Sir Ae 1 ily. ou nal a eo 14 Phonological change* { ga La pce eri igen a Paul Kiparky 4 ‘gut. Hit Ot goed. 6C-CBt oao i Sorts ne pty Seay Uae Gas We 4 apn anaes mi Nae ene lice i teh hier fog tC ities 1 tor mph. Cole an tice Icy Anta esse eg Cpa ly Sinan, Ot Strona ete ia ena’ alia Lapa a ‘We wil bgin wth some casi and relay wel-endrtod ies of EERIE tt Noncompetitive Lane hiserclphowsogy and prose to newer an more cotoversl ons i Wl ti Waging Pg Pah ie Seton #1 reviews the neogemareneceptonleses hypothe, So trig Thug tion 14.2 ovine theay of sound ange, and surveys some curtety Ee ll erat ce ete ateas of investigation relevant 1 ling in that tine. Section 14.3 ‘eas with isu of phonetic nd phonlog snaloy, snd section 144 ‘ise dixon. Our fc throughout wl ea nth on the tort ‘al background and inpleaons ofthese lesa on the gunton of thei ‘pra ay 14.1 The exeptiniesness hypothesis coneptal and emp ase 14.1.1. The neogrammaria agumet forthe EH d (One of the principal isin the theory of found change resi the sogranmaian eteptonesines ypotess (EH, scoring to which ‘ound change se sbjec ony o phone condoning a ve no cep "one. Altiough the EH has never commanded univers sea, ah ‘ued by moch ofthe comparative metho (Hoenig 96,1975) and Important eonrequetss hve been des rom in chronic igus Specie, the Stuctrals theory of autonomous phonology was age rotated by the deste 10 dere the putative exceptonlomnes of Sound change ftom more bse sumption abot the organaton of gute. "The EH wa first explicate by Lesken (1476), but the way fort vas paved by ear metodcigal advances de rial to Set | (ie). According to Bropman, ie Scherer chee ove tffecelybroshed the uation of how changes and anoatos fake 1 pace in language’ (Ont Brogmann 1H) Sere hey en hePap sniforitarian principe, ve that ‘he mesa nd phys tivity of man Ima five oan al tines eset te sun The anion Principle ad wo Impota osequences: i,t proprio engage ange can at shold be Srvetgated ot onthe bas ef bypoteta ‘eeomtractons ton th of knows anand oon store ‘Sngessson, that reconstructed proto angages se conse ye se pais ae val for cul lnganger| Teach bre thse pete itd sat wound change sitar: Inalltving dec he shapes of scons ecard lege apes mich nore comity nleneted tought thee Input meter née yh ments ae ngs consmaniy thn on won eages fom th ty floes Inopnger ene mere hgh he twig is consistency fen ends hit mann coon, Whveet Srootin te pston to mae thorn isomer loowhere my tert the ext work. Winter, Die ‘Krone Mander des Kanon Glare (161), wet ea conve inset ofthe acer what ar een sl And boat ft Betaken oes cm ye who vowing and woe ae of smotted exept of the mesa sud iaws(Oxbot Bgaase 7) ‘he unllormtren pipe also etme the posulation of ski changes ofthe sort found inonteporsylngues sve rear sages Indo European ‘Tote horror of pot afew low vestigate, but ky forthe et ice Serer mado ample we th pricpe of tala lvl Inhis explanations inthe bowementoned ook Sudden many forms ofeven the ade ioral aconble rages wert aconing ‘ohio, noting other than formations yf slog i) Acorlay ofthis em el was tht sound changes are language strat processes stated in pace and tie, rater thon spy gener tendeaie of phot rson, athe had previ sn thou foe “Tis ot onl aed new qsion abou he phoned leterpeaion, ls povided bass for inventing i relative chology Th, the Statemeot of corepondenes between the German and. Sani ‘bstreas, whee formulation by Grimm contetnced many exceptions, ‘we zeplced though Oras and Verne covers by ice Do xt italy exceptions ofsound changer hich elated he two branches to 4 common Indo-Earopean phonologil system that fered aigaely fiom both i escencan's. Within few jets ter tical concept shfto sound changes ptentalyinteracing tise process, italy tthe sar problems is ln-Esropesn vel an cowsouempionangy ere slved fea by several inguit adeendeay ‘The EH wat in tere aradcalznton ote ight tat soud changes te rilegovened historia proces: not oly are sound congee Fs overed, thy ar gorered by rls of ey special and resid sor. Appren exceptions or noone condo, twas ined, cece ze rg 0, a ha a (Gi ic obtain le 2 Een (in pedo wee ese geaaae "ences edges Snes Sepa ‘es wee (Chey Hale 0 Png cng lexical representations, This intsveanastion may be phonolgized de ein onions, soqrng = ltl ot of we For example, ‘one Fans dnlect develo a vara vowel ia catia gid ses ‘(Skouen 1975). Operating postal, Whey ser, wh st 3 Phone of Fish nd doesnt coun! foreach swords, Sima» oma el (ese og). Poonologed nto rl of lesa phology, kms (by suuctaepreseratio, Kiar 185) ed « phone ofthe lngiag aoealy copy of he preseting vowel ad my {ood tea rls (hence Alien fou sates sso by he secondary ses he hid sabe). Asmar inerpretation cab be ves for consooast cpt, eg- arms wermpt (hone) td ‘Me mb (hoaclgize, neta). ™ ‘Weakening procetes:eition, asiilation ‘Weskering proces res om lost etue spinon sociated with a sepment, iho tout oncom pend of marked etre species. tins tom 8 eiiboringSegen. They apy tel to regmente in rosea) weakpstons (uastesiedsyabe, abe coda, Seemerayt 197; Hoek 1976. Assouiton tends osread marked ete speistos to segments (Sehacter 199: 344. For example, vowel to et mie by sal oasonsnts rather than denaalize by orl cononans, This syne eas be derived aa theorem within atcorgmestlpaonology ire ae at smashed values ae spcied and unmarked vases unrpeced (Pe 98; "ais 184; Maser 1984; Kas 98; Haye 196s) * Iota acne tion of eomsonants, he ess sonorotscomsonaat tend fo wi, eg, Seat ‘arma sa» Pal dame, ua (Hamer & Aisa 17) gven at ‘he Sonor hierarchy can be dered fom the markedne ieruchy (Garner 1979) sy be spec of the general enile® “Asecond bie generatzntion that anton ke lac int between "Rater oe ret nt in ta aeons tin gency ics tment eae rman res eh feiogsGle Sherrie nto Seine Rae UF pepn ote ine ae temas nse ts it apices Be eePao spe which arated most sini te fen sompntion (Hu ‘on 197; Lee 1975, 197) This seca othe comznon prokistin Sequences of minimal ssint consonants (Tak 196; Trabeetoy 10 22-4; Oreeaberg 1978; McCalla 199). A priiped destin of his eerliation i stil king, although fextare ers in conjenction mith the (OCP (Mary 1984) sage promising proach, Tonalin. Low oe asia thigh one marten han the reverie Hyman & Sc 1974; Malena 1973). Tifosi rom ‘he marked stats ofhigh one Madlesoa 197. Pllyan 1986), even te principle tat asian is read of marked feature speciation. ‘Shc forsimiar reasons ina ee one stm mites unmarie latoe ‘olow ad high me woul alo predetthst i tone soul sma both to iphone andtotow tone more often han te reves. Tonogenest, The lyase! arson of consonants can tee sghboring vowels In away wich i then phonloged stone" Ths proces can ie o tonal stems nd nese the abe fone in fangugss wich sre already toon,” The bextdocumented pe fond throughout Soutest Ara ane etre elsewhere, isthe dveopent of low tne aftr voice obsrvents” The planets mechan eto his lowering eneney are dsputed. The falewing nue ave ben roped decente in rarplotal prestare accompanying vio! bent (Rohr 1985), detest in wea cor easton sesomparyngvleg, de itso Insniaekening ofthe vol cords (alle Steven 177} ro ewerng ‘ofthe trex (Hombert, Ola & Ewan 1979) Fora seen evew ee ise (586) in Sista caro eater ‘Sema us esters abe epee a ee a ‘aguas recs eat oe we Ponetctage Stenghening processes: vowel and consonant shifts Teo no be sup it phonological jt ended to be organized in sochaway 51 peemitmaiom ofthe walle err pcesendi ‘vowel nd consonantsis vere otiaedbytatend. Fr varios popes to ts elf ste Vendy (1502), Trubekoy (139), Jotnon (182, Marne (1955 62,151), Zinder (97 ~ seucral at wel a propa ‘eleneo redundant fentare) Lijncats Lido (97) Jno ‘Sehulmn (185),Lndbom (19, b—yplogy sf mowelysens dale fom misiizato of oma ee Bromberger Hale 96tor dso), Stoves, Keer Kawa (196 ebanceest of conta yan of una ext. ‘Vowel shits bvercemy reeled considerable stetion Labov el (2972) suget thatthe fal nto ao ted per ene (rpg) vowel tend to be raed, lax (oapuiberal) vowel te fal tack Yoel are fronted. Stockwell (17S: 38) stbues thse sie 1 the {neil otsteapheing nd weakening proceoes. He anales pier ‘vowel as ponclopealy eating cpbonp: vowel feat taken sx ‘els ofthe conte betwee de msiniation (epee ide sims (tbe productive tea Perepton wast mu dy Slton eg]—[a} fi [a), whleprodsion want the minima Itaatory movement. See ao Wall (192), Dongen (1978), Sehane (058, Morn (198. What remains posing on all accu the per sistenc ofthese sis (or ofthe Kinds of vowels tpi othe) in certain languages sch as Engh and the other Geman anges (Walace 175), a thiol tence noe, sch Japanese I as eos peut ht his persintenceeukiaeytceabe cern pope. ths oltbe promelceytm > tis ot lea ht aalogs exit i e onl oma, Atkin tof man fone sss, however, ae polity witches, sah th intern of Iipha0dlw toae Qaddeson 17H 352) Wheter tee ste Seestny prozstesor deve fom theintescton ofindependet on items 0 Felscovered vidoe forthe laters Plan’ (985) explanation of olay sie in Mag throug he nteracton of te etend and efit tone asignmeat (ater an by imps intercange of on ae) [Naturaness paradoxes nd bow tive with them ‘As soul beer eve rom srry ave, Metiftion of ‘ature process is a wisky mater For many eteably sar press itPaints posible produc the etc contrary cts, for whic, oreo ts oten sible to devise equal lau explanations, Awe ser, woe’ ‘ops of inc ow tone othe foliag Yoru, bel sometines hgh one (G39), Assn oatral,bt sos dsiaton, Naaied vows te Sometnes lowered sometines ie.” Anoterstkingerampeletbe oe ‘ot nl vowels ia words ofthe form CVV. In sch sxe, he datocton beeween the sew mononlaler and erignal CVC mononlabis i ‘onetnesephonlopndin em of cata etneen goo orton ‘lables. Wich willbe the velng one? Wil be te oii money Tables sine other bing bring gual moon word longs hs the Stes sabe of dilate word? Or nt be the new monoslable, Since they would tecome overiong by compensatory eaghening whe the Second sae nt The sorer bth Terns (98) sows ht sone ‘German dalects undersingtpocope ive developed oeregth a the tiga monosyables, thes, next the revere Seveapmet, ote toreaed dates, ‘This act of puis fe shoul ot aus supine dep once We recogni tat in knguge a in ote ological ad otal sre, the bo snp ration Seoren estas ead fenton proces con see ‘ay neon, ands gen foto can be served by many pce ‘omequeec, ncn! equrement only constants iste ete ‘ment of sch systems bt dono usualy determine. The cari ‘opportuni eisai eolton™ spiel of guage hang wel 14.2.3. The tre of ponstogl variation “The dcovery by Laboy an collaborators of ae pte of vriaton| in spoch, governed by fatter of elu content swell yg doc dis,raes wo nteronneted ue of fname importance for grarimatica! theory, hich ay atcoutt of ound change mist come 0 {ps wt: ) ow the pater of vr oe chatted sad) hat ae is anc See Fong 1986, 1967, for ealer cao of thi sue) util models of vasa (Coderaren Sank 1974, Ronse 4 Sankot 1978) pot for each vrei ae an apa probity py wach represents the rule's basic teagan peotbiltesp, - pa ocaed ith pata etre ofthe evtonment (vara consta)y in ch ‘ay fat the robb of apeying there navn pe ovr Stang) nae pps rps et ini >a ne tye, ou Pliage met is obsined a2 fonction of the probabilities sect withthe eats preset in that eaveoameet.Cadergen& Sank formulate he following ingisteatpetaton of tere tial adel: the statist paterned variations an undetyng ‘babii componente competence of each spate, The rbablity fale sppisnton[s]awel-dinedfaaeton of he {eure poset inthe environ fhe arabe ‘These model ca be itrpreed a enbodhing certain hypotheses about the character of vation: 1. Thera hypothe vsaon xe fom contest determined probabil of grammar, 2. Theinapendnceypohet ach contextual factor ae the probably of le appeaton ndpendety fh te. 3 Thecompence hypothe: ings competence hax robbie somponent (On exch poi, ecutnerpretatonsre of cout oie ndhavcin fact een proposed any tines The rue bypotuss mas chleged Oy @ ‘sumer of variations wb argued ht he berved eguency pte te tifa of ali dierent set of speaete andr te came spear it ttferearcicunstnces, and contended that vraon pater se fey overned by imptiona cals (Blcketoa 1971 Bally 1973) For engl, ‘ule deleting al tops might ppp wits varying degre of pene ut Isavaysconstsne by impo contain sh (9 Deletion etre vores deletion before consonants (i) Deeion of vied tops mpis deetinof wie ops Gi) Deleon ie formas ips deltion in cal ye. ‘The argo thatthe statisti pesd of variation sro swe rece thes ofte sample andthe systevange oft upl, Atti ingle ‘speaker, sing il) me woul therefore ave am invari aterm, Buren ieee were sch nt, we oul probsy never ety bate there Meteo any varnler involved ab bce ome of th Sah yet sis, brea mbjetiecomponeat whi cao in pine be menated Independat to ssuticet degre of pecon “The independence pots was callengd by Ky (1978) and Kay & ‘MeDanel (197) onthe Psi ofthe fact tht the cate weight of abe enstints ean vary for diferent roua of pear, Preamp, loupe of ‘Black tenaper sted by Lab (19725) sifted in ht for ee pou ‘variation inthe appiton of fol, delstion depended oreo he phonologal envitenment, and feet, depended more othe pencePape fs grammatical boundary It ted ut, howsrs tat the reais ino ace ofthe grammatical Doda orlts exact wt the speaker's o, ‘he reaton being, Lao hel showed at pears ania the ev onal morphology oft ete cater mre deapy thy pow er, So would be wrong to tute the diference between the to gr0u98 of Speaker 0 8 revel of the variable sontrans. Instead, thy deletion tenis dependet onthe speaker grant tem,” "The competence hypoieisi oily relied 1 the dependence ‘ype the lowing ways he sontutin ofeach etre the ronment tthe proba of wing ue could ay indepen, {hen theyre contains oad with the nonstate woul have to be leaned by apeker, wh moud ttt tiny are prt ofthe lngusicompetece. his woud hae the erally for bora ing that sound change could iavlve redsbaion or ensptng of variable onsrins. Tie aerate, faonals pote tht te eave frequency of variants sos dilleent envionment eno enon i ot pat of gammtial comptenee, bat rex rom rossing ont tht ‘one ino pay a language se On he fenton ve he popes of Tings change cot! not const of enironmen-apecis changer nthe ‘nequency oeptznton ores, but oly nan cvesnseame (or decrease) inthe requne of apcaion of leo. a) it allenionment py, Py moving in lekstep. Emp sppat forthe fentionalit ie (groped spectively in Kiparsky 1971) has been found for syntactic ange by Kreed (1986), Short histor work such ar Kr, eos tested empirical by mens of rode cmpaion of arise rules Since the vataubait potion ena tha opine ay ofthe factors controling the rave equncy with which pod ue ace apie in Aifrent envieoamets i rbjen to independ! vston a hereon 0 change it sholdbe pores i les dita einai with cept {othe pater of waitin in ome rl. The free aout on he ‘ther tnd, ets te cotton of exch ail consi i ie, ‘aration ean exab thei case by dmonstating nec dest in ‘becoadkoning of aponl ale, and supporters the posesing clan ‘ioncanestbishthetsby demonstrating srossdetl and rote ‘Ste cmpartons mast howeverbeasogon he grammars the nets ‘Spon emir eine at fa esp a ‘Eu rtp el oe ae 26 Poni cage and ot jut the frequencies of nguistiealleroants. The reason that ‘coring dle specie var patra re ot oecesa he esto ‘isbn cnlectapeii vale coat, Tey might a eh eat ‘rine. Corie inthis repard one he ew phonlopal vison tes tohave adress th prabiam, Ou’ (68) invention of deltion in New York and Phisdetpia. Guy (p51) Rds thatthe proces ‘nprset ina range of Eaplshapesker, and ery stables form ith regard oe msjor consis In art, speakers how the gr taal ete which retarddleton ot -ainauines (eg wld rind) ‘opponed 0 seme (Ha, hold) andl speakers tow te phone ‘fect which aor dletionnexto cone sme tev me ‘a. gt me. However, Guy found tis (among wi speaker) alowing pute impedes deletion in Philadelphia but promote iin New Yor, at ‘ownin he olloving figure ving the tequence of deletion: @) Emvironmene 86 _ ate New Yorn 1.0 06 oss Phindspknos 0 038 on “Tis prima fate evidece for ads erence, bo the mtre of he ference rot at al seievident Quit poebly the dre the Intec of diferent inviully we Seed vibe es Toshow how ‘och ineracton ca yl! appareyabiay variation pte we wil ‘ootot a a srl example. Ase ha the“ dletion rae “pple psa touneesed sop sch pally oxarn sabe Sal ‘oston in Engh. Imagine ow two hype dialects of Engh [a ‘SaectA, worl stops robo unease (7) Indaket Bis Ist onyinconnectedspeec ele pute, ope areoponally (yal ‘hetine) released) (©) erent c _+ ‘Asst, act A wl sow the univ pate of easonst deletion ‘aes (Poplck 1980 ec): sw apply os often before C ext st ten ‘eo pe, andes often before V. But in det 8, tbe optional eee Seforepate depres delet af taisinpu stat the very sme deletion © Bovtonmen ay _#e DisletA —ostequeat ies roqueat—inermedae Dialect ® ——mostirejeat_ Intermediate leas eqoeetPuipey Our ttou dialects A and Buse hw what appescta he ever ot vableconstas coui neat be de tothe iatertreee of tine ‘onolgial rou. The rt ottended a ero analyaesofNew York fd Phd speech, ltkowph thy resem the reapectie paterns ‘Secoveredby Guy nthe acts One sont, he cel pool tal of New Yor aad Padeipiaspench wl bve to rete the sd deletion rae wot only 10 sop rele, bat ala 0 the ghotlstion td Ping ow hee coment ae onto abet in any es Epis, ncig the onerin gustan. Ari well-nown, thee proses interac nay mich makes ute mening tine ay oe of them i lation. Mach of he vara hte apd ter process of English low fevel phonology, moreover, tn etree vartion ns fcaton (Kan 97), The much dscused "uae conse o sh rls ed etiam tettoe be arc. “The stematve vew suggested here should nt be contacd as an tempt to eseape ens renponsity by sling te fosionai theory of vaatoa tom potest uation by sata! data. On the ‘ont, eds to inert table preditions which do oe low fom estandardvratonst ew. Fst soon ofthe varibity of ,eleton ismentedby phonetic procenes ach see td gotalanton, te he {leon pater shal be more nfrm srs det fo aon sh t-s-z,whicharepot subject thse process, abd which hesefore appear ‘sh mre itor alopbones. Ang ft varsbltyeuiealy a mater of heratieslibiteatn, te delete of aa oman hoa be sees ‘veto varble coastal determining esyaiation ert word bos ay (Sigh & Ford 195). Ths woul reir tat the lower the inital entonant ofthe eat word ina thermo here, the more hols ‘ig deletions preceding onsonan.Tispreiction sin et conned for final dalton, as Singh nd Fors pot out, by Guys hdlg tha ligeide snd pide wer rfl ordered between consonants and vowel tlges of tleton. Fal onthe sggested funcional nerprettion Sigiean covariation predicted betwen deren lable seesite rls, ‘whether reltedo oot. "The fundamental problem that akbough vations in principle ‘sci probable with lr, they n pace usually end up aocating {hem with eran witoot worrying mach by wht re seen the ae rats re desved In his way vss eazarc steed a pout of Systema at ipa pater of arto. "cnc, # rece fo probit the aiation dt, aad 0 pte ana o sore sytematic phonetic and phonologiel fota. Tae we Ponce 1 undoubiety not easy to do but I ene ifthe problem of the ‘eltinsipbrweeestacre,varaton, and change sto be ried Sound change and agus sructre Ie the comsideraton ofthe petting sects are put logis wit the sung of lena! pony, ie flow pcre a und change ures nur phonaopea pcan ongiaing i pedo, pr ‘nd acum, eatin, cal Conte ao ‘peck Sound cage er pce when feels fh recone iterated by npg bearers par er rma copes neealton wel ert or ee ales eject ee ‘rseraon ad otc evant conn on he etl compose fo ay involve line gamma nd eet of oa pe ‘ted wth pial age. cose, coins o und cane "ect tonal ao nerlaton pore ae thet 1 per encore me at ‘orpolga opto nl ison oI ay we dese he cae rit hat ely poneck” changes be morhaapeed tad undergo lexical difusion, one The allonng scons we cose some fcr ht apt 10 be slenntohe laceration tangs nhagsentre ‘Teesole of equston sound change Since theneogrammarians (Ostot& Brogmane 18; Pas 181920 thas bee spect that, aon to grad scuntory di the dom, tious ransmision of lngeage factor i sound change a at hs mechani i weil resonible for eetin rolled “minor sud Saoges’ These changes, nobly disalaion (Gramont 1695, Poet 1861) and metathesis (Grammont 195, Ulan 198, die en orig sound ehange in big (1) sap rather tan prada, (2) often morales “se bi ss eles ar ae Spreng eto Se oy ae ethene ety ea er pt ‘et i ina ed ac aa igre een tsp as eg + Ke entra sta ee henna ‘inert cc ue osc ee epg, x0Pa kposy and) sractre preserving, he sense ta hey do otra ia ew ‘Spent ype but sip estate exiting ner (Hoeigava 197), 1 fasbee proposed ht dination sis by mechan in typercor eso; as Veniyes (150 stint pat, ste aro into tat rode dsinlaion.” Along thee ner, al (196 hypotheses tat silaton nes woee Bsteners isnterpet wh thy bot big the ‘elt of asnlaton, aed then in care peo stain te append Source. For example the dmilaton of Slavic fe [would ave happeoed when speskrs sumed tht [6] wat “ely” an ated ‘venlon fan proceeded anda hi pte ean proces, TRE shovementoned properties of sbropies, sporaiy, and srctre [rservaon are ined explained by tis bypohen, Als explained s {eft tha isin ply ober thane este slaion, viz, features desing paces of arilaton (pace, sltaltin, Pletal, roundigrther than fens dtnig manner of stlaon, ‘Andee (173, 1979) apnea och tae pera eo anton Insound change. Hecojectresthat ound hangeineneralan ote in much the same way that sng changes aly pcre a ig place, ‘aly by ‘abduction’ eames et stuck il thir own mipereetons of misatepvetions, nd by aor of hyperoarecon, deve adapters {hat mp tr own "wrong uoeryng oem nto sonethng that pp0%- ‘nates the ambien norm. Loss ofthe apie ues woul the conte ‘ound change. Empl of cl ponaogy hes ite support for ie theory Moreover, gente potie withTosing sou ange in language acquit is tht the class of tical potential ound changer oer not match the clam of pial or penal cad Ingnage proces (race 197; Visman 1980) Seucturl constrain on ound change ‘A corollary of pst sonpbontc lvl of phoologilepretenttion ‘nat for nc ound change mem nat oly hte aration at ‘wht is conseqonce ae forte Engi rs, Cine abut theater Aepend ene on the ngs eory tht elgaeue,eton ay ‘soso the thry of hogs: For exe in phere tere the Great ‘Vowel Sit of Eagishcaned = major racing of he Eaghs wowed ‘Span aes a a eyo eatanel cae ‘Stn mu cn see Pe he Bh = Poni lane ‘inventory fom the viewpoint ofthe phoslogtheary worked oat ix Gori & ae (96) bry enge tal. Hower, ino fata ‘hangs may depend on sto, histor eomadraoe nny consti ad rove evideace ering on th igs thoy. For tisrenon, fbn’ caseton of pf phonological ere: ‘using process tore than ale axon importance Gees rom the pote wesley aod (372) at sound changes are determined by ‘vein sutra princps, univer st wel at langvagespecte It hangs Is sracture-dependet then met beter what the sate it Inorge to understand he hag. "ramps of es which epsn ond chinge on the basi of pol ‘al pnarctes are Res (19%, for quay, std Mary & Veonems (098), for sabication. Symmetry comideraenr hove tng Been ‘onsired a moan of cange(Martoet 1955; Moon 19,196, Ronseberger Sold 198); gen phonologil fetes, they ely trast into simply coseraton, othe need for syemely st Attononous factor sualesr. For exeapliation nd dacusion ofthe Taonship beveen sound change and morpbonytaccseuctue fos ‘ovonen (196,198), Gussman (176) Nyman (97), Casey GOT), Haris (97), Keyser & O'Ni (19 2), Ronnebeger Stl (980), Hewes (198), Mouton (58), ‘These considerations ae also crcl for comparative linguini, In 2 ‘advent paper, akcbon 198) re-emphaied te wera tenet hat recontrctd Iangnges mst be compatle ith the universal ‘nce that gover phonolgiel stems Fr exile, sine aopated ‘socsonans prsippoethe existence oh an ie pried or Prt. European, whichis confined by laryngeal thoy nthe me way cent roposl that the od tops were tai (Hopper 173 Camere ‘€vanov 1880 woul imply the exstons of gia stop In Proto See the comparative method lads tosh overeowded oven floc. ‘nes; poli comsideratom alone wou}! pot to recontauing ene of ‘hem aa voile Iter, which cored by «wen of independent evidence (Sener 97), Functional eases Ciitron'samsng examples of tomenym aking from sound nape ad being sorted out y ierapoati xa replceentare wel known, soot srping tht speaker sboaid begin to eoid homonym th extes ‘repeated mitndestandiag or embtrtinent ad fer to paragbran, hic eventually tay epic the orginal word (iit 148, Dwoa 1995). More problenc re two poplar etenson otha ea, One that 1Poly bomonyay maybe soe nt jut therapy by cepsicng its damages by lesa replacement, St popylacicaly” (pre-emptive) by Bocking the sound change te rom applying ota werd. Tomy Hoowledge, he sppten cares of thi phenomenon al sive phonemic changeset ‘fecively edo tote prevous cae of ection among eee For expe in Fh te sound change a! has oot ppd in oe ‘pst ese of cera verbs where won ave produced homey (eg art ‘spanned, fom kate: dee aot become fu whi eae peed ftom kus), However, sec eutrazation ru dso ther he poss os lea ce betweentheaerant forms, renledin aor af ‘he unambiguos vat with.” ‘Aneveaioe rata eremson offal theide that he threat of homonyay may sully prevent or ene ee sound changes A Sesonstion otic would ofconerabe gence beens no ising model of sound change shows how gnu tleciogy of hs Kind ‘ould be ipemested Two cis in pot (Maret 955) ae (1) ht the lktiood of megesisinversy proportional the amount of hoon that woud res (what Morte alls te funcona lado he mere hooeiedstinton); a 2 tht the teat of tee froth one sod ‘hang wil fend to be sete by apeher sound change (sh char), Condering tbe ingrtance fhe ie, the erly teem sade of the problem is amaring The et nim bs bee vetted ath egtve rei, by King (1867). As for the second sins merpers re obvotely ‘omnon eves, te problem how to spp nse interpetton of hin sis, pecially, how ot whee sequence of sou ebnnes ‘A-+B,B1C (where A-C) sph chin, Bydetton,tisn po hain ite ime bane cased the ate, the relevant ene The aes to be ened are: (1) that there ao eal somestion, but gly & random quent changes; and) hat he carly ithe oe ny rxind (and related to symmetry of the phorolopal mem rather than to homonyms) in wc eae we havea ag cain’ On may i etaihng ‘uly woul eto show staal ns ng orp ol hangs hat hits tendo come nceis. Kingda ay (19690) an ot epee ‘proponents leolgy have criicaed ides, itouthowever roping [beterone. (Chain safe which eanbesubemed under on poser chs ‘aking of tease vowels, of cane dono appr lela nterpete tion) In India es, nual eomecton would be nds conten ‘ual essctons on A~>B, the moe ara and peli the Bete, ae replated in B-+C, ao that te ater oly wpe where the dtoton beeveen A and C "esd minting, Astuning cay etn, ‘ec ihc Gararne nnnrumetem Pees 7, wa Pagal cage ‘us chains an be isting rom gc by care ateton othe ronoogy ofthe ungs (a in Eason 1986) See Campbell & Rogen (0981, Drachman (19) or dscusion ofthe geerl ies ase, tad ‘Vincent (1975 for statement ofthe ce nga elecogy Analogical hangs in ponaony 1m his eon we wil be cance on wth ptonolgen ape of sop change adh ody queries ing nd gaat ‘leg orogens ana ee ‘this volume) and Anttila (1977). — Phonetic an phonologil snalogy ‘The noorammarans drew sharp coospal boundary Between sesogy nisoun cage, bute exw neon baton cab ard to Bnd In prate, Aat-oeogrammaian have, atempled econsrctthedstinsin sooty ar wel, by showing that the procs of ound change tel notes analog mechaiom,Sehuchand ES 17,2 seq that sound change ogo in pei envenmens a geoerazesy phone analogy lnspction of any group of related dines wl show tat ihe ‘option facto ofthe sound ange yin dere ways om act pli; hiscanbe ste a th spat projection, st wee of Simeone, (Sehuchara 15561) actly bow does his spt projection of Sine difeences ome aout? The ‘earl ide sth sound changes are atau inte couse of ht orapie spread. For exanple, the Old High Gemma somone! si ‘suinedo ave srtedin fl foc inthe oath endo hve petered oat st ‘spread vortwad before coming to scomplete halt Bete (1967) and Bach 4 King (1970) queione his assumption on te grounds that one Would ‘apts borovig dies fo generalize trl ahr tha resi ad Suggested hatte dizecin of spread might have ben the oppose Se ‘his fais to explain why sound changer ae sare ltd othe whale ier, Robinon& van Coste (1973) propos instead tht the en ules are ox gota where toy opiate stat they had the ot ine fo become simple here. Nog that ei faey of innovations rao ‘est advanced athe pol of ri, Batac (1976 ads the sgn that Se scene wanes geeraation thee ould vein me ike GR eh, ge 3 hn oe (OH SG aH om43.2. aay fabio, See Adams (1977) Raph (8) for further cso of the ogre ead of sound change Independent evidence that phoneicphoologil analogy at be recognised mechani ofchanged tat ano gneakie eles Whi co pt arse det aesoundchanger sal For enn, the eels ‘pated palatal a of Samer bapened org rhe opr 2 ‘inate eh inthe relatel few caves where ws agin engemin edit waster geiated by analogy ith the bl ote gente ones (Wackernage! 1396: 136), Such purely plowsogal analog proces ft poole neogrammaria ste of thing, thre being 0 morphology {St proce whch can prove te bai for a proportion othe eal sor From the viewpoint ofthe theory that analogical ange grammar snp ‘ation, onthe ober hand such ass aro be expected Te, the analog ‘eminton ef a Slt a gveratzason of (the siminaon ‘reins 1) the phonstacte rl sprated pasar pina” [Nonsurface analogy ‘The necrammarin goin of sslgy 6 an innsely morphological proces nly ose of the reasons which hat ld trl ings 1 ‘erook analogy nthe prey phonological domain. Another exon stat aly was easily defined on sete fo, ad phological anos) my tae ri reference oneal nd epeventaton a whi ‘set spy beyond the reach of ado concpins of aaa age. Ruryowic (1948, 196,157 recognize this probe and step to ‘remedy, within he laitaos of ssc ther, by eine ta rsa the proportional seman erin way He sugested that ‘othe terms ofthe proportions an the reltin Betnec then ave fo ‘meet certain sutra condos. Im patlar,the ter ha fo be ‘ehted as forme de ondation aed fore fond, wd thei epeenttion ‘may ceil abstract away fom he cal pronanston a some epi, Inthe following analog proportion, pope to asst forthe Hae of Jenghened rae (yd) i the Sana sat ptm (Kuro 1950), ich caily depends on the phonlogeal equvlece of sbi a onpylbic resonant (7) and of lng vowels andesite vowels : (an eex (wer X= m8) ‘Two oer erkchmeot of the bs proportional shes ze Lee's (1970) operas hat proportion can operate on dnt fete represettons oe ‘nd that single anno hang on beth esto seve ogc Proportions operting mltaneuy. The sutras approach thos amounts tan tempt oreo analog sV, back] —(-bacllV bac) ‘Te sound change acodig to Dresher stval the loo storton, causing word ito ude tack mon ® Otderstge ——rnaing sage tessa tect! ferestormion: ata! = ok tit Toten eee ws433. Povey Analogical change a he phonemic vel Weconcldedtn seo 14 rom the Engl example diced by Blom foi tate pincpeofseperation of levels tconteat withthe fac of Inguse cusp. In hie sston we wl ook sore clnly tte relation between snlogial change and the phonemic level of repeentaton ae coir ow he problem maybe selvedin he theory oes ponalg. ‘Not al” structural see with Kuylowier that aberec st oponemic representations mist be recog’ a pt fing {ur et alone tht they capa ole a angange change. Asordng a2 oro view (Trak 965: 32), "aarpbologlsalgycanaot et he ‘avenory and he rpanizaton of phonemic fener the transference of sound into the postion ofan otherby way analogy is concsire evideoc of th phonemic at Tht OF Engl mt be reared ara phones diferent re, becnase ‘hela pear in coed yes 2 ers impe. fog) saudin open ones when followed by ot vowel ge. pede “pt seg lade glad pant part. frente) by ago ster ors in whieh theintechange etmeen an aisbued co honoogal le (Tinka 1968-30) Sina claims bave boon dteoded in Daren (197), Fler (19), ee ManasierRamer (198); Hogs (17), for relted dicesson However, dear eases of merphotogeal naogy ving se to new phonemes are known Jakobson (1951) te the i of alain Reson by aaogy wih he ltersaton etren palatal and ropa consonants in the conugaton, eg rvsu 'vonmiktu 0 seplacing orginal “it Ins Geman nee, plop extension of at hive ie ‘0 90 phonemes (Moston 1967) In Wester Boasan dle of Sebo ‘Goat sew pone baie lope in pst poten Me wr) ‘These facts case aly foray theory wich recognize un suo ‘omar phonemic level a maaiae ai oprtion a evel, ekg (G36) an Zinder (979) tenga cope wth te prado ysuposing tot the alophones somehow tecame phonemicd before tht aslgeal ‘strodution it he contingent :/becane a phone not beset word Ako appeared on ‘he cota the word io beeane pole bec entered Inte phonemic opposition with kf. -eachsouadin te words * pe nt nny tp 6 Pont cage "epresesative ofsome phoneme this, the aetna sense Ariniton can sit rom oe leet wut. Pom the pot tem oftbe word's ore shape ished avaye been never hat ‘he word pak bald ve ededin the vowel and tt ‘he preceding consonant wel shuld ave bees plata crea ‘hoogh dnt represent the phoneme pena to on Palatalized We. Under crn ramstnces eo apen that ‘nlzton could have become conned wit caning Cinder 20, quoted om Litera 198. ‘This oa major departure fom csc ones, ses trues sounds hich ae in complementary dsrbution tobe independat pote ‘hei ome right The move l sealogos to ta ofthe poe loom 'stonomou phonolgiss (ep. 387 shove), only Hien ad Zod at {0 move the photic level even farther ‘out However thy 80 set scully state any new pails fo deterining phonemic epee ‘he concson based onl the pot hac inference chongs Synchro pardons fin type ed Hale (199) propose th he structural’ phonemic level shoul be depp I eal geneeing phoooloay (Chomsky & Hale 168), uodarying ponloie! Tepe {stows te mpped by phoclogial alent senate amc ore tations, which are relied tartiuation by pring which ee ith eran ‘ori, iver. Hom this poll of view, the fle of phoolgiea stalop 10 reps th phoneme mentor i welcome fact the sr hand, the exbtene of generalization sb! since topped to redundant phonologal features (secon 1415) becomes pebeate ‘Recent, hs picture bas asin boon questioned The theory of eal ‘phonology poss level of lsc repeenation etwaen,uadetog presentations and phooei >" Lexa representations ae dered tp Phoooogl rules operating i the ei, whch ae mel to mang fondioas which roi eta etre from being aed ete eae on. Onthis theory, the ania hunger ingoetion cul einepeted asresing tow snplieatonn the making cdtons Ta, pthc sae, Rosin ada marking condition probing the ete eons ‘on “bac, + high], Bokiegthe palatal ale fom apangio eae ‘Te malo hangs, then, was he lox of hires he ea hooology of Rusia. Toe pedcson ist the ange shoul nave ‘sinciled with the leszalon of pl in undecved wor nthe Sow am, ony Re se a, 8, ei decanter; ca as foera time ory rear apa eae croton nck deep wmJunge. More general ists tht ony etere which pay iin ‘iverolein be language oul earazed ty phonloi salgy Tires implleatns fel phonology fo phono chnge vile cxaminedin the net ton, 14.4, One nature of eae dftson 5 conjectre and cae study Proponcat flex difision donot queton tht sound change of the oogrnimaiantype extarrell"The questions ow the tweet ‘hnge can be dlereatitd” Labo (981) anges et hat we ast engniz oth pes of sound change, with be Garces ated) ‘Nema! Leal ° ‘change: sapfasion Phone condoning foe oth ect empeor = 1° ennai eeonng = re Seon * © ecaie re = Clamaie 5 = aeons . Dicomry ets 7 ? ‘The properties in (9) ferentate wo peso pronologia rs, Do those ruletypes re romtbetwo kinds ofsoud change ois te eee vo {ul types sel th reason why there ae two nro undchange? Wes here age forthe later potion. The tpalngy presented in (2) covey ‘eembles the ditocion betwen lesal and poste! es (Kiar ‘tab: Kase & Sh 1985; Manan 96) and we pope tide the 'An alten i thatthe diction Deowsen seogrimmstian sound ng nd scl difsion sini connote to tepals pono loll strated (ator 198), Labor sgn hat ea ifiasn ‘und mos ones changer in phonoapea ete that defo ‘syrems ‘in that chee phonee renzo inves ever pons fextures, whe phonologea! fats wih » more ‘concret”phontemuaiettion wil {endo changeinneogranmrian hon where ei dision does cu, toe found most often in hanes sos subsea —partclryengtbesings and shortens *-tepanmrn cept pty cnn apse ea Pomel ce ‘nyowes and change of lic of ateustion i consooat, Diphthorgeton and monoptthongation appear ob temedite ‘Wo ind regular sound change na wide rng of vowel sis that represent movements within the sume of ot rel o he ‘boys ofp sing diphbons ori-hing dptong ang, lowering, ong, baking, rounding, ntounding.nvaltion 4m consonants, Labov sags that change ia manne of ata is "opel repr. Suc elatonship etme the mody of change and the sbutanve ‘barat of be fate volved wouldbe spurl pal oe thes sno ‘hentia esos o expect But nay cae, stn counter otic ‘sob welldoumened cases off ison nein ing vole Ing and other etre with inal pbonet interpretation (Rips 12; Pip 1832, “he poitono be defended here tht sc diftson a property of exe les, Tats we ake he ferences in) ot nel ste tog ‘3pe of sound shange but as precondons forte. Taare, Propose. isa principled oe bec the theory olen ponsogs aay ‘Species on ofthe eset ditions between ene sod oot ‘ules ht only he tomer may have lel exceptions toons bet eal aifsion must be a redstibton of ptonemes among lena ens ad ‘tot creat ay sew hoooogcal cotat Ths prediin bornesnroy the teed exsmpes of ere fusion, nich inary nv ‘etalon proces, i, processes whore Out an be lela oe ‘oteration whic uggs tht excl fon tbe telecine popeave leeaton of the output of neurazing variable ee (Kips el 41). tn ado, this hypotel fallyreconsies eral difscy te Bloom's ‘say sound argament agin ie posity of excl ‘poraiesound tang ep.) ‘kr hypothesis ber pred that the very sme feat, ndeod the mera shoul suber oe uso one language ord tod ‘notin aoter depending on wether the fsureflealy dnctvear sce Weriioow stow that thsisbore ot in awe known Eeglshonenple, te tein oor ‘Te teosing of! spies inal dct of Ameren Engh, btitakes ‘ever quite diferent forms othe MidAtate str lena eis inp version sttedin 10) Fegan 1975; Labor 191,980; (00) Pian teosing pate +£ Aer (normaly etsy) rmsd)Pa sy “Tus ce rete] obese ee (we west es ‘Ares bfore cra etry omens ew a, tee ‘efor (10a catere worn open ye 10 (2) erAph ppt, the he SAdmnds ih ce edd.) © HAD an pal 1m pea word, Pinpia pester eter apy or dost apy ‘easing ney. This etre apecing ale ey gs from he dae tenn ang th wih the tev sp owned, ch vate ms gat mune epg oo Sf ed Gis. A oweby tr ot 10 tw ese bd md Ad Ista ded la ec tees rn jet eel ona ‘ps tt ao ongung ngewe ae, whe cue bing ‘nde worden). ‘Aare prom opera mo dct Ane Engh, such tens be Met Nw Eng inte oer lr pert ator) oll conoing wine 80 we ny {Stat nda oe era eMac es ig Ne ‘You Cy and Wastingon nplomen he eign vo eal fect Soyo he at of cn "To ep witht onl ht eg in Padi nl of sex online sae ore ete Te aa eh shows a aban paty fom stove ut toma Pile {ncniwcay tr Lenn onyel "Tica rt ed eae Sonia thefrewort al oslo se afalos, 1A iub at hoe eet ae ese vowel evn wie codtister eset tf alovng word bund sll ord ()a. manning, shating bAnmting Amey, As, Ieadieovng scant mAsones™ ». pant pain “Disease easing pets lan ornare ot ‘edule, wie ecm) ent ome ele 7m Becwe ofthe inherent cycicity of lexical derivations we predict that ‘te teaens of bate wre vl be tuned rr re en em at lee rears of rotting Wenn thst be ie rover pater be woe Peni cae (23) tasty, BAS, gAtous, photograph ‘A mbes of peaks were oun wit in te wods: [wa {8 preteen mae. Te ae sever pone ean ‘ic Onesie eae eat be words undetected ithe tan wowed dean Se fot ae tt fae See {endag wool io ht cae it become spate sly her te mae eat hich pote ol aso Wisely ayaa met? Te] ny be be ase ote eaterytemasen lee soe ilo, teasing octet se sagen dernion en ng ‘own sens to be Gurnee of ler eaten ‘bout 0 ot bie enough mate fs cnn {xe} comet predicted for mod ie homey en nce te} seed onthe it ye ete te Wop te {936 ad sensi Spenvh es [sng te Bt ope od os ‘Mae ope on ee ye) 5, Sys which eeone ened only ater lel 1 do ot undergo Scmig, For tmp the proces with ee eta oe ee ‘use began wha mrt ca py elo ‘bectirtbecrsett wa ae worsen seer tel peal a evel 1 we al "ops alo opoes a ‘This dln prods a sed ne uy as predies,tseos no a tensing** (09 ear, cei ane 4 Teasing does ot py oth pat tenses f tong et (18), hough does peo hpretent ens (150d ofan owen ers 50 (15) ren, begee, swe stabs endertnd . seAnmed, bammed Sotensing is dered tore he abet re (06) wate pat tee of tong vers ose ouput mst cll be aot A Beenie fa, pet dren en, areca ey en oPaty ren, te Ral (16) has apply alee froth seasons hea tat {ening stab estore in (1) 5 Tesing never apes oops categories, such susie or (07) bed, 0,28 Hence he welskown snr can cA Sine word resi ao signed by lexical ry, th te in (7) gto word sts (wes he ft that hey ae able fo owe edton nl hy reeves pote ses in he sentence conte) aod content they donot este ‘actual dexcipton of tenig Given wht a bo so, awe we old scout for my «eng undergoes ol ts inthe Mid Atanas we cou ‘ho bow tbc lal eine fe ple Toten tok ta ibe simpler pera dae (0) side: ‘Backing Geni) [toe banca. + Tensngin (poste ini) (ont of tnsinging) tenses, most red (i) aa : teiced ops 7 ‘ates wer is : : ‘oaity) : : Jeans, owe (ie) cl ope In the Mawes (ce (18) here ae two phonemes! an in ater ad {iter Tbe oppotionbeerecn thm inet in for of ele {autoslbiery th seal aching ral (1s). The vowel fever oa ‘acl poste teming rele of which en approximate oration ven ‘8 ab) Ti ru tty nine yan lel nyc. "In New Eagld the uation ira bt ere complete bosese exea Sacking spies more generally thee, ot jt before bat a roughly the tnt or bln ee ry Sey ware aoe onto Pee cage same content athe Bris npih brood rule, before caves a as ‘tosses specie set of wor the ed unde (90), hat, pas, ek at, ance, cramp tater bla ‘Thevowain raed athe wellknown] Pek our eri Hardy Til rene iso be rari te ae [s a, es conti el nae "ing fr nvr Tas neat en ‘heh stocking dossnt apy cher nese lncomext tnt Seca thy ales opestoves|-at]etbtbe srctonerrean ‘il ck th lesa remapping hem A tess oko ‘bet oem poster ye tne rea be Meee Se iat we apn have wo ploses at wih aerate cn became pst ie (2) New Engle Backing exc) Etow, back) [ra 2, (incest wri) (where Got.8.2, 4c) .Tensinpaising poesia) Jarl). i (vaio of ensigns) ‘The Mil-Atanti sats, ike New England, ada sped broad a rae before utes nd nas ctr, ut rod coi ot with th vel ‘eran father ~ but with the tne nt wan the Ou of tne oxi ening rae. The est wath thes ets cies eve tease, Now thse esi ile velo wits od psec ‘easing rl, and eventual merged why he eas reste en ‘ta prevain Phat, shown (2). Backing xia) (owe bs Tening exc) {lor hak] [+ tense, nat of word whos cae theotbrond oe © Rag (pst iwle} + [) Cotinuam of esngasag) ‘As we baveseen, having aie esl satu, esng the pressPa py leit, that's, it undergoes el fs. So wee that he cl bere and nly here comms in pr the ex bacing re of Brith ogi. “Ther perbaprsome contat between yma ekal dition property flee les, and Labor cla tht ei fusion a propety ft etuesdening "abt sutton However, Labo ideties the thsratevojtems ot he phono sytem of te angaape but by he shonienatre ofthe distinct features Inlsiew fests ke tensenes lng re subject eal ison becase they 6 bt define any ‘Single phys esion bu rather tat of strat ny nde eg, ‘pt rong, te dretons and coon of pds, andthe tempore ett ofthe over entgy” (p28), wi estar ie onc abd ‘avo wl nor ene erie dftaon beste thes pya vation Mellie the are etre inal et, bj oe sion insome dialects nd nt others. By inking esc efsion the anton of the feaureintbe abst pooologial item a we have done specially ‘hh eel, pootexal ats fhe ae thst species t—we pret ‘racy he observed es cfeencs. T inthe consi that the entence of wo types of sone change, lexical ifasion nd neogremsncin’ ound change, a consequnce ofthe sisence of to per of phonological rule, lesa ues an poses le “There i no dearth of eer data on theoretical alteratie store phonology. Assn, theardparttoconsctthem in ay which wl ve Sramore prec urdetandg wht rely boppene whe rowing ‘down the theoretical options. When dos sound ange spread word by ‘ror? How isound ange contsned bythe ponaageal sem? By he ‘clio What rhe ight interpretation of be vasa le ehnology? “These and otter bic questo itor lingua a the moment being anereredin ely ferent wap, some which we av tempted tosort out here. Progress n oor understanding of band change ely to ‘ue om a tration of fears of phonon). hoot, squton, fd angungeposesng(perexpion,rodscion,vraton- is hs inte Py eta constaning tor which per itor guts toed rolein the stad oflanguage. Ponce ‘ey 017 er ena Ok. Gn pie Arto rs nt (Cindi ope Ur Rado et Sora hig van ten 9 Bp ee na echo. ee) ing eet a St ele Pi Brat cmp iy “erin oat AT Onc Langu un ce Cage MAG ern na ey, cant ‘BESTE Sieg 200, Umi inode Ccomn Geese 55 CON mn oni Wenge pe ory sa Fi Me), Rn pos, Ue Pak: Soe emacs. toe ere ae aaaiteyeegant Coen na pe eee Reek ge 1 ot Ti cpu he "Schiele nc eon ie cole May tind gn Mec Se ooPalka ln i tage, rt ama pe Le a Le ta ena Un Wahi, on Yaga ini onc beg bomen ‘cm MY 1 Tete ines como ted hay und can “ania Ene cag Ore ema le ipa nef oY St -.190 testpal ge arf a REE iv. tat retin ap OnE a tocar ovine na Seb Stuee remem ean ieee | one hint i Romcrereanar ee ee ‘Ghat 290. etd Atta Bea Se SR cetera nen me Tt eget Sather te SSeS pecan eee nee co EN m crime di coe RE aos Ac apnytsne Say fe petra ce, SE incense en pc DoT ti peng 0 nb wd seats nt Cn tenes ein "el Ptr nau meeps Rc ‘pti he ee ee. tm a ape ey nal be ee ‘Paint eacadap owe Caper a haar Te Re) ‘atch peng tne ri ee Ponta Dato. ta OME Bt immer ot emer earecs SEE Sittercity ag C6 pie Tee, ooo’ Hen pton ae ouon, agnt 1- Pallas See agate tte ume 9B. 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