Opposing views,or counter-arguments, challenge your own stance.

The counter-argument helps

ensure thoroughlogic.
When the opposing views are handled well, we do the following:
• Show understanding and respect
• Make your speech/writing credible
• Help readers to empathize with your reasoning
Be sure to always speak of
the opposing arguments in these ways:
respectfully objectively
fairly accurately
distinctively

REFUTATION
It is not enough to state other notions about an issue. You must refute them, or show
that your logic negates contrary options. When you present an opposing view, use the
following format:
When to refute:
You have to find a passage/line in whatever you disagree that you feel is mistaken.
Explain why it’s mistaken.
Expressions to use:
It is clear / essential / of utmost importance that + (opinion)
I feel / believe / think that + (opinion)
Always remember:
1. Opposing view
2. Refutation based on your argument (could be based on the critical approaches discussed).
3. Evidence supporting the refutation (examples/situations).

LITERARY CRITICISM
Literary criticism is the art or practice of judging and commenting on the qualities and character
of literary works.
CRITICAL APPROACHES
1. FORMALISM
Determines how such elements work together with the text’s content to shape its effect upon
readers.

2. GENDER CRITICISM
Examines how sexual identity influences the creation and reception of literary works.
Analyzing how the images of men and women in imaginative literature reflect or reject the social
forces that have historically kept the sexes achieved total equality.
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Demonstrating ability to reflect unconscious fears or desires.
4. SOCIOLOGICAL CRITICISM
Examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context in which it is written or
received.
5. READER-RESPONSE CRITICISM
To describe what happens in the reader’s mind while interpreting the text.
The manner of opposing views or counter arguments
Critical approaches
Format on how to raise counter argument
1. Opposing view
2. Refutation based on your argument
3. Evidence supporting the refutation (examples/situations).