Common Matrix Transformations

𝟏 𝟎 𝒙 𝒙
[ ] Identity matrix. [𝒚] ⟼ [𝒚]
𝟎 𝟏
Right remains right, up remains up.

−1 0 𝑥 −𝑥
[ ] Reflection in the 𝑦-axis. [𝑦] ⟼ [ 𝑦 ]
0 1 Right has become left, up remains up.

1 0 𝑥 𝑥
[ ] Reflection in the 𝑥-axis. [𝑦] ⟼ [−𝑦]
0 −1
Right remains right, up has become down.

−1 0 𝑥 −𝑥
[ ] Rotation by 180° [𝑦] ⟼ [−𝑦]
0 −1 Right has become left, up has become down.

0 1 𝑥 𝑦
[ ] Reflection in the line 𝑦 = 𝑥. [𝑦 ] ⟼ [ ]
1 0 𝑥
Right has become up, up has become right.

0 −1 𝑥 −𝑦
[ ] Rotation by 90° anticlockwise. [𝑦] ⟼ [ ]
1 0 𝑥
Right has become up, up has become left.

0 1 𝑥 𝑦
[ ] Rotation by 90° clockwise. [𝑦] ⟼ [ ]
−1 0 −𝑥
Right has become down, up has become right.

0 −1 𝑥 −𝑦
[ ] Reflection in the line 𝑦 = −𝑥. [𝑦] ⟼ [ ]
−1 0 −𝑥
Right has become down, up has become left.

𝑎 0 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
[ ] Enlargement by scale factor 𝑎 in the 𝑥 direction. [𝑦 ] ⟼ [ 𝑦 ]
0 1 Right is multiplied by 𝑎, up remains up.

1 0 𝑥 𝑥
[ ] Enlargement by scale factor 𝑎 in the 𝑦 direction. [𝑦] ⟼ [𝑎𝑦]
0 𝑎
Right remains right, up is multiplied by 𝑎.

𝑎 0 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
[ ] Enlargement by scale factor 𝑎 from the origin. [𝑦] ⟼ [𝑎𝑦]
0 𝑎 Right is multiplied by 𝑎, up is multiplied by 𝑎.

𝑎 0 𝑥 𝑎𝑥
[ ] Enlargement by scale factor 𝑎 in the 𝑥 direction and scale [𝑦] ⟼ [𝑏𝑦]
0 𝑏
factor 𝑏 in the 𝑦 direction.
Right is multiplied by 𝑎, up is multiplied by 𝑏.

Combinations of these matrices give multiple transformations. For instance, two reflections generate a rotation.