d O cto b er the M a r a th a envoy o ffered p a g od a s ,

w hich w a s re fu s ed L a ter he incre a s ed it t o

.
 398 SH IV AJ I [ CH . x1 v
'

. .

c onc lu s ion with o u r nei g hbo u r Shiv a j i fo r t he O ld

wrong s o f Ra j a p u r The new controvers y
t o u chin g H u b li we h a ve re s erved fo r a nother time ,

.so th a t i f Sh iv a j i a ttempts S u r a t y o u m a y b e
. .
,

s omewh a t the s a fer tho u g h we a dvi s e yo u no t to

,

trus t him yet we d a re s a y if he h a th a kindne ss fo r

,

a ny n a tion it i s fo r the En g l i s h a n d we be l i eve he ,

"
‘

wi ll n o t di s tu rb a ny ho u s e where the Eng l i s h fl a g is .

Bu t the tre a ty tho u g h f u lly a g reed o n b etween

Sh iv a j i s envoy a n d the En g li s h in the third week o f
'

O ctober w a s n o t s i gn ed a n d confirmed by Shiv a j i

him s el f fo r more th a n two month s a fterw a rds a s he ,

w as a b s ent on a l on g c a mp a i g n ( 0 C 391 0 BO m b a y . .
,

to C o I 3 D e cem b er ,

§5 . E m b a ss y o f H e n ry O x in d e n , 1 67 4 .

The En g l i s h there fore decided to s end a form a l

, ,

emb a s s y to Shiv a j i to conc lu de the b u sine s s e s peci a lly ,

a s h i s g r a nd coron a tion w a s to t a ke p l a ce in J u ne

l 6 74 . Mr Henry O xin de n w a s cho s en for the

.

mi ss ion a n d N a ra y a n Sh e nv i w a s s ent to Ra i g a rh
,

( a rrivin g th e re o n 24t h M a rch) t o prep a re bu s ine ss ,

a g a in s t Mr Henry O xi nd e n s a rriva l to him ( F R

' "

. . . .

S u ra t V o l 3 S u ra t Con su lt l 6 Ap ril l 67 4 )
, .
, , .

The s tory O f O x in de n s mi s s io n to Shiv a j i from

'

.
,

I 3t h M a y to 1 6 th J u ne is g r a phic a lly t o l d a t g re a t ,

l en gt h in his L etters a nd M e m o r ia l or N a rra t ive whic h

a l s o g ive v a l u a b l e det a i ls a bo u t Sh iv a i s coron a tion
'

j ,

the cou rs e o f the ne g oti a tions a nd th e fin a l

.

a g reement .
1 6 74 ] R A J A PUR TRAD E RS MEET SH N A . 399

Shiv a he l d o u t fo r s ome time on the q u e s tion o f

re s torin g to their owners the s hip s of the En g li sh o r
o f the inh a bit a nt s o f Bomb a y wrec ked o n h i s co a s t ,

'

b u t on l l th J u ne N a ra j i P a ndit s ent word to O x in de n

th a t the Ra j a h h a d g r a nted a ll o u r dem a nds a nd
“

a rtic l e s except o u r money p a s s in g cu rrent in h is

,

co u ntry O n the 1 2t h a ll the mini s ters ( a s h ta

.

p ra dh a n)s i g ned the tre a ty which w a s form a l ly deli ,

vered to O xin d e n a t N a r a y a n P a ndit s ho u s e ( F R

'

. .

S u ra t V o l
, .

I n November Sh iv a j i s req u e s t fo r bein g s old 5 0

'

g re a t ordn a nce from 40t o 60 cwt wei g ht a n d 2 g re a t .

b r as s g u n s w a s po lite ly decl ine d by the En g l i s h a s

,

s o p u b lic a n a ction a s th a t m u s t need s provoke thi s

kin g [ A u r a n g z ib ] (S u r a t t o Bomb a y l 3 November

.
,

l 67 4 .
)

§6 . E ng lis h tra de rs o f R aj a p u r int e r vie w

Sh i va j i , 1 675 .

i n the term s O f the

bove a g reement the E n g li s h a ,

f a ctory a t Raia p u r w a s r e opened in l 6 75 with s ome -

,

di fficu lty a s the fo ll owin g letter from t h e Ra j a p u r

,

fa ctors to S u r a t d a ted 6t h F ebru a ry | 675 s hows

, ,

I t w a s tho u g ht fit to s end the broker with the

'

Pres ident s l etter to An n a j i P a ndit a nd the S u ba hd a r ,

g ivin g them notice o f o u r a rriv a l Mr W a rd b ein g . .

e a rne s t for o u r O l d ho u s e An n aj i told him th a t he ,

s ho u ld not h a ve it a n d th a t he did no t c a re whether

,

we s ta yed he re o r no ; if we did no t h is m a s t er ,

wo u l d s a ve l 000 p a g od a s by it ; a nd fu rther wi l l
,
400 SH l V AJ l .
[ CH . xx
v .

h a ve it [ th a t ] the ho u s e w a s a ll owed fo r in th a t s u m
g r a nted u s b y hi s m a s ter towa rd s s a ti s fa ction fo r o u r
l o ss e s He is no t on ly one o f Shi v aj i s g re a t f a vo u rite s
'

b u t G overnor in Chie f o f a ll Konk a n s o th a t we ,

c a nnot s ett l e in a ny p l a ce b u t it is u nder h is j u r is diO

tion .
( F R Su r a t
. .
,

I n M a rch next the fa ctors of Ra j a p u r h a d a n

a u dience with Sh iv a j i O f which a det a i l ed a n d very

intere s tin g report h a s b een pre s erved ( Ra j a p u r letter ,

20 Apri l l 6 7 5 F R S u r a t 88)
. . .
,

The Ra j a h c a me o n the 22n d [ M a rch ] a b o u t

“

midd a y a ccomp a nied with a bu nd a nce o f hors e a n d

,

foot a n d a b o u t l 5 o p a la n kins SO s oon a s we he a r d

.

O f h i s ne a r a ppro a ch we went o u t O f o u r tent an d

,

very ne a r met him He ordered his p a la n kin t o

.

s t a nd s ti l l c a ll ed u s very ne a r him s eemed very

, ,
‘

g l a d t o s e e u s a n d m u ch p l e a s ed [ th a t ] we c a me t o
meet him a n d s a id the s u n b ein g hot he wo u ld n o t
,

keep u s n o w b u t in the evenin g he wo u l d s end fo r u s

, .

[ 23rd M a rch The Ra j a h c a me He s topped .

h is p a la n kin a n d c a ll ed u s t o him W hen we were .

pretty ne a r him we m a de a s top b u t he beckone d ,

with h is h a nd ti ll 1 w a s u p c lo s e wi t h him He .

diverted him s e lf a littl e by t a kin g in his h a nd the

l ock s o f my periwi g a n d a s ked u s s evera l q u e s tion s
a t l en g th a s ked u s how we l iked Ra j a p u r a n d s a i d

he w a s in formed we were n o t wel l p l e a s ed there ,

b u t b id u s not b e in t h e l e a s t di ss a ti s fied for wh a t

[ h a d] p a ss ed He wo u l d O rder thin gs fo r the fu t u re
.

to o u r fu ll s a ti s fa cti on a nd th a t we mi g ht be su re
,
402 Si fl V AJ I .
[ CH . xi v .

di s cre e t E n gl i shm a n with G iridhar

d s ob e r
"

th a t ~
a an

d a s s ho u l d b e s ent t o du n t he Raja h for the mo ne y ,

as N ara y a n Sh e nv i w a s di l a tory ;

O n 1 1 th O ctober new s w a s received fro m N ara y a n

'

Sh e nv i a t the M a r a tha C o u rt th a t Sh iv a j i w a s wi lli ng ,

“
t o s a tis fy h is de b t to the C omp a ny in va ira ts o r
' '

” a n d the Co u nci l a g ree d to a ccept them if n o

ba tty ,

better term s co u ld be s ecu red Six d a ys l a ter the .

S u r a t Co u ncil in di s g u s t order the Ra j a p u r f a ctory to

be withdr a wn s ince , so l on g a s th a t pir a te a n d
,

u niversa l robber [ Sh iv a j i ] l ive s th a t h a th no re g a rd ,

to fri e nd nor foe G o d n o r m a n t here c a n be n o

, ,

s ecu rity in a ny tr a de in his co u ntry Thi s w a s O nly .

a thre a t to Shiv a j i s mini s ters

'

a n d t he fa ctory w a s ,

dis s o lved only in 1 68 1

E a rly in 1 677 the p a tience O f the Eng li s h s eemed
t o h a ve been exh a u s ted S u ra t wrote to Bomb a y o n
.

26t h j a n u a ry 1 6 7 7 I f Shiv a j i s ti ll conti nu e s t o b a ffl e

,

y o u we de s ire y o u to s eize a n d m a ke prize o f s ome

, .

o f h is ve ss e l s be l on g in g to D a b ho l Ch a u l o r K a l i a n ,

o r a n y other o f h is port s l ettin g the men h a ve their

,

li b erty a n d t a kin g c a re th a t none o f the g ood s be

emb ezzl ed o r m a de a w a y for thi s wil l be the only
'

w a y to m a ke him ri g ht ly u nders t a nd him s e lf (F R . . .

Su ra t , The thre a t however w a s no t c a rried o u t

, , .

The p eop l e O f Bom b a y were entire ly dependent on

Shiv a j i s territory o n the m a inl a nd for their f u e l
'

timb er fre s h provi s ions a n d c a tt l e a n d he co u ld

, , ,

a l s o h a ve e ffectu a lly s topped the p a ss a g e O f their

e xport merch a ndi s e a cro s s t he Konk a n a n d K a n a ra
16 78 } I ND EMN ITY PArD I N KIN D . 403

co a s t s trip the whole of wh ich w a s n o w in his h a nd s

-
, .

He o n his p a rt depen de d o n Bomba y fo r s a lt

, , .

I n J a nu ar y 1 67 8 a s we le a rn fro m a S u ra t letter
, ,

fo r Shiv a j i s forme r debt they

'

the Ra j a pu r ,

f a ctors ] a re forced t o t a ke bet el-nu t s a s Shiv a j i s

'

mini s ters w i ll r a te it a t (F R S u r a t But

‘ '

. . .
,

even t h u s t he ind e m n ity w a s not p a id The Su ra t .

Co u ncil in April M ay a nd J ul y expre ss their indig

, ,
'

n a tion a t the decei t f u l fa ir promi s e s of Sh iv a j i s

'

mini sters a nd th a t Ra j a h s eva s ion O f t h e dem a nds

'

m a de u pon him a nd d ecide to withdr a w the f a ctorie s

,

a t K a rw a r H u bli a n d Ra j a p u r if m a tters did not

, ,

improve (I b id ) O n 18t h M a rch 1680 Bomb a y

. .

write s to S u ra t We a re very g l a d the m a n a g ement

,

o f the b u s ine s s with Sh iv a j i is to yo u r likin g He h a th .

confirmed h u ndred kha nd i O f betel n u t is s ent -

u s o n a c c o u nt o f o u r dem a nd for s a ti s f a ction of the

t w o ve s s e ls lo s t (F R S u ra t . O n the 5 th. .
,

A pril fo ll owin g the Ra j a h died , .

Sh ivaj i never p a i d the promi s ed indemnity in fu l l

a s l on g a s he lived a n d the Ra j a p u r f a ctory w a s
,

c lo s ed in Sh a m b hu j i s re i g n ( D ecember 1 68 2 o r
'

J a n u a ry ( F R Su ra t . . ,

I n 1 684 a fter Rich a rd Ke ig w i n the u s u rpin g

, ,

Governor O f Bomba y h a d m a de a tre a ty with ,

Sh a m bh u j i the l a tter wrote to h is su b a hd a r o f Ra j a

,

Ca pt a in Henry G a ry a n d Thom a s W i l kin s

"

pur : ,

a mb a ss a dors a n d Ra m Sh e n v i
, interpreter o n beh a l f , ,

of the En g li s h c a me to me e a rne s tly de s irin g pe a ce

,

w ith me intim a tin g th a t my f a ther Sh iv a j i Ra j a h did

,
404 SH IV AJ I .
[ CH . XI V .

cont r a ct t o p a y them p a g od a s P a d s h a hi o n
a cco u nt o f g ood s t a ken from them o f which a cco u nt
,

336 7 b ein g p a id there rem a ins 6633 req u e s tin g me

, ,

to p a y the s a me l h a ve promi s ed them to s a ti s fy

wh a t rem a ins u np a id o f t h e s a id
.
p a g od a s .

( T o b e p a id in kind by re b u i ldin g the En g li s h f a ctory

hou s e a t Ra j a p u r a n d in coco a nu t s betel nu t s & c
,
- -
, .
,

b y de g ree s ) (F R S u r a t
. . .
,
4 06 SHI V AJ I .
[ CH . xv .

north o f Bomb a y a nd the D ecc a n pl a te a u o r D es h

,

s o u thw a rd s t o P u n a w a s g overn ed by Moro Trimb a k

,
.

Ping l e The s o u ther n divisi on wh ich w a s m a de u p

. ,

O f Konk a n s o u th o f B omb a y S a v a nt v a di a n d t h e ,
-

North Ka na r a c o as ts—f orm e d t he viceroy a lty o f

Ann a j i D a tto The s o u th e a s tern divi sion rul ed b y
.
-
,
'

D a tt a ji P a nt c overe d the S at a ra a nd Kolh a p u r dis

,
-w

t ric t s o f D e s h a n d the K a rn a t a k di s trict s o f Bel g a u m

an d D h a rw a r t o Kopa l we s t of the T u ng ab ha dr a .

( S a b h 7 7 ;
. P a ra s n i s M S ; a P e r s i a n MS ro ll o f .

Mr Raj w a de Eng l is h s u mm a ry in M a w j e e
. BO , .

B . R . A S
. .
)
Shiv a j i
’

la te st a nne xa tion w as the co u ntry

s

ext e ndi ng from the Tu ng a bh a dr a oppos ite Ko pa l t o

Vello re a n d Jinji the north ern centr a l a nd
, ,

e a s te rn p a rts o f the pr e s ent king dom of M ys ore a n d

portion s of the M a dra s di st ri ct s of Be ll a ry Chitt u r ,

a n d Ar cot H is t w o ye a rs po ss ess ion of them before

'

h is de a th w a s t o o s hort t o e na b l e him t o con s o l id a te

hi s ga ins here a nd this provi nce w a s re a ll y hel d by
,

a n a rmy o f occ u p a tio n a n d r e m ai ned u ns ett l ed in

1680 on ly t he forts g a rri s one d by him a n d a s m u ch
o f t he su rr o u ndi ng l a nd s a s they cou ld c omma nd ,

a cknow l edg ed Ma ra th a ru l e .

Bes ide s t h e se pla ce s there w a s o n e re g ion where

the contes t fo r m a s tery w a s s t i ll u ndecided a t the
tim e O f h is d e a th Thi s w a s the K a n a r a hi g hl a nds
.
,

inclu di ng the Sou th Dh a rw a r di s tri c t a nd the pri n ci

p ali t i e s o f Su n da a n d Be dn u r Shiv a j i h a d i nflicted .

s om e de fe a t s u p e n the l oc a l N a wab a v a s s a l o f '

,
 O HA T U H I TS N AT U RE .
'
407

Bi ja pu r ; b u t Ba nkap u r
the c a pita l , , w as till u n
s

conq u ered when he b re a thed h is l a s t . 5 0 a l so w a s

B e dnu r which merely p a id him trib u te
, .
( Stru g g le f o r
S a va nu r in D ig )
, .

O t ide the s e s ett l ed or h a lf s e ttled p a rts of h is

u s -

kin g dom there w a s a wide a nd very fl u ctu a tin g belt

,

Of l a nd s u bje ct t o his power b u t not ownin g his

s overei g nty They were the a dj a cent p a rt s o f t h e
.

M u g h a l empire (M u g hla i in M a r athi ) which formed ,

the h a ppy h u ntin g g rou nd O f h is hors emen l n the s e

-
.

he levied bl a ckm a il ( kha n da ni i e ra ns om in

, . .
, ,

M a r a thi) a s re g u l a rly a s h is a rmy co u ld repe a t it s

,

a nn u a l vi s it t o them The money p a i d w as pop u l a rly

.

c a lled c ha u t h bec a u s e it a mo u nted to one fo u rth o f

,
-

the s t a nd a rd a s s e s s ment O f the la nd reven u e O f a

.

pl a ce B u t a s thi s p a per a s s e ss ment w a s a lwa ys

.

l a rg er th a n t he a ctu a l co ll ection the re a l incidence ,

O f the c h a u th w a s con s iderab ly more th a n o n e fo u rth -

O f wh a t the pe a s a nt s p a id t o their l e g itim a te s overei g n .

The p a yment o f the ch a u t h merely s a ve d a pl a ce

from the u nwe l come pre s ence Of the M a r a th a s o l die rs
a n d civi l u nder lin g s b u t did not impo s e o n Shiv a j i
,

a ny corre s pondin g o b li g a ti on to gu a rd the di s trict

from forei g n inv a s ion or intern a l di s order The .

M a r a th a s looked on ly t o their o w n g a in a n d not t o

the f a te o f t heir prey a fter they h a d l eft The ch a u t h .

w a s on ly a me an s O f b u yin g O ff o n e robber an d n o t ,

a s u b s idi a ry s ys tem fo r the m a i nten a nce O f pe a ce a n d

order a g a in s t a ll enemie s The l a nd s s u bjec t to the

.
4 08 SH I VAJ I .
[ CH . xv .

c c a nnot therefore b e ri g htl y c a l led s phere s O f

h a u th , ,

influ ence .

The territory Old a n d new u nder Sh iv a j i con , ,

t a in e d 240 fort s o u t O f which 7 9 were s itu a ted i n

,

Mys ore a n d M a dra s (Sa b h 98 1 01 Chit 1 52 15 7 . .

-
.
-

n a me s 280 forts ) .

§2 . H is r e ve nu e an d ho a r d e d t r e a s u re .

H is revenu e i s by his co u rtier Sa b h a s a d put .

( p 1 02)a t the ro u nd fi gu re Of o n e kro re O f h u n whi le

*
.
,

the cha u th when co ll ected in f u ll b ro u g ht in a nother

8 0 la khs ( T 5 3 5
. a ) l f the . s e s t a tement
. s a r e c o r.

rect Shiv a j i s t h e o r e t ic a l income a t it s hi g he s t w a s

'

,
'

nine kro r e s o f Ru pee s The s u m a ct u a l ly re a li s ed .

w a s con s ider a b ly l e s s th a n thi s p a per e s tim a te -

,

prob a b ly s ometime s f a ll in g a s lo w a s o n e tenth O f it -

.

The tre a s u re a n d other v a lu a bl e thin g s l eft b ehind

by Shiv a j i a r e en u mer a ted in g reat det a i l b y Sa b h a s a d
( 9 59 6 ) a n d the Ta r ik h i S h i v a j (
i 4 2 B u t we c a n ~ ~

n o t b e s u re th a t a ll the fi g u re s h a ve been correct ly

copied in the MSS O f the s e t w o work s th a t h a ve .

come down t o u s Moreover the g o ld a n d s i lver .

,

coins were Of s u ch a n immen s e v a riety of denomin a

tion s co u ntrie s a n d a g e s — a f a ithfu l index to the wide ,

r a n g e a n d thoro u g h ch a ra cter O f Shiv a j i s looting c a m

'

p ga i n s — th a t it is impo s s i b l e t o red u ce the tot a l v a lu e

,

o f h is ho a rd t o a n y modern cu rrency with even

f 1 0 k r o te s
*
Ch i t . . 157 , sp e a ks o o f khaz in a h ; b u t it is
no t l
c e ar w h e th e h e m e a ns Ru p e e s o r h u ns n o r w he th e r h e
r ,

is sp e a k i ng o f th e a n nu al i nc o m e o r t he h o ar de d t re as u re .
 S H I V AI I .
[ CH . xv

perm a nently recru ite d tho u g h they we re g iven fiel d s ,

i n the neig h b o u rhood The n u m be r o f the s ila h da rs

.

w ho hi red them s e lve s a n d their h ors e s o u t t o him :

v a ried g re a tly from ye a r t o ye a r a ccordi ng to h is ,

need their expect a tion Of p lu nder in the impendin g

,

c a mp a i g n a n d the dem a nd fo r their s ervice s in the

,

neig hbo u ri ng St a te s a t a p articu la r time i n the .

e a rl ier s t a g es O f h is c a reer l oc a l chieft a ins with thei r ,

ret a iners u s ed to join h im in h is r a ids Su r a t ,

1 664 )a n d s we ll h is a rmy by the a dhes ion O f a bo d y

O f irre gu l a rs Bu t he s oon l e a rnt t o do witho u t s u ch
.

a ll ie s of d u b io u s mi l it a ry v a l u e .

H is e l eph a nt s n u mbered i 260 a ccordin g to , ,

Sa bh a s a d ( p 97) b u t T 5 g ive s 1 25 a n d Chi t 300

. . . . ,

which a r e more like ly fig u re s The ca me ls were .

( T S )or
.
(Chit ) The n um ber Of hi s
.

a rti ll ery pi e c e s i s not mentioned

-
Ch itni s ( a do u btf u l .

a u thori ty )te l ls u s th a t 20 0 g u n s were kept re a dy fo r

fie l d s ervice a n d the re s t were p l a ce d in the fort s .

E a ch piece o f ordn a nce h a d s ome e l eph a nt s a n d a

b a tt a l ion o f in fa ntry a tt a ched t o it .

§4 . Co u n c il o f E ig h t M in is t e rs .

H is e a rl ie s t dmini s tra tive Co u nci l in the d a y s

a ,

O f D a da j i Kond dev w a s co mpo s ed of fo u r o ffi cers

-
,

only v iz the P e s h w a the M a j m u a da r the B a b ir

, .
, , , ,

a nd the S a b n is (S a h h When in 1 64 7 Shiv a .

, ,

b e c a me h is o w n m a s ter h e a dde d a comm a nd er in ,

'
-

chi e f (Sa r i na u b a t)a n d a s econd B a b ir t o the a bove

- -

fo u r (S a h h I n 1 65 5 , a fter the conq u e s t o f J a v li

.
-
 POW ERS OF AS HTA P RAD HAN . 4 ”
( which pra cti ca l ly do u b l e d hi s t e rritory)the C o u nci l
‘

w a s f u rther exp a nded by c rea tin g a S a rn is a nd a

Wa q nis a n d t w o di s ti nct co mma nders fo r the i nf a ntry

a n d c a v a l ry a rm s ( S a bb
A fter h i s re t u rn from
. ;

Ag r a ( 1 66 7)he a p po inte d a L ord J u s tice t o t ry a ll

s u its in the k i n g dom a cc ordin g t o the S a n sk rit l a w

[ books (Sa b h . By 1 6 74 the nu mber o f mi ni sters

h ad ris en to ei g ht (I b id
-
which continu ed till hi s
.
.

de a th .

This Cou nci l of e i g ht mini s ters a s hta p ra dha n , ,

w a s in n o s en s e a Ca binet L ike Lo u i s XI V a n d
Frederick the Gre a t Shiv a j i w as hi s own prime
,

mini s ter a n d kept a ll the s tri ng s Of the a dmini s tr a tio n

in h is o w n h a nd s The ei g ht p ra dha ns mere ly a cted
.

a s hi s s ecreta rie s : they h a d n o initi a tive no power ,

to dict a te h is po licy ; their f u nction w as p u re ly

a dvi so ry when he w a s in a mood t o li s ten to
a dvice a n d a t o the r ti m e s to c a rry o u t h is g enera l
,

in st r u ctions a n d s u pervi s e the det a i ls in their r e sp e c

tive depa rtments I t is very like ly th a t Sh iv a j i ne ver
.

interfered with the Ecc l e s i a s tic a l a nd A cco u nts

dep a rtments b u t th a t w a s du e entirely to h is lo w
'
‘

ca s te a n d i ll i ter a cy T he Pe sh w a s p o s ition a t Co u rt
'

w a s n o do u bt hig h er t h a n th a t o f t h e other p rad ha n s

, , ,

b eca u s e he w a s clo s er t o the kin g a nd n at u r a l ly

enjoyed more O f h is co nfidence b u t they were in no
s ens e h is s u bordin a t e s The s olid a rity o f the Briti s h
.
'

C a binet a s we ll as its po w er w a s w a ntin g in the

, ,

M a r a th a Cou ncil o f Ei g ht .

The ei g ht mini s t ers were the fo llowin g

4 12 S HI VAJ I .
[ CH . xv .

1 . The prime mini s ter ( Persi a n P e s h w a S a ns

-
, ,

krit M u khya P ra dh a n ) H is du tie s were t o look a fter

.

the we lfa re of the St a te in g enera l terms t o repres ent ,

the kin g in his a bs ence a n d to keep pe a ce a mong ,

the other o fficers so a s to promote h a rmony in the

,

a dmini s tr a tion Al l roy a l l etters a n d ch a rter s h a d to

.

'

b e a r h i s s e a l below the kin g s .

2 . The a u ditor ( Pers i a n M aj m u a da r S a ns krit

, ,

A m a tya ) He h a d to check a ll the a cco u nt s Of

.

pu b lic income a n d expenditu re a n d report them t o

the kin g a n d to co u nters i g n a l l s t a tements of
,

a cco u nt s b oth of the kin g dom in g ener a l a n d of the

p a rticu l a r di s tricts
3 The chronic l er ( Pers i a n Wa q id na vis S a n s
.
,
-
,

krit M a n tr i ) H is du tie s were to compi l e a d a i ly

.

record o f the kin g s doin g s a n d Co u rt incident s a n d

'

t o w a tch over the kin g s invit a tion li s t s me a l s c o m

'
-
, ,

p a nions fire s o a s to g u a rd a g ain s t m u rdero u s plot s

, .

4 The s u perintendent ( Pers i a n S h u r u na vis

.
,
-
,

S a n skri t Sa c h i v ) He h a d to s e e th a t a ll roy a l letters

.

were dra fted in the proper s tyle t o revi s e them a n d , ,

t o write a t the he a d Of ch a rter s the word s S h u ru

s hu d
'

He h a d a ls o to check the
’

, or here be g ins .

a cco u nt s o f the m a h a ls a n d
p a rg a nahs .

5 The forei g n s ecret a ry

.
( Pers i a n B a b ir , ,

S a ns krit Su m a nt ) He w a s the kin g s a dvi s er o n

'

r e l a tion s with forei n St a te s w a r a n d pe a c e It w as

g .

a l s o h is d u ty to keep inte l li
g ence a bo u t other co u n
trie s t o receive a n d di s mi s s forei g n envoys a n d
, ,

m a int a in the di g nity of the St a te a b ro a d .

 4 14 SH I VAJ I .
[ CH . xv .

we re written a nd the p a y bi lls dra wn u p by a cl as s

.
-

o f O fficers c a l l ed s a b n is e s who co r re sp o n ded t o th e

,

4 b a khs hi s o r p a ym a s ters 0 5 t he M u g ha l a rmy b u t '

o cc u pie d a m u ch l ower r a nk (Sa bh 83 Chit ; 1 6 7 . .

1 68 Sa na ds a nd L e tt e rs ) .

§ 5 Arm y o rg a n is a t io n .

We t u rn t o Shiv a j i s c ivil d m ilit a ry

'

no w »
an

l tio ns
r e gu a .

Every fort or t h a na h ( o u tpo s t)w a s pl a ced u nder -

[
I
t h r e e O ffi cers o f e q u a l s t a t u s v i z the h wv la da r the , .
, ,

s a b n is a n d the s a r i n a u b a t w h o were t o a c t jointly

- -

”
, .

N O for t w a s t o b e lef t s o l ely u nder a h a vla da r le s t

'

a s in g l e tr a itor s ho u l d b e a b le to de liver it to the

enemy The ha vla da r a n d the s a r i—
. na u b a t were -

se l ect e d from the M a r a th a c a s te a n d the s a b n is from

the Bra hm a ns — s o th a t o n e c a s te s erved a s a check

“

u pon a not her The s tore s a nd provi s ion s in the fort s

.

were m ch a rg e of a K a y a s th a O fficer c a ll ed the

ka rkha na h na vis who wrote the a cco u nt s Of their
-
,

incomin g a n d e xpenditu re i n the l a r g er fort s where .

,

the bo u nd s were extens ive the w a l ls w ere divided

.
'

into five o r six s ections an d e a ch o f the s e w a s ,

g u a rded by a s peci al t u t s a r — —
i na u b at The environ s .

o f a fort were w a tched by m e n o f t h e P a r wa r i a n d

Ra m u s h i c a s te s .

The h a vla da r o f a fort w a s empower e d to ch a n g e

the l ower O fficers a n d to write O ffi ci a l l etters a n d
s e a l them with h is o w n se a l Al l l etters from G overn
.

m ent were t o b e a ddre s s ed to him H e w a s to lock .

 CAVAL RY OR GAN I S ATI ON . 4 15

t he fi rt -
g a te s
n s et a n d open
at them su a t s u nri s e ,

c a rry the keys with him s e l f a nd s leep with th em

u nder his pillow He h a d to m a ke freq u ent to u rs o f
.

i nsp ection in a n d o u ts id e the fort p a y s u rpri s e vi s it s ,

t n the s entinel s while the s a r —

,
i n a u b a t h a d to in s pect
,
-

the work o f the p a trol l ing pa rtie s a n d the ni g ht w a tch -

.

Minu te written in s tru ctions were gi ven b y Shiv a j i for

keepin g in e a ch fort m u nition provi s ion s bu ildin g , ,

m a teri a ls a n d other nece s s a ry s tore s a deq u a te t o it s

,

s ize a nd
, fo r keepin g proper wa tch a nd the s e
re g u l a tions were ri g idly enforce d .

Al l s oldier s whether m u s keteers s pe a rmen

, , ,

a r c h ers o r s word s men were recru ited only a fter a ,

c a ref u l pers on a l ins pect i on by Shiv a j i him s elf a n d

t a kin g s ecu rit y fo r every new s o ldier from the men
a lre a dy in h is s ervice .

i n th e St a te cav a lry ( p a g a ) the u nit w a s formed ,

by 25 troopers ( ba rg irs ) over 25 men w as pl a ced one

h a vla da r over 5 h a v ia da rs one j u m la da r
,
*
a n d over ,

1 0j u m las o r men o n e ha za r i Sti ll hi g her r a nk s .

were the 5 h a z a ris a n d the s u preme comm a nder o r

-

s a r i—
-
n a u b a t Of c a v a lry Fo r every twenty fiv e trooper s .
-

there were a w a ter c a rrier a n d a f a rrier -

. .

The s ila h da rs were or g a ni s ed on a di fferent pl a n ,

b u t we re u nder the orders o f the s a me s a r i n a u b a t - -

of c a va lry a nd r a nked l ower th a n the p a g a hors emen

, .

"'
Chi t 81 , s a ys th a t the re w as an i n te r m e d ia te o f ce rfi
ca l le d su ba hda r i n co mm a nd o f 5 j u m l as , b e low th e h a z a ri .

He re 1 re a d tw o ( do n) fo r te n ( da ha) o f the p ri nte d te xt .

 SH l V AJ I .
[ CH . xv .

In the infa ntry whether fort g a rri s ons o r M a vle

,
-

mi l iti a men there w a s o n e corpora l ( na ya k)t o every

,
.

nine priv a te s ( p a iks); over 5 na ya ks o n e ha vla da r ,

over t w o ( o r three)h a vla da rs one j u m la da r a n d Over ,

1 0j u m la da rs o n e h a z a r i
*
There s eem s t o h a ve been
.

n o 5 h a z a r i a mon g the inf a ntry

- b u t on ly 7 ha z a r is ,
-
,

over whom w a s the s a r i na u b a t Of inf a ntry Shiv a ji s

'
- -
.

G u a rd b ri g a de Of s e le ct M a vl e in fa ntry w a s
s p l endid ly eq u ipped dre ss ed a n d a rmed a t g re a t
expen s e t o the St a te (Sa b h . .

The p a g a j u m la da r h a d a s a l a ry o f 5 00 h u n a
ye a r a n d the ri g ht t o u s e a p a lki A tt a ched t o him .

w a s a m a i m u a da r o n 1 0 0 t o 125 h u n A h a z a r i drew .

h u n a ye a r u nder him were a m a j m u a da r a ,

M a ra th a ka r b h a r i ( m a n a g er o r s tew a rd) a n d a ,

revenu e writer (j a m a n a vis ) o f the K a y a s th a c a s te

- - '
,

fo r whom 5 00 hu n w a s a s s i g ned The a cco u nt s Of

‘

mi lit ary income a n d di s b u rs ement h a d to be m a de

u p with the s i g n a t u re o f a ll the fo u r A comm a nder .

O f drew 2 000 h u n a n d h a d the s a me three civi l

'

O fficers a tt a ched t o h is O ffice K a r ku ns ( co ll ectors ) .

,

r eporters co u riers a nd s pie s were po s ted t o every

,

hi g her comm a nd down t o a ha za r i u nder order O f ,

the s a r i— -
na u b a t

An in fa ntry j u m la da r drew 1 00 h u n a ye a r a n d ,

h a d a s a b n is ( m u s ter writer) o n 40 h u n - A ha za ri .

drew 5 00 b a n a n d h is s a b n is 1 00 to 1 25 h u n .

Ch i t 83 , g iv e s o ne j u m l ada r ove r five h av l a dar s an d

o ne haz a r i ove r five j u m l a da rs .
4IS SHI VAJ I .
[ CH . xv .

Ra j a h deliver their bo oty in g old s ilver jewel s a nd

,

cos t ly cloth to him pre s e nt their a cco u nts a n d t a ke , ,

their d u e s from the Trea s u ry The o fficers a nd me n .

were t o be pro moted or p u nis hed a ccording t o their

c o ndu ct du r in g th e l a te ca mp a ig n Then they wou l d .

a g a in rem a i n for fou r mont hs in ca mp (Sa b h

"

. .

29

6 . R e ve nu e s ys t em an d a dm in is tra t ion .

The la nd in every province w a s to be me a s u red

“

a n d the a re a c a l c u l a ted in c h a va rs The me a s u rin g .

rod w a s 5 c u bits a nd 5 m a t his (clo s ed fi st s) in

l en g th A cu bit w a s eq u a l t o I 4 ta n s u s a nd the
.
,

me a su ring rod w a s [ therefore ] 80 t a ns u s lon g

- .

Twenty kat h is ( rod s)s q u a re m a de a b ig h a a nd I ZO

b ig ha s o ne c ha va r Th e a re a o f e a ch vil la g e w a s
.

th u s a s cert a in e d in d eta i l An e s tim a te w a s m a de .

o f the expecte d pro du ce o f e a ch b ig h a three p a rt s ,

of which were le ft t o the p e a s a nt a nd t w o p a rt s

t a k en b y th e S ta te *
.

New ryo ts who c a me t o s ettl e were to be g iven

money for s eed s a n d c attl e t he a mou nt bein g re , ,

covered in two o r fo u r a nnu a l ins t a l ment s The .

revenu e s ho u ld be t a ken in kind a t h a rve s t time .

Ca p ta i n Ro be r ts o n in 1 820 an d l 825 g a ve a di fie re n t an d
p l i ca te d (B o m
'
m ore co m a cco u n t o f Sh iv aj i s re v e n ue s ys te m . .

Ga z .
, xv i i i . Pt . ii .
pp . 32 1 i t i s q u i t e p r o b a b le th a t th e
s ys t e m w as no t so s im p le a n d u n i fo rm as Sa b h as a d re p re se n t s

Ca p ta i n
'

i t ; b u t w e do no t kno w th e d hav e
'

s au t h o r i ti e s an no

m e an s o f
i
te s t n g h is s t a te me n t a bo u t a sy s te m n e a rl y tw o

ce n tu r ie s ld d d dynas ty w h ich h a d p asse d

'

o an un e r a aw a y .
 D I R EC T D EAL I NG S W I TH R YO T S . 4l9

Sh iv a J I
w a nted to s wee p a wa y the middle c la ss
o f reven u e f a r mer s a n d come into direct rel a tion s

with the c u l tiv a tor s The ryot s w e re n o t s u bject t o

.

the a u thority o f the z a m indar s d e s h m u khs a n d , ,

d e s a is w h o h a d n o ri ght to exerci s e t h e powers o f

,

a po l itic a l s u perior ( over lord ) or h a r a s s the ry o ts .

i n the Niz a m Sh a hi -
, A di l Sh a hi
M u gh a l -
an d
territori e s a nnexed the ryot s h a d formerly been
,

s u bj ect to p a t i ls k lka r nis a nd d e s h m u khs who

w , ,

u s ed t o do the co llection work a n d p a y wh a t they

ple a s ed to the St a te s ometime s on ly 200 o r 300 h u h

,

fo r a vi lla g e yieldin g h u rt a s revenu e The s e .

m ira s da rs (heredit a ry l a nd lord s) th u s g ro w in g ,

we a lthy bu ilt fort s enli s ted troop s a n d g rew power

, ,

fu l. They never w a ited u pon the reven u e o fficer of

G o vernment a n d u s ed to s how fight if he u rg ed th a t
the vi ll a g e co u ld p ay more to the St a te Thi s c l a ss .

h a d be come u nru l y a n d s eized the co u ntry Bu t .

Sh iv a j i di s m a nt le d their c a s t l e s g a rri s oned the s tron g,

p l a ce s with h is o w n troop s a n d took a w a y a ll power ,

from the m ira s da rs F ormerly they u s ed to t a ke

-
.

wh a tever they liked from the ryo ts Thi s w a s now .

s topped Th ei r d u e s were fixed a fter c a lcu l a tin g th e

.

( ex a ct ) reven u e of the vil l a g e a n d they were ,

forbidden to bu i ld c a s tles (Sa bh 32 . .

Simil a rly milit a ry fie f holders we re g iven no

'

-
,

po litic a l power over their ten a nts The e ar I

'

-
.

n a u b at s m aj m u a da rs ka rku ns a nd the o fficers in

, ,

the Ra j a h s perso n a l s ervice were g iven a ss i g nment s

’

o n the reven u e ( ta n kha b a ra t)fo r their s a l a ry Th e .

4 20 SH IV AJ I .
[ CH . xv

l a nd s cu l tiva ted b y them were s u bject to as s e ss ment

like the fie l d s o f the ry o ts a n d the a mo u nt o f th e
,

revenu e du e w a s ded u cted from their p a y Fo r t he .

b a l a nce they g o t o rders o n the Tre a s u ry o f t h e

c a pit a l or th e di s trict s Men s ervin g in the a rmy
.
,

the mi liti a or the fort s were n o t to be g iven p ro

p r i e t o r y ( m o ka s a
)ri g ht s over a n y vi ll a g e in entirety .

Their d u e s w ere t o b e p a id either by a s s i g nment o f

revenu e o r b y ca s h from the Tre a s u ry N o ne b u t .

the ka rka ms h a d a ny j u ri s diction over the l a nd Al l .

p a yment s t o the a rmy were t o be m a de by the

ka r ka ms The g ra nt o f m o ka s a ri g hts w o u ld h a ve
.

cre a ted di s order a mon g the pe a s a nts ; they wo u l d

h a ve g rown in s tren g th a n d di s o b eyed the Govern
ment col l ectors ; a n d the g rowin g pow er o f the
ry o ts wo u l d h a ve ended in rebellion a t v a rio u s
p l a ces The m o ka s a holders a n d the za m in da rs if
.
-

u nited wo u l d bec o me u ncontro l l a b l e N o m o ka s a

.
‘

(Sa b h 303l )
"

w a s t o b e g r a nted t o a n y o n e . .
- .

O ver two m a hd ls yiel din g a reven u e o f from

,

to l 25 000 h u n in the a g g re g a te a s u ba h da r
, , ,

on 400 h u n a n d a m a j m u a aia r on 1 00 to 1 25 h u n a
'

ye a r were a ppointed . The s u b a h da r w a s to h a ve

a p a lki a l low a nce o f 40 0 hu n A ll civil a n d mi l it a ry
.
“

o fficers with a s a la ry o f l 25 h u n o r more were g iven

the ri gh t t o ho l d p a ra s o ls ( a ft a b g ir)over their he a d s
-
-
,

with a n a l l ow a nce from the St a te for be a rers (S a bb .

W here nece ss a ry a s u ba h da r w a s po sted over

,
'

a tr a ct yie l din g o n ly one la h o f Ru pee s To the

k .

di s tu rb ed provi nce s a cro s s the frontier a milit a ry ,

 422 [ CH
'

SH I V AJ I . . xv .

in the p re s ent g ener a tion to pro ve th at the M a ra th a

n a tiona l hero s po litic a l ide a l O f a n inde pendent
'

Hindu mon a rchy w a s ins pired by Ra md as b ut t h e

evidence produ ced is neither a deq u a te nor free fro m
The ho ly m a n s infl u enc e on Sh iv aj i
'

su s picion
*
.

1
w a s s piritu a l a n d not po l itic a l
, A fter the ca ptu re .

o f S a t a ra Shiv a j i in s t a lled h is g u r u in the

,

nei g hbo u rin g hi ll fort of P a rl i or Sa j j a n g a rh an d

-
,

g u ide s s ti l l po int t o the cred u lou s to u ri s t the s e a t o n

the t o p o f S a t a r a hi ll from which Sh iv aj i u s ed to h o ld
convers e with the sa int a c ro s s fo u r mi l e s Of s p a ce !
'

A ch a rmin g a necdote is to l d th a t Sh iv a j i co u l d not ,

u nder s t a nd why Ra md a s u s ed t o g o o u t d a ily o n h is

b e g g in g to u r thou g h h is roy a l dis cip l e h a d m a de

,

him rich beyond the dre a m s o f a v a rice a n d th a t h e ,

next d a y p l a ced a t h is feet a deed m a kin g a g i ft o f

a l l h is kin g dom t o the s a int Ra md a s a ccepted th e .

g i ft , a ppointed Sh iv a j i a s h is vic a r a n d b a de him ,

ru l e t h e re a l m thenceforth not a s a n a u tocra ti c

owner b u t a s a s e rv a nt re s pons ibl e for al l his a ct s
t o a h i g her a u thority Shiv a j i then m a de the t a wny
.

robe o f a Hind u s an nya s i his s t a nd a rd b ha g w e ,

l

j ha nda in order to s i g nify the livery o f h is a s cetic

,

lord p a r a mo u nt a nd condu cted him s e l f A s ever in

,
.

his g re a t T a s km a s ter s eye s

'

*
Sh iv a j i an d Ra m da s : Ch it . 44 5 3 -
. a sol h i s Sh a m b h u ):
B a kha r , 5 6
-
; Pro f . Bh a t e
'

s Sh i va ): a ni Ra m da s ; t he p u b l ica
t i o ns an d no w -
de fu n c t m o n th l y m a g az i n e o f th e Ra m da s i
c o te ri e o f D h u l i a ( n o t ab l y M r . Ra j w a de ) D i g . . 226 ( d o u b tfu l )
 P RACTI CAL EFFECT OF SH I VA S REG UL ATI ON S 423
'

§8 . E fie c t o f Sh i va j i s r e ign .

SO mu ch fo r Sh iv aj i s re g u l a tion s in the o ry
'

Bu t I n pra ctice they were O ft e n viol a ted except

where he w a s pers on a l ly pres ent Th u s the a s se r .
,

tion o f Sa b h a s a d a n d Chitni s th a t his s oldiers h a d

to de liver every item o f th e booty t a ken by them
“

to the St a te is contr a dicted by the s a ck O f Dh a ra m

,

g a on ( l 67 9) where the En g li sh f a ctor s were robbe d

,

of m a ny thin g s witho u t the s e bein g entered in the

O ffici a l p a pers of th e M a ra th a a rmy or credited to
Shiv a j i s Tre a s u ry ( Ch X I V ) Shiv a ji co u l d not b e
'

. .

everywhere a n d a t a ll time s he nce it w a s impo s s ible

fo r him t o prevent priv a te l ootin g by h is tr oop s a nd
c a mp fo llowers I n the w a ke o f the M a ra th a a rmy
-
.
,

g a n g s o f priv a te robbers took to the ro a d The .

Pin dh a r is were the l o g ic a l coro ll a ry O f the M a r a th a

s o l dier , t o whom r a pine w a s a n o rm a l d u ty .

Sh iv a j i j u s tified h is s poli a tion o f h is nei g hbo u rs

b y s a yi n g a s he did t o the M u g h a l g overnor O f
,

S u r a t ( I 6 7 2) Yo u r Emperor h a s forced me to keep

,
'
.

a n a rmy for the de fence o f my peop l e a n d co u ntry .

Th a t a rmy m u s t be p a id b y h is s u b ject s (P . .

S u ch a p l e a mi g ht h a ve been tru e a t the beg innin g

o f h is ca reer a n d in re l a tion t o M u g h a l territory on ly ,

b u t ca nn ot exp l a in h is ra id s into Bij a p u r a n d

G o lk o n da K a n a r a a nd T a njore I t fa il s a lto g ether a s
, .

a defence o f the forei g n po li cy o f the Pe s hw a s

Bu t wh a tever mi g ht b e the mor a l q u a lity o f

the me a n s he emp loyed h is s u cce s s w a s a d a zzlin g
,
 424 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . xv .

re a lity Thi s pet ty j a g ir da r s s o n prov e d him s elf

’

the irrepre s s ibl e opponent o f the M u g h a l empire

a nd a l l it s re s o u rce s Th i s f a ct deeply impre ss ed
.

the mind s o f h is contempora rie s in I ndi a a nd a b r o a d ,

Au r a n g z i b w a s in d es p a ir as to how he co u ld s u bd u e
Shiv a A s i g nifica nt s t a tement is m a de in a new s
.

l etter O f his Co u rt in 1 67 0 th a t the E mperor re a d a

de s p a tch from the D ecc a n recou ntin g s ome ra id s o f
'

Shiv a a n d then rem a ined s i l ent I n the inner .

co u nci l o f the Cou rt he O ften a nxio u s ly a s ked whom

he s ho u ld next s end a g a ins t Shiv a j i s eein g th a t ,

ne a rly a ll his g re a t g ener a ls h a d f a i led in the

D ec ca n a nd M a h a ba t Kh a n irr everently rep lied
,

w ith a s neer a t A bd u l W a h a b s influ ence over the

'

Emperor N o g ener a l is nece s s a ry A decree from

"

.
,

the Chie f Q a zi wi ll be s u ffi cient to extin g u i s h Shiv a

The yo u n g Per si a n kin g Sh a h Ab ba s s ent , a
”
l etter t a u ntin g Au ra n g z ib Y o u c a l l yo u rs e l f a ,

P a di s h a h b u t c a nnot s u bd u e a mere z a mind a r l ike

,

Shiva l a m g oin g t o l n d ia with a n a rmy t o te a ch

.

”
y o u yo u r b u s ine ss .

T 6 the Hind u worl d in th a t a g e o f renewed

pers ecu tion Shiv aj i a ppe a red a s the s t a r o f a new
,

hope t h e protector o f the rit u a li s tic p a int m a rk ( t ila k)

,
-

on the forehe a d O f Hind u s a n d the s a vio u r o f ,

Bra hm a n s ( Bhu s h a n s po em s ) H is Cou rt a n d h is

'

. .

'

s on s b ec a me the r a l lyin
g point of the oppo s ition t o
-

Au r a n g z ib The t w o riv a ls were bo th s u permen

.
,

b u t contr a s ts in ch a r a cter .
4 26 SH IV AJ I .
[ CH . xv

were tru e to li fe s o fa r a s the a rtist co u ld m a ke

them They a r e we l l execu ted in the u su a l s tyle
‘

. .
,

NO l2
. S h
, iv a j i — Three q u a rter l en g th l ooki n g
.
-
,

t o ri g ht — s a me fa ce a s in O rme s Fr a g m e n ts Bl a ck
'

.
,

b e a rd a n d mo u s t a che— lon g h a ir a t s ide s— g old p a g r i

— j ewe ll ed a ig re tt s—bl a c k plu me—white j ig a h
( pe a r l s — fl o wered co a t with white g rou nd p u rp le —
s i l k s c a rf thrown a cro s s sho u lder— worked s a s h
p e s h q a b z ( d a g g er)s tickin g o u t from w a i s t on left s ide
— ri g ht h a nd hidden in h ilt o f a pa tta h o r r a pier .

l eft h a nd ho l din g a d h u p o r s tr a i g ht s word ( Note .

s u pp l ied t o me b y Mr W lrvine l 0t h M a rch l 904 )

. .
, ,
.

The portr a it o f Sh iv a j i gi ven in Cons ta b l e s

'

edition Of Bernier s Tra ve ls (p 18 7) fo llows a n e n

’

r
g a i gv n in F V a le ty s
. n n O u d—e n N i e u w Co s t I n di e n
'
-

( 1 7 24 the pict u re s in which were mo s t prob a bly

a cq u ired b y the D u tch E l Co s mi s s ion t o the
’

. . .

M u g h a l Co u rt in l 7 l 2 .

The I t a li a n tr a ve ll er M a n u c c i in l 7 06 pre s ented

to the Veneti a n Sen a te a vo lu me o f 5 6 portr a its
dr a wn fo r him b y Mir M u h a mm a d a n a rti s t in the ,

hou s eho ld o f Sh a h A la m b efore I 68 6 Thi s vo lu me

, .

( n o w a t P a ri s)cont a ins a portr a it o f Sh iv a j i ( N O 39 .

in Blo c h e t s li s t) which Mr l rvine h a s reprodu ced

'

b y photo g r a phy I n h i s edition o f the S t o ria do M o g o r

.
,

Vo l . pictu re N O XXX V E a rlier a n d le s s

. .

fa ith fu l woodcu ts O f it a r e t o b e fo u nd in L a n g l e s
'

M o nu m e nt s A nci e n s e t M o d e rn e s ( P a ri s 1 82 1 ) a n d .

D e ] a c ig n y a nd Ra ymond s I nd e ( P a ri s
'

,
 CH APT ER XVI

SH I VAI I C HI EVEMEN T CHARACTER

’

S A , AND

P L ACE I N H I S TORY .

§1 . S h i va ): s p o licy fro m fa r t ra dit io n a l .

Shiv a j i
'

St a te policy like h is a dmini s tra tive

s ,

*
s y s tem w a s not very new
, From time immemori a l .

it h a d been the a im of the typic a l Hindu kin g to se t

e a rly every au t u mn to ext end his kin g dom
"

o ut

at the expen s e o f h is nei g hbo u rs l n de e d the .

,

S a n s krit l a w bo ok s l a y down s u ch a cou rs e a s the

-

nece ss a ry a ccomp li shment of a tru e K sh a triya chief .

.

( M a n u vii
. 99 I
. n more recent time s it

h a d a ls o been the pr a ctice Of the M u h a mm a d a n

s overei g n s i n North I ndi a a n d the D ecc a n a l ike Bu t
'

the s e conq u eror s j u s ti fied their territori a l a g g ra ndi s e

ment by re li g io u s motive s A ccordin g t o t h e .

Qu ra nic l a w there c a nnot be pe a ce between a

,

M u h a mm a d a n kin g a n d hi s nei g hbo u rin g infide l

“

St a te s . The l a tter a re da r u i— h a r b o r le g itim a te -

s e a ts o f w a r a n d it is the M u s l im kin g s d u ty to s l a y
’

a n d p l u nder in the m ti ll they a ccept the t ru e f ai th

a nd become dar u i is la m a fter which th ey wi ll - -

,

b ecome entit l ed to h is

Fo r an e ar l ie r p a ra l le l and p o ss ibl e m o de l , se e th e A di l
Sh a h i ru e s l g ive n i n B . S . 333 .

TFo r a de ta i le d ac c o u n t an d au t h o ri t ie s . se e H is to ry o f
A u ra n g z i b , i ii . 284-293 .
4 28 S H l V AJ l .
[ CH X VI
. .

The coincidence be tween Sh iv a j i s forei g n policy

'

a n d th a t of a Q u r a nic s overei g n i s s o complete th a t

both the hi s tory O f Shiv a j i by h is co u rtier Krish n a j i

An a nt a n d the Per s i a n offici a l hi s tory of Bij a p u r u s e o

exa ctly the s a me word m u —

lk g ir i to de s cribe s u ch
, ,

ra id s into nei g hbo u rin g cou ntrie s as a re g u la r po liti

c a l ide a l Th e only difference w a s th a t in theory
.

a t le a st. a n orthodox M u s l im kin g w a s bo u nd t o s p a re

the other M u s l im Sta te s in his p a th an d n o t t o s poi l

O r s hed the bl ood o f tru e be l iever s
-
whi le Shiv a j i ,

( a s we ll a s the Pe shw a s a fter him) c a rried o n h is

'

m u lk g ir i into a ll nei g hbo u r in g St a te s Hind u no l e ss

-
.

th a n I s l a mic a n d s q u eezed rich Hind u s a s merci

.

l e s s ly a s h e did M u h a mm a d a n s
'
Then a g a in the .
, ,

orthodox I s l a mic kin g i n theory a t l e a s t a imed a t

, ,

the a nnex a tion a n d convers ion o f th e other St a te s ,

s o th a t a fter the s hort s h a rp a g ony of conq u e s t w a s

over the la tter enjoyed pe a ce like the re g u l a r p ar ts

o f h is dominion Bu t the Object of Sh iv a j i s mi lit a ry
'

enterpri s es u nl es s h is Co u rt hi stori a n Sa bh a s a d h a s
,
-

mi s repre s ented it w a s not a nnex a tion b u t mere

,

p lu nder o r t o q u ote h is very word s The M a r a th a

“

, ,

force s s ho u ld feed them s e lve s a t the expe ns e O f

forei g n co u ntrie s fo r ei g ht month s every ye a r a n d ,

l evy b la ckm a i l (S a b b
"

. .
,

Thu s Sh iv a j i s power w a s ex a ctly s imi l a r in

'

ori g in a n d theory to the p o wer Of the M u s lim St a te s

in l ndi a a n d el s ewhere a n d he only differed from ,

them in the u s e O f th a t power U nivers a l to l er a tion .

a n d eq u a l j u s tice a nd protection were the di s tinctive

430 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . xv x .

cent u ry forg ot the p a s t record o f M u s lim p e rs e c u

tion ; the s oci a l g r a de s tu rned a g a ins t e a ch other .

The Br a hm a ns l ivin g e a s t o f the Sa hy a dri ra ng e

de s pi s ed tho s e l ivin g w e s t the men o f the hi ll s
,
‘

de s pis ed their brethren o f the p l a in s bec au s e they ,

cou l d now do s o w i th imp u ni t y The he a d o f the .

St a te thou gh a Bra hm a n w a s de s pi s ed by h is other

, ,

Bra hm a n s erva nt s — b ec a u s e the firs t Pe s hw a s g re a t

’

g r a ndf a ther s g re a t g r a ndf a ther h a d once been

'
-

l ower in s ociety th a n the D e s h Bra hm a ns g re a t

’

g r a ndf a thers g re a t g r a ndf a thers ! Whi le the Ch it

'
-

p a v a n Bra hm a n s were w ag in g s oci a l w a r with the

D e s has th a Br a hm a ns ,a bitter je a lo u sy r a g ed
between the Bra hm a n mini sters an d governor s a n d
the K a ya s th a s ecret a rie s W e h a v e u nmi s t a k a b l e
.

tr a ce s o f it a s e a r ly a s the rei g n o f Sh iv a j i C a s te
.

g rows by fi ss ion . I t is a nt a g oni s tic t o n a tion a l

u nion l n proportion a s Shiv a j i s ide a l o f a Hind u
'

s wa ra y w a s b a s ed o n orthodoxy it cont a ined within

'

it s e lf the s eed o f it s own de a th As Ra b in dr a n a t h.

T ag ore rem a rk s
A
"

tempora ry enth u s i a sm s weeps over th e

co u ntry a nd we im a g ine th a t it h as been u nited ;
b u t the rents a nd ho l e s in o u r body s oci a l do their -

work s ecret ly we c a nnot ret a in a ny nobl e i de a long .

Shiv a j i a im e d a t pres ervin g the rent s he

wi shed to s a ve from M u g h a l a tt a ck a Hindu s ociety
to which ceremoni a l di s tinction s a n d is o l a tion of
ca s tes a re the very bre a th of life He w a nted to .

ma ke this hetero g eneo u s s ociety tri u mph a nt o ver a ll

 CAS TE JEAL O U S I ES CAU SE D l S UNl O N . 431

l ndi a ! He wove rope s o f s a nd ; he a ttempt ed the

impo s s ible I t is beyond the po wer o f a ny m a n it
.
,

is oppo s ed to the divine l a w o f the u nivers e t o ,

e s t a b li s h the s w a raj o f su ch a c a ste ridden i s o la ted

'

-
, ,

intern a lly torn s ect over a va s t continent l ike

-

Sh iv a j i d h is
f a ther in la w G a ikw a r were
an - -

’ M a fa
t ha s i e
, memb ers o f a de s pi s ed c a s te Be fore
. .
, .

the ri s e o f the n a tion a l movement in the D ecc a n

in the c lo s in g ye a rs o f the I 9t h cent u ry a Bra hm a n ,

o f M ah a r a s htra u s ed to feel in s u l ted if he w a s c a l l ed

a M a ra th a No . he wo u ld rep ly wi t h wa rmth
, ,

l a m a D a ks h ina Br a hm a n Shiv a j i keen ly fe l t .

h is h u mi li a tion a t the h a nd s o f the Br a hm a ns t o

who s e defence a n d pro s perity he h a d devoted his life .

Their in s i s tence o n tre a tin g him a s a Sh u dra drove

him into the a rm s o f B a la ji Av j i the l e a der o f the ,

K a y a s th a s a nd a nother victim o f Bra hm a nic pride

,
.

The Bra hm a n s fe lt a profe s s ion a l j e a lo u s y fo r the

intel l i g ence a n d liter a ry powe rs of the K a y a s th a s ,

who were their on ly riva ls in ed u c a ti on a n d Gove m

ment s ervice a n d con so l ed them s e lve s by dec la rin g
,

the K a y a s th a s a lo w c a s te not entit l ed t o the Vedic

rite s a nd by proc l a imin g a s o ci a l b o yc o t o f Ba la ji »

Av j i who h a d ventu red to inve s t h is s on with the

s a cred thre a d B a la ji n a t u r a lly symp a thi s e d with
.

h is m a s ter a nd tried to ra i s e him in s oci a l e s tim a tion

.

Fro m h is Rise an d Fa l l o f th e Si kh P o w e r , as t ran s l a te d

by m e in M o d e rn Re vi e w , A p r il I 9H .
4 32 S HI V AJ I .
[ CH . xv 1 .

by eng a g in g G a g a Bh a tt a w h o ma de Shiv a j i a p u re
K s h a triya Th e hi g h prie s t s howed h is g r a titu de
.
-

t o B a l a ji fo r h is he a vy reta iner by writin g a tr a ct

[ o r r a ther t w o ] in which the K a y a s th a ca s te W a s

g l orified b u t witho
,
u t convincin g h i s contempora ry
Br a hm a ns
There w a s n o a ttempt a t we ll t h o u gh t o u t - ~

org a ni s ed commu n a l improvement s pre a d o f edu ca ,

tion o r u nific a tion o f the peop l e ei ther u nde r Sh iv a j i

, ,

o r u nder the Pe s hw a s The cohe s ion o f the peop le s .

in the M a r a th a St a te w a s n o t org a nic b u t a rti fici a l ,

a ccident a l a n d there fore prec a rio u s

,
I t w a s s o l e ly .

'

dependent o n the ru ler s extr a ordin a ry per s on a lity

a n d di s a ppe ar ed when the co u ntry ce a s ed to prod u ce

su p e nn e n .

N o r h as h e su cce e de d i n co nv i n c i n g p o s te ri ty .

tw o ye a rs ag o , Mr . Ra j w a de , a Brah m a n w ri te r o f
p u b l i sh e d a l
s as h in g a tt a c k o n th e Ka y ha s ( Cha t u rt ha Sam
ast .

B ri tta ) , on th e p le a o f e di ti n g th i s tr a c t He h as p ro v o k e d
.

Raj wa de
’
re p l ie s , o ne o f w h i ch , s Ga g a B ha tta b y K T G u p te . . ,

m a k e s so m e a tte m pt at re as o n i n g an d th e u se o f e vi de n ce ,

w h il e a no t he r , Th e T w a n g in g o f th e B o w b y ,
’
K . S . Th a k re ,

M il t o n Te tra c ho r do n A g ai ns t
’
be l o n gs to th e sa m e l
c as s as s or

Sa im a si u s ! Th is i s h a p p e nin g i n th e 20th ce n t u ry , an d ye t
P ro f
'
Mr . Ra j w a de an d . Bij a p u rk ar (w h o ca l le d Sh iv a j i s

de s ce n da n t at Ko lh ap u r a Sh u dra ) a re n a ti o n a l i s ts , e ve n

Ch a u v i ni s ts .

It w as w ith a h o u se so divi de d a ga i ns t i tse lf th a t th e

P u na B r a h m a ns o f th e i 8 th c e n tu ry ho p e d to fo u nd an a ll
l n di a n M a r a th a e m p i re , an d th e re a re P u na B rah m a ns in the

20th c e n tu ry w ho
‘
b e l ie v e th a t th e ho p e fa i l e d on ly th r o u g h

t he su pe ri o r l u ck an d c u nn i n g o f th e E n g l ish !
 434 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH . xvr .

met a n d a ll the p a rt s o f the body po l itic co u l d

,
-

b e he l d to g ether onl y b y a con s t a nt flow o f money

from o u ts ide it s own borders i e by a re g u l a r , . .
,

s u cce s s ion o f r a id s As the l a te Mr G K Gokh a l e

. . . .

la u g hin g ly to ld me when de s cribin g the h a rd s hip s

o f the pre s ent ri g id l a nd a ss e s s ment in the Bom b a y

Pre s idency Y o u se e the l a nd revenu e did n o t

, ,

m a tter m u ch u nder M a r a th a ru le I n tho s e o l d .

d a ys when the crop f a i l ed o u r peop l e u s ed to s a lly

,

forth wi th their hor s e s a n d s pe a rs a n d brin g ba ck

eno u g h booty to feed them fo r the next t w o or
three ye a rs N o w they h a ve t o s t a rve o n their own
.

l a nd s .

Th u s by the ch a ra cter of hi s St a te the

, ,

M a r a th a s h a nd s were t u rned a g a ins t everybody a n d

'

everybo dy s h a nd s were tu rn ed a g a in s t him I t is

'

the Neme s i s o f a K r ie g s ta a t to move in a vicio u s -

circle I t m u s t w a g e w a r periodic a l ly if it is t o g e t
.

i t s food b u t w a r when wa g ed a s a norm a l method

,

o f s u pp ly de s troy s indus try a nd we a lth in the inv a d

,

in g a n d inv a ded co u ntrie s a l ike a nd u ltim a te ly ,

defe a ts the very end of s u ch wa rs Pe a ce is de a th .

t o a K r ie g s t a a t b u t pe a ce isth e very life bre a th o f

- -

we a l th The K r ie g s ta a t therefore ki ll s the g oos e

.
-
, ,

th a t l a y s the g olden e gg s T o t a ke a n i l lu s tra tion. ,

l
Sh iv a j i s repe a ted p lu nder of S u r a t s c a red a w a y
'

t r a de a nd We a lth f rom th a t city a n d h is s econd r a id ,

( in 1 670)brou g ht him mu ch le s s bo oty tha n h is firs t ,

a n d a fe w ye a r s l a ter the con s t a nt dre a d of M a r a th a

i ncu rs ion enti re ly impoveri sh ed S u r a t a n d e ffectu a l ly

“
 OVER S U B TL ETY F AIL S
- I N THE END . 435

d ried u p this s ou rce o f s u pp ly Th u s from the .

,

e conomic point o f view the M a ra th a St a te h a d no

,

s t a b le b a s i s no norm a l me a ns o f g rowth w ith in its e lf

, .

§4 . E x ce s s o f fin e ss e an d int r ig u e .

L a s tly the M a r a th a l e a ders tru s ted

, m u ch t o to o

fine ss e Th ey did n o t re a lis e th a t witho u t a cert a in

.

a m o u nt o f fide l ity t o promi s es n o s ociety c a n ho l d

t o g e ther Stra t a g em a n d f a ls ehood m a y h a ve b een

.

nece s s a ry a t the birth o f their St a te b u t it w a s ,

continu ed d u rin g the m a tu rity o f their power N O .

one co u l d re ly o n the promi s e o f a M a r a th a minis ter

or the a s su rance o f a M a ra th a g enera l l Witnes s the .

l o n g a n d fin a l ly fr u itle s s ne g oti a tion s of the En g li s h

merch a nt s with Sh iv aj i fo r compen s a tion for the lo ss
o f their Ra j a p u r f a ctory The M a ra th a Government
.

co u l d n o t a lw a ys be re lied o n to a bide by their

tre a ty obli g a tion s .

Sh iv a j i a nd to a le ss er extent B a j i Ra o l
,

pre s erved a n a dmira ble b a l a nce between w a r a nd

dip lom a cy Bu t the l a tter da y M a ra th a s lo s t thi s
.
-

pr a ctic a l a bility They tru s ted t o o mu ch to dip lo

.

m a tic trickery a s if empire were a p a cific g a me of

,

che ss Mi l it a ry efficiency w a s ne g l ected w ar a t the

. ,

rig ht moment a n d in th e ri g ht f a shion w a s a voided ,

or wors e s ti ll their force s were frittered a w a y in

, ,

u n s e a s on a ble c a mp a i g n s a n d r a id s condu cted as a

m a tt er o f rou tine a n d the hi ghe s t po litic al w i s dom

,

w as believed t o con s i s t in ra i ka ra n or dip l om a tic -

intri g u e Th u s while the M a r a th a s pider w a s we a vi n g

. ,
 436 S HI V AJ L [ CH . xv i

h is endl e s s co b we b of hol low a lli a nce s a n d .

diplom a tic cou nter p lots the m a il ed fis t of W e ll e sl ey

-
, .

w as thru s t into h is l a bo u red b u t flims y ti s s u e O f

s t a te cr a ft
- a n d b y a fe w s wi ft a n d j u dicio u s s troke s
,

h is de fence a n d s c r ee n w a s torn a w a y a n d h i s power

'

"

l eft n a ked a n d he l p l es s l n r a pid s u cce s s ion the .

Niz a m w a s di s a rmed Ti p u w a s cru s hed a n d the

, ,

Pe s hw a w a s ens l a ved Whi l e Sindhi a a n d H o lk a r

.

were dre a ming t h e dre a m o f the overlord shi p o f a ll

l ndi a they s u dden ly a woke to fin d th a t even their
-

l ocal independence w a s g one The m a n o f action . .

,

if the s o ldier s ta te s m a n al w a ys triu mph s over the mere

-
,

s chemin g M a chi a ve l
.

§5 . Cha ra c te r O f Sh i m fl
l .

Sh iv a j i priva te l if e w a s m a rked by a hi g h
'

s ta nd a rd o f m o r a l ity He w as a devoted s o n a
.
, .
,

l ovin g fa ther a nd a n a ttentive h u s b a nd tho u g h he ,

did n o t ri se a bove the ide a s a n d u s a g e o f his a g e ,

which a llowed a p lu ra lity o f wives a n d the keepin g

o f concu b ine s even a mon g the p ri es tl y c as te n o t to ,

s pe a k o f w a rriors a n d kin g s i nten s e ly re l i g iou s from . .

h is very boyh ood b y in s tinct a n

, d tra inin g a l ike he ,

rem a ined thro u g ho u t lif e a b s temio u s fre e fro m vice

"
, ,

devoted to ho ly men a n d p a s s ion a te ly fo nd o f he a r

,

i n g s criptu r e re a din g s a n d s a cred storie s a n d s on g s .

Bu t re l i g ion rem a ined with him an ever fre sh fo u nt a in

“

o f ri g ht cond u ct an d
g enero s ity ; it d id n o t O b s e s s
h is mind n o r h a rden h 1 m i nto a bi g ot
'

The s incerity
'

o f h is fa ith is p r oved b
y h is imp a rti a l re s pect fo r
 438 S H I V AJ I .
[ CH XV I .

w as r a pid l y a n d s a fe ly conveyed home witho u t a n y

loss . H is inbo rn mi l it a ry g eniu s is proved by h is

ins tinctive ly a doptin g th a t s ys tem of w a rf a re which .

w a s mo s t s u ited t o the r a ci a l ch a r a cter of h is s o l d i er s ,

the n a t u re o f the co u ntry the we a pon s o f the a g e , ,

a n d the intern a l condition o f h is enemie s H is li g h t .

I c a v a lry s t iffened with s wift footed inf a ntry w a s

,
-
,

irres is ti b le in the a g e o f Au ra n gz ib More th a n a .

centu ry a fter h is de a th h is bl ind imit a tor D a u l a t Ra o

,

Si ndhi a co ntinu ed the s a me t a ctics when the En g li sh

h a d g a l loper g u n s for field a ction a n d mo s t of the
D ecc a n town s were w a l l ed ro u nd a n d provided with
*

de fen s ive a rti llery a nd he therefore

, f a i l ed .

i g nominio u s ly .

‘
§6 . S h i va ): s p o lit ic a l i de a l an d difl i cu lt ie s .

D id Sh iv a j i
mere ly fo u n d a K r ie g s ta a t i e a -
,
. .
,

G overnment th a t live s an d g rows only by w a r ? W a s

he mere ly a n e n t r e p r e n e u r o f ra pine a Hind u editio n ,

o f A l a u ddin Khi lji o r Tim u r ?

I think it wou ld not be f a ir t o t a ke thi s view . .

For one thin g he never h a d pe a ce t o work o u t h is

,

po l itic a l ide a l The whole o f h is short life w a s one

.

s tru g g l e with enemie s a period o f prep a ra tion a n d

,

n o t o f fru ition Al l h is a ttention w a s nece s s ar i ly

.

devoted t o meetin g d a i ly d a n g ers with d a il y exp ed i

ents a nd he h a d not the ch a nce of pe a ce fu lly
b u il din g u p a we ll p l a nned po l itic a l edifice
-
H is .

fro m We ll in g t o n
*
O
'

Se l e c ti o n s
’
wen s s D e sp .
, 284 , 289 .
 N EED OF C ON S TAN T W ARFARE . 439

record is incomp l ete a n d we c a nnot confidently

ded u ce his politic a l a im from h is a ctu a l a chievement .

I t wo u ld be m o re correct to conjectu re it from

indirect s o u rce s like h is re g u l a tions tho u g h thi s cl a ss
,

o f m a teri a ls is s c a nty a n d often inconc lu s ive .

I n the v a s t G a n g etic v a lley a n d the wide D e s h

co u ntry ro llin g e a s tw a rds throu g h the D ecc a n ,

N a tu re h a s fixed n o bo u nd a ry to St a te s Their s ize .

ch a n g e s with d a i ly ch a n g e s in their s tren g th a s

comp a red with their nei g hbo u rs There ca n b e no
'

sta b le eq u i libri u m a mon g them fo r more th a n a

g ener a tion .E a ch h a s t o p u s h the other s a s m u ch
fo r s e l f de fence a s fo r a g g re ss ion
- . Ea ch m u s t be
a rmed a n d re a dy t o inv a de the others if it doe s not
,

wi sh t o be inva ded a n d a bs orbed by them Where .

friction with nei g hbo u rs is the norm a l s t a te o f thin g s ,

a h u g e a rmed force s l eep l e s s vi g i l a nce

, a n d re a d i
,

ne s s t o s trike the firs t b l ow a r e th e nece s s a ry

conditions of the ve ry exi s tence o f a kin g dom The .

evi l co u ld be remedied on ly by the e s t a bli s hment

'

o f a u niver s a l empire thro u g ho u t the co u ntry from

se a to se a .

co
Shiv a j i u l d n o t fo r a moment be s u re o f the
I

p a c ific di s po s ition o r fi de lity to tre a ty o f th e D e lhi

G overnment .The p a s t hi s tory o f the M u g h a l
exp a n s ion into the D ecc a n s ince the d a y s o f Akba r ,

w as a w a rnin g t o him The imperi a l po licy o f

.

a nnexin g t h e whole of So u th i ndi a w a s u nmi s t a k a ble

t o Shiv a a s t o A di l Sh a h o r Qu tb Sh a h l t s comple.

tion w a s only a qu e s tion o f time a nd every D e c c a n i

,
44 0 S HI V AJ I [ CH XV l
‘

. .

Power w a s bo u nd to wa g e et e rn a l w a rf a re with the

M u g h a ls i f it wis he d t o exi s t Hence Shiv a j i lo s t no .

ch a nce of robb in g M u gh a l t e rri t o ry in t h e D ecc a n '

Wi th B ij a p u r his r el a tion s were s omewh a t

: .

di fferent He c o u l d r a i se h s he a d or exp a nd his

i

dominion on ly a t the expen s e o f Bij a p u r Rebe ll ion .

a g a in s t h is lie g e l ord w a s the n ece s s a ry condition of

- .

h is b ein g Bu t when a bo u t l 662 a n u nders t a n din g

.
, ,

w as e ffected be tween him a nd th e A di l Sh a hi . -

mini s te rs he g a ve u p mo l e s tin g the h e a rt o f t he

,

Bij a pu r kin g dom W ith the Bij a pu ri b ar on s who s e

.

fie fs l a y c lo se t o h is dominion s he h a d however , , ,

t o w a g e w a r ti ll he h a d wres ted Ko lh a p u r North

'
“

K a n a ra a nd So u th K o nk a n from their h a nd s I n the .

K a rn a t a k d ivi s ion vi z the D h a rw a r a n d Be l g a u m

,
.
,

di s tricts thi s contes t w a s s til l u ndecided when he

,
“

died W ith the province s th a t l a y a cro ss the p a th

.

o f h i s n a tu r a l exp a n s ion he co u l d n o t b e a t pe a ce ,

t ho u g h he did not wi s h to ch a l l en g e the centr a l

G overn ment o f Bij ap u r Thi s a ttit u de w a s ch a n g ed .

b y the de a th o f Al i l l in l 6 72 the a cce s s ion of the .

,

b o y Sik a nd a r A di l Sh a h the fa ction fig hts b etw e en ,

-

riv a l no b l e s at the c a pit a l a n d the vi s ib l e di s s o lu tion ,

o f the G overnment Bu t Sh iv a j i he lped Bij a p u r

.

g re a t ly du rin g the M u g h a l inv a s ion s of l6 7 9 .

§7 . H is infl u e nce on the s pi r it .

Shiv a j i
'

re a l g re a tne ss l a y in h is ch a r a cte r a nd
s

pra ctic a l a b i lity ra ther th a n i n ori g in a l ity o f c o nc e p

,

tion or l en g th o f po l itica l vi s ion Un fa i lin g ins i g ht .

 4 42 SH I V AJ I .
[ CH . XV I .

by Frenchmen Wh a t he b u ilt la s ted lon g ; hi s

.

I in s titu tion s were l ooked u p t o with a dmira tion a nd

‘

em u l a tion even a centu ry l a ter in t he p a lmy d a ys .

'

o f the Pe s hw a s ru l e .

Sh iv a j i w as i ll itera te ; he le a rn t nothin g b y
re a din g He b u i lt u p his kin g dom a n d Government
.

be fore vi s iting a n y roy a l Co u rt civi li s ed city o r , ,

or g a ni sed c a mp He received n o he lp or co u n s e l
.

from a ny experienced mini s ter o r g eneral *

B u t h is .

n a tive g eni u s a l one a n d u n a ided en a bled him to

,

fo u nd a c o mp a ct kin g dom a n inv i ncible a rmy a n d , ,

a g r a nd a n d be n e fice n t s y s tem of a dmini s tr a tion .

Be fore h is ri s e the M a ra th a r a ce w a s s c a ttere d

,

I l ike a tom s thro u g h m a ny D e c c a ni kin g dom s He .

we lded them into a mi g hty n a tion A n d he a chieved

l
l .

thi s in the teeth o f the oppo s ition o f fo u r mi g hty

I P o wer s like the M u g h a l empire Bij a p u r , Portu g u e s e ,

I ndi a an d the A bys s ini a n s of J a njir a

,
N O other .

Hindu h a s s hown s u ch c a p a city in modern time s .

The m a teri a li s tic M a r a th a a u thors of th e b a kha rs

h a ve g iven u s a l i s t o f Sh iv a j i s l e g a cy —so m a ny
'

e l eph a nts hors e s s o ldiers s l a ve s jewel s g old a n d

, , , , ,

s i lver a n d even s pice s a n d r a i s in s !

, Bu t they h a v e
mentioned Sh iv a j i s g re a te s t g ift t o pos terity
’

no t ,

v iz the new life o f the M a ra th a r a ce .

H is e ar ly t u to r , D a da j i K o nd d e v-
, w as a B ra h m a n we ll
v e r se d in the Sh as tr a s an d e s ta t e m a na ge m e nt . He co u ld on ly
te a c h S h iv a j i h o w to be a g oo d r e v e nu e co ll e c t o r or a c co u n ta n t .

S h iv a j i
'

s i ns ti t u t io ns , c iv i l an d m i l i ta ry , co u ld not hav e be e n

i ns p i r e d b y D a daj i .
 S H l VAJ I —A N AT I ON B UILD ER
-
. 4 43 1

Be fore he c a me the M a r a th as Were mere

'

hirelin g s mere s erv a nt s o f a liens They s erved the

, .

St a te b u t h a d no l o t o r p a rt in it s m a n a g ement
,

they s hed their lif eblood in the a rmy b u t were ,

denied a ny sh a re in the cond u ct of w a r o r pea ce .

They were a lw a ys s u bordin a te s never le a ders , .

Shiv a j i w a s th e firs t t o ch a l l en g e Bij a pu r a n d

’

D e lhi a n d th u s te a ch h is co u ntrym en th a t it w a s
po s s ibl e fo r them to be independent le a der s in w a r .

Then he fo u nded a St a te a nd t a u ght h is pe o ple th a t

,

t h e v were c a p a bl e o f a dmini s terin g a kin g dom in

a l l i t s dep ar tments He h a s proved by h is ex a mple

.

th a t the Hindu r a ce c a n bu i ld a n a tion fou nd a ,

St a te de fe a t enemie s they c a n cond u ct their own

,

defence ; they c a n protect a n d promot e litera tu re ‘

a n d a rt commerce a n d indu s try they c a n m a int a in

,

n a vie s a n d oce a n tra din g fleet s o f their o w n a nd

-
,

condu ct n a v a l b a ttle s o n eq u a l term s with

forei g ner s He t a u g ht the modern Hind u s to ri s e t o
.

the f u ll s t a t u re of their g rowth .

He h a s proved th a t the Hindu r a ce c a n st i ll

prod u ce not only j a m a it da rs (non commi ss ioned -

o fficers)a n d c h it n is e s ( cl erk s) b u t a l s o ru l ers of men

, ,

and even a kin g o f kin g s (Ch h a t ra p a t i ) The

. .

Emperor J a h a n g ir c u t the A ks ha y B a t tree o f

A l l a h a b a d down t o it s root s a nd h a mmered a red
hot iron c a u ldron o n to it s s tu mp He fl a ttered .

him s e lf th a t he h a d ki ll ed it Bu t 10 ! in a ye a r the .

tree be g a n t o g row a g a in a n d p u s hed the h e a vy

o b s tru ction t o its g rowth as ide ! .
 SH I V AJ l .
[ GB . XVI .

Sh iv a j r h a s hown th a t the t ree o f H ind u i s m is

s

not re a lly de a d th a t it c a n ri s e from be ne a th the

,

s eemin g l y cru s hin g l o a d o f cent u rie s of po litic a l

b ond a g e exc lu s i o n f rom the a dmini s tr a tio n
, ,

l e g a l repre ss ion ; it ca n p u t forth new l e a ves a n d

b ra nche s it c a n a g a in l ift u p it s he a d to the s kie s .
4 46 S HIV AJ I .
[ CH XV I. .

o ffici a l de s p a tch o f Sh iv aj i s time ( except three

'

l etters concerni ng T a njore aff a irs )h a s been u ne a rthed

a fter the devoted s e a rch of ne a r l y h a l f a centu ry .

R
( j a w a d e xv , doe .s not re a l ly g o a g a in s t thi s vi ew ) .

Bu t t hou s a nd s o f priv a te l e g a l docu ment s deed s o f ,

g r a nt ,
deci s ion s o f l a w s u it s o rder s on
, petition s

etc h a ve been col lected an d for the su fficient ,

re a s on th a t they were kept not in the St a te a rchives

( where they wo u l d h a ve peri s hed l on g a g o ) b u t in
priv a te fa mi l ie s which c a refu lly pre s erved them a s
,

titl e deed s Hence the M a ra th a kin g dom be fore the

-
.
,

Pe s hw a period u tterly l a ck s th e St a te p a pers det a iled -

,

O ffici a l hi s torie s contempora ry memoirs a n d letter

, ,

books wi th which M u g h a l hi s tory is enriched .

The only co nt e m p ora ry record s of Sh iv a j i s a nd

'

even Sh a m b h u j i s time s th a t now s u rvive a r e in

'

En g li sh a nd Pers i a n a nd no ne a t a ll in M a rat h i l n
.
.

p o int of time the s o l e M a r a thi record of his rei g n ,

— if we m a y a pp ly thi s di g nified title t o Sa b h a s a d s '

b rie f a n d con fu s ed reco ll ection s written in 1 694 ,

occu pie s the third r a nk a n d in po int o f a ccu r a cy a nd

,
,

a u thenticity it s po s ition is l ower s till As re g a rd s

.

Sh am bh u j i s rei g n the s itu a tion is wors e s ti ll

'

H is .

e a r lie s t a n d on l y M a r a thi hi s t o ry is one o f l O s hort

p a g e s written more th a n 1 20 yea rs a fter h is de a th !

O n the other h a nd the Pers i a n ( an d to a le ss er
,
.

extent En g li s h) sou rce s were a bs ol u tely contem

p o r ary prompt ly recorded fu lly det a iled a n d d a ted
, , ,

a n d c a re fu lly pre s erved Their wr iters al s o be long ed

.

to a hi g her intel l ectu a l type th a n the M a ra thi

 M ARATHI B AK H ARS W H Y W O R T H L ES S . 44 7

chroniclers a s is cle a rly borne in u p o n u s when

,

we s tu dy the record s in the three l a n g u a g e s in the

ori g in a l .

I n thi s s t a te o f thin g s it m a y be p a triotic t o

prefer the M a r a thi a cco u nts ( a lw a ys lon g po s terior
t o the event s a n d very often f u ll o f l e g end s a n d

g a rb l ed o r entirely f a l s e tr a diti o n s) to the a ccu r a te

a n d contempor a ry Per s i a n a n d En g li s h s o u rce s b u t
it wo u l d n o t be hone s t hi s tory .

I n the l a te 18 t h a n d if my s u rmi s e b e correct

, ,

the e a rly I 9t h cent u ry a ls o m a ny M a r a thi work s o n

,

Shiv a j i s time s were compo se d The s e a re the

'

b a kh a rs Ha u nted by u ncritic a l n a tion a l i s t s in the f a ce

o f a n i g nor a nt p u blic Bu t wh a t is their v al u e their
. ,

s o u rce ,
their liter a ry ch a ra cter ? Their u tter l a ck
o f d a te s their conf u s ion
, in the order of event s
( known correctly from n o n M a r a thi s
-
o u rce s) their ,

a bu nd a nce o f s u pern a t u ra l epi s ode s in s hort their , ,

g o s s ipy ch a r a cter a n d poo r l iter a ry merit a t once ,

m a rk them o u t fo r worth le s s col l ection s o f modern

tr a ditions They a re not h is tory in a ny s en s e o f the
.

term .

Even the Sa bha s a d B a kha r tho u g h w ritten by a

,

contempor a ry o f Shiv aj i is n o t b a s ed o n St a te p a pers

,
-

a n d written note s bec a u s e it w a s compo s ed while

,

Ra j a Ra m w a s c lo s e ly be s ie g ed in Jinji fort t o ,

which he h a d e s c a ped from M a h a ra shtra by the s kin

of his teeth le a vin g everythin g behind a nd a fter
, ,

ro v in g hither a n d thither in con st a nt ri s k of ca ptu re .

S u ch a m a s ter a nd h is s erv a nt s ru nnin g with t heir,

 4 48 s mw m .
[ CH . xv 1 .

l ive s in their h a nd s be fore re lent le ss p u rs u ers co u ld

, ,

n o t h a ve b u rdened them s e l ve s wi t h p a pers d u rin g

their peri lo u s fl i g ht a cro ss the entire D ecc a n

penin su la Sa b h a s a d s work there fore is entire ly
'

.
, ,

derived from h is memory— the h a lf o b l iter a ted

'

memory o f a n o ld m a n w h o h a d p a s s ed thro u g h
‘

m a ny pri va tion s a nd h a rd s hip s M a lh a r Ra m Ra o .

Chi tni s h a d n o St a te p a pers o f Sh iv a j i s o r

’
-

Sh a m b h u j i s time s b ec a u s e a s l h a ve sh own a bo ve
'

, , ,

a l l s u ch h a d peri s hed du rin g the r a v a g e s o f the l on g

M u g h a l w a rs He do es n o t cite a s in g le docu ment

. ,

a n d he derive s a l l h is fa ct s from Sa b h a s a d thereby ,

provin g th a t he h ad no o ther s o u rce of informa ti o n .

I ntern a l evidence s hows th a t a ll the so c a ll ed -

o ld b a kha r s
” u ncri t ic a lly a ccep t ed o r p u b l i s h e d : by

Ra o B ah a d u r D B Pa r a s n is ( a n d h is En g li s h
. .

mo u thpiece Mr Kinc a id) h a ve the s a me l itera ry

, .

ch a ra cteri st ics They cont a in u loo s e tra diti o n s

"

. ,

o ft e n p a lp a b ly f a ls e a m a xim u m o f l e g ends s u per

,

n a tu ra l m a rve ls a n d ba z a r g o ss ip with a minimu m ,

of fa cts a n d d a te s ( The citie s o f Bua p u r a n d

'
‘
.

G o lk o nd a a r e fo u nded in con s eq u ence o f ex a ctly

the s a me prodi g y ! ] a vlika r M or e ya n c h r ch h o t i
'

B a kh a r ) A ll ar e a nonymo u s a n d o f u nknown d a te
.
.

The s e s o c a ll ed b a khar s a re evident ly the p ro

-

du ction o f s ome i g nora nt credu lo u s d u ll br a ined -

writer s a n d n o t the work o f any c lever mini s ter o f

,

S t a te or s cho l a rly a u th or They do n o t m a ke the .

l e a s t pretence o f be 1 n g b a s ed u pon contempora r y

w itten record s o r a u thent ic St a te p a pers
r They -
.
45 0 SHI V AJ I .

l a ngu a g e dis mis s ed a s they h a ve copied thi s

m a y be
Sa b h a s a d B a kh a r ( a t p l a ce s word for word) a n d the ,

a ddition a l m a tter they fu rni sh is either incorrect o r

trivi a l often mere u lo o s e tr a ditions

,
N o ne o f them .

is b as ed o n a ny contempor a ry docu ment tho u g h ,

a few h a ve recorded s ome co rrect tr a dition s o f tru e

events ( a s we know from n o n M a ra thi s o u rce s ) Bu t - .

they h a ve p a dded o u t their s ou rce (Sa b h a s a d) b y

.

me a n s of S a n s krit q u ot a tion s mira cle s rhetoric a l , ,

flou ri s he s emotion a l g u sh
, a nd commonpl a ce ,

rem a rks a nd det a il s a dded from the pro ba bilitie s o f

the c a s e o r from p u re im a g in a tion .

Tra n s l a ted into En g li s h by J L M a nker a s L ife . .

a n d E x p lo its o f Sh i va j i ( Bomb a y l st ed 1 88 4 2n d , . .
,

ed .

1 02 Ch it ra g u p t a B a kha r
.
~
compo s ed a bo u t ,

1 760 ; cont a ins merely Sa b h a s a d s fa cts ( a nd even

'

l a n g u a g e) inters pers ed with c opiou s extr a cts from

,

the S a ns krit Scriptu re s .

1 03 S h i va c h h a t ra p a t i c h e n
.
-
Sa p ta p ra ka ra n - -

a i m a k Ch a r i t ra by M a lh a r Ra m Ra o Chitni s ed by
, , , .

N J Kirt a n e zu d ed 1 8 94 I ncorrect ra mbl ing o r

. .
, . .
,

p u re g u e ss work in m a ny pl a ces
-
N o St a te p a per .
-

u s ed , n o ide a o f correct chronol o g y Mu h a mm a d a n .

n a mes g ros s ly incorrect a n d a n a chroni s tic Moro .

P a nt is perpetu a lly conq u eri ng an d h a ving t o conq u er

pp
"

a g a in twenty s even fort s in Ba g la n a &c

-
, ( 41 . . ,

7 1 1 24 a nd 1 7 6)1 The editing is u ns chol a rly a nd o f

, 1

no he l p t o the re a de r .

1 04 Sh iva dig vij a y ed o r p u bli s hed by P R

.
, . . .
 B l B L l O G RAPH Y . 45 1

N a n du rb a rk ar K D a ndek a r ( B a rod a
an d L . .
, ,

F al s e ly de s cribed as written by Kh a ndo Ba ll a l ( the

s o n o f Sh iv
'

a j i s s ecret a ry B a l a ji Av j i)in 1 7 1 8 Th e .

p u bli shed ver s ion w a s evidently f a bric a ted a t Ba rod a

by a w riter f a mili a r with the s tyle of modern
vern a cu l a r nove ls written by imit a tors o f B a nkim
Ch a ndr a C h a tterji T o o m u ch gu s h ( e s p pp 45 3 208 . . .
, ,

rhetoric a l p a ddin g a n d di g re s s ion The a u thor .

s pe a k s o f a n En g l i s h g enera l be in g pre s ent a t Sh iv a j i s

'

coron a tion ( p 435 )a n d o f g ood s from Ca lc u t ta being

.

u s ed in decor a tin g h is h a l l in 16 7 4 ( p 1 1 Shiv a .

b ows t o h is mother t w o ye a rs a fter her de a th

(p . T a n a j i M a lu s a re vi s its H a id a ra b a d s even
ye a rs a fter h is de a th ! (p .

Bu t t h e kernel o f the book is s ome lo s t M a ra thi

work compo s ed a bo u t 1 760 7 5 a n d cont a ining -
,

a mon g m a ny loo s e tr a dition s a few f a ct s the tru th ,

o f which we know fro m contempora ry F a ctory

Record s Thi s lo s t s o ur ce w a s a l so the b as i s o f th e
.

Pers i a n Ta rikh i Sh i vaj i which a g ree s with S h i va

‘
- -
,

dig vij a y in m a ny p a ss a g e s .

1 05 The Ra i g a rh L ife
. O ri gin a l M a r a t hi tex t .

l ost .En g l i sh tra ns l a tion ( b a d ly m a de a nd wors e

p rinted e s p , a s re g a rd s proper. n a me s) p u bli s hed in .

C W Forre s t s Se lec t ion s fro m t h e L e tt ers 6 c in

'

. . .

th e B om b a y Secre ta r ia t M a r a th a Serie s Vo l 1 , , . .

pp 1 22 ( 188 5 ) A loo s e tr a dition a l work o f no

.
- .

a u thority Advers ely critici s ed b) Tel a n g

. .

1 06 Sh i va p ra ta p ( Ba rod a ) a n u tterly worth l e s s

.
,

m odern f a bric a tion doe s no t even cl a im to be o ld

4 52 SHI V AJ I .

1 07 .Sh rim a nt M a h a raj B h o n s le -

ya n chi B a kh ar

[ o f Sh e dg a o n ] p u b by V L ,
B h a b e ( Th a na
. . . ,

U tterly worth l e ss exp a n s ion o f Sa b h a s a d with forg ed

l etters im a g in a ry det a i ls Proba bly compos ed
an d .

u nder the p a tro n a g e o f the Ra j a h of S a t a r a ( c irc a

1 820
1 08 Tw o a ll eg ed ld b a kh a rs ( c a lled M ore
o

—
.

ya n c h i Chh o t i B a kh a r a n d M a h a b a le s h w a r c h i ] u n i

M a k it i)p u b in Pa r a s nis s I t ih a s Sa ng ra h a Sfa ta l e kh

'

. , ,

i 2 1 29 a n d ii 9 1 2 F u ll of p a l p a ble hi s toric a l errors

.
- .
-
.

and de l ibera te f a b ric a tion (pro b a bly of th e s a m e

f a ctory a n d d a t e a s No .

1 09 Z e dh e ya n c h i Sha ka va l i e d by B G
.
-
, . . .

Ti l a k in Cha t u rt ha Sa m m e la n B rit ta ( Pu n a ) A b a re .

record o f event s with d a te s kept by the Z e dh e ,

f a mi ly From the n a tu re of the w ork it w as written

.
,

by di fferent h a nd s a t diff e rent time s l t s v a lu e .

depe nds on the fide lity with which the s e different .

memor a ndu m s heet s were copied fo r the MS t h a t

-
.

h as come down to u s There a r e s o me evident .

mi s t a ke s which we c a n detect with the help o f the

,

En g li sh a n d Pers i a n s o u rces b u t th ey w ere d u e to

the c o pyi s t a n d not to a ny de l ibera te f a bric a tion .

Cont a in s some correct d a te s which n o forg er c o u l d

h a ve known The d a te s a r e g iven in the Hind u
.

lu ni s o l a r e r a o f the D ecc a n a n d defy convers ion to

-

the J ul i a n c a l end a r except a pproxim a tely

, , .

1 1 0 Sa na ds a n d L e t t e rs ed by P V M a w j e e
.
, . . .

a nd D . B P a r a s nis ( 1 91 3)a n d
.

111 . M a ra thya n c hya I t iha s a c h in Sa dha ne n ed

- - -
, .
4 54 S H I V AJ I .
[ B I B LI O .

2u d e d p .in s
, t a kin
a g a n d a
a cc u ra te compil a tion a n d
g u ide to s o u rce s b u t l a ck s knowled g e of a l l ori g in a l
s o u rce s except M a r a thi V a lu a b l e for the hi s tory o f .

l itera tu re re li g ion a n d noble f a mi l ie s Gene a lo g ies .

a sp e c a i h ty .

l h a ve een the 96—

no t q a lm i b a kh a r
s which ,

a ppe a rs to belon g to the sam e cl as s a s No 1 07 .

a bove .

B . H i nd i .

1 14 Bh u s h a n G ra nt h a va li ed by Shya m
'

. s , .

Bih a ri Mis hra a n d Shu k de v Bih a ri Mi shra ( N a g ri

Pr a c h a rin i S a bh a Bena re s , ,

Fu lsome a d u l a tion of Shiv a by me a n s o f a n ,

infinite v a riety o f s imi l es a n d p a ra l l els from Hindu ‘

s cript u re s a nd epics ! No hi s tory no da te Bu t , .

s how s u s t h e a tmo s phere a n d the Hind u mind o f

the time .

1 15 Chh a tra p ra ka s h by L a l K a vi ( N a g ri
.
-

Pr a c h a rini S a bh a Ben a re s ) C a nto xi de a ls wi t h , .

Chh a tr a S a l s vi s it to Shiv a En g l is h tr a n s
'

in . .
,

Po g s o n s H is t ory o f th e B o o nde la s ( C a l cu t t a
'

, ,

C Pe r s i a n . .

Mo s t o f the Pers i a n s ou rce s h a ve been de s cribed

a n d di s cu ss ed in my H is t o ry o f A u r a ngz i b Bi bl io ,

g r a phie s l a n d 11 a t the end o f Vol s ii a n d iii

. . . .

a n d for convenience o f refere ce I here ive t hem

n g
the nu m b ers which they be a r in th a t work .

2 . P a dis ha h na m a h b y A bd u l H a mid La hori , .

4 . A m a l i Sa l ih b y K a mbu - -
.

5 . A la mg ir na m ah by Mirza Md K a zim -
. .
 B l B L I O G RAPH Y . 45 5

6 M a s ir i Ala m g iri by Sa qi M u st a id Kh a n
- -

—
. .

9 . M u nta kha b
by Kh a fi Kh a n -u l L u ba b ,

1 0 N u s kh a i—
.

. D ilka s h a by Bhim s en Bu rh a n p u ri
-
.

11 Fa t a h a t i—
. A la m g ir i by l s hw a rd a s N a g a r
-
.

29 . A kh b a ra t i—
D a r b a r i m u a la
- - -
.

1 16 .
( or Hi s tory o f M u h a m
M u ha m m a d -
na m a h

m a d A di l Sh a h )by Md Z a h u r the so n o f Z a hu ri
‘

. , ,

( my o w n copy m a de from the K a p u rth a l a MS ) .

27 Ta r ikh i A li A di l S ha h 1 1 ( onl y th e l s t ten

.
- -
.

ye a rs of h is rei g n) by S a yyid N u ru ll a h ( copy m a de , ,

for me from the l ndia O ffice MS ) .

25 B a s a t in i S a la t in
. by Md lbra him Al
- -
, .

Z u b a iri .

19 . Ta r ikh i Sh ivayz
- -
. i ndi a O ffi ce Pers i a n MS .

1 95 7 ( Ethe No
, s a me a s Rie u i p 327
. The . . .

work o f a Hindu b a s ed on M a ra th a tr a dition

"

Tr a n s by me in M o de rn R e vie w 1 907 a n d J a n 1 0
'

. , . .

16 A da b i—A la m g iri by Q a bil Kh a n

.
-
.

44 H a ft A nj a m a n by U dira i T a l a y a r P a ri s
.
'

-
,

M S a nd Ben a re s MS
. A comp l ete a nd g oo d c o py .

h as recently been s ecu red by Prof A Ra hm a n . . .

45 . Fa iyya z -
u l
-
q a wa nin .

39 . Kha t u t i Sh iva j i R A
- -
, . MS
. 5 . .

21 . Ah ka m i A la m g ir i
w - -
by H a mid u d din Kh a n - -
,

tr by me
. as Anecdo t es
f A u ra ng z i b o .

33 R a q a t i A la m g ir i litho g r a phed b a z a r e d
.
- -
, .

1 17 P a ra s n is M S — A vol u me in which s ome

. .

Pers i a n l etters from the M u g h a l Government t o

Sh iv a j i a nd h is de s cend a nts h a ve been copied
( e v idently fo r the u s e o f Gra nt D u ff)by order o f the
45 6 S HI V AJ I .
[ B I B LI O .

Ra j a h o f S a t a ra Some o f the d a te s a re wron g

. .

There is a MS En g li s h tr a n s l a tion in a nother volu me

. .

D . E ng l i s h .

1 18 . O r ig ina (0 lI n di a
Co rre s po n de nce .

O ffi ce MS records .Thi s s erie s incl u de s l etters from

.

S u r a t a nd Bomb a y t o the E 1 Co ( L ondon) a nd . .

l etters betw een S u r a t a n d Bom b a y a n d the s u b

ordin a te f a ctorie s There is a c a t a log u e o f the s e
. ,

g ivin g writer pl a ce a n d d a te b u t very little

, ,

indic a tion o f the content s I n mo s t c a s e s there is a .

vo lu me fo r every ye a r The O C volu me s de al . . .

indis crimin a tely with a ll p a rt s o f i ndi a where the

.

C omp a ny h a d f a ctorie s F rom 1682 t o 1 689 they .

cont a in l itt l e b eyo nd du p lic a te s o f wh a t is g iven in

the F R .
[ The En
.
g li s h record s a r e extremely
v al u a ble bein g a b s o lu tely contempor a ry with the
,

event s de s cribed a n d pre s erved witho u t a ny ch a ng e

or g a rb l in g The En g li s h tr a ders s ometime s
.

en g a g ed Spie s to g e t correct news of Shiv a j i There .

is no s u ch o ld o r a u thentic m a teri a l in M a r a thi ] .

1 1 9 F a ct o ry R ecor ds ( F
. l ndi a O ffice MS . .

record s There is a di s tinct s erie s fo r e a ch princi p a l

.

f a ctory s u ch a s Ra j a p u r S u r a t Bomb a y Fort St

, , , , .

Georg e & c They inclu de (a )Con su lt a tion s a t the s e

, .

fa ctorie s a n d ( 6 )co pie s o f letters received a nd d is

p a tched by t hem ( s ome b ein g repe a ted in O C) . .

There a r e s evera l g a p s in the period 1 660 1 68 9 a n d -

the exi s ting vol u me s a r e u nindexed .

S u ra t Co ns u lta t io ns—none ext a nt fo r 1 636 6 0 -

,

6 4 6 7 68
. . , 71 , 73 7 5 , , 76 7 8 80 8 1
, , , , an d 8 4 96 b u t
-
,
458 SH l V AJ l .

Fryer N A cco n f E I d d
'

1 24 J . s e w . u t o a s t n ia e ,

by W Croo ke 2 vo ls ( 1909)
.
, .

O rme s H is to r i ca l F ra g m e nts o f th e M o g u l
'

1 25 .

E m p ir e & c L ondon ( 1 8 05 )
. ,

J Gra nt Du fi s H is tory o f t h e M a hra t t a s

'

1 26
i

. .
,

The M a dr a s D i s trict M a n u a ls a r e the o l d ed

while the Ga z e t t e e rs a r e the new ed .

En g li s h tra n sl a tions a r e mentioned u nder thei r

M a ra thi Pers i a n o r Hindi ori g in a l s .

E . P o r t u gu e s e .

1 27 . Vida e a cc o e ns do
e fe li c iss im o fa m o s o -

p o r Co s me d a Gu a rd a n a t u r a l de ,

M u rm u g a o ( L i s bon
. Co mpo s ed in 1 695
,

(p . Cont a in s 1 68 p a g e s Fu ll o f g ro ss in .

a cc u r a cie s mi s t a ke s o f pers on s u s ele ss di g re s s ion s

, , ,

b a z a r g o ss ip a n d thin g s known to u s from othe r

'

s o u rce s I t m a y mo re properly be s tyled The

.
'

m a rve llo u s ro m a nc e o f Shiv a j i

’

as it cont a in s a ,

minim u m o f fa cts d a te s a nd proper n a me s a n d a

m a ximu m of wo rd s a nd g ener a l de s cription s I t te lls .

u s nothin g new th a t is hi s toric a ll y tru e .

D r D G D a l g a do of the Ac a demy o f Sc iences

. . . ,

L i s bo n in forms me th a t there a r e n o Portu g u e s e

,

1 h a ve
“

St a te p a pers re l a tin g t o Sh iv a ji a t L is bon

-
.

not be en a bl e to find a ny docu ment in a ny o f th e ,

Archive s 1 h a ve con s u l ted wi th reference to ,

Shiva n T o my mind the re a s on o f thi s is th a t w e

.

t a ke more notice o f o u r enemie s th a n o f o u r friend s ,

 B I B LI OGRAPHY 45 9

an d Shiv a n w as a friend o f t h e Portu g u e s e .

( 1 5 F eb .

J H d a Cu nh a Riv a r a s A rch ivo P o rt u g u ez

'

. .

O r ien t a l f a s c 6 doe s n o t cont a in a ny reference t o

, .
,

Sh iv aj i .

A bb r e via t i o ns .

A N — A la m g ir na m a h ( Pers i a n ) -

B o m G a z — B o m b a y G a z e t t ee r l s t c d
. by Sir
.
, .
,

J Ca mpbell . .

B S —B a s a tin i Sa la t in ( Pers i a n )
. .
~ ~

Chi t —Chitni s Ba kh a r of Sh iv a j l ( M a r a thi )

D ig —Sh iva dig vij a y ( M a ra thi )
‘

D il — N u s kh a i D ilka s ha by Bhim s en ( Pers i a n )

.
- -
,

F R —En g li s h F a ctory Record s ( l n dia O ffice )

. . .

H A — . H a ft Anj u m a n ( Pers i a n )
.

1 n d A t —1 n dia n A t la s ( 1 inch = 4 mi l e s )S u rvey

. .

of l n dia .

K K — Kh a fi Kh a n s M u nta kha b u l L u ba b
'
- -
. . .

M A M a s ir i A la m g ir i ( Pers i a n )
.
- - -

O C O ri g in a l Corre s pondence o f E 1 Co
.
-
. . .

( l ndia O ffic e MSS ) .

Ra j — M ara t ha I t ih a s S a dh a n ed by Ra j w a de
.
, .

a n d other s .

S h e d — B a kh a r o f the Bh o ns las o f Sh e dg a o n .

Stor ia —S tor ia do M og o r tr by W l rv in e , . . ,

4 Vo ls .

T S — Ta r ikh i 5 h i va n ( Pers i a n )
. .
- ~

Z C — . Z e dh e ya nCh i Sha ka va li ( M a r a thi ) -

 H I ST O R Y O F AURAN G Z I B
4 vo l s .
, Rs . 5 -8 e a ch .

B a se d e ntir e l y
ori g i nal so u rce s ( m o st l y i n
u pon ,

m anu s cri p t ) v i z co nt e m p o rary P e r si an h i st o r i e s

,
-
.
, ,

Sta t e p ap e r s m e m o ir s a nd l e tt e r s M ar a t h i ch ro nicl e s
-
, ,

a nd l e tt e r s E ng l i sh F a c t o ry R e cor d s e t c
,
P u b l ic and ,
.

l a r g e p r iva t e l i b r a ri e s i n I n d i a and E u r o p e e x h a u st
i v e l y s e a rc h e d fo r P e r si an M SS .

Vo l 1
. L o n
. s o f A u r a n g i
e ss
z b s r e i g n— m a t e ri al s
’

A ur a ng z ib s b o y h oo d and e d u ca tion— e ar l y vi ce rby

’
-

a l t i e s— m arr i ag e a nd f am i l y— w ar i n Ce ntr al A si a

si e g e s o f Q and a h ar se co nd v ic e roy a l ty o f t h e D e cc an
-

—i nva si o n s o f G o l k ond a and B ij ap u r— Sh ivaii s e arl y ’

c o nfli ct w i t h A ur ang z i b — i l l ne ss o f Sh ah J a h a n
ch a r act e r a nd doin g s o f h i s sons— A u r ang z ib s p r e para ’

t ion s fo r co n t e sti ng t h e t h ro ne .

Vo l I I
. .
] t S g
D e fe a t i n h — d e fe a t o f D a r a
of a sw a n
— p u r su i t cap t ur e a nd e x e cu ti o n o f D a ra — cap t u r e o f
,

D a r a s e l d e st so n— s tru g g l e w it h Sh u j a— w ar i n B e ng al
’

—t r a g ic e nd o f Sh u j a— c ap tivi t y a n d e x e cu ti o n o f
M u r ad—g r and co r o na ti o n o f A u rang z i b — l ong and
c riti ca l b i b l i o g r ap h y o f a u t h o r iti e s i n P e r si an .

Vo l I I I
. Au ra ng z i b s so ns , si st e r s , a nd chi ef
.
’

m i ni st e r s— r e l a tio ns w i t h t h e o u t e r M u sl i m w o r l d
s tri c t m ora l a n d r e l i g i o u s r e g u l a ti o ns , — b u r i a l o f
”
“

M u sic —cap t i vi ty , su ffe r i ng s and d e a t h o f Sh ah J a h an

—c o nqu e st s o f K u ch B i h ar , Assam , Chi tt a g ong , 81 0
— r e b e l l i o ns o f fronti e r A fg h ans—p e r se cu tion o f t h e
.

H i ndu s , t e 1n p l e d e str u cti o n , —] a z i y a t ax fu l l y di s

-

c u sse d— w ar w it h t h e R aj u t s— a nnex a tio n o f o dh p r

p ] u
~
D u r g a d a s a n d A j it Si n g h — p e a c e wit h M ah a r a na
Hi n d u r ctio
e a n — S at nam i sfi Si k h g u r u s T e g h B ah a d u r
a nd G u r u G ovi n d Si n h
g —
Sh i v aj i s l e tt e r o n r e l i gi ou s
’

tol e ra tion T o d s R aj a s t h a n criti ci se d—cor r e ct ch rono

-
’

l og
y o f A u r a ng z i b s rei n
’
g , r s t h a l f— se co n d P e r si a n
b l b l l o g r ap h y .
 Si r R C T e m pl e . T h i s ne w hi s torical s t u d y
. .

b y M r Sar k a r h as com e o u t at a n oppo rt u ne t i m e ,

.

a nd I h a ve no h e si t a tio n i n sa yin g al so i n an o ppo r

t u ne T h e b ook i s in d e e d H i s tor y tr e a te d
i n t h e r i g h t w ay a nd i n t h e r i g h t H e i s ab l e
t o appr o a ch t h e su b j e ct w it h t h e nec e ssa ry d e ta ch
m e n t , a nd h a s a cce ss t o t h e b e st i nfo rm a tio n a nd t h e
l i ng u i stic k no w l e d g e a nd cap acity t o u s e t h e m .
”
R A S A co nsci e nti o u s p r e se nt a tion o f
“
. . .

r e cor d e d fa ct s B ol d a nd d el i b e r a t e l y p rovoca tive

b ook , m e rit s t h e cl o se st st u d y A so rm d cri ti cal
h i s tor i a n.
”

ST UD I E S I N M U G H AL I N D I A , ( Rs . 2)
T w e nt y- tw o H i s t o r i ca l E s s a ys , on

D a ily L if e of Sh a h ] a h an . Co n qu e s t f Ch a tg ao n
o .

We a l t h of I n d , 1 65 0 . A M u s lim H e r oi n e .

Co m pa ni o n of a n E m pr e ss . N e m e si s of A u r a ng z i b .

Wh o bu i l t t h e T aj A H i n du H i s t o r i a n of
L ife of A u r a ng z i b A u r a ng z i b
A n I n di a n M e m oi r —
. .

A u r a ng z i b s D a i l y L i f e
’
. w ri t e r
E du ca ti o n of a M u g h a l o f 1 7 t h Ce n t u r y .

P ri n c e . K h u da B a k h s h .

Z e b n u ni ss a
- -
. Wi l l i am I r vi n e .

A u r a ng z i b s R e v e n u e
’
. E d u ca ti o n i n M u g h a l
R e g u l a ti o ns . I n di a .

O ri ssa i n t h e 1 7 t h Ce n t u ry . A r t i n M u g h a l I n di a .

S h ai s ta K h an i n B e ng a l . O ri e n t a l M o n a r c h i e s .

F e r i ng i P i ra t e s of Ch a tg a o
V A S m i t h — T h e e ssay s ar e c h ar m i ng and w it h
‘

“
. . . .

const a nt pr actice yo u r s ty l e h as a tta i ne d e as e a nd

fl e x i bi li ty
” ( 29 D e c
. .

T i m e s of I n di a — T h e b oo k u nder re vi ew co n “

t ain s val u ab l e sk e tch e s o f M u g h al ti m es wr itten b y

o ne o f t h e fe w co mpet e nt co ntem por a ry w riter s o n t h e

g rea t p e r io d o f A ur a ng z i b ( 3 J an . .

At h e nwum
“
Th is sh o u l d p ro v e
. a u se fu l h a ndb oo k to
s t u de nts o f I nd i an H is t ory
"

( 18 J a n . .
 Asi at i c Quarte rl y
Re vie w A s e rie s o f e s says o n .

A u ra n g z i b a n d h i s t i m e s o f th e m o s t e n te r ta i ni n g de scrip ti o n .

F i rs t c o m e s a l i fe o f A u ra n g z ib s u cci n c tl y ye t a tt r a ctiv e l y , .

I t s e ts o u t th e p e rfe c t tra g oe dia o f A u ra n g z ib s

'

w ri tte n .

( A p r | 9l 3) “
"

c a re e r

I ndian Ant iqu ary — A ll th e e ss ays a re bri g h tl y w ri tte n

. . .

. ,

a nd se v e ra l c o n ta i n i nfo rm a ti o n no t h i th e rto a va i l a bl e to th e
(J u ne
"
E n g l i s h s tu d e n t . ,

AN E CD O T E S O F AU RAN G Z I B , Re I - 8
P e r si a n t e x t o f A h k a m i A l a m g i r i w it h an - -
,

E ng l i sh t ra ns no t e s and a l i fe o f Au r a n g z ib
.
, ,
.

An e x tr e m e l y r a r e fr a gm ent co nt a i nin g 7 2 a n e c
d ot e s p it h y sa y i ng s a n d r u l e s o f g overn m ent o f
, ,

A u r a ng z i b — d i scover e d a nd fi r st p u b l i sh e d b y P r o f
,
.

Sa rk a r .

CH AI T AN Y A S L I FE AN D T E ACH I N G S
’

2 nd ed .

Ch ait any a ( 1 4 85 int o f the g rea t e s t sa

B e ng a l pr e ach e d t h e cr e e d o f
, per so n al b ha k ti or
d evo tio n t o K ri sh n a w h ich con qu e r e d B e n g al O ri ss a , ,

a nd A s sam a nd a l so e s ta b l i sh e d i t s s tro ng h ol d a t
,

s e v e r a l ot h e r p l a c e s not ab l y B ri nd ab a n H i s co n
,
.

t e mpor ary B e n g al i l i f e i s h ere tr a nsl a t e d The .

m os t au t h or it a tive a nd u nva rni sh e d a cco u nt o f

Ch a ita nya s w a n d e ri ng s a nd p r e ach in g s ex a ct l y as
’

k now n t o h i s comr a d e s a nd per son al d i scipl es w i t h o u t ,

a ny mo d ern g l o ss o r i n t e r po l a tion P o ssi b l y m a ny o f .

hi s v er y w or d s h ave b een preserve d h e re .

T h e vo l u m e t h u s fo rm s a v ery g en u ine h u m a n
d ocu ment a nd a ffor d s m a ter i a l s fo r correct l y s t u d yin g
o ne o f t h e mo s t s t r i k i n g c h a ra cter s t h a t I ndi a h as e v er

prod u ced T h ere i s a l so a repro d u ction o f a ver y o l d

.

port r a it o f t h e Saint T h e b ook al so gi ve s a pictu re .

o f Socie t y in N o r t h ern I n d i a O r i ssa a nd M a d ras , ,

ab o u t 1 5 00 A D .
,

C F A n d r e w s — T h e t ra n sl a tion i s l u ci d cl ea r
. . .
“
,

and simpl e a nd t h e b ook i s rem a r k a b l y w e ll p ri n te d

, .

As h i st oric al doc u m ent s o f a rel i gi o u s society o f t h e

”
. .
.

m i dd l e a g es i n B en g al o f su rp a ssin g v al u e .
 E CO N O M I CS o r B RI T I SH I ND I A
F ou r t h cd .
, t h o r o u g h ly r e vise d an d e n l arg e d
P p 38 4 , R S 3
. . .

J u le s Sio n . Ce p e ti t l iv r e e st l e m e ille u r tr a v a i l qu e
p o s se di o ns l Po u r
'

de l l n de
'
no u s sur e ta t e co n o m
r
iqu e le s .

q u e s ti o n s e ss e n ti e ll e s on tr o u v e r a un e xp os e t re s co ncis .
m a i s t r e s s u b s ta n t i e l , de fai ts e t de c h i ff r e s e t d a l l u re
c

n o u r ri
'
'

t re s p e r s o n ne l l e P o u r to u t l e s p ro b le m e s e co n o m i q u e s '

q u i p as s i o n ne n t a c t u e ll e m e n t l l nd e on v o it i c i l a p o s i t io n ,

p r i se p a r u n r e fo r m is te i m p a r ti a l p ra ti q u e e t d u n e s i n g u i l ie re
'

, ,

l a rge u r de v u e s ( Anna l e s d e G e o g ra )
Sir Th e o do r e M or i so n — T h e a u t ho r o f th e p re s en t b o o k
. .
,

ap
p e a rs t o p o ss e s s t h e fu r th e r e sse n ti al q u a l i fi c a t i o ns o f c o u ra g e
a n d i n d e p e n d e n ce .

T h e c o ns c i e n t io u s i n ve s ti g a tio n o f d e ta il i s n o l e s s e v i de n t
i n t h e p r e s e n t e co n o m i c tre a ti s e Sa rk ar s r e fl e ct i o n s u p o n th e
'

r i se i n t h e s ta n da r d o f c o m fo r t ( Ch I V ) a re s h re w d a n d c o n . .

v i n ci n g , a nd are fo r ti fi e d b y s o m e i n t e r e s ti n g p e rs o na l
o b se rv a ti o n s .

M o de rn Re vie w — Th e b o o k co n ta i n s a m a s s o f u s e fu l
.

m a tt e r b ro u g h t t o g e t he r fo r t h e fi rs t t i m e w e b e l i e v e
, , w ith i n ,

t he co m p a s s of a i n d is p e n s a bl e va d e
m e cu m .

"

J . R . A . S . A g oo d l i tt l e b oo k on a b ig to p ic .

M UG H AL AD M I N I ST R AT I O N , Rs . 2 .

Anori gi nal st u d y b ase d o n P ersi an M SS and ,

.

offici al recor ds m i nu t e l y d escr i b in g t h e M u g h al

,

a dm i ni str a tive sy s t e m i t s o mce r s a nd t h eir fu nctions , ,

pro ce d u r e o f var iou s offi ce s p ri ncipl e s an d ai m s o f t h e ,

G ov e r nm e n t tr e a t m e n t o f p e a sant r y m er it s an d
, ,

d e f e ct s o f M u g h al ru l e a nd c au se s o f t h e dow n fa l l ,

o f t h e M u g h al e m p ir e .

Co n t e n t s —T h e G overnm ent i t s c h a r acter and ,

ai m s T h e So ve rei g n a nd t h e D e p a rt m e nta l Hea d s

.

t h e ir p ow e r a nd fu nctions M S so ur ce s o f i nform at ion . .

i n P e r si an d e scr i b e d an d cr itici se d
,
T h e T r e a sury .

an d I m p e ri al Ho u seh ol d d ep art m e nt s t h e w or k o f ,

t h eir h e a d s P rov in c i al a dm ini stra tion i ts v a riou s

.
,

offici al s a nd th e ir d u ties v i ll ag e r s and Go v e rnm e nt .

T a x a tion o f l a nd a bw a b s d escri b e d i n d e t ai l
con d ition o f t h e p e asantr y M u g ha l ru l e i t s ach i e ve .
,

m e n t s an d f a i l u r e t h e l e sso ns o f I n d i a n h i stor y .
 l O AN D EPT ‘
.

This boo k i s du e o n t h e l ast dat e st ampe d be l ow , o r

o n t h e dat e t o w h i ch re ne w e d .

Re ne w e d b oo k s are su b ie ct t o i mm e diat e re cal l

.