2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICoBE),27-28 February 2012,Penang
Automatic Classification of Infant Cry:A Review
J. Saraswathy, M.Hariharan, Sazali Yaacob and Wan Khairunizam
School of Mechatronic Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP),
02600 Perlis, Malaysia
wathy_87@ymail.com
Abstract — This paper reviews the some of significant works on
infant cry signal analysis proposed in the past two decades and
reviews the recent progress in this field. The cry of baby cannot
be predicted accurately where it is very hard to identify for what
it cries for. Experienced parents and specialists in the area of
child care such as pediatrician and pediatric nurse can
distinguish different sort of cries by just making use their
individual perception on auditory sense. This is totally subjective
evaluation and not suitable for clinical use. Non-invasive method
has been widely used in infant cry signal analysis and has shown
very promising results. Various feature extraction and
classification algorithms used in infant cry analysis are briefly
described. This review gives an insight on the current state of the
art works in infant cry signal analysis and concludes with
thoughts about the future directions for better representation
and interpretation of infant cry signals.
Keywords-acoustic analysis, infant cry, abnormalities, non invasive,
signal processing, pattern recognition
I. INTRODUCTION
Almost half decades ago, the attention has been made by
pioneers on acoustic analysis of infant cry to investigate the
relationship between cry signal and physiological or physical
status of newborn babies. This is because cry is a multimodal
behavior which involves limbs movement, facial expressions
which change over time and also conveys a lot of information
about a baby as shown in figure 1[1, 2]. The cry of baby
cannot be predicted accurately where it is very hard to identify
for what it cries for. Experienced parents and specialists in the
area of child care such as pediatrician and pediatric nurse can
distinguish different sort of cries by just making use their
individual perception on auditory sense. This is totally
subjective evaluation and not suitable for clinical use [3].
Therefore, by considering this problem, an automatic system
to classify infant cries was firstly has been suggested in 1990’s
by Cohen and Zmora which successfully classified a
preliminary database that consist of hunger and pain cries of
healthy neonates [4]. Researches have proposed approaches
for problems of two class domain or more than two classes.
Some of the significant works on the classification of normal
and pathological infant cry is as shown in Table 1 and will be
described briefly in Section III.
II. AUTOMATIC INFANT CRY RECOGNITION
Generally, infant cry automatic classification process
(Fig.1) is a pattern recognition problem. It is similar to
978-1-4577-1991-2/12/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) process which
comprises two main stages that are: signal processing and
pattern classification [5-8]. The main aim of this intelligent
system is to discriminate the different types of infant cries and
identify the pathological cry. The automatic system receives
the raw cry signal of newborn baby as the input through the
microphone. In the signal processing step the raw signal is
first pre processed: normalization, cleaning and filtering. Then
the smoothed signal is analyzed and by using suitable feature
extraction techniques the salient feature vectors are derived. In
the case of higher complexity of features, the features are
normally reduced into lower-dimension space by using
suitable feature reduction methods. Then the reduced feature
or vector undergone classification phase where it is compared
with knowledge that the computer has to produce a result [6].
III. ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS
Literature works have been emphasized that feature
extraction plays an important role in the field of automatic
infant cry analysis. The suitable extracted acoustic features
may lead to an accurate classified output. In recent, some
simple feature extraction techniques have been used by
researches in the infant acoustic analysis. This part briefly
describes the methods utilized by pioneers.
A. Pitch Analysis
Pitch is the one of the interested and distinguished
acoustic feature to analysis in infant cry classification area. In
neonate cry classification, many researches used pitch based
features and have been shown prominent results.
In 2004, Gyorgy Varallyay et al. [9] proposed three
different methods for the detection of fundamental frequency.
In their work, only the discussion about the difference of the
ratio of dominant frequency and fundamental frequency of
normal and deaf cries were reported. Gyorgy Varallyay [1]
reported a work based on time domain analysis mainly from
the duration of the signal. In his study, pitch, formant and
other features such as segment density, specific segment
length, average pause length and average segment length are
analyzed and compared between normal babies and infants
with hearing disorder whereas the classification part is not
conducted. On following, Dror Lederman in 2010 [10]
approached the estimation of fundamental frequency for four
different types of cries (Normal, Cri-du-Chat, Hydrocephalus
and Cleft Palate) using simple inverse filtering tracking
method (SIFT) which capable of overcoming the under-
543

Infant Cry
Weight
Health Identity
First cry Emotions
Pathologies
Figure 1: Different levels of information conveyed in infant cry.
(identifying diseases mostly highlighted among researchers) [2]
estimation and over-estimation of the cry
fundamental frequency. In his study, the estimation
of fundamental frequency for different cries only
concentrated and analyzed where the pattern
recognition step is not carried out.
B. Mel-Frequency Cepstrum Coefficients
(MFCCs)
Mel frequency cepstral coefficients are one of
the common and well known acoustic features
which have been explored by many researchers in
infant cry classification analysis [7, 8, 11-29]. Mel
frequency cepstral coefficients are used to encode
the speech signals that contain irrelevant
information with large amounts of storage space
into compressed and useful features [11].
In 1995, M. Petroni et al. [12] has
successfully classified three different types of
infant cries using MFCCs and artificial neural
networks (ANNs) and achieved an accuracy of
90.4% by using the cry signals of 16 normal babies
which were recorded under three different stimulus
situations (pain, anger, and fear). Dror Lederman
[13] used the MFCC features for characterizing the
normal and cleft palate infant cry signal. The
continuous density hidden markov model (CD-
HMM) employed as classifier and resulted
accuracy of 91%. In other work the same author
[13] differentiated the normal neonates and infants
with Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) with
the accuracy of 63% by using continuous density
hidden markov model (CD-HMM). J.O Garcia et al.
[11, 14-15] have published three papers on
classification of normal and deaf cry signals using
MFCC features. In their works they implemented
the scaled gradient conjugate for recognition
process and proposed the principal component
analysis (PCA) as a feature reduction method. The
best accuracies of their works were varied from
96.80% to 97.43%. In 2004, O. F. Reyes-Galaviz et
al. [16] have implemented an adaptive neuro fuzzy
inference system (ANFIS) for classifying normal,
hypoacoustic and asphyxia cry signals by using
MFCCs features. The system yielded 96% of
accuracy. O.F. Reyes-Galaviz and his co-
researchers [16-17] have also described the same
work by using time delay neural network (TDNN)
and achieved an accuracy of 98.67%. Furthermore,
in [18] the normal, hypoacoustic and asphyxia cry
Gender signals have been discriminated by using MFCC
coefficients and fuzzy relational neural network
which constructed using triangular membership
function. The accuracy was 88%. The same work
Preterm Vs
Fullterm
[7] also presented in different way by using
different membership function that is trapezoidal
membership function and an improved accuracy
was obtained (98%) compare to the work in [18]
using triangular membership function. In 2005, O.F.
Reyes-Galaviz et al. [19] proposed a research by
utilizing MFCCs and time delay neural network to
classify normal, hypoacoustic and asphyxia
neonates cry signals. The accuracy was varied from
96.08% to 97.39%. In [8] an evolutionary neural
network (Evolutionary-TDNN) classified the
different types of neonate cries with the accuracy
of 96.79%. In 2006, Barajas-Montiel [20] has
conducted two studies of three class recognition
problem using normal, asphyxia and hypoacoustic
cry signal as well as pain, hunger and no-pain-no
hunger infant cry signals. He used MFCC in signal
processing step and fuzzy support vector machine
(FSVM) for recognition phase. The best accuracies
of the two studies are 94.98% and 97.83%
respectively.
In 2008, Dror Lederman [21] has been
presented a system to discriminate the babies with
cleft palate with palate plate and cleft palate
without palate plate. He used parallel hidden
markov model (PHMM) as classifier and the
system obtained accuracy of 90%. In 2009, Azlee
Azlee Zabidi and et al. [22] used MFCC features to
analyze the normal and hypothyroidism cry signals
based on F-ratio analysis. Karen Santiago et al. [23]
attempted two class domain problem (normal and
hyperbilirubinemia) and three class problem
(normal, asphyxia and hyperbilirubinemia). They
extracted MFCC in feature extraction method and
Type 2 fuzzy pattern matching used for recognition
phase. In other work, Reyes-Galaviz et al. [24]
have implemented evolutionary neural system for
classifying infant cries into two class problems,
normal versus pathological (asphyxia or
hypoacoustic) and the best accuracy of their
proposed system was up to 100%.
Data Pre- Feature
acquisition Processing Extraction
Classification Feature
Reduction
Figure 2: Block Diagram of Infant Cry Automatic Recognition
Phases
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In 2010, R. Sahak and et al. [25] have also applied
a system for the detection of asphyxia cry signals
based on Orthogonal Least Square feature selection
method and the accuracy of the proposed system
was 93.16%. They used support vector machine for
classification system. Azlee Zabidi et al. [26]
reported a paper about the classification of
asphyxiated infant cries using multi layer
perceptron neural network with F-Ratio as the
feature selection technique. The system yielded
classification accuracy of 93.38%. Moreover,
Azlee Zabidi et al. [27] have been proposed a
system for identifying asphyxia cry signals based
on Orthogonal Least Square (OLS) feature
selection method. The multi layer perceptron used
as classifier and the accuracy obtained was 94.00%.
Ali Messaoud [28] has been classified four
different types of cries using MFCCs and
probabilistic neural network. The maximum
accuracy was 71.4%. In 2011, Azlee Zabidi et al.
[29] presented an analysis on binary particle swarm
optimization (BPSO) for selection of features in the
recognition of infant cries with asphyxia. They
used multi layer perceptron neural network and the
best accuracy of their system was 95.07%.
C. Linear Prediction Coefficients (LPC)
Linear prediction analysis is a time domain
analysis which has been used frequently in infant
cry analysis. Linear prediction analysis attempts to
predict a speech sample through a linear
combination of several previous signal samples [5].
This method of linear prediction is known as an
appropriate technique to process speech and some
works also have been performed based on this
technique [5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 21, 23, 30].
In 2003, J.O. Garcia and Carlos [5] have
developed a method based on linear prediction
technique and scaled conjugate gradient neural
networks for the detection of normal and deaf cry
signals. The classification accuracies for 314
samples and 1036 samples were 91.08% and
86.20% respectively. J.O. Garcia and Carlos have
proposed two studies [11, 14] with 314 samples
and 506 samples and they obtained 94.3% and
91.30% of accuracies respectively which are lesser
when compared with the accuracies obtained from
MFCCs. In [21] linear prediction coefficients also
extracted in analysis of detection of Cleft Palate
with Palate Plate versus Cleft Palate without Palate
Plate. Furthermore, in [23] the linear prediction
features extracted and analyzed together with other
acoustic features. The type2 fuzzy pattern matching
(T2-FPM) applied in classification phase. In [8, 17]
the linear prediction coefficients have been utilized
for analysis and the accuracies obtained from the
respective works were 86.75% and 93.33%. In
2010, M. Hariharan and et al. [30] have classified
three different types of cries using weighted linear
prediction coefficients and probabilistic neural
network with the best accuracy of 99%.
D. Others
Besides these features, other acoustic features
are also proposed by researchers in neonate cry
classification area [6, 31-34]. In 2009, Mahmoud
Mansouri [6] has proposed a method based on mel-
frequency spectral entropy cepstrum coefficients
(MFECs) and multi layer perceptron neural
network for the detection of normal and deaf cry
signals. The accuracy obtained was 88.3%. In other
study [31], Yoshifumi Okada has been successfully
classified normal and Ankyloglossis with deviation
of the epiglottis and larynx (ADEL) infant cry
signals using iterative forward selection method
and Linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Results
yielded an accuracy of nearly 100%. In 2010, M.
Hariharan and his co-researchers [32] have applied
a method based on time frequency analysis, short
time fourier transform (STFT) and general
regression neural network. The proposed method
carried out using normal and deaf cry signals and
the obtained accuracy was 99%. Furthermore, the
work in [32] has been presented for normal versus
asphyxia infant cry signals with addition of a radial
basis neural network classifier, probabilistic neural
network (PNN) [33]. The accuracy reported as 99%.
M. Hariharan and et al. [34] have also explored and
proposed the wavelet packet transform algorithm
for the pathological infant cry analysis. They
utilized the probabilistic neural network for
classification and reported 99% as the best
accuracy.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper briefly describes the significant
works on the infant cry classification analysis.
From this, we observed that most of the studies are
investigated using time domain and frequency
domain analysis. Besides that, the time-frequency
approaches also have been applied by some
pioneers to investigate the newborn infant cries by
using pitch, harmonic analysis and noise analysis
[36-40]. In future we are interested to carry out this
acoustic analysis using time-frequency methods but
in different manner by utilizing: wavelet transform,
wavelet packet transform and short time fourier
transform based on previous works [32-34] which
are yielded maximum accuracies of above 99%.
Moreover, we will attempt to perform this acoustic
analysis using different types of pathological infant
cries from different baselines.
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545
 Table 1: Some of the significant works on the classification of normal and pathological cry signals
First Author Database / Feature Extraction Classifiers Best Accuracy
(Number of babies)
2- class problem
Normal Versus Hypoacoustic
J.O. Garcia 31 Linear Prediction Scaled Conjugate Gradient 91.08 % (314 samples) 86.20
(2003) (Real database) Coefficients % (1036 samples)
[5]
J.O. Garcia 53 Mel-frequency cepstrum Scaled conjugate gradient 96.80 %
(2003) (Real database) coefficients and linear neural network (314 samples)
[11] prediction coefficients
J.O. Garcia 53 Mel-frequency cepstrum Scaled conjugate gradient 97.43 %
(2003) (Real database) coefficients and linear neural networks (506 samples)
[14] prediction coefficients
J.O. Garcia 53 Mel-frequency cepstrum Scaled conjugate gradient 97.43 %
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[15]
Gyorgy Varallyay JR. 37 Fundamental frequency - -
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Gyorgy Varallyay JR. 70 Time domain features - -
(2006) (Real database)
[1]
Mahmoud Mansouri Jam Baby Chillanto database [24] Mel-frequency spectral Multi layer perceptron 88.3 %
(2009) entropy cepstrum artificial neural network
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M. Hariharan Baby Chillanto database Short time fourier General regression neural 99 %
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O.F. Reyes-Galaviz, et. al Mexican-Cuba database Mel-frequency cepstrum Evolutionary- neural 100 % (from some
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Azlee Zabidi Baby Chillanto database Mel- frequency cepstrum Multi layer Perceptron 93.38%
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Azlee Zabidi Baby Chillanto database with Mel-frequency cepstrum Multi layer perceptron 94%
(2010) database from University of coefficients (OLS) artificial neural network
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Azlee Zabidi Baby Chillanto database Mel- frequency cepstrum Multi layer Perceptron 95.07 %
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M. Hariharan Baby Chillanto database Wavelet Packet Transform Probabilistic Neural 99 %
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(2009) coefficients network system experiments)
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(2009) de Atlixco database coefficients (F-ratio)
[22]
Normal versus Hyperbilirubinemia
Karen Santiago-Sanchez Real database Mel-frequency cepstrum, Type 2 fuzzy pattern 95.56 %
(2009) linear prediction, Intensity matching (LPC-MFCC)
[23] and Cochleograms (T2-FPM)
Normal versus Cleft Palate
Dror Lederman 47 Mel cepstrum and other Continuous Density Hidden 91 %
2002 Real Germany-Israel database derivative of Mel Markov Model (CD-HMN)
[13] cepstrum coefficients
Normal versus Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
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2002 Real Israel database derivative of Mel Markov Model (CD-HMN)
[13] cepstrum coefficients
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Dror Lederman 7 Linear prediction Parallel Hidden Markov 90 %
(2008) Real Germany database coefficients, Mel cepstrum Model (PHMN)
[21] coefficients and their
derivates
Normal versus Ankyloglossia with deviation of the epiglottis and larynx (ADEL)
Yoshifumi Okada 49 Iterative forward selection Linear discriminant ≈100%

546
 (2011) (Database provided by Wang method (IFSM) analysis
[31] [35])

3-class problem
M. Petroni 16 Mel- cepstrum coefficients ANNs (feed-forward neural 90.4 %
(1995) (Anger, fear and pain) and mel- filter band network, recurrent neural
[12] Real database energy coefficients network, time delay neural
network & cascade
correlation neural network)
O. F. Reyes Galaviz, et. al (Normal Mel- cepstrum coefficients Adaptive neuro-fuzzy 96 %
(2004) Hypo acoustic inference system (ANFIS)
[16] Asphyxia)
Baby Chillanto database
O. F. Reyes Galaviz, et. al (Normal Mel-frequency cepstrum Time Delay Neural 98.67%
(2004) Hypo acoustic coefficients and linear network
[17] Asphyxia) prediction coefficients (TDNN)
Baby Chillanto database
Israel Suaste-Rivas, et. al (Normal Mel-frequency cepstrum Fuzzy-relational neural 88 %
(2004) Hypo acoustic network
[18] Asphyxia) (using triangular
Baby Chillanto database membership function)
Israel Suaste-Rivas, et. al (Normal Mel-frequency cepstrum Fuzzy-relational neural 98 %
(2004) Hypo acoustic network
[7] Asphyxia) (using trapezoidal
Baby Chillanto database membership function)
O. F. Reyes Galaviz, et. al (Normal Mel-frequency cepstrum Evolutionary-time delay 96.79 %
(2005) Hypo acoustic coefficients and linear neural network
[8] Asphyxia) prediction coefficients
Baby Chillanto database
O. F. Reyes Galaviz, et. al (Normal Mel-frequency cepstrum Feed forward input delay 96.08 % - 97.39 %
(2005) Hypo acoustic coefficients neural network
[19] Asphyxia)
Baby Chillanto database
S. E. Barajas-Montiel Exp1: normal, deaf and Mel-frequency cepstrum Fuzzy support vector 94.98 %
(2006) Asphyxia coefficients machine (FSVM) (Exp 1)
[20] Exp2: pain, hunger and no-pain- 97.83 %
no hunger (Exp 2)
Baby Chillanto database
Karen Santiago-Sanchez (Normal Mel-frequency cepstrum, Type 2 fuzzy pattern 91.74 %
(2009) Asphyxia linear prediction, Intensity matching (LPC-Cochleogram)
[23] Hyperbilirrubinemia) coefficients and (T2-FPM)
Real database Cochleograms
M.Hariharan (Normal weighted linear prediction Probabilistic neural Above 98%
(2010) Hypo acoustic cepstral coefficients network
[30] Asphyxia)
Baby Chillanto database
4-class problem
Dror Lederman (Normal Fundamental frequency - -
(2010) Cri-du-chat using simple inverse
[10] Hydrocephalus filtering tracking method
Cleft palate) (SIFT)
Real database
Ali Messaoud (pain, Mel frequency cepstrum Probabilistic neural 71.4 %
(2010) discomfort, coefficients network
[28] hunger and
illness)
Real database

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