Heat Energy &

Conduction Heat Transfer

ME 333 Module No. 1

HEAT TRANSFER- CITU

 INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:
Topic 1: Heat Energy
ILO1. Recall the laws of thermodynamics that govern the transmission of heat
energy.
ILO2. Identify the thermodynamic parameters that drives heat energy.
ILO3. Describe and distinguish from other the different modes of heat
transmission.
Topic 2: Conduction Heat Transfer
ILO1. Describe the heat transfer on solid medium of plane surface and cylindrical
surface.
ILO2. Derive the conduction steady state transfer of heat energy from Fourier’s
equation.
ILO3. Show the electrical circuit analogy of steady state heat transfer.

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 Heat Energy
ME 333 Topic No. 1

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 Definition
Heat transfer can be defined as follows:
• Heat transfer (or heat) is thermal energy in transit due
to a spatial temperature difference.
• Heat, which is the form of energy that can be
transferred from one system to another as a result of
temperature difference. The science that deals with
the determination of the rates of such energy
transfers is heat transfer.

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Heat travels from High Temperature to Low Temperature Reservoir.
 Applications

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 Modes of Heat Transfer
• Heat can be transferred in three different modes:
conduction, convection, and radiation.
• All modes of heat transfer require the existence of a
temperature difference, and all modes are from the
high-temperature medium to a lower-temperature one.

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 Modes of Heat Transfer

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 Conduction
• Conduction is the transfer of energy from the more energetic
particles of a substance to the adjacent less energetic ones
as a result of interactions between the particles.
• Conduction can take place in solids, liquids, or gases.
• In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and
diffusion of the molecules during their random motion.
• In solids, it is due to the combination of vibrations of the
molecules in a lattice and the energy transport by free
electrons.

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 Conduction
• It is possible to quantify heat transfer processes in terms of
appropriate rate equations.
• Rate equations are used to compute the amount of energy
being transferred per unit time.
• For heat conduction, the rate equation is known as
Fourier’s law.

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 Conduction
• One-dimensional heat transfer, steady-state conduction

The direction of
heat flux is from
high to low
temperature.

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 Sample Problem No.1

*Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. One-dimensional conduction
through the wall.
3. Constant thermal conductivity.

*In solving heat transfer problems, assumptions are necessary to simplify your solutions. You must present your assumptions
to justify to final answer.

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 Sample Problem No.1
The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from 0.15-m-thick fireclay brick having a thermal
conductivity of 1.7 W/m K. Measurements made during steady-state operation reveal temperatures
of 1400 and 1150 K at the inner and outer surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of heat loss
through a wall that is 0.5 m by 1.2 m on a side?

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For problems involving thermal
conductivity and other thermophysical
properties such as density and specific
heat, check the following pages of our
reference book “Fundamentals of Heat
and Mass Transfer” by Incropera, et. Al

These properties are also useful in

cooling load calculation of the course
Airconditioning Systems.
 Convection
• Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid
surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and
it involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid
motion.
• The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat
transfer.
• In the absence of any bulk fluid motion, heat transfer
between a solid surface and the adjacent fluid is by pure
conduction.

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 Convection
• Convection heat transfer processes:
a. forced convection when the flow is
caused by external means, such as by a
fan, a pump, or atmospheric winds
b. free (or natural) convection the flow is
induced by buoyancy forces, which are
due to density differences caused by
temperature variations in the fluid.
Heat transfer processes that involve change
of phase such as
c. Boiling
d. Condensation

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 Convection
• The rate of convection heat transfer is observed to be
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e t e mp e r a t u r e d i ff e r e n c e , a n d i s
conveniently expressed by Newton’s law of cooling

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 Sample Problem No.2

Assumptions:
1. Steady state condition exists
2. Negligible radiation heat transfer

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 Sample Problem No.2

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 Radiation
• Radiation is the energy emitted by matter in the form of
electromagnetic waves (or photons) as a result of the
changes in the electronic configurations of the atoms or
molecules.
• Unlike conduction and convection, the transfer of energy by
radiation does not require the presence of an intervening
medium.
• In fact, energy transfer by radiation is fastest (at the speed
of light) and it suffers no attenuation in a vacuum. This is
how the energy of the sun reaches the earth.
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 Radiation

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 Radiation

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 Radiation

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 Radiation
• There are many applications for which it is convenient to
express the net radiation heat exchange in the form

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 Radiation
• The surface may also simultaneously transfer heat by
convection to an adjoining gas. The total rate of heat
transfer from the surface is then

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 Sample Problem No.3

Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. Radiation exchange between the
pipe and the room is between a small
surface and a much larger enclosure.
3. The surface emissivity and
absorptivity are equal.

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 Sample Problem No.3

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 Sample Problem No.3

*temperature must be expressed in kelvins (K) when evaluating a radiation transfer

rate.
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 Simultaneous Heat Transfer
• Heat transfer is only by conduction in
opaque solids, but by conduction and
radiation in semitransparent solids.
• Heat transfer is by conduction and possibly
by radiation in a still fluid (no bulk fluid
motion) and by convection and radiation in
a flowing fluid.
• Heat transfer through a vacuum is by
radiation only since conduction or
convection requires the presence of a
material medium.
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 Sample Problem No.4

Assumptions:
1. Steady operating conditions exist.
2. The person is completely
surrounded by the interior surfaces of
the room.
3. The surrounding surfaces are
at the same temperature as the air in
the room.
4. Heat conduction to the floor
through the feet is negligible.

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 Sample Problem No.4
Consider a person standing in a breezy room at 20°C. Determine the total rate of heat transfer from
this person if the exposed surface area and the average outer surface temperature of the person
are 1.6 m2 and 29°C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer coefficient is 6 W/m2 · °C

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 Conduction Heat Transfer
ME 333 Topic No. 2
Intended Learning Outcomes:
ILO1. Describe the heat transfer on solid medium of
plane surface and cylindrical surface.
ILO2. Derive the conduction steady state transfer of
heat energy from Fourier’s equation.
ILO3. Show the electrical circuit analogy of steady
state heat transfer.

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 The Conduction Rate Equation
• The conduction rate equation, Fourier’s law, was introduced in previous
topic, it is now appropriate to consider its origin. Fourier ’s law is
phenomenological; that is, it is developed from observed phenomena
rather than being derived from first principles.

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 The Conduction Rate Equation

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 The Conduction Rate Equation
• Fourier's law (� � ′′): The direction of heat flow will always be normal to
a surface of constant temperature, called an isothermal surface.
• Recognizing that the heat flux is a vector quantity, we can write a more
general statement of the conduction rate equation (Fourier's law ) as

• Resolving heat flux vector intro components

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 • The rate of heat transfer through a unit thickness of the material per unit
area per unit temperature difference.

• It depends on the physical structure of matter, atomic and molecular, which

is related to the state of the matter.
• The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of the ability of the
material to conduct heat.
• A high value for thermal conductivity indicates that the material is a good
heat conductor, and a low value indicates that the material is a poor heat
conductor or insulator.
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 Thermal Diffusivity (� )
• In heat transfer analysis, the ratio of the thermal conductivity to the heat
capacity is an important property termed the thermal diffusivity � , which
is

• It measures the ability of a material to conduct thermal energy relative to

its ability to store thermal energy.
• So what does it mean when materials have large and small value of � ?
For a large � will respond quickly to changes in their thermal environment,
and For a small � will respond more sluggishly, taking longer to reach a
new equilibrium condition.
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 Sample Problem No.5

Pure Aluminum 300 K Pure Aluminum 700 K

Using Table A.1 Using Table A.1

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 Sample Problem No.5

Silicon Carbide 1000 K Paraffin 300 K

Using Table A.2 Using Table A.3

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
• Heat transfer problems are also classified as being one-dimensional, two dimensional,
or three-dimensional, depending on the relative magnitudes of heat transfer rates in
different directions and the level of accuracy desired.
• In the most general case, heat transfer through a medium 3D. That is, the temperature
varies along all three primary directions within the medium during the heat transfer
process.
• The temperature distribution throughout the medium at a specified time as well as the
heat transfer rate at any location, can be described by a set of three coordinates such as
the
i. Rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system: x, y, and z;
ii. Cylindrical coordinate system: � , � � � �
iii. Spherical (or polar) coordinate system: � , � � � �

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
i. Rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system: x, y, and z
• Consider a small rectangular element of length � x, width dy, and height
dz, and an infinitesimally small (differential) control volume, dy. � x.dz and
temperature distribution: T(x. y, z)
• In the absence of motion (or with uniform motion), there are no changes in
mechanical energy and no work being done on the system.
• Only thermal forms of energy need be considered. Specifically, if there are
temperature gradients, conduction heat transfer will occur across each of
the control surfaces.
• The conduction heat rates perpendicular to each of the control surfaces at
the x-,y-, and z- coordinate locations are indicated qx, qy, and qz.
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 General Heat Conduction Equation
i. Rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system: x, y, and z
• The conduction heat rates at the opposite surfaces can then be expressed
as a Taylor series expansion where, neglecting higher-order terms,

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
i. Rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system: x, y, and z
• Based on applying conservation of energy to a differential control volume
through which energy transfer is exclusively by conduction.

or

Substituting values

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
i. Rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system: x, y, and z

Substituting values

The conduction heat rates in an isotropic* material may be evaluated from Fourier's law,

*Note: Isotropic material : they have the same properties in all

directions. Or, thermal conductivity of a material to be independent
of direction. Fibrous or composite, are some anisontropic materials

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
i. Rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system: x, y, and z
• Thus for General Cartesian Coordinates, the Heat Diffusion Equation is

Net transfer of thermal energy into the

control volume (inflow-outflow) Change in thermal energy storage

Thermal energy generation

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
i. Rectangular (or Cartesian) coordinate system: x, y, and z
• In the case of constant thermal conductivity, heat diffusion equation
reduces to

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
ii. Cylindrical coordinate system: � , � � � �
When the del operator (� ) of heat flux is expressed in
cylindrical coordinates, the general form of the heat
flux vector and hence of Fourier's law is

Where,

Applying an energy balance to the differential control

volume, the following general form of the heat
equation is obtained

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 General Heat Conduction Equation
iii. Spherical (or polar) coordinate system: � , � � � �
In spherical coordinates the general form of the heat
flux vector and Fourier’s law is

Where,

Applying an energy balance to the differential control

volume of, the following general form of the heat
equation is obtained:

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 Sample Problem No.6

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 Sample Problem No.6

Assumptions:
1. One-dimensional conduction in the x direction.
2. Isotropic medium with constant properties.
3. Uniform internal heat generation, (W/m3).

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 Sample Problem No.6

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 Sample Problem No.6
2. Determine the rate of change of energy storage in the wall.

Using

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 Sample Problem No.6

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 Sample Problem No.6

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Wall
• For one-dimensional conduction in a plane
wall, temperature is a function of the x-
coordinate only and heat is transferred
exclusively in this direction.
• There will be no heat transfer in a direction
in which there is no change in temperature.
(isothermal).

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Wall
Heat transfer through a plane wall: Temperature distribution and its
equivalent thermal circuit.
• For steady-state conditions with no distributed source or sink of energy
within the wall, the appropriate form of the heat equation is

• No heat generation, the heat flux is a constant, independent of x. and k is

constant , the equation may be integrated twice to obtain the general
solution

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Wall
• Thermal Resistance
• Just as an electrical resistance is associated with the conduction of electricity, a thermal
resistance may be associated with the conduction of heat.
• Defining resistance as the ratio of a driving potential to the corresponding transfer rate
• For electrical conduction in the same system, Ohm's law provides an electrical resistance
of the form

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Wall
• Thermal Resistance
• thermal resistance for conduction in a plane wall is

• thermal resistance for convection heat transfer at a surface. (Newton’s

cooling system)

• thermal resistance for radiation

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Plane Wall
• Thermal Resistance
• The equivalent thermal circuit for the plane wall
with convection surface conditions. The heat
transfer rate may be determined from separate
consideration of each element in the network.
• Since qx is constant throughout the network, it
follows that

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Composite Wall
• The composite walls that involve any number
of series and parallel thermal resistances due
to layers of different materials.

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Composite Wall
• Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U
• With composite systems, it is often convenient to work with an overall heat
transfer coefficient U, which is defined by an expression analogous to
Newton's law of cooling. Accordingly

•�ℎ � �
• ΔT is the overall temperature difference and, In general, we may write

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Equivalent thermal circuits for a series–parallel composite wall.
Thermal resistance in series

Thermal resistance in parallel

 1D Steady-State Conduction
Thermal Contact Resistance
• In the analysis of heat conduction through multilayer
solids, we assumed “perfect contact” at the interface
of two layers, and thus no temperature drop at the
interface.
• This would be the case when the surfaces are perfectly
smooth and they produce a perfect contact at each
point.
• In reality, however, even flat surfaces that appear
smooth to the eye turn out to be rather rough when
examined under a microscope,
• The temperature change is attributed to what is
known as the thermal contact resistance,

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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 Sample Problem No.7

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 Sample Problem No.7
Consider a composite wall that includes an 8-mm-thick hardwood siding, 40-mm by 130-
mm hardwood studs on 0.65-m centers with glass fiber insulation (paper faced, 28 kg/m3),
and a 12-mm layer of gypsum (vermiculite) wall board. What is the thermal resistance
associated with a wall that is 2.5 m high by 6.5 m wide (having 10 studs, each 2.5 m high)?

ASSUMPTIONS:
(1) Steady-state conditions,
(2) Temperature of composite depends only on x
(surfaces normal to x are isothermal),
(3) Constant properties,
(4) Negligible contact resistance.

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 Sample Problem No.7
Consider a composite wall that includes an 8-mm-thick hardwood siding, 40-mm by 130-
mm hardwood studs on 0.65-m centers with glass fiber insulation (paper faced, 28 kg/m3),
and a 12-mm layer of gypsum (vermiculite) wall board. What is the thermal resistance
associated with a wall that is 2.5 m high by 6.5 m wide (having 10 studs, each 2.5 m high)?

The thermal circuit associated with a single unit (enclosed by dashed lines) of the wall is

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 Sample Problem No.7
Consider a composite wall that includes an 8-mm-thick hardwood siding, 40-mm by 130-
mm hardwood studs on 0.65-m centers with glass fiber insulation (paper faced, 28 kg/m3),
and a 12-mm layer of gypsum (vermiculite) wall board. What is the thermal resistance
associated with a wall that is 2.5 m high by 6.5 m wide (having 10 studs, each 2.5 m high)?
Thermal resistance for each element A,B,C,D:

Values for k are from the

table in the Appendix of
Reference Book.

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 Sample Problem No.7
Consider a composite wall that includes an 8-mm-thick hardwood siding, 40-mm by 130-
mm hardwood studs on 0.65-m centers with glass fiber insulation (paper faced, 28 kg/m3),
and a 12-mm layer of gypsum (vermiculite) wall board. What is the thermal resistance
associated with a wall that is 2.5 m high by 6.5 m wide (having 10 studs, each 2.5 m high)?

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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Thermal Resistance for Radial System
 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Radial System: Cylinder
• Heat transfer rate

• For an overall heat transfer coefficient

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 1D Steady-State Conduction

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 Sample Problem No.8

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 Sample Problem No.8

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 Sample Problem No.8
a. Thermal Circuit -Thermal Resistances

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 Sample Problem No.8
b. Calculate the surface temperature of the rod for the prescribed conditions.
From an energy balance on the rod (see schematic) find Tr

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 1D Steady-State Conduction
Steady Heat Conduction in Radial System: Sphere
• Thermal Resistance for Sphere

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 Sample Problem No.9

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 Sample Problem No.9

Assumptions:
1. Steady-state conditions.
2. One-dimensional transfer in the radial direction.
3. Negligible resistance to heat transfer through the container
wall and from the
container to the nitrogen.
4. Constant properties.
5. Negligible radiation exchange between outer surface of
insulation and
surroundings.

Table A.3, evacuated silica powder (300 K): k 0.0017 W/m K.

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 Sample Problem No.9

a. rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen

The thermal circuit involves a conduction and convection resistance in

series and is of the form

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 Sample Problem No.9

a. rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen

The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is then

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 Sample Problem No.9

a. rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen

The rate of heat transfer to the liquid nitrogen is then

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SUMMARY – 1D Steady State with no generation