Sudan University of Science and Technology

Faculty of Engineering
School of Electronics
Department of Communications
HW (1) Advanced Optical Fiber

Abdalwahab Abbass Abdalla

Q1: What is HE1 means?

Solution: The designation of TE, TM, EH, and HE follows the convention:

TE (0, n) – transverse electric family of modes

TM (0, n) – transverse magnetic family of modes
EH (m, n) – hybrid family of modes
HE (m, n) – hybrid family of modes
where m and n=1, 2…

Then H fore magnetic field components along z,

And E fore electric field components along z,

Q2: numbering of Scalar fiber modes?

Solution: The designation of Linearly Polarized (LP) Fiber modes is based on the assumption
of weak guidance. Weakly guiding fibers have a small difference between core and
cladding refractive index.

Two numbers designate the LP (m, n) modes:

m – azimuthal number

n – orbital number where m = 0, 1, 2, … and n = 1, 2…

Both guided and cladding modes of arbitrary circular symmetric refractive index
profile are calculated either by the accurate finite difference method or by the
analytical matrix method.

Q3: V Number
Solution: a normalized frequency parameter, which determines the number of modes of a step-index
fiber

and well be effective V should be maintained in the range 1.5 to 2.4 μm and the fractional index
difference must be increased as a square function while the core diameter is linearly reduced to keep V
constant. This is normally achieved by substantially increasing the level of germanium doping in the fiber
core