sustainability

Article
Design of a Connected Security Lighting System for
Pedestrian Safety in Smart Cities
Younjoo Cho, Hwajin Jeong, Anseop Choi * and Minki Sung
Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, 209 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu,
Seoul 05006, Korea; clear6940@naver.com (Y.C.); yui813@naver.com (H.J.); mksung@sejong.ac.kr (M.S.)
* Correspondence: aschoi@sejong.ac.kr; Tel.: +82-2-3408-3761




Received: 28 January 2019; Accepted: 21 February 2019; Published: 2 March 2019


Abstract: Historical and ongoing pedestrian anxiety about night crimes in alleyways is an important
issue in our society. Therefore, recommended illuminance levels in pedestrian alleys have been
established and security lighting meeting such illuminance levels has been installed to ensure proper
brightness. However, pedestrians may still feel that such areas are too dark and want to ensure their
safety through sufficient brightness, especially late at night. In this study, a smart security lighting
system, which was namely the Connected Security Lighting System (CSLS), has been designed to
reduce the pedestrians’ fear of crime in smart cities. The CSLS increases the brightness of security
lighting by turning on additional lights to relax pedestrians’ psychological fear of crime because of
the increased sense of surveillance. Such a change may also deter potential offenders. The CSLS
employs various sensors and information communication technologies that are widely used in
interior and outdoor smart lighting applications. It also uses a beacon device and smartphone
application to effectively detect pedestrians while infrared sensors in the CSLS are activated to
detect any pedestrians approaching from the opposite direction after the beacon device is initiated.
The method for controlling the CSLS is described and a prototype system is presented to demonstrate
the feasibility of this security lighting system in smart cities.

Keywords: Security Lighting; CPTED; Beacon; Pedestrian; Connected Security Lighting System;
Smart Cities

1. Introduction
Serious crimes, such as robbery, assault and battery, tend to occur at night [1,2] and consequently,
pedestrian anxiety about crimes that occur at night is rampant in our society [3]. Alleys that are
particularly vulnerable to crime occasionally have narrow paths and poor visibility [4] and security
lighting in such areas often does not provide sufficient brightness (see Figure 1). Due to this issue,
the recommended illuminance levels in pedestrian walkways have been established and security
lighting meeting such illuminance levels has been installed to ensure proper brightness for pedestrian
safety. “Security lighting is installed to help protect people and property from criminal and terroristic
activities and to create a perception of a reasonably secure environment” [5], which is distinct from
lighting for safety. Regardless, pedestrians may still feel that the lighting level is insufficient and
want to ensure their safety through increased brightness above the recommended illuminance levels,
especially late at night. Measures, such as installing additional security lighting or increasing the
luminous flux of existing security lighting, can be considered to solve such problems. However,
maintaining bright security lighting throughout the night consumes considerable lighting energy
and results in light trespass to nearby residents, which can cause sleeping disorders and privacy
infringement [6–8]. These issues can be solved by providing brighter light only at those locations and
times in which a bright luminous environment is needed.

Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308; doi:10.3390/su11051308 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 2 of 11
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 11

Figure 1. 1.
Figure Example
Exampleofofsecurity
security lighting casesinin
lighting cases Seoul,
Seoul, Korea.
Korea.

Crowe
Crowe [9] [9]defined
definedcrime crime prevention
prevention through
through environmental
environmental design (CPTED)
design (CPTED)as “theasproper design
“the proper
design
and and effective
effective use of theusebuilt
of the built environment
environment can lead cantolead to a reduction
a reduction in the
in the fear and fear and incidence
incidence of crime of
and
crime anand
improvement
an improvement in the quality
in the of life”. of
quality CPTED
life”. effectively decreasesdecreases
CPTED effectively the crimethe ratecrime
and promotes
rate and
promotes psychological
psychological relaxationrelaxation
by using the by using
physical thedesign
physical of design of the surrounding
the surrounding environment environment [10].
[10]. Brighter
security
Brighter security lighting is one of the methods that provides positive psychological effects by
lighting is one of the methods that provides positive psychological effects to pedestrians to
pedestrians
ensuring goodby ensuring
visibility good
in thevisibility
street [11,12].in thePedestrians’
street [11,12]. Pedestrians’
fear of crime can fearbeofreduced
crime can bybe reduced
increasing
by increasing relaxation
psychological psychological relaxation
through increased through increased
brightness brightness
of security of security
lighting [13]. Thelighting [13]. The
dark pedestrian
dark increases
spot pedestrian spot
the fearincreases the fear offor
of the pedestrian thenight
pedestrian for night
time crime timebright
but the crimepedestrian
but the bright spotpedestrian
enhances
spotpedestrian’s
the enhances the pedestrian’s
feelings feelings
of safety [14]. of safety
In addition, one[14]. In theories
of the addition, forone
whyofimproved
the theoriesstreetfor why
lighting
improved
may reducestreet
crime lighting may reducelighting
is that “improved crime isleads that “improved
to increasedlighting
surveillanceleadsof topotential
increasedoffenders
surveillanceand
of potential
hence offenders
to increased and hence
deterrence to increased
of potential deterrence
offenders” of potential
[15]. Welsh offenders”
and Farrington [15].
[16] alsoWelsh
describedand
Farrington
data from 13[16] also that
studies described data from
demonstrated 13 studies
a reduction that demonstrated
in crime after improving a street
reduction in crime
lighting after
conditions
improving
in the United street lighting
Kingdom and conditions
United States.in the United Kingdom and United States.
Smart security lighting is a recently developed system that performs various functions in smart
Thesefunctions
cities. These functions depend
depend on sensors,
on sensors, information
information technology
technology and types andof types of closed-circuit
closed-circuit television
televisionAs(CCTV).
(CCTV). a CPTED Asmethod,
a CPTED method,
smart security smart security
lighting canlighting
effectively canprevent
effectivelycrimesprevent crimes the
by drawing by
drawing the
attention attention ofThe
of pedestrians. pedestrians.
shift to LED Thesecurity
shift tolighting
LED security lighting
can provide can level
a high provide a high through
of control level of
controlnetworks
smart through smart networks
and reduce and energy
lighting reduce consumption.
lighting energyTherefore,
consumption. smartTherefore, smart security
security lighting can be
lighting
part of a can
verybeeffective
part of management
a very effective management
method for improvingmethodthe forsafety
improving the safety
of pedestrians inof pedestrians
smart cities.
in smart cities.
In this study, a smart security lighting system with various sensors and information communication
In this has
technologies study,beena designed
smart securityas a CPTED lighting system
method basedwithonvarious sensors andpsychological
the aforementioned information
communication
effects [11,13–16] technologies
in order to improve has been thedesigned
luminousasenvironment
a CPTED method of alleys. based on the aforementioned
State-of-the-art information
psychological effects
communication [11,13–16]
methods, such asinbeacon
order service
to improve the luminousapplications,
and smartphone environment areofused
alleys.
forState-of-the-
information
art information communication
communication between the security methods, lightingsuch system
as beacon andservice and smartphone
pedestrians. applications,
Security lighting instantlyare
used for information
becomes brighter when communication
a beacon device between detects theasecurity
pedestrian lighting
usingsystem and pedestrians.
the corresponding Security
smartphone
lighting instantly
application. If a beaconbecomes brighter
has detected when a other
a pedestrian, beacon devicelightings
security detectsnear a pedestrian
the pedestrian using the
are also
corresponding
made sequentiallysmartphone
brighter application.
by infrared sensors If a beacon has detected
to warn a pedestrian,
off potential criminals. other security
Infrared lightings
sensors can
near the
detect pedestrianapproaching
pedestrians are also made from sequentially
the opposite brighter
direction by and
infrared
increasesensors to warn offofpotential
the brightness security
criminals.
lighting Infrared
only after thesensors
beaconcan detect
device pedestrians
is initiated. approaching
In this from the pedestrians
way, by connecting opposite direction
and security and
increase the
lighting, the brightness
proposed systemof security lighting positive
can provide only after the beacon device
psychological effects is toinitiated.
pedestrians In this way, by
by securing
connecting
good visibilitypedestrians
and increasing and the security
sense oflighting,
surveillance the inproposed
the alley. The systemconcept canand provide
control positive
method
psychological
for this lightingeffects
system to pedestrians
in smart cities is by securing
described andgood visibility
a prototype system andis increasing
presented tothe sense of
demonstrate
surveillance
the feasibilityinofthe
thisalley.
securityThelighting
conceptsystem.and control method for this lighting system in smart cities is
described and a prototype system is presented to demonstrate the feasibility of this security lighting
system.

2. Related Studies
Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 3 of 11

2. Related Studies
Previous studies have presented methods for controlling security lighting based on the detection
of a moving body [17–21]. One study was conducted to develop a lighting control system in which
sensors were used to turn on security lighting when pedestrians or cars were nearby in order to
save energy by not using unnecessary light [17]. Other studies also proposed light control systems
that used a real-time operating system (RTOS) to control security lighting based on the presence of a
moving body. This method could efficiently reduce energy consumption [18,19]. A study conducted
by Eveliina Juntunen et al. [20] suggested a smart lighting control system, which controls the lighting
level around the pedestrian by tracking the direction and the path of the pedestrian’s motion using
passive infrared sensors. Furthermore, Choi and Woo [21] proposed a method for controlling security
lighting, which recognizes sounds created by a car.
Additional studies were conducted to implement smart functions, such as information
communication and sensors in security lighting [22–28]. Elejoste et al. [22] proposed an intelligent security
lighting system with high adaptability and easy installation. This system used wireless communication
elements to centralize the control strategy and communication in complex scenarios. Alex and
Starbel [23] proposed an energy saving system using ZigBee and sensors and they identified the current
status of security lighting and analyzed its power consumption. Fabio [24] also proposed a system that
could easily and efficiently manage street lights by collecting information from the street lights and
transmitting it to the control station using ZigBee, sensors, LED and solar panels, which ultimately
saves energy. Francisco et al. [25] suggested a streetlight control system using wireless communication
and the DALI interface. This system is not only economical in terms of installation but also can be
controlled and monitored at any time. In addition, Guo et al. [26] proposed a telemanagement road
lighting control system to increase energy efficiency and this system automatically reacts to traffic
density, weather conditions and so on. Dikel et al. [27] suggested an energy-efficient lighting control
technique according to an occupancy algorithm in an interior space and they conducted a usability
test of their suggested system before demonstrating the acceptability people in a test bed. Moreover,
Park et al. [28] proposed a micro-distributed ESS-based smart LED streetlight system with low-cost
installation and high management efficiency based on a simulation test and analysis of scenarios.
As mentioned above, several studies on the relationships between lighting and criminal
psychology [11,13–16] and between lighting and crime rates [29] have been conducted. Brighter luminous
environments provide good visibility and improve surveillance, which lead to decreased fear of crime
and increased reluctance of potential criminals to commit crimes [30–34]. On the one hand, a question
about the effect of an increase in illumination on pedestrian reassurance was raised by Fotios and
Castleton [35] who reviewed many related studies and discussed how an investigation of reassurance
might lead to an understanding of the optimum light level. Haans and de Kort [36] insisted that the
level of illuminance on the street is important to make the pedestrians feel safe or not. However, light
distribution should also be considered to see how it affects perceived pedestrians’ safety. Feng and
Marry [37] raised concerns about enhancing the configurations of night-time lighting sources because
of fiscal limitations and sustainability and light trespass issues and they suggested a methodology for
street lights based on geographic information systems, spatial statistics and spatial optimization.
According to the above studies, security lighting, which is essential for pedestrian safety and
crime prevention, is becoming increasingly smart. This study focuses on the concept and feasibility
of a smart security lighting system based on the use of state-of-the-art information communication
technologies and sensors to promote the psychological benefits to pedestrians while simultaneously
minimizing additional lighting energy consumption in smart cities. The proposed system provides an
instant change in the brightness of security lighting for a limited period to only those pedestrians who
need more brightness to secure good visibility and increase their sense of surveillance for a relatively
short time.
Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 4 of 11

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3. Design and Control of the Connected Security Lighting System
This study proposes a Connected Security Lighting System (CSLS), which is defined as a
3.1. Concept of the Connected
connected control system Security
betweenLighting System and security lighting that instantly increases
pedestrians
brightness following
This study pedestrian
proposes movement
a Connected Security toLighting
ensure good System visibility
(CSLS),andwhich to enable facial
is defined as arecognition
connected
of other pedestrians approaching from the opposite direction [38] (see Figure.
control system between pedestrians and security lighting that instantly increases brightness following 2). This study is based
on the factmovement
pedestrian that an increase
to ensurein the
goodbrightness
visibility ofandsecurity
to enable lighting decreases the
facial recognition fear of
of other crime for
pedestrians
pedestrians and deters potential offenders through psychological effects
approaching from the opposite direction [38] (see Figure 2). This study is based on the fact that an[11,15,16].
A clear
increase in thecomparison
brightness of ofsecurity
the detection
lightingmethods
decreasesand anticipated
the fear of crimeeffects between and
for pedestrians a general
deters
pedestrian with CSLS and a potential criminal
potential offenders through psychological effects [11,15,16]. is shown in Table 1. The sequential processes of the
CSLSAare shown in Figure 2. The beacon device installed in the CSLS
clear comparison of the detection methods and anticipated effects between a general pedestrian detects the presence of
pedestrians
with CSLS and using smartphone
a potential applications
criminal is shown andin Bluetooth
Table 1. The signals before processes
sequential initiating infrared
of the CSLS sensors
are
to change the brightness of other nearby security lights. The infrared
shown in Figure 2. The beacon device installed in the CSLS detects the presence of pedestrians sensor in the CSLS can detect
the presence
using smartphoneof other pedestrians
applications who
and do not use
Bluetooth the CSLS
signals beforeand can increase
initiating infrared thesensors
brightness of the
to change
security
the lightingofaccordingly.
brightness other nearby security lights. The infrared sensor in the CSLS can detect the
Compared with
presence of other pedestriansconventional
who dosecurity
not use thelighting,
CSLS and the can
CSLS includes
increase the additional
brightness of LEDthe chips,
securitya
beacon device
lighting [39] and an infrared sensor. The beacon device detects pedestrians and turns on an
accordingly.
additional LED
Compared with in theconventional
security lighting.
securityPedestrians
lighting, the areCSLS
required to apply
includes for thisLED
additional service
chips,byavisiting
beacon
their local government office or a related online website where they can receive
device [39] and an infrared sensor. The beacon device detects pedestrians and turns on an additional a secure serial number
to useinthe
LED theCSLS. Thislighting.
security registration process prevents
Pedestrians are required reckless use of
to apply forthe CSLS
this and by
service increases
visitingthe security
their local
government office or a related online website where they can receive a secure serial number to useThe
level by allowing only those pedestrians who fear crime in specific alleys to access the system. the
advantages
CSLS. of the CSLSprocess
This registration over conventional security
prevents reckless uselighting
of the are
CSLS shown in Table 2.the security level by
and increases
allowing only those pedestrians who fear crime in specific alleys to access the system. The advantages
of theTable
CSLS 1. Comparison
over of security
conventional detection methods
lighting and anticipated
are shown in Table 2. effects between a general
pedestrian with CSLS and a potential criminal.
Table 1. Comparison of detection methods and anticipated effects between a general pedestrian with
General Pedestrian with
CSLS and a potential criminal. Potential Criminal
CSLS
General Pedestrian with CSLS ByPotential
infraredCriminal
sensor
Detection
By beacon (initiated by beacon Byfrom general
infrared sensorpedestrian with
method
Detection method By beacon (initiated byCSLS)
beacon from general
Anticipated Reduces the fear of the pedestrian with CSLS)
Deterrence of the criminal intent
effect
Anticipated effect crime the fear of the crime
Reduces Deterrence of the criminal intent

Figure
Figure 2. Sequential
2. Sequential processof
process ofthe
the Connected
Connected Security
SecurityLighting System.
Lighting System.

Table 2. Characteristics based on the security lighting control method.

Classification Characteristics
Conventional -Light on with constant illuminance level and period.
(no control) -It can cause the waste of electrical energy if additional light is provided.
Only IR sensor -The unnecessary switching on and off frequently.
Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 5 of 11

Table 2. Characteristics based on the security lighting control method.

Classification Characteristics
Conventional
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW -Light on with constant illuminance level and period. 5 of 11
(no control) -It can cause the waste of electrical energy if additional light is provided.
-The unnecessary
-It can causeswitching
the lighton pollution.
and off frequently.
Only IR sensor
-It can cause
-CSLS increases the brightness whenthe light
onlypollution.
the pedestrian who wants the
CSLS -CSLS increases the brightness when only the pedestrian whoby.
wants the brighter
CSLSIR brighter luminous environment passes
(Beacon+ luminous environment passes by.
(Beacon + IR sensor) -It can solve the problems of the waste of electrical energy and light
sensor) -It can solve the problems of the waste of electrical energy and light pollution.
pollution.

In
In addition
additionto to
reducing the pedestrians’
reducing fear of fear
the pedestrians’ crime, ofthe CSLS the
crime, can contribute
CSLS cantocontribute
crime investigations.
to crime
The pedestrian routes are recorded on the web server of the beacon service by
investigations. The pedestrian routes are recorded on the web server of the beacon service by datadata transmission
between the CSLS
transmission betweenand the
the CSLS
smartphone
and theapplication.
smartphoneIf application.
a crime occurs,If athis information
crime can
occurs, this be used to
information
determine
can be usedthe
to time and location
determine the timeofand
the crime.
location of the crime.
The additional energy consumption
The additional energy consumption of of the
the CSLS
CSLS cannot
cannot be be estimated
estimated oror generalized
generalized because
because it
it
is
is dependent on the number, time and frequency of passing pedestrians late at night. The energy
dependent on the number, time and frequency of passing pedestrians late at night. The energy
consumption
consumption ofofthethe beacon device,
beacon information
device, communication
information communicationand infrared sensor cansensor
and infrared be considered
can be
to be relatively small compared to that of security lighting itself.
considered to be relatively small compared to that of security lighting itself.

3.2. Information Communication

3.2. Information Communication Control
Control Method
Method
Beacon
Beacon service,
service, which
whichdoesdoes
not require a pairing
not require a process,
pairing isprocess,
used as the is near-distance
used as thecommunication
near-distance
protocol
communication protocol based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) because pair
based on Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) because it is impractical to the smartphones
it is impractical to pair ofthe
all
pedestrians
smartphones passing
of all through the alley
pedestrians withthrough
passing all the installed
the alley security
with alllightings. Beaconsecurity
the installed device repeatedly
lightings.
transmits a single radio signal at intervals of approximately 1/10th
Beacon device repeatedly transmits a single radio signal at intervals of approximately of a second, which is made
1/10up of aa
th of
combination of letters and numbers and can recognize the user and trigger
second, which is made up of a combination of letters and numbers and can recognize the user and an event [39]. This service
is a near-distance
trigger an event [39]. wireless
This communication method based
service is a near-distance on the
wireless Bluetooth function
communication methodandbased
can identify
on the
the
Bluetooth function and can identify the location of a user. The maximum transmission distance50
location of a user. The maximum transmission distance of a beacon signal is approximately ofma
(using
beaconBLE).
signalThis service, which is
is approximately 50currently
m (usingused in This
BLE). manyservice,
commercialwhich areas (shopping
is currently malls,
used in coffee
many
shops, fashion retail shops and so on), can also be classified as a low-frequency
commercial areas (shopping malls, coffee shops, fashion retail shops and so on), can also be classified beacon or Wi-Fi beacon
according to the signal
as a low-frequency transfer
beacon method.
or Wi-Fi beacon according to the signal transfer method.
Beacon
Beacon service requires a beacon device,
service requires a beacon device, aa beacon
beacon device
device Software
Software Development
Development Kit Kit (SDK)
(SDK) forfor
smartphone
smartphone applications and a server for the beacon manager and service [40]. The beacon device
applications and a server for the beacon manager and service [40]. The beacon device
periodically
periodically sendssends out
out signals
signals (see
(see Figure
Figure 3).3). After
After this,
this, when
when aa smartphone
smartphone application
application isis detected
detected
within
within the
the signal
signal range
range (50
(50 m) of the
m) of the beacon
beacon device,
device, this
this device
device sends
sends aa specific
specific ID ID to
to the
the smartphone.
smartphone.
The
The smartphone
smartphoneapplication
applicationthatthatcontains
containsthe thebeacon
beacon device
device SDKSDK recognizes
recognizes thethe
ID ID
andand
sends it toitthe
sends to
server for the beacon manager and service. The server then confirms
the server for the beacon manager and service. The server then confirms the location of the the location of the smartphone
and sends theand
smartphone event and the
sends service information
event and service for the corresponding
information for the location to the smartphone.
corresponding location to Thus,
the
pedestrians can receive information while passing the beacon device with
smartphone. Thus, pedestrians can receive information while passing the beacon device with the the provided smartphone
application and Bluetooth
provided smartphone function.and Bluetooth function.
application

Figure 3.3.Operation
Figure Operation principle ofbeacon
principle of beaconservice.
service.

3.3. Detailed Control Procedure for the Connected Security Lighting System
Figure 4 shows the procedure for the control method of the CSLS. In this figure, pedestrian A
uses the CSLS smartphone application whereas pedestrian B is simply passing by on the street. This
control method aims to adjust the brightness of the CSLS near the pedestrian using the beacon device
Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 6 of 11

3.3. Detailed Control Procedure for the Connected Security Lighting System
Figure 4 shows the procedure for the control method of the CSLS. In this figure, pedestrian A uses
the CSLS smartphone application whereas pedestrian B is simply passing by on the street. This control
method aims
Sustainability to11,
2019, adjust
x FORthe brightness
PEER REVIEW of the CSLS near the pedestrian using the beacon device 6 and
of 11
infrared sensor.
Priorto
Prior to using
using thethe CSLS,
CSLS, pedestrian
pedestrian A A receives
receives aa secure
secure serial
serial number
number fromfrom the
the local
local government
government
and registers
and registers this
this number.
number. Once
Once useruser authentication
authentication is is completed,
completed, thethe beacon
beacon device
device cancan recognize
recognize
his/her smartphone application. When pedestrian A enters the detection range of the beacon device,
his/her
the beacon
the beacon device
device recognizes
recognizesthe thepedestrian
pedestrianand andturns
turnsonon the
the additional
additional LED
LED chips.
chips. At
At the same time,
the beacon
the beacon device
device initiates
initiates the
the infrared
infrared sensors
sensors installed
installed inin the
the security
security lighting
lighting that
that are
are part
part of
of the
the
CSLS within
CSLS within aa 100100 m m radius.
radius. This
This distance
distance is is generally
generally assumed
assumed to to be
be the
the range
range ofof visual
visual stimulation
stimulation
or approach of the
or thesubject
subject[41].
[41].The infrared
The infrared sensor is only
sensor initiated
is only by the
initiated by beacon device
the beacon of theofCSLS
device the
to prevent
CSLS to preventthe additional LEDLED
the additional chips from
chips fromswitching
switching onon and
andoff
offunnecessarily
unnecessarilyin in order avoid
order to avoid
wastinglighting
wasting lightingenergy.
energy.When
Whenpedestrian
pedestrianBBentersenters the
the detection
detection range
range of the initiated infrared sensor,
the additional
the additional LED LED chips
chips are
are turned
turned on.on. The
The additional
additional LEDLED chips
chips are
are automatically
automatically turned
turned offoff after
after
the pedestrian
the pedestrian leaves leaves the
thedetection
detectionrange
rangeof ofthe
thebeacon
beacondevice.
device.

Figure4.4.Plane
Figure Plane view
view ofprocedure
of the the procedure for themethod
for the control controlof method ofdevice
the beacon the beacon device
and infrared and
sensor.
infrared sensor.
4. Prototype of the Connected Security Lighting System
4. Prototype of the Connected Security Lighting System
4.1. Specifications of the Connected Security Lighting System
4.1. Specifications
A prototype of of the
theConnected Security
CSLS is shown in Lighting
Figure 5.System
A beacon device is attached to the exterior of the
LED luminaire head and an infrared sensor is installed inside. The detection range of the beacon
A prototype of the CSLS is shown in Figure 5. A beacon device is attached to the exterior of the
device is set to 5 m whereas the detection range of the infrared sensor is set to 10 m. Two channels are
LED luminaire head and an infrared sensor is installed inside. The detection range of the beacon
used to individually control the basic LED chips and the additional LED chips.
device is set to 5 m whereas the detection range of the infrared sensor is set to 10 m. Two channels
Table 3 presents the correlated color temperature (CCT) and luminous efficacy of the LED chips
are used to individually control the basic LED chips and the additional LED chips.
that were used in four security lightings. The basic LED chips have a CCT of 4000 K, which is
commonly used in conventional security lighting whereas the additional LED chips triggered by
pedestrian movement have CCTs of 3000 K, 4000 K, 5000 K and 5700 K. Additional LED chips with
four different CCTs are tested here to determine the most effective CCT for pedestrians to recognize a
change in brightness and feel reassured. These results will be applicable to future research.

Figure 5. Picture of the CSLS prototype.

Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 7 of 11
Figure 4. Plane view of the procedure for the control method of the beacon device and
infrared sensor.
Table 3. Specification of the LED chips.

4. Prototype of the Connected Security Lighting

Basic System
LED Chips Additional LED Chips
Luminous Luminous Efficacy
4.1. Specifications of the Connected CCT (K) Lighting System
Security Efficacy (l m/W)
CCT (K)
(l m/W)
A prototype of the
1st security CSLS is shown
lighting 4000 in Figure 5.38.8
A beacon device
3000is attached to36.1
the exterior of the
2nd security
LED luminaire head lighting 4000sensor is installed
and an infrared 38.8 inside. 4000 38.8 of the beacon
The detection range
3rd security lighting 4000 38.8 5000 44.4
device is set to 5 m whereas the detection range of the infrared sensor is set to 10 m. Two channels
4th security lighting 4000 38.8 5700 41.7
are used to individually control the basic LED chips and the additional LED chips.

Figure
Figure5.5.Picture
Picture of the CSLS
of the CSLSprototype.
prototype.

Table 3LED
Seven presents
chips the
are correlated
arranged incolor
eachtemperature (CCT)
row, with four rowsand luminous
on the left andefficacy of the LED
right columns. The chips
basic
that were
LED chips used in four
are placed security
in the lightings.
two middle rowsThe basic the
whereas LED chips have
additional LEDa chips
CCT are
of 4000
placedK,inwhich is
the two
edge rows. The basic LED chips and additional LED chips both have a total power of 50 W.
The beacon SDK required for beacon service is included in the smartphone application and a
demo version has been developed. The entry screen and main screen appear sequentially when the
smartphone application is initiated. A pop-up screen informs users of the status of additional LED
chips after their movement.

4.2. Network Connection and Detailed Operation Scenario

Figure 6 shows the network connection and sequential communication order of the CSLS.
The CSLS includes a beacon device and infrared sensor in the LED luminaire with communication
tools, such as a Wi-Fi module, AP router and ZigBee. The CSLS also uses the web server of the beacon
manager and service.
The sequential communication order of the CSLS is shown from 1 to
8 with directional arrows
in Figure 6. When a pedestrian who has the CSLS smartphone application approaches the security
lighting, a wireless signal from the beacon device is transferred to his/her CSLS smartphone application.
After this, the CSLS smartphone application sends the wireless data to the web server and the web
server sends these data to the AP router via the internet. The AP router subsequently sends the data
to the Wi-Fi module installed in the security lighting. Finally, the Wi-Fi module uses ZigBee wireless
communication to initiate the infrared sensors installed in the next security lighting and sends these
data to the other security lightings. When the CSLS detects a pedestrian within the detection range of
the beacon device and infrared sensor, it increases the brightness from only the basic LED chips (100%)
to the basic and additional LED chips combined (200%).
Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 8 of 11
Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 11

Figure 6. Network
6. Network
Figure connectionand
connection and sequential
sequential communication
communicationorder.
order.

As shown
As shown in in Figure
Figure 7, 7, when
when aa pedestrian
pedestrian who who uses
uses the
the CSLS
CSLS smartphone
smartphone application
application is is in
in section
section
A
A (within
(within thethe detection
detection rangerange of
of the
the beacon
beacon devices
devices on on security
security lights
lights no.
no. 11 and
and 2),
2), the
the additional
additional LED LED
chips on both no. 1 and 2 are turned on. If the pedestrian moves to the
chips on both no. 1 and 2 are turned on. If the pedestrian moves to the right and enters section B right and enters section B
(within
(within the
the detection
detection rangerange ofof beacon devices on
beacon devices on no.
no. 22 and
and 3),
3), the
the additional
additional LEDLED chips
chips ofof no.
no. 33 are
are
turned on. At that time, the pedestrian is out of the detection range of no. 1
turned on. At that time, the pedestrian is out of the detection range of no. 1 so the additional LED so the additional LED chips
in no. in
chips 1 areno.turned off afteroff
1 are turned a delay
after period.
a delay Thus,period.whenThus,thewhen
pedestrian is in section
the pedestrian B, the
is in additional
section B, the
LED chips of no. 1, 2 and 3 are all turned on for a short period. After this, the
additional LED chips of no. 1, 2 and 3 are all turned on for a short period. After this, the additional additional LED chips of
no. 1 are turned off after the delay period. If the pedestrian then enters section
LED chips of no. 1 are turned off after the delay period. If the pedestrian then enters section C, the C, the additional LED
chips of no.LED
additional 4 are turned
chips on,4with
of no. those ofon,
are turned no.with
2 and 3 remaining
those of no. 2 and on. 3Similarly,
remaining theon.
additional
Similarly,LEDthe
chips of light no. 2 are turned off after a delay period and the additional LED
additional LED chips of light no. 2 are turned off after a delay period and the additional LED chips chips of no. 3 and 4 are
turned on when the pedestrian is in section D.
of no. 3 and 4 are turned on when the pedestrian is in section D.
A similar
A similar operation
operationscenario
scenariousing
usinginfrared
infrared sensors
sensors instead
insteadof beacon
of beacondevices is applied
devices to the
is applied tocase
the
without the CSLS smartphone application. When a pedestrian enters
case without the CSLS smartphone application. When a pedestrian enters section D (within the section D (within the detection
range of the
detection infrared
range of thesensor of no.
infrared 4), the
sensor of additional LED chips LED
no. 4), the additional of no.chips
4 areofturned on. turned
no. 4 are If the pedestrian
on. If the
moves to the
pedestrian left and
moves to enters
the leftsection C (within
and enters theCdetection
section (within range of the infrared
the detection range ofsensors of no. 3sensors
the infrared and 4),
the additional LED chips of no. 3 are turned on. Thereafter, the operation
of no. 3 and 4), the additional LED chips of no. 3 are turned on. Thereafter, the operation scenario scenario and delay time in
the beacon device control are applied to the control procedure of the
and delay time in the beacon device control are applied to the control procedure of the CSLS. CSLS.

Figure 7. 7.Detailed
Figure Detailedoperation scenarioofofthe
operation scenario the CSLS.
CSLS.

5. Summary
5. Summary
This study
This study proposes the CSLS,
proposes the which
CSLS, implements the state-of-the-art
which implements information communication
the state-of-the-art information
technologies and the concept of CPTED to improve the luminous environments of
communication technologies and the concept of CPTED to improve the luminous environments alleys for pedestrians
of
in smart cities. The CSLS instantly increases the brightness of security lighting by turning
alleys for pedestrians in smart cities. The CSLS instantly increases the brightness of security on additional
lighting
LED chips to
by turning onprovide positive
additional LED psychological effects
chips to provide to pedestrians
positive and effects
psychological deter potential criminals
to pedestrians anddue to
deter
an increased
potential sense of
criminals surveillance.
due However,
to an increased sensethis change occurs
of surveillance. only at those
However, locations
this change and times
occurs only in
at
those locations and times in which a bright luminous environment is needed. This system utilizes a
beacon service to recognize the pedestrian’s CSLS smartphone application. After this, the system
Sustainability 2019, 11, 1308 9 of 11

which a bright luminous environment is needed. This system utilizes a beacon service to recognize
the pedestrian’s CSLS smartphone application. After this, the system turns on the additional LED
chips of the security lighting near the pedestrian and initiates the infrared sensor in the surrounding
security lighting.
An actual prototype CSLS was constructed to demonstrate the feasibility and operation logic of
the system. The detailed procedure of the CSLS control and network information technology and the
sequential communication order with detailed operation scenarios are described. The results show
the effectiveness of the CSLS network connection and operation scenario. Although quantitative and
specific verification was not performed by subjective evaluations, providing a new system concept
based on pedestrians’ psychological relaxation effects in previous studies is meaningful.
The CSLS may temporally increase the illuminance value of the street environment over the
recommended value when the additional LED chips are turned on. This temporary increase can
intensify issues, such as sleeping disorders and privacy infringement from light trespass. Repetitively
switching the additional LED chips on and off can also cause visual discomfort to residents.
This lighting pollution issue should be considered for the actual installation of the CSLS. To reduce
light trespass to residential areas, a fully or partially shielded design of the security lighting should be
further developed.
In future studies, a quantitative and qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of the proposed
system should be conducted and the effects of light trespass to nearby residents should be investigated.
Studies on the CCT of the additional LED chips and the amount of additional luminous flux are
also necessary to help pedestrians more effectively recognize changes in the brightness of the CSLS.
Detailed questionnaire content and subjective evaluation procedures are needed to obtain these data.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization and Methodology, Y.C., H.J. and A.C.; Formal Analysis and Writing—
original draft, Y.C., H.J.; Supervision, A.C.; Validation, M.S.; Writing—review and editing, Y.C.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the
Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2017R1A2A1A05001170).
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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