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Class 12 Chemistry TM Sample Materials - Sura Books PDF
Class 12 Chemistry TM Sample Materials - Sura Books PDF
Class 12 Chemistry TM Sample Materials - Sura Books PDF
for Full Book Order online and Available at all Leading Bookstores
ntâÆaš
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12-M« tF¥ò o ok
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áw¥g«r§fŸ
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Ruh g¥Ënfõ‹°
br‹id
2019 - 20 gâ¥ò
© btËp£lhs®fŸ
ISBN : 978-81-8449-319-1
F¿p£L v© . : SG 21
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All rights reserved © SURA Publications.
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, digitally, electronically, mechanically, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the
written permission of the publishers. Strict action will be taken.
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vGâ tH§»at® âU¤âat®
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âU. m.gh. rä«, M.Sc., B.Ed. j®kòÇ âU. ». »UZz‹, M.Sc., M.Ed. br‹id
âU. á. j£ázh_®¤â, M.Sc., B.Ed. âUth%®
ok
kâ¥ghs®
Kidt®. ». f°öÇ ghŒ, M.Sc., M.Ed.
Jiw¤ jiyt®, br‹id
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Our Guides for XI, XII Standard jiyik mYtyf«
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(iv)
bghUsl¡f«
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I
cnyhfÉaš 1-22
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myF
II
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ - I 23-48
s.
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III
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P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ - II 49-64
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myF
IV
ïilÃiy k‰W«
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myF
V
mizî ntâÆaš 87-112
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myF
VI
âl Ãiyik 113-138
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VII
ntâÉid ntfÉaš 139-170
(iii)
2019-20
EDITION
SCHOOL GUIDES
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For
Class
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12
th
Standard
10 0 Marks Pattern
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English
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1 cnyhfÉaš
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F¿¥ò¢ r£lf«
1.2.1 òÉ <®¥ò Kiw mšyJ XL« ÚÇš 1.5.1 m YÄÅa¤â‹ Ä‹ntâ ãÇ¥ò
fGîjš Kiw
1.2.2 Eiu Äj¥ò Kiw 1.6 öŒikah¡F« brašKiwfŸ
1.2.3 ntâ¡ fGîjš 1.6.1 thiy to¤jš
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1.2.4 fhªj¥ ãÇ¥ò Kiw 1.6.2 cU¡»¥ ãǤjš
1.3 g©glh cnyhf¤ij ãǤbjL¤jš 1.6.3 Ä‹dh‰ öŒikah¡fš
1.3.1 j h J ¡ f i s M ¡ i r L f s h f 1.6.4 òy¤ öŒikah¡fš
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kh‰Wjš 1.6.5 MÉ Ãiyik KiwfŸ
1.3.2 cnyhf M¡i[Lfis xL¡Fjš 1.7 cnyhf§fË‹ ga‹ghLfŸ
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1.4 c n y h f É a È ‹ b t ¥ g ï a ¡ f É a š
j¤Jt§fŸ
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[1]
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fÅk§fŸ
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jhJ¡fis ml®ã¤jš Eiu Äj¥ò Kiw
fhªj¥ãÇ¥ò Kiw
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raidL
ntâ¡fGîjš mÄy«
o ok
g©glh cnyhf¤âid ãǤbjL¤jš
fh‰¿šyh
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RaxL¡f«
thiyto¤jš
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Ú®kkh¡fš
öŒikah¡fš cnyhfÉaš j¤Jt§fŸ
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gFâ òy¤öŒikah¡fš
vȧf« tiugl«
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fÅk« : xU jÅk« v‹gJ jÅ nr®kkhfnth mšyJ bt›ntW nr®k§fis¢ nr®¤J
ml¡»a T£L¡ fyitahfnth òÉÆš fhz¥gL«.
jhJ : v¡fÅk¤âÈUªJ, cnyhfkhdJ vËâš, á¡fdkhf, bgÇa msÉš ãǤbjL¡f
co
Ko»wnjh mJnt jhJ vd¥gL«.
jhJ¡Ts« : cnyhf¤ jhJ¥bghU£fnshL fyªJŸs k© k‰W« ghiw¤öŸ khR¡fŸ fh§F
mšyJ jhJ¡Ts« vd¥gL«.
: jhJîl‹ cŸs khR¡fis (fh§F) cU»L« nr®kkhf kh‰¿, mij Ú¡»l
s.
ïs¡»
jhJîl‹ nr®¡F« bghUns ïs¡» vd¥gL«.
frL : cnyhf¤ij¥ ãǤjÈš, ïs¡» jhJ¡Ts¤Jl‹ ÉidòǪJ cUth¡F«
cnyhfÉaš
ok
ÉisbghUns frL vd¥gL«.
tW¤jš : ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ jFªj ciyÆš vL¤J¡bfhŸsg£L cnyhf¤â‹
cUFÃiyiaÉl Fiwthd bt¥gÃiyÆš mâf msî M¡á#‹ brY¤j¥g£L
M¡á#nd‰w« mila¢ brŒí« Kiw.
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cU¡Fjš : fÅk¡ fÊîl‹ nr®ªJ vËâš cUF« froid cUth¡f¡Toa nt⢠nr®kkhd
ïs¡» k‰W« jFªj xL¡F« fhuÂfŸ ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJîl‹ nr®¤J
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kâ¥ãLjš
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rÇahd Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf. 6. xL¡f Éid¡F c£gL¤J« K‹d®,
ršigL jhJ¡fis tW¤jÈš V‰gL«
1. gh¡i[£o‹ ïiaò
e‹ikÆid¥ bghU¤J ã‹tU«
m) Al2O3 M) Al2O3.nH2O
co
T‰WfËš jtwhdJ vJ?
ï) Fe2O3.2H2O <) ïit vJîkšy m) CS2 k‰W« H2S M»at‰iw¡ fh£oY«
[Éil: M) Al2O3.nH2O] ršigo‹ DGf0 kâ¥ò mâf«
2. xU ršigL jhJit tW¡F« nghJ (A) M) ršigil tW¤J M¡i[lhf kh‰W«
s.
v‹w Ãwk‰w thí btËnaW»wJ. (A)‹ Éid¡F DGr0 kâ¥ò v⮡F¿íilaJ.
Ú®¡fiurš mÄy¤j‹ik cilaJ. thí ï) ršigil mj‹ M¡i[lhf tW¤jš
(A) MdJ v‹gJ xU rhjfkhd bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš
ok
m) CO2 M) SO3 ï) SO2 <) H2S braš KiwahF«.
[Éil: ï) SO2] <) cnyhf ršigLfS¡F, fh®g‹
k‰W« iA£u#‹ M»ad jFªj
3. ã‹tU« ÉidfËš, v›ÉidahdJ bghU¤jkhd xL¡F« fhuÂfshF«.
fh‰¿šyh NHÈš tW¤jiy¡ [Éil: ï) cnyhf ršigLfS¡F,
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(Calcination) F¿¥ãL»‹wJ? fh®g‹ k‰W« iA£u#‹ M»ad
myF 1
M) 2ZnS + 3O2
→ 2ZnO + 2SO2 fhuÂfshF«.]
ï) MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 7. fy« -Iš cŸsdt‰iw¡ fy« -II š
<) (m) k‰W« (ï) cŸsdt‰Wl‹ bghU¤â¤ jFªj
[Éil: ï) MgCO3 → MgO + CO2]
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A B C D
(m) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(M) (iii) (iv) (v) (i)
(ï) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(<) (ii) (iii) (i) (v) [Éil: ï) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)]
4
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ï) tW¤jš Fiw¡f
<) Ä‹fhªj¥ ãÇ¥ò Kiw M) mYÄdhÉÈUªJ khR¡fis Ú¡f
[Éil: <) Ä‹fhªj¥ ãÇ¥ò Kiw] ï) Ä‹ fl¤J¤ âwid¡ Fiw¡f
co
<) xL¡F« ntf¤âid mâfÇ¡f
9. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ ÃfH thŒ¥ãšyhj [Éil: m) mYÄdhÉ‹ cUF
Éid vJ? ÃiyÆid¡ Fiw¡f]
m) Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq)
→ Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
14. ZnO ÉÈUªJ J¤jehf« (Zinc) bgw¥gL«
s.
M) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
→ Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Kiw
ï) Cu(s) + 2Ag+(aq)
→ 2Ag(s) + Cu2+(aq) m) fh®g‹ xL¡f«
<) Fe(s) + Cu2+ → Cu(s) +
Fe2+ M) btŸËia¡ bfh©L xL¡Fjš (Ag)
cnyhfÉaš
ok
(aq) (aq)
5
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m
→ Zr (pure ) + 2I 2
m) cU¡»¥ ãǤjš [Éil: M) DG° Vs T]
M) th‹M®fš Kiw 23. vȧf« tiugl¤âš, fh®g‹
co
ï) òy¤öŒikah¡fš nkhdh¡i[L cUthjY¡F
∆S°
<) kh‹£ Kiw m) vâ®F¿íilaJ
[Éil: M) th‹M®fš Kiw] ∆T
∆G °
19. cnyhfÉaÈš, jhJ¡fis ml®¥ã¡f M) ne®F¿íilaJ
s.
ga‹gL¤j¥gL« KiwfSŸ x‹W ∆T
∆G °
m) ntâ¡fGîjš ï) vâ®F¿íilaJ
∆T
ok
M) tW¤jš
ï) EiuÄj¥ò Kiw ∆T
<) Mu«g¤âš ne®F¿íilaJ
<) (m) k‰W« (ï) ∆G °
[Éil: <) (m) k‰W« (ï)] ∆G °
700°C ¡Fnkš vâ®F¿íilaJ.
∆T
o
20. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ rÇašyhj T‰W vJ?
∆G °
[Éil: ï)
myF 1
öŒikah¡f¥gL»wJ.
M) il£nlÅa« th‹ M®fš Kiw¥go 24. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ v›Éid bt¥g
öŒikah¡f¥gL»wJ. ïa¡fÉaÈ‹go rhjfkhd Éidašy?
ï) ͧ¡ ãs‹£ (ZnS) Eiu Äj¥ò m) Cr2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Cr
ur
KiwÆš ml®¥ã¡f¥gL»wJ.
M) Al2O3 + 2Cr → Cr2O3 + 2Al
<) j§f¤ij ãǤbjL¡F« cnyhfÉaÈš,
ï) 3TiO2 + 4Al → 2Al2O3 + 3Ti
cnyhfkhdJ Ú®¤j nrhoa«
<) ïit vJîkšy
.s
m
tiuglkhdJ f£oyh M‰wš
m¢á‰F Vw¤jhH ïizahf cŸsJ] 4. v›tif jhJ¡fis ml®¥ã¡f Eiu Äj¥ò
Kiw V‰wJ? m¤jifa jhJ¡fS¡F ïU
ã‹tUtdt‰¿‰F ÉilaË¡f
co
vL¤J¡fh£LfŸ jUf.
1. fÅk« k‰W« jhJ Éil. ršigL tif jhJ¡fis ml®¥ã¡f Eiu
M»at‰¿‰»ilnaahd ntWghLfŸ Äj¥ò Kiw V‰wJ.
ahit? v.fh :
s.
Éil. (i) fÈdh (PbS)
fÅk« jhJ (ii) ͧ¡ ãs‹£ (ZnS).
ïa‰ifÆš mâf rjåj¤âš 5. fÇ k‰W« CO M»a ïu©oDŸ ZnO it
cnyhfÉaš
ok
fhz¥gL« mfœªJ cnyhf¤âid¥ xL¡f, áwªj xL¡F« fhu vJ? V‹?
vL¡f¥g£l xU bg‰WŸs
bghUshdJ fÅk§fËÈUªJ Éil. (i)
ZnO k‰W« CO cUthtj‰fhd
xU cnyhf¤ij vËjhfî«, ne®nfhLfŸ Rkh® 900 - 1000k
mj‹ jŤj bghUshjhu ßâahf bt¥gÃiyÆš bt£L»‹wd.
o
ÃiyÆnyh mšyJ á¡fdkhfî«, (ii) ï›bt¥gÃiy¡F Ñœ fh®g‹
mj‹ M¡irL, cnyhf§fis¥ ne®nfhlhdJ ïU«ã‹ ne®nfh£o‰F
ab
m
fh®gidiy bt¥g¥gL¤j, ïªj jL¡f ï¢braš KiwahdJ,
mizî¢ nr®k« áijtilªJ öa kªjthí¢ NHÈš Ãfœ¤j¥gL»wJ.
cnyhf« bgw¥gL»wJ. (ix) b#®khÅa«, áÈ¡f‹ k‰W«
co
460K fhÈa« ngh‹w Fiwfl¤âfshf¥
Ni(CO)4(g) → Ni(s) + 4CO(g)
ga‹gL« jÅk§fŸ ï«KiwÆš
7. òy¤öŒikah¡fš KiwÆid xU öŒik¥gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
vL¤J¡fh£Ll‹ ÉtÇ. 8. (m) vȧf« tiugl¤âid ga‹gL¤â
s.
Éil. òy¤ öŒikah¡fš : ã‹tU« ÃfœîfS¡fhd
(i) ï«KiwahdJ ã‹d gofkh¡fš Ãgªjidfis f©l¿f.
j¤Jt¤ij mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©lJ. i. bk¡Üáahit mYÄÅa¤ij¡
ok
(ii) öŒika‰w ÃiyÆš cŸs bfh©L xL¡Fjš
cnyhf¤ij cU¡» ã‹ â©kkh¡F« ii. bk¡Üáa¤ij¡ bfh©L
nghJ, khR¡fŸ cUFÃiyÆš cŸs mYÄdhit xL¡Fjš.
gFâÆš j§F»‹wd. (M) 983 K bt¥gÃiy¡F Ñœ fh®gid¡
o
(iii) mjhtJ khR¡fŸ â©k Ãiy fh£oY« fh®g‹ nkhdh¡i[lhdJ
cnyhf¤âš fiutij¡ fh£oY«
myF 1
ga‹gL¤â bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
(iii) ïj‹ Éisthf j©o‹ m¥gFâÆš
bfh©L mYÄÅa¤ij xL¡f
cŸs cnyhf« cUF»wJ. Koí«.
w
gofkh»wJ. ne®¡nfhlhF«.
(v) mnj neu¤âš bt¥g¥gL¤â (ii) ïâš, fh®g‹nkhdh¡irL
ef®jj¥g£ljhš òâjhf cUthd M¡Ì#nd‰w« milªJ CO2 it¤
w
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m
(i) Koí«, fh®g‹ Fiwªj bt¥gÃiyÆš (iv) ï¢braš KiwfËš, cnyhf c¥òfŸ
Fe2O3 ia xL¡fkila¢ brŒahJ. cU»a mšyJ fiurš ÃiyÆš
(ii) Mdhš, mâf bt¥gÃiyÆš Fe2O3 vL¤J¡bfhŸs¥gL»‹wd.
(v) ïâš
co
ia fh®gid¡ bfh©L xL¡f Koí«. fhz¥gL« cnyhf
maÅahdJ jFªj xL¡F«
9. J¤jehf¤â‹ ga‹fis¡ TWf. fhuÂíl‹ Éid¥L¤Jjš mšyJ
Éil. J¤jehf¤â‹ ga‹ghLfŸ (Zn) : Ä‹dh‰gF¤jš _y« xL¡f¥gL»wJ.
(i) v~F k‰W« ïU«ò mik¥òfŸ (vi) 10% fhšáa« FnshiuL fiurš
s.
mÇkhd« k‰W« JU¥ão¡fhkš Ä‹gFfiurYl‹ nr®¡f¥gL»wJ.
ghJfh¡F« J¤jehf¥ ó¢áš (vii) ï§F fhšáa« FnshiulhdJ
(Galavnizing) ïJ ga‹gL»wJ. fyitÆ‹ cUFÃiyia Fiw¡f¥
cnyhfÉaš
ok
(ii) nkY«, J¤jehf« nkh£lh® ga‹gL»wJ.
thfdm¢Rth®¥ò k‰W« Ä‹ rhjd (viii) cU»a fyit 1270 K bt¥gÃiy¡F
bghU£fËš ga‹gL»wJ. nkš ïU¡FkhW guhkÇ¡f¥gL»wJ.
(iii) bgÆ©£, u¥g®, mHF rhjd¥ (ix) ï¢braš KiwÆš ÃfG«
o
bghU£fŸ, kUªJ¥ bghU£fŸ, ntâÉidfŸ
be»ÊfŸ, ik , Ä‹fy‹fŸ ngh‹w mYÄdhÉ‹ maÅah¡f«
ab
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m
cnyhf¤ j‹ika‰w ghiw¥ xU cjhuz¤Jl‹ És¡Ff.
bghU£fŸ k‰W« k© Éil. Ä‹dh‰ öŒikah¡fš :
ngh‹wit ïu©lw¡ fyªJ¡ (i) g©glh cnyhfkhdJ
co
fhz¥gL«. Ä‹dh‰gF¤jš _y« öŒik
(ii) ï¤jifa mid¤J« nr®¤J¡ brŒa¥gL»wJ.
fÅk¡ fÊî mšyJ khR mšyJ (ii) Ä‹dh‰ gF¤jyhdJ ãǤbjL¡f¥gl
fh§F vd miH¡f¥gL»wJ. nt©oa cnyhf¤â‹ c¥òfis¡
s.
(M) frL : bfh©l Ú®¡fiuriy¡ bfh©LŸs
(i) fÅk¡ fÊî k‰W« ïs¡» Ä‹gF fy¤âš Ãfœ¤j¥gL»wJ.
nr®ªJ cUfhj khR¡fŸ vËâš (iii) öŒika‰w ÃiyÆš cŸs cnyhf¤
ok
cUF« fÊîfis¡ khW«. j©LfŸ ne®Ä‹thahfî«, öa
(ii) ïitna frL vd¥gL»wJ. cnyhf¤ jfL vâ®Ä‹thahfî«
ga‹gL¤â Ä‹dh‰ gF¤jš Ãfœ¤J«
CaO(s ) + SiO 2(s ) → CaSiO3(s ) nghJ, ãǤbjL¡f¥gl nt©oa
ïs¡» fÅk¡fÊî fÅk¡frL
o
cnyhf« ne®Ä‹ thÆÈUªJ fiuªJ
fiurÈš br‹W vâ®Ä‹thÆš
myF 1
ÉidgL¤j¥gL»wJ.
(v) mit MndhL khR vd
(ii) vËâš MÉahF« nr®k¤ij miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
áijtila¢ brŒJ öa cnyhf« (vi) áštiu Ä‹dh‰gF¤jš KiwÆš
bgw¥gL»wJ.
.s
öŒikah¡fiy cjhuzkhf¡
13. ã‹tU« brašKiwfËš bfh©L ï¢braš KiwÆid¥
bfhL¡f¥g£LŸst‰¿‹ ga‹gh£oid òǪJ bfhŸsyh«.
w
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m
vâ®Ä‹thŒ Éid c©ikašy.
Ag+(aq) + 1e–
→ Ag(s) 17. cnyhfÉaÈš Ä‹ntâ j¤Jt¤âid¥
g‰¿ áWF¿¥ò tiuf.
co
15. xL¡F« fhuÂia¤ bjÇî brŒjš v‹gJ Éil. (i) nrhoa«, bgh£lháa« ngh‹w
bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš fhuÂia¥ bghU¤jJ Éidâw‹ Ä¡f cnyhf§fË‹
jFªj cjhuz¤Jl‹ ï¡T‰iw M¡irLfis fh®gid¡ bfh©L
És¡Ff. xL¡FtJ bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš go
Éil. (i)
bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš bfhŸifË‹
s.
rh¤âak‰wjhF«.
mo¥gilÆš jFªj xL¡f« (ii) ï¤jifa jÅk§fŸ mitfË‹
fhuÂÆid¤ bjÇî brŒayh«. jhJ¡fËÈUªJ Ä‹ntâ Kiwfis¥
cnyhfÉaš
(ii) xU j‹Å¢irahd Éid¡F, f£oyh
ok
ga‹gL¤â ãǤbjL¡f¥gL»‹wd.
M‰wÈš V‰gL« kh‰w« (DG) MdJ (iii) mâf Éid¤âw‹ bfh©l
f©o¥ghf vâ®F¿ kâ¥ãid¥ cnyhfkhdJ, x¥Õ£L msÉš
bg‰¿U¡f nt©L«. Fiwthd Éid¤âw‹ bfh©l
(iii) vdnt, cnyhf M¡iril
o
cnyhf maÅfis¡ bfh©LŸs
bfhL¡f¥g£l xU xL¡F« fhuÂíl‹ fiurÈš nr®¡f¥gL« nghJ, mâf
nr®¤J xL¡f nt©LbkÅš, f£oyh Éid¤âw‹ bfh©l cnyhf«
ab
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m
fGî« brašKiw¡fhd rk‹gh£oid¤ nkš cŸsJ.
jUf. ïªj ntâ¡ fGî Kiw xU (iii) ï›bt¥gÃiy¡F Ñœ ZnO MdJ
M¡á#nd‰w xL¡f Éid vd¡fh£Lf. CO it¡ fh£oY« Ãiy¥ò¤j‹ik
co
cilaJ.
Éil. 4Ag(s) + 8CN–(aq) + O2(g) + 2H2O(l) →
(iv) ï›bt¥gÃiy všiyÆš xL¡f
4[Au(CN)2]–(aq) + 4OH–(aq)
ÉidahdJ bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš
nk‰f©l ÉidÆš M¡Ì#‹ bfhŸif¥go rh¤âakhdJ mšy.
Ú¡f¥g£LŸsJ. vdnt, ïJ xU (v) vÅD« 1000°C
s.
¡F nkš,
M¡á#nd‰w xL¡f ÉidahF«. fh®g‹ ne®¡nfhlhdJ ïU«ã‹
2. nk¡dir£il (bk¡Üáa« fh®gnd£) ne®¡nfh£o‰F Ñœòwkhf mik»wJ.
vdnt, ï›bt¥gÃiy¡F nkš
ok
fh‰¿šyh¢ NHÈš tW¡F« nghJ
bk¡Üáah bgw¥gL»wJ. ïªne®Éš fh®gid xL¡F« fhuÂahf
áijtilí« Éid¡fhd rk‹gh£oid¤ ga‹gL¤jyh«.
jUf. 1400°C
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
∆
o
Éil. MgCO3 → MgO + CO2 4. Ú®¤j NaCl I Ä‹dh‰gF¤jš _y«
myF 1
O
0 Hg 2
=2
O 2
g+
2H
–100
–200 NiO
u 2O =2
= 2C
+ O2 O2
4Cu 2N
i+
w
–300
2FeO
O2 =
–400 2Fe+
G° = RT Inp O2 / kJmol–1O2
C + O2 = CO2
C rO 3
ZnO = 2/3
–500 =2 r+
O2
+O 2
4/3C
2Zn 2 M nO
O2 =
–600 n+
w
2M
2C +
O2 =
–700 2CO
O3
/3 Al 2
–800 =2
O2
Al +
4/3
–900 O
Ca
w
=2
O2
a+
–1000 2C
O
mg
=2
O2
–1100 g+
2M
–1200
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
20
40
60
80
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
T / °C
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TLjš Édh¡fŸ
rÇahd Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL 1 Mark 5. T‰W (A) : gh¡ir£ xU jhJthF«.
fhuz« (R) : cnyhf¤ij mj‹ jŤj
m
1. ã‹tUtdt‰iw ftÅ. ÃiyÆnyh mšyJ
(I) ntâ Kiw (II) tW¤jš mj‹ M¡irL, ršigL
ngh‹w nr®k ÃiyfËnyh
(III) EiuÄj¥ò Kiw
co
bfh©oU¥ã‹ mªj¥
ït‰WŸ, vJ ml®ã¤jš Kiwia¡ bghUŸ jhJ vd¥gL«.
F¿¡»wJ? m) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
m) I k£L« M) III k£L« (A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f«.
ï) I, III <) I, II, III
s.
M) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
[Éil: ï) I, III] (A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f« mšy.
2. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ ïs¡» F¿¤j rÇahd ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
T‰iw nj®ªbjL. <) (A) jtW, (R) rÇ.
m) fÅk¤ij áÈ¡nf£lhf kh‰Wjš [Éil: ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW]
M) cUfhj khR¡fis cUF« khR¡fshf 6. fy« -Iš cŸsdt‰iw¡ fy« -II š
kh‰Wjš cŸsdt‰Wl‹ bghU¤â¤ jFªj
o
ï) cUF« khR¡fis cUfhj khR¡fshf ÉilÆid¤ bjÇî brŒf.
kh‰Wjš fy« -I fy« -II
ab
M¡irLfis ftÅ.
(I) PbO (II) Al2O3 A B C D
(m) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(III) ZnO (IV) FeO
(M) (i) (iii) (ii) (iv)
.s
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m
òÉÆš fhz¥gLgit M¡irlhf
jhJ¡fŸ vd¥gL»‹wd. kh‰WtJ
fhuz« (R) : ït‰¿š Fiwªj msî
co
cnyhf« F¿¥ã£l B fh‰¿yh (ii) ml®ã¡f¥g£l
rjåj¤âš fhz¥gL«. tW¤jš jhJthdJ
m) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ M¡á#‹ ïšyh
(A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f«.
NœÃiyÆš
NLgL¤Jjš
M) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
s.
(A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f« mšy. C cU¡»¥ (iii) Fiwthd
ãǤjš bfhâÃiy cila
ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW. cnyhf¤âš cŸs
ok
<) (A) jtW, (R) rÇ. mâf bfhâÃiy
[Éil: ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW] cila khR¡fis
Ú¡Fjš
9. ã‹tUtdt‰iw ftÅ. D öŒikah¡fš (iv) jÅik gL¤j¥g£l
(I) tW¤jš c n y h f ¤ â š
o
(II) fh‰¿yh NHÈš tW¤jš v Š á í Ÿ s
myF 1
khR¡fis Ú¡Fjš
(III) cU¡»¥ ãǤjš
ab
m) I k£L« M) II k£L«
(<) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv) [Éil: ï) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)]
ï) III k£L« <) IV k£L«
[Éil: ï) IV k£L«] 13. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ jtwhd th¡»a¤ij
nj®ªbjL.
.s
2ZnS + 3O2
M) → 2ZnO + 2SO2 rh¤âa«
2FeS + 3O2
ï) → 2FeO + 2SO2 M) Éidâw‹ Ä¡f cnyhf§fŸ mj‹
2Cu2S + 3O2
<) → 2Cu2O + 2SO2 jhJ¡fËš ïUªJ Ä‹ntâ Kiw
w
f©l¿.
nt©L« mšyJ Ä‹dh‰ gF¥ò Kiw
m) gh¡ir£ - Al2O3.nH2O
_y« xL¡f«.
M) fh¥g® igiu£ - Cu2O
<) nk‰f©l mid¤J« jtW.
ï) ͧ¡ ãs©£ - ZnS [Éil: m) Éidâw‹ Ä¡f cnyhf§fË‹
<) fädh - PbS M¡irLfis fh®gid¡ bfh©L xL¡FtJ
[Éil: M) fh¥g® igiu£ - Cu2O] bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš go rh¤âa«]
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m
cila cnyhf§fS¡F fh®gid fhz¥go‹ Fiw¡F« fhuÂahd
xL¡F« fhuÂahf¥ ga‹gL¤j nrhoa« raidL nr®¡f¥gL« nghJ mJ
ïayhJ. Na2[Zn(CN)4] v‹w mizî¢ nr®k¤ij
co
ï) ZnO, Al 2 O 3 ngh‹w M¡irLfis ͧ¡ ršigo‹ òw¥gu¥ãš V‰gL¤Jtjhš
xL¡f CO it¥ ga‹gL¤j ïayhJ mj‹ Eiu¡F«¤ j‹ik Fiw¡f¥gL»wJ.
<) nk‰f©l mid¤J« rÇ 4. fh¥g® ãǤbjL¤jÈš áÈfhÉ‹ g§F
[Éil: <) nk‰f©l mid¤J« rÇ] v‹d?
s.
Éil. (i) fh¥g® igiu£oÈUªJ fh¥giu
15. fh®gDl‹ nr®ªJ ______ cUth¡fhj
ãǤbjL¡F« brašKiwÆš
cnyhf§fS¡F fh®g‹ xL¡F«
ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ, mÄy¤
fhuÂahf ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
j‹ikíila ïs¡»ahd áÈfhîl‹
m) fh®g‹ nkhih¡irL fy¡f¥g£L vâ® mdš ciyÆš
M) fh®g‹ il M¡irL bt¥g¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
ï) cnyhf fh®igL (ii) cU¡Fjyhš cUthF« bg®u°
<) ït‰WŸ vJîÄšiy M¡irlhdJ fhu¤j‹ikÆid¥
o
[Éil: ï) cnyhf fh®igL] bg‰¿U¥gjhš mJ áÈ¡fhîl‹
ïizªJ bg®u° áÈ¡nf£ fÅk¡
ab
fÊÉid¤ jU»wJ.
ã‹tU« Édh¡fS¡F 2&3 2CuFeS2(s) + O2(g) →
RU¡fkhf ÉilaË Mark
2FeS(l) + Cu2S(l) + SO2(g)
ur
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m
jhJîl‹ nr®¤J cU¡f¥gL»wJ. Éil. fhªj ãÇ¥ò _y« ml®ã¡f¥gL«
(ii) cnyhf¤â‹ cUFÃiyia Él mâf jhJ¡fŸ :
bt¥gÃiyÆš, fyitahdJ xU (i) Fe2O3
co
cU¡F ciyÆš cU¡f¥gL»wJ.
(ii) Fe3O4
CaO(s ) + SiO 2(s )
→ CaSiO3(s ) (iii) Fe CO3
ïs¡» fÅk¡fÊî fÅk¡frL (iv) Fe S2
10. jhJ¡fis ml®ã¤jš v‹whš v‹d?
s.
6. mYÄÅa¤â‹ Ä‹ntâ ãÇ¥ò KiwÆš
fhšáa« Fnshiuo‹ g§F v‹d? Éil. (i) jhJ¡fSl‹ cnyhf¤ j‹ika‰w
Éil. (i)
fyitÆ‹ cUFÃiyia Fiw¡f¥ khR¡fŸ, ghiw¥ bghU£fŸ k‰W«
ok
ga‹gL»wJ. k© khR¡fŸ ngh‹wit ïu©lw¡
(ii) cU»a fyit 1270 K bt¥gÃiy¡F
fyªJ fhz¥gL«.
nkš ïU¡FkhW guhkÇ¡f¥gL»wJ. (ii) ï¤jifa khR¡fŸ mid¤J«
nr®ªJ¡ fÅk¡ fÊî vd
7. ͧ¡ M¡iroš ïUªJ ͧif miH¡f¥gL»wJ.
o
ãǤbjL¤jÈš xL¡F« fhuÂahf CO (iii) cnyhfÉaÈ‹ Kjš brašKiwÆ‹
myF 1
Éil. (i)
ZnO - Éš ïUªJ Zn cUthjY¡fhd khR¡fis Ú¡ftjhF«.
â£l f£oyh M‰wš kh‰w kâ¥ò MdJ, (iv) ï¢ brašKiwna jhJ¡fis
CO2 ÉÈUªJ CO cUthjY¡fhd ml®ã¤jš vd¥gL»wJ.
â£l f£oyh M‰wš kh‰w kâ¥ig Él
11. jhJ¡fis ml®ã¡F« gšntW KiwfŸ
ur
Fiwî.
(ii) vdnt, CO mdJ ZnO - it ahit? x›bth‹¿¡F« xU cjhuz«
xL¡fhJ. Mjyhš, CO MdJ ZnO jUf.
ãǤbjL¤jÈš xL¡F« fhuÂahf Éil.
.s
fhªjãÇ¥ò Kiw
Éil. (i)
Cr2O3 ‹ DfG° kâ¥ò = –540 KJ mol–1
kâ¥ghdJ. 12. g©glh cnyhf¤ij ãǤbjL¤jÈš cŸs
goÃiyfŸ ahit?
w
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m
kh‰w ga‹gL« tH¡fkhdbjhU fhu njitÆšiy.
Kiw tW¤jš brašKiw MF«. cjhuz« :
(ii) ml®ã¡f¥g£l jhJthdJ jFªj á‹dgh® jhJit tW¡F« nghJ bk®FÇ
co
ciyÆš vL¤J¡ bfhŸs¥g£L »il¡»wJ.
cnyhf¤â‹ cUFÃiyia Él HgS(s) + O2(g)
→ Hg(l) + SO2
Fiwthd bt¥gÃiyÆš mâf msî
M¡á#‹ brY¤j¥g£L M¡ánd‰w« 17. vȧf« tiugl¤â‹ c‰Wneh¡fÈš
mila¢ brŒa¥gL»wJ. xU F¿¥ã£l bt¥gÃiyÆš áy cnyhf
s.
∆ M¡irLfS¡F rhŒÉš âObud kh‰w«
2PbS + 3O 2
→ 2PbO + 2SO 2 ↑
V‰gL»wJ. V‹?
14. fh¥g® k£oÆš ïUªJ fh¥g® v›thW Éil. (i) xU F¿¥ã£l bt¥gÃiyÆš,
cnyhfÉaš
ok
ãǤbjL¡f¥gL»wJ? MgO, HgO ngh‹w áy cnyhf
Éil. (i)
fÅk¡ fÊÉÈUªJ fh¥g® k£o M¡irLfS¡F, xU F¿¥ã£l
ãǤbjL¡f¥g£L kh‰W ciyÆš bt¥gÃiyahš rhŒÉš âObud
ïl¥gL»wJ. kh‰w« V‰gL»wJ.
o
(ii) kh‰w ÉidfË‹ nghJ k£oÆš (ii) ï«kh‰w¤â‰F Ãiyik kh‰wnk
fhz¥gL« FeS k‰W« FeO Mf fhuzkhf mik»wJ.
ab
2Cu2S(l,s) + 3O2(g)
→ 2Cu2O(l,s) + 2SO2(g) jhJ¡fËÈUªJ Ä‹ntâ Kiwfis¥
2Cu O + Cu S → 6Cu + SO
ga‹gL¤â ãǤbjL¡f¥gL»‹wd.
2 (l) 2 (l) (l) 2(g)
w
fhz¥gL»wJ.
(ii) ï¤jifa khR¡fis¥, g©glh
(ii) ïªj fh¥guhdJ bfh¥òs¡ fh¥g® vd cnyhf¤âÈUªJ ãǤbjL¤jš
miH¡f¥gL»wJ. öŒikah¡F« braš KiwfŸ
vd¥gL»wJ.
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m
Fiwthd bfhâÃiyÆš MÉahF« nkY« ïJ vËâš mÇkhd«
cnyhf§fis öŒikah¡F« Kiw miltâšiy.
ïj‹ ga‹ghLfŸ ã‹tUkhW :
(ii) cU¡»¥ ãǤjš :
co
khR¡fŸ mâf bfhâÃiyÆidí« (i) e« m‹whl thœÉš mâf msÉš
mjndhL x¥ãL« nghJ cnyhfkhdJ ga‹gL« rikaš fy‹fŸ, bt¥g¥
Fiwthd bfhâÃiyfisí« gÇkh‰¿ M»ad jahǤjÈš
bfh©oU¥ã‹ m¤jifa mYÄÅa« ga‹gL»wJ.
s.
cnyhf§fËš cŸs khR¡fis Ú¡f (ii) mYÄÅa¤jhŸ czî¥ bghU£fis
ï«Kiw ga‹gL»wJ. vL¤J¢ bršy f£L« bghUshf
ga‹gL»wJ.
21.
ok
th‹ - M®fš KiwÆš á®nfhÅa« (iii) ïJ xU bk‹ikahd cnyhfkhF«.
öŒikah¡fÈš cŸs rk‹ghLfis vÅD« ïJ fh¥g® kh§fÜR
vGJ. bk¡Üáa« k‰w« áÈ¡fh‹ ngh‹w
550 K cnyhf§fSl‹ nr®ªJ Fiwthd
Éil. Zr(s ) + 2I 2(s )
→ ZrI 4(MÉ)
(á®nfÅa«) (mnaho‹) (á®nfÅa« bl£uh vil cila tÈik Ä¡f cnyhf¡
o
mnailL)
fyitfis¤ jU»wJ.
myF 1
ZrI4(MÉ) 1800
→ Zr(s) + 2I2(s)
K
(iv) ïit Mfha Ékhd§fŸ k‰W«
ab
ehza§fŸ eif¥bghU£fŸ
ngh‹wit jahÇ¡f¥ ga‹gL»wJ.
(iv) jhÄu« k‰W« ïj‹ cnyhf fyitfŸ
w
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Éil. (i) ml®ã¤jš : jhJthdJ Eiu Äj¥ò (v) nrfÇ¥gdhf brašgL« nrhoa«
KiwÆ‹ _y« ml®ã¡f¥gL»wJ. <¤ijš, rhªnj£ á¿jsî
nr®¡f¥gL»wJ.
(ii) tW¤jš : ml®ã¡f¥g£l ršigL
co
jhJthdJ M¡irlhf kh‰w¥gL»wJ. (vi) ï¡fyitÆ‹ tÊna fh‰W
brY¤j¥g£L Eiu cUth¡f ¥gL»wJ.
2ZnS + 3O2
→ 2ZnO + 2SO2
(vii) nrfÇ¡F« _y¡TWfŸ jhJ¡
(iii) xL¡f« : ͧ¡ M¡iroš ïUªJ
JfŸfSl‹ ïizªJ mitfis
ͧ¡ Mf xL¡f¥gL»wJ. Ú® Éy¡F« j‹ikíilajh¡F»wJ.
s.
1673 K
ZnO + C
→ Zn + CO (viii) ïj‹ Éisthf jhJ¤ JfŸfŸ
(iv) Ä‹dh‰ öŒikah¡fš : v©bzÆš e‹F eidªJ,
cnyhfÉaš
ͧ¡ Ä‹dh‰ öŒikah¡fš Eiuíl‹ nr®ªJ òw¥gu¥ig
ok
KiwÆš öŒik¥gL¤j¥gL»wJ. mil»‹wd.
ne®Ä‹ thŒ : khRfyªj Zn (ix) ïªj EiuahdJ tʤbjL¡f¥g£L
vâ®Ä‹ thŒ : öa Zn jfL ã‹ cy®¤j¥g£L br¿thd jhJ
Ä‹gFË : mÄy« fyªj ZnSO4 bgw¥gL»wJ.
o
Ä‹rhu¤ij brY¤J« nghJ öa Zn (x) ÚÇš eidí« fÅk¡ fÊî¤ JfŸfŸ
vâ®Ä‹thÆš go»wJ. mo¥gFâÆš j§»tU»‹wd.
ab
khRfyªj Zn
nrhoa« fh®gnd£ ngh‹w Fiw¡F«
fhuÂfŸ ga‹gL¤j¥gL»‹wd.
öa Zn jfL (xii) ïitfŸ k‰w ãw cnyhf ršigLfŸ
v©bzÆš eidªJ Eiu¤J
.s
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m
fh£oíŸsthW r¡fu¤â‰F mU»š
FÉayhf ÉG»‹wd.
(x) fhªj¤ j‹ika‰w jhJÉ‹ ãw
gFâfŸ RHš r¡fu¤â‰F m¥ghš
co
ÉG»wJ.
Eiu Äj¥ò Kiw
s.
ÉtÇ.
Éil. (i) bg®nuh fhªj¤ j‹ikíila
jhJ¡fis ml®ã¡f ï«Kiw
ok
ga‹gL»wJ.
(ii) ï«KiwahdJ, jhJ k‰W«
khR¡fË‹ fhªj¥ g©òfËš
fhz¥gL« ntWgh£oid
o
mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©lJ.
myF 1
v.fh :
ZnO(s) + C(s)
→ Zn(s) + CO(g)
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ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
ïaY«.
Ag2O(s) + H2(g)
→ 2Ag(s) + H2O(l) (iii) vȧf« tiugl¤âid¥ ga‹gL¤â
(iii) Ra xL¡f« : xU cnyhf¤â‹ M¡iril
co
áy jhJ¡fis rhjhuzkhf tW¡F« k‰bwhU cnyhf¤jhš xL¡f«
nghJ mitfŸ g©glh cnyhf¤ij¤ brŒtj‰fhd bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš
jU»‹wd. rh¤âa¤j‹ikÆid¤ Ô®khÅ¡f
ïaY«.
HgS(s) + O2(g)
→ Hg(l) + SO2↑
s.
(iv) vªj xU cnyhfK«, vȧf«
5. mYÄndh bt¥g xL¡f Kiwia¥ g‰¿
tiugl¤âš m›înyhf¤â‰F
nk‰òw« vȧf« tiunfhLfis¥
vGJ.
cnyhfÉaš
ok
bg‰WŸs cnyhf M¡irLfis
Éil. (i)
Cr2O3 ngh‹w cnyhf M¡irLfis xL¡f ïaY«.
mYÄndh bt¥g xL¡f KiwÆid¥ (v) vL¤J¡fh£lhf, vȧf« tiugl¤âš,
ga‹gL¤â xL¡fyh«. FnuhÄa« M¡irL cUthjY¡fhd
(ii) ï«KiwÆš cnyhf M¡irlhdJ vȧf« tiunfhL mYÄÅa¤â‰F
o
mYÄÅa¤ öSl‹ fy¡f¥g£L, nkš ïl« bg‰WŸsJ.
R£l¡ fËk©zhš Md òl¡fyÅš (vi) ïâÈUªJ Al2O3 MdJ Cr2O3 I Él
ab
m
Ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik cilaJ vd mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©lJ.
m¿aKo»wJ. (ii) öŒika‰w ÃiyÆš cŸs
(xiii) vdnt, ï›bt¥gÃiy všiyÆš il£nlÅa« bt‰¿lkh¡f¥g£l xU
co
xL¡f ÉidahdJ bt¥g ïa¡fÉaš fyÅ‹ mnahoDl‹ nr®¤J 550 K
bfhŸifgo rh¤âakhdjšy. bt¥gÃiyÆš bt¥g¥gL¤j¥g£L
(xiv) vÅD« 1000 K bt¥gÃiy¡F nkš, MÉahF« ïašòila il£nlÅa«
fh®g‹ ne®nfhlhdJ ïU«ã‹ bl£uh mnahilL cUth¡f¥gL»wJ.
ne®nfh£o‰F Ñœòwkhf mik»wJ (iii) khR¡fŸ
s.
mnahoDl‹
vdnt, ï›bt¥gÃiy¡F nkš ÉidòÇahjjhš m¥gona
eh« fh®gid xL¡F« fhuÂahf j§F»‹wd.
ga‹gL¤jyh«.
ok
Ti(s) + 2I2(s)
→ TiI4(MÉ)
(xv) vȧf« tiugl¤âÈUªJ bgw¥gL«
Étu§fË‹ mo¥gilÆyhd (iv) vËâš MÉahF« il£nlÅa« bl£uh
ã‹tU« f£oyh M‰wš kh‰w¤ij¡ mnahilL l§°l‹ Ä‹ÅiH tÊna
f©l¿í« fz¡ÑLfS« ïjid 1800 K bt¥gÃiyÆš brY¤J« nghJ
o
cWâ¥gL¤J»‹wd. mJ áijtilªJ öa il£nlÅa«
cUth»wJ.
myF 1
200
100
g 2O
= 2A
0
4Ag
+ O2
O2
=2
H g 2O Ûsî« ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
g+
TiI4(MÉ)
→ Ti(s) + 2I2(s)
2H
–100
–200 NiO
u 2O =2
= 2C
ur
+ O2 O2
4Cu 2N
i+
–300
2FeO
O2 =
–400 2Fe+
G° = RT Inp O2 / kJmol–1O2
C + O2 = CO2
C rO 3
ZnO = 2/3
–500 =2 r+
O2
+O 2
4/3C
2Zn O
.s
n
= 2M
–600 + O2
2Mn
2C +
O2 =
–700 2CO
O3
/3 Al 2
–800 =2
w
O2
Al +
4/3
–900 O
Ca
=2
O2
a+
–1000 2C
O
mg
2
=2
+O
w
–1100 g
2M
–1200
0
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
0
0
20
40
60
80
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
T / °C
w
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myF
2 P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
m
co
s.
F¿¥ò¢ r£lf«
B(OH)3]
[ 23 ]
p-bjhFâ - I
m
bjhFâ - 13 bghJthd ngh¡F bjhFâ - 14
co
ntâ¥g©ò r§»È¤
nghuh¡° nghuh‹ cnyhf¥ g©ò fh®g‹ bjhuh¡F« âw‹
òwnt‰Wik
nghÇ¡ mÄy« tot§fŸ
BF3
s.
maÅah¡F« v‹jhšã fh®g‹
ilnghnu‹ nkhdh¡irL
mYÄÅa« fh®g‹ilah¡irL
ok
vy¡£uh‹ ft®âw‹
AlCl3 gofhu§fŸ
Kjš jÅk§fË‹ Ku©g£l áÈ¡fh‹
g©òfŸ SiCl4
o
áÈ¡nfh‹fŸ
myF 2
Ínahiy£LfŸ
òwnt‰Wik tot¤Jt«
ur
.s
w
w
w
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m
bghJthd : ns2 np1–6
vy¡£uh‹ mik¥ò
co
cnyhf¥ g©ò : xU jÅk« vy¡£uh‹fis ïHªJ mj‹ neuaÅfis cUth¡F«
âwdhdJ m¤jÅk¤â‹ ne®Ä‹ j‹ik mšyJ cnyhf¤ j‹ik
vd m¿a¥gL»wJ.
cnyhf¥ nghÈ : cnyhf§fS¡F« mnyhf§fS¡F« ïil¥g£l g©òfis¥
s.
bg‰WŸsit cnyhf¥ nghÈ.
kªj ïiz Éisî : ïilÃiy¤ jÅk§fis bjhl®ªJ tU« fdkhd jÅk§fËš
cŸs btË¡T£L s vy¡£uh‹fŸ kªj¤ j‹ik bfh©litfshf
ok
cŸsd.
nkY« ãiz¥ãš g§bfL¡f ïašghf Kidtâšiy. ïªj
Éisî kªj ïiz Éisî vd m¿a¥gL»wJ.
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
: áy jÅk§fŸ xnu ïa‰ ÃiyikÆš, x‹W¡F nk‰g£l gof mšyJ
o
òwnt‰Wik
tot¤Jt« _y¡TW tot§fËš fhz¥gL»‹wd. ïªÃfœî òwnt‰Wik
tot¤Jt« mšyJ mšnyh£nuhãr« v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ.
ab
gygofshF«.
Ínahiy£LfŸ : Ínahiy£LfŸ v‹git mYÄÅa«, áÈ¡fh‹ k‰W« M¡Ì#‹
w
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kâ¥ãLjš
m
rÇahd Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL¤J vGJf. 6. ã‹tU« p-bjhFâ jÅk§fËš, r§»È¤
bjhluh¡fš g©ãid¥ bg‰¿U¡fhj
1. nghuh¡Ì‹ Ú®¡ fiuryhdJ
jÅk« vJ?
co
m) eLÃiy¤ j‹ik cilaJ
m) fh®g‹ M) áÈ¡f‹
M) mÄy¤ j‹ik cilaJ
ï) fhßa«(lead) <) b#®khÅa«
ï) fhu¤ j‹ik cilaJ
[Éil: ï) fhßa«(lead)]
<) <Çašò¤ j‹ik bfh©lJ
[Éil: ï) fhu¤ j‹ik cilaJ] 7. C60 v‹w thŒ¥ghLila ~òšyßÅš cŸs
s.
fh®g‹
2. nghÇ¡ mÄy« xU mÄykhF«. VbdÅš m) sp3 ïd¡fy¥òilaJ
mj‹ _y¡TW (NEET)
ok
M) sp ïd¡fy¥òilaJ
m) ïl¥bga®¢á milí« j‹ikíila
ï) sp2 ïd¡fy¥òilaJ
H+ maÅia¡ bfh©LŸsJ
<) gFâasî sp2 k‰W« gFâasî sp3
M) ònuh£lhid¤ jutšyJ
ïd¡fy¥ òila J
ï) ò n u h £ l h D l ‹ ï i z ª J
[Éil: ï) sp2 ïd¡fy¥òilaJ]
o
Ú®_y¡T¿id¤ jU»wJ
myF 2
ï) R O Si O <) Si O O R
m) MW M) ïu©L
ï) eh‹F <) _‹W R R
[Éil: ï) eh‹F] R
[Éil: M) Si O ]
R
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m
[Éil: m) Me3SiCl] B nghÇ¡ mÄy« 2 B3N3H6
co
m) »uhig£ A B C D
M) »uh~Õ‹ (m) 2 1 4 3
ï) ~òšyß‹ (M) 1 2 4 3
<) cy®gÅ¡f£o(dry ice) (ï) 1 3 4 2
s.
[Éil: <) cy®gÅ¡f£o(dry ice)] (<) ïit vJî«Äšy [Éil: m) 2 1 4 3]
13. itu¤âš cŸs fh®g‹ mQ¡fŸ 17. oôuhYÄÅa« v‹gJ ã‹tU« vªj
ok
x›bth‹W« k‰wjDl‹ cnyhf§fË‹ cnyhf¡fyit
ãizªJŸsj‹ tot« m) Cu,Mn M) Cu,Al,Mg
m) eh‹K» ï) Al,Mn <) Al,Cu,Mn,Mg
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
M) mW§nfhz« [Éil: <) Al,Cu,Mn,Mg]
o
ï) v©K» 18. bt¥g ïa¡fÉaÈ‹go, fh®gÅ‹ mâf
<) ïit vJîkšy Ãiy¥ò¤j‹ikíila tot«
ab
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m
(i) 15 M« bjhFâÆY«, Kjš jÅkkhd
nghuh‹ xU cnyhf nghÈahF«. ie£u#dhdJ m¤bjhFâÆYŸs
Mdhš k‰w jÅk§fŸ Éidâw‹ k‰w jÅk§fËÈUªJ ntWgL»wJ.
Ä¡f cnyhf§fshF«.
co
fh®gid¥ ngh‹nw ie£u#‹ mQî«
(ii) nkY« nghuh‹ MdJ 14 M« gšãiz¥òfis cUth¡F«
bjhFâia¢ rh®ªj áÈ¡fhDl‹ j‹ikia¥ bg‰WŸsJ (N=N, C=N,
_iyÉ£l bjhl®ig bg‰WŸsJ. N=O ngh‹wit...).
nghuh‹ k‰W« áÈ¡fhÅ‹ (ii) bjhFâÆYŸs k‰w jÅk§fis¥
s.
M¡irLfŸ mt‰¿‹ mÄy¥g©ãš nghy mšyhkš ie£u#‹ xU
x¤JŸsd. ilahfhª¤j‹ik bfh©l
(iii) ïit ïu©L« vËâš thíthF«.
ok
Úuh‰gF¥gilí« rf¥ãiz¥ò 16-M« bjhFâ :
iA£iuLfis cUth¡F»‹wd.
(i) 16M« bjhFâÆY« Kjš jÅkkhd
ïnj nghy nghuh‹ £iuòqiuil¤
M¡Ì#D« <uQ _y¡Twhf thí
jÉu, ï›ÉU jÅk§fË‹
ÃiyÆš fhz¥gL»wJ.
o
nAiyLfS« vËâš
Úuh‰gF¥gil»‹wd. (ii) mJ mâf vy¡£uh‹ ft®âw‹
myF 2
j‹ikia¡ bfh©oU¥gjhš
14-M« bjhFâ :
ab
iA£u#‹ ãiz¥òfis
(i) 14 M« bjhFâÆš, Kjš jÅkkhd cUth¡F»wJ.
fh®g‹ xU mnyhfkhF«. 17-M« bjhFâ :
mnjrka«, k‰w jÅk§fŸ
cnyhf nghÈfshfnth (i) 17 M« bjhFâÆ‹ Kjš jÅkkhd
ur
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m
tot§fËš fhz¥gL»‹wd. mÄy« ga‹gL»wJ.
(ii) cjhuzkhf, fh®gdhdJ itukhfî« 5. r§»È¤ bjhluh¡f« v‹whš v‹d?
»uh~ig£lhfî« fhz¥gL»wJ. fh®gÅ‹ r§»È¤ bjhluh¡f¥ g©ãid¥
co
(iii) ïªÃfœthdJ òwnt‰Wik g‰¿ F¿¥ò vGJf.
tot¤Jt« mšyJ mšnyh£nuhãr« Éil. r§»È¤ bjhluh¡f« v‹gJ, xU jÅk¤â‹
v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ. mQ r§»È cUth¡F« âw‹ MF«.
(iv) nkY« ï¤jifa bt›ntW tot§fŸ fh®gÅ‹ r§»È¤ bjhluh¡F« g©ò :
s.
òwnt‰Wik tot§fŸ vdî« (i) fh®g‹, fh®g‹ mQîl‹ Ra
miH¡f¥gL»‹wd. ãiz¥ig V‰gL¤J« âwid
(v) gy p-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ òwnt‰Wik bfh©LŸsJ.
ok
tot¤Jt¤ij fh£L»‹wd. (ii) Ra ãiz¥ã‹ tÈik mâfkhf
3. nghuh‹ iA£u#Dl‹ neuoahf Éid cŸsJ.
òÇtâšiy. BF3 ÆÈUªJ ilnghnuid¤ (iii) ntâÉid kªj¤j‹ik
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
jahÇ¡F« VnjD« xU KiwÆid¤ bfh©LŸsJ.
o
jUf. vdnt fh®g‹ mQthdJ
Éil. (i) nghuh‹ neuoahf iA£u#Dl‹ j§fS¡FŸ ãiz¥ig V‰gL¤J«
ab
nCO + ( 2n + 1) H 2
→ Cn H(2 n + 2) + nH 2 O
vÇbghUŸ vÇô£oahf ga‹gL»wJ.
(iii) nghuh‹, jhtu brš RtÇ‹ K¡»a 2CO + 2nH 2
→ C2 H 2 n + nH 2 O
gF⥠bghUshf cŸsJ.
w
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m
vy¡£uh‹ ãiz¥ò mšyJ 2c-2e
O C O O C O O C O ãiz¥ò).
(v) vŠáíŸs eh‹F vy¡£uh‹fŸ ghy
(bridged bonds)
co
8. áÈ¡nfh‹fË‹ ga‹fis¤ jUf. ãiz¥òfS¡F
Éil. (i) áÈ¡nfh‹fŸ Fiwªj bt¥gÃiy ga‹gL¤â¡bfhŸs¥gl nt©L«.
caî¥ bghUshfî«, bt‰¿l (vi) mjhtJ, ïu©L _‹W ika
g«òfŸ, ca® bt¥gÃiy v©bzŒ¤ B-H-B ãiz¥òfŸ x›bth‹W«
ïu©L vy¡£uh‹fis ga‹gL¤â¡
s.
bjh£ofËY« ga‹gL»‹wd.
(ii) ïit Ú®btW¡F« MilfŸ bfhŸ»‹wd.
jahǤjÈš ga‹gL»‹wd. (vii) vdnt, ïit _‹W ika ïU
vy¡£uh‹ (3c–2e) ãiz¥òfshF«.
ok
(iii) ïit, Ä‹nkh£lh®fŸ k‰W« k‰w
å£L cgnahf¥ bghU£fËš Ä‹fh¥ò (viii) gl¤âš fh£oíŸsthW ãiz¥ò¥
bghUshf ga‹gL»‹wd. ghy§fËYŸs iA£u#‹ mQ¡fŸ
(iv) áÈ¡nfh‹fŸ nr®¡f¥g£l bgÆ©£ xnu js¤âš mik»‹wd.
k‰W« vdhkš, mâf bt¥gÃiy, (ix) ilnghnuÅš, nghuh‹ mQthdJ
o
NÇa xË, <u¥gj« (Xj«) k‰W« sp3 ïd¡fy¥ãYŸsJ.
myF 2
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m
sp3
cnyhf« g©ò mâfÇ¡»wJ.
sp3
p-bjhFâ jÅk§fË‹ cnyhf¥ g©òfŸ:
sp3 sp3
1S
H
1S
H
(i) p - bjhFâÆš ïlJ òw¤â‹
co
Ñœ¥gFâÆYŸs jÅk§fŸ
H cnyhf§fshfî« Mdhš tyJ
òw¤â‹ nk‰gFâÆš cŸs jÅk§fŸ
11. iA£nuh nghnuh V‰w Éid g‰¿ F¿¥ò mnyhf§fshfî« fhz¥gL»‹wd.
tiuf. 13 - tJ bjhFâ :
s.
Éil. (i)
miw bt¥gÃiyÆš, <j® (i) nghuh‹ cnyhf¥ nghÈ
Clf¤âš, MšÑ‹fŸ k‰W« (ii) k‰w mid¤J jÅk§fS« cnyhf¥
Mšif‹fSl‹ nghnu‹ nr®¡if
ok
g©òfis¥ bg‰WŸsd.
Éid¡F c£gL¤j¥gL»wJ. 14 - tJ bjhFâ :
ï›Éid iA£nuhnd‰w«
(i) fh®g‹ mnyhf«
v‹wiH¡f¥gL»wJ.
(ii) áÈ¡fh‹, b#®khÅa« cnyhf¥
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
(ii) bjhF¥ò fÇkntâÆaÈš, F¿¥ghf
o
nghÈfŸ
vâ® kh®nfhÅfh› nr®¡if
15 - tJ bjhFâ :
ÉidfËš ïJ mâfsÉš
(i) ie£u#‹, gu°gu° - cnyhf§fŸ
ab
ga‹gL»wJ.
B2H6 + 6RCH = CHR
→ 2B(RCH–CH2R)3 (ii) M®fÅ¡, M‹okÅ - cnyhf¥
nghÈfŸ
12. ã‹tUtdt‰¿‰F xU cjhuz« jUf. 16 - tJ bjhFâ :
(m) Infhnrh#‹ (i) M¡Ì#‹, ršg® k‰W« brÈÅa«
ur
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m
∆ (iii) Ínahiy£LfŸ E©Jis
M) Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O
→ mik¥ig¡ bfh©LŸsd. x‰iw
4H3BO3 + NO2 SO4 ne®Ä‹Rikbfh©l nrhoa«
co
ï) B2H6 + 2NaOH + 2H2O
→ maÅfS«, Ú® _y¡TWfS«
2NaBO2 + 6H2
ï¤JisfËš js®thf
ïU¤âit¡f¥g£LŸsd.
<) B2H6 + 6CH3OH
→
(iv) g§»l¥g£l M¡Ì#‹ mQ¡fË‹
2B (OCH3)3 + 6H2 _y« Si k‰W« Al mQ¡fŸ
s.
c) BF3 + H2O
→ F3BOH eh‹K» mik¥ãš x‹Wl‹ x‹W
C) HCOOH + H2SO4
→ CO + H2O xU§»iz¡f¥g£LŸsd.
2SiCl4 + NH3
→ Cl3 Si – NH – SiCl3 (v) Ínahiy£LfŸ, fËk© fÅk¤ij
ok
v)
V) SiCl4 + 4C2H5OH
→ x¤JŸsd Mdhš mt‰¿‹ gof
Si(OC2H5)4 + 4HCl
mik¥ãš ntWgL»‹wd.
(vi) x‹Wl‹ x‹W ïiz¡f¥g£l
I) 2B + 6NaOH
→ 2Na3BO3 + 3H2
jl§fŸ k‰W« TLfis¡ bfh©l,
o
brŠN£L
x) H2B4O7 2B2O3 + H2O nj‹T£L mik¥ig x¤j K¥gÇkhz
bt¥gÃiy
myF 2
bg‰WŸsd.
Éil. (i) ml® fªjf mÄy¤â‹ K‹ÅiyÆš, (vii) Ínahiy£L f£lik¥ò efuhkš
nghÇ¡ mÄy« mšyJ nghnu£ c¥ig ïW¡fkhf cŸsnghâY«,
v¤âš MšfAhYl‹ bt¥g¥gL¤J« E©JisfË‹ tÊahf Ú®
nghJ £iu v¤âš ngnu£ vD« v°l®
ur
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m
Ȥâa« (Li) MF«. Koí«.
(A )
CO + Fe 2 O3
→ 2Fe + 3CO 2
B2 H 6
(ii) Ȥâa« cl‹ Éid¥g£L
co
LiBH 4
( B)
vD« xL¡F« fhuÂÆid¤
(C )
jU»wJ. j‹ kâ¥ÕL
<j®
s.
B2 H 6 + 2LiH → 2LiBH 4 1. 18 tJ bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ kªj thí¡fŸ
(A ) ( B) (C ) vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wd. V‹? 18 tJ
Koî : bjhFâ jÅk§fË‹ bghJthd
ok
vy¡£uh‹ mik¥ig vGJf.
F¿pL bga® thŒghL
Éil. (i) 18 tJ bjhFâ jÅk§fË‹
A Ȥâa« Li btË¡T£L vy¡£uh‹ mik¥ò
B B 2H 6
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
ilnghnu‹ KGikahf Ãu¥g¥g£LŸsJ.
o
C Ȥâa« nghnuh LiBH4 (ii) Ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik fhuzkhf ïit
iA£nu£ k‰w jÅk§fSl‹ ÉidòÇtâšiy
ab
19. eh‹fhtJ tÇir fhu cnyhf¤ij¡ (iii) vdnt, 18-tJ bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ kªj
bfh©LŸs (A) v‹w ïu£il c¥ig thí¡fŸ vd miH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
500 K bt¥gÃiy¡F bt¥g¥gL¤j (B) (iv) kªj thí¡fË‹ vy¡£uh‹ mik¥ò :
»il¡»wJ. (B) ‹ Ú®¡fiurš BaCl2 ns2np6
ur
(A ) ( B)
(bgh£lhZ gofhu«)
w
(A ) ( B)
(Úu‰w bgh£lhZ gofhu«)
w
w
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TLjš Édh¡fŸ
rÇahd Éilia¤ nj®ªbjL 1 Mark 8. miw bt¥gÃiyÆš âutkhf¡ fhz¥gL«
13- M« bjhF⤠jÅk«
m
1. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ v¤jÅk« 13-tJ m) Ga M) In ï) Tl <) Al
bjhFâia nr®ª¤J mšy? [Éil: ï) Ga]
m) B M) Al ï) Ge <) In
co
9. ã‹tU« fhÈa« nr®k§fis ftÅ :
[Éil: ï) Ge] I. fhÈa« ie£iuL
2. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vit mâfkhf òÉÆš II. fhÈa« gh°igL
»il¡»‹wJ? III. fhÈa« fh®igL
s.
m) C M) Si ï) Ge <) Sn IV. fhÈa« M®áidL
[Éil: M) Si] ït‰WŸ vJ cnyhf¥ nghÈ?
3. m) I k£L« M) II k£L«
ok
ã‹tU« jÅk§fis ftÅ :
I. áÈ¡f‹ II. gh°gu° ï) III k£L« <) IV k£L«
III. b#®khÅa« IV. o‹ [Éil: ï) IV k£L«]
ït‰WŸ vJ cnyhf¥ nghÈ? 10. 13-M« bjhF⤠jÅk§fËš Äfî«
o
m) I k£L« M) II k£L« e¢R¤j‹ik cilaJ
myF 2
Ñœ¡f©lt‰WŸ v¤jÅk¤â‰F
òwnt‰Wik tot« ïšiy?
12. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vªj 13-tJ
m) fh®g‹ M) áÈ¡f‹ bjhFâia¢ nr®ªj jÅk« xnu xU
w
vL¤J¡fh£lhF«.
13. mYie£ v‹gJ _______
m) bgiuš M) ounkhiy£
m) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.6H2O
ï) °igLÄ‹ <) ~nghÇ°oiu£
w
M) bgh£lhZ gofhu«
[Éil: M) ounkhiy£]
ï) mizî c¥ò
7. bršfËš vÇbghUshf ga‹gLtJ vJ? <) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4Al(OH)3
m) N2 M) H2 ï) O2 <) Cl2 [Éil: m) K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4Al(OH)3]
[Éil: ï) O2]
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15. Sn I Él Pb - ‹ maÅah¡F« M‰wš
mâfkhf ïU¡f¡ fuhz« ______ [Éil: M) Tl]
m) Pb- ‹ msî á¿ajhf ïU¥gjhš 20. 12-M« bjhFâÆ‹ nkÈUªJ ÑHhf¢
co
M) 5 d - M ® ã £ l h š f Ë ‹ F i w t h d bršY« nghJ cUFÃiy
âiukiw¥ò Éisî m) Óuhf Fiw»wJ
ï) 4 f - M ® ã £ l h š f Ë ‹ F i w t h d M) Óuhf mâfÇ¡»wJ
âiukiw¥ò Éisî ï) KjÈš FiwªJ ã‹d® mâfÇ¡»wJ
<) Pb- ‹ c£fU Ä‹Rik mâfkhf
s.
<) KjÈš mâfǤj ã‹d® Fiw»wJ.
ïU¥gjhš [Éil: ï) KjÈš FiwªJ ã‹d® mâfÇ¡»wJ]
[Éil: m) Pb- ‹ msî á¿ajhf ïU¥gjhš]
21. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ jtwhd T‰iw
ok
16. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ p-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ f©Lão.
g‰¿a T‰WfËš ïUªJ jtwhdij¤ m) nguh‹ +1 M¡Ì#nd‰w Ãiyia¥
nj®ªbjL. bg‰¿U¡F«
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
m) p ãÇî¤ jÅk§fËš áy cnyhf¥ M) nghuh‹ xU mnyhf«
o
nghÈfS« fhz¥gL»‹wd. ï) 13- M« bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ mid¤J«
M) ò q Ç ‹ v ¥ b g h G J « v â ® Ä ‹ +1, +3 M¡Ì#nd‰w Ãiyfis¡
ab
M) fhu¤ j‹ik
18. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ vJ Äf K¡»akhd
13- M« bjhFâ jÅk«
ï) <Çašò¤j‹ik
<) ït‰WŸ vJîÄšiy
m) B M) Al ï) Ga <) In
[Éil: m) mÄy¤ j‹ik]
[Éil: ï) Al]
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29.
âiukiw¥ò ïHªJ mj‹ neuaÅfis
[Éil: ï) kªj ïiz Éisî] cUth¡F« âwdhdJ
m¤jÅk¤â‹ ne®Ä‹
co
25. fy« -Iš cŸsdt‰iw¡ fy« -II š
cŸsdt‰Wl‹ bghU¤â¤ jFªj j‹ik mšyJ
ÉilÆid¤ bjÇî brŒf. cnyhf¤j‹ik vd
m¿a¥gL»wJ.
fy« -I fy« -II
A »uhig£o‹ C-C (i) 1.41 Å
fhuz« (R) : cnyhf¥ g©ghdJ
s.
ãiz¥ò Ús« vy¡£uh‹ eh£l¤ij¥
B itu¤â‹ C-C (ii) 1.54 Å bghU¤J mik»wJ.
ãiz¥ò Ús« m) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
ok
C ~òšyß‹fŸ (iii) 1.44 Å (A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f«.
C-C ãiz¥ò M) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
Ús« (A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f« mšy.
D C-C ãiz¥ã‹ (iv) 1.38 Å ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW.
o
Ús« <) (A) jtW, (R) rÇ.
myF 2
m) áÈ¡nf£LfŸ M) Fth®£°
ï) fšeh® <) Ínahiy£LfŸ
[Éil: <) Ínahiy£LfŸ]
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m
bjhFâÆ‹ vy¡£uh‹ bfhâ¡f it¥gj‹ _y«
Kjš jÅk« ft®âw‹ nghuh¡° bgw¥gL»wJ.
bfh©l jÅk« ït‰WŸ,
co
B 14M« (ii) <uQ
m) I k£L« rÇ M) II k£L« rÇ
bjhFâÆ‹ _y¡Twhf
Kjš jÅk« thíÃiyÆš ï) ïu©L« rÇ <) ïu©L« jtW
fhz¥gL»wJ [Éil: ï) ïu©L« rÇ]
C 16M« (iii) xU mnyhf« 35. T‰W (A) : m«nkhÅah, gh°Õ‹ k‰W«
s.
bjhFâÆ‹ fh®gidš FnshiuL
Kjš jÅk« ngh‹wt‰Wl‹ AlCl3
D 17M« (iv) xU cnyhf¥
ok
nr®if nr®k§fis
bjhFâÆ‹ nghÈ cUth¡F»wJ.
Kjš jÅk« fhuz« (R) :
AlCl3 ÿÆ mÄy«
A B C D nghš brašgLtjhš
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
(m) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) nr®¡if nr®k§fis
o
(M) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv) cUth¡F»wJ.
(ï) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i) m) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
ab
(<) (iv) (iii) (i) (ii) [Éil: ï) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)] (A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f«.
M) (A) k‰W« (R) rÇ. nkY« (R) MdJ
32. nghuhid¥ g‰¿a ã‹tU« jftšfSŸ (A) ɉF rÇahd És¡f« mšy.
vJ jtwhdJ?
ï) (A) rÇ, (R) jtW.
m) nghuh‹ X® mnyhf«
ur
m
Éil. (i)
xU jÅk« vy¡£uh‹fis ïHªJ btË¡T£L s vy¡£uh‹fŸ kªj¤
mj‹ neuaÅfis cUth¡F« j‹ik bfh©litfshf cŸsd.
âwdhdJ m¤jÅk¤â‹ ne®Ä‹ (ii) nkY«, ïit ãiz¥ãš
co
j‹ik mšyJ cnyhf¤ j‹ik vd g§bfL¡f ïašghf Kidtâšiy.
m¿a¥gL»wJ. ï›Éisî kªj ïiz Éisî vd
(ii) ïªj¥ g©ghdJ maÅah¡F« m¿a¥gL»wJ.
M‰wiy¥ bghU¤jik»wJ. 6. nghuhÅ‹ nt⥠g©òfŸ F¿¤J vGJ.
s.
(iii) bghJthf xU bjhFâÆš nkÈUªJ Éil. (i) ïªj¤ bjhFâÆYŸs xnu mnyhf«
ÑHhf bršY«nghJ maÅah¡F« nghuh‹ k£Lnk, nkY« ïJ
M‰wš kâ¥ò Fiw»wJ, ïjdhš Éidâw‹ FiwªjJ.
ok
cnyhf¥g©ò mâfÇ¡»wJ. (ii) vÅD«, ca® bt¥gÃiyfËš
2. 13-M« bjhFâÆš Kjš jÅkkhd nghuh‹ mâf Éid¤âwid¡
nghuh‹ k‰w jÅk§fis¥ nghš cnyhf¥ fh£L»wJ.
g©òfis bfh©oU¡fhkš mnyhfkhf (iii) nghuhÅ‹ bgU«ghyhd nr®k§fŸ
o
brašgL»wJ. mj‹ fhuz« TW. vy¡£uh‹ Fiw¢ nr®k§fshF«,
myF 2
Éil. (i) nghuhÅ‹ mQ Mu« Äf¢ á¿aJ. nghuhÅ‹ á¿a cUtsî, ca®
ab
ÉidòÇ»wJ?
v‹jhšã Fiw»wJ.
(i) nAy#Dl‹
(ii) Mdhš, mYÄÅa¤âÈUªJ
jhÈa« tiu Äf¡ Fiwªjsnt (ii) ie£u#Dl‹
w
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8. nghuh¡° v‹gJ ahJ? mJ v›thW 11. ã‹tUtdt‰WŸ nghÇ¡ mÄy« v›thW
jahÇ¡f¥gL»wJ? ÉidòÇ»wJ?
(i) fhšáa« òqiuLl‹
co
Éil. (i) nghuh¡° v‹gJ bl£uhnghÇ¡
mÄy¤â‹ nrhoa c¥ghF«. (ii) nrhlh rh«gYl‹
(ii) ïJ nfhÈkid£ jhJit, nrhoa« Éil. (i) fhšáa« òqiuLl‹ :
fh®gnd£ fiurYl‹ bfhâ¡f nghÇ¡ mÄykhdJ ml® fªjf
s.
it¥gj‹ _y« bgw¥gL»wJ. mÄy¤â‹ K‹ÅiyÆš fhšáa«
∆
2Ca 2 B6 O11 + 3Na 2 CO3 + H 2 O → 3Na 2 B4 O7 + 3CaCO3 +òqiuLl‹
Ca (OH )2 Éid¥g£L nghuh‹ £iu
∆
òqiuil¤ jU»wJ.
O11 + 3Na 2 CO3 + H 2 O → 3Na 2 B4 O7 + 3CaCO3 + Ca (OH )2
ok
3CaF2 + 3H 2SO 4 + 2B (OH )3
→ 3CaSO 4 + 2BF3 + 6
9. nghuh¡° k‰W« nfhÈkid£
3CaF + 3H 2SO 4 + 2B (OH )3
→ 3CaSO 4 + 2BF3 + 6H 2 O
M»at‰¿ÈUªJ nghÇ¡ mÄy¤ij 2 (nghuh‹ oiu òqiu£)
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
ãǤbjL¡f ïaY«. rk‹ghLfis jUf.
(ii) nghÇ¡ mÄy¤ij, nrhlh rh«gYl‹
o
Éil. Na 2 B4 O7 + H 2SO 4 + 5H 2 O
→ Na 2SO 4 + 4H3 BO3 bt¥g¥gL¤J« nghJ nghuh¡°
(nghuh¡°) cUth»wJ.
ab
Na 2 B4 O7 + H 2SO 4 + 5H 2 O
→ Na 2SO 4 + 4H3 BO3
(nghÇ¡ mÄy«) Na2CO3 + 4B(OH)3
→ Na2B4O7 +
CO2 + 6H2O
→ Ca ( HSO3 ) + 6H3 BO3
Ca 2 B6 O11 + 11H 2SO 4 + SO 2
(nfhÈkid£) 12. nghÇ¡ mÄy¤â‹ mik¥ig tiuªJ
ur
F¿¥ò vGJf.
→ Ca ( HSO3 ) + 6H3 BO3
Ca 2 B6 O11 + 11H 2SO 4 + SO 2
(nghÇ¡ ÚÇÈ) Éil. (i)
nghÇ¡ mÄykhdJ, ïUgÇkhz
mL¡F mik¥ig¡ bfh©LŸsJ.
10. nghÇ¡ mÄy¤â‹ Ûjhd bt¥g¤â‹ (ii) ïJ [BO3]3– myif bfh©LŸsJ,
.s
O O
(ii) brŠN£L Ãiy¡F bt¥g¥gL¤J«
H H
nghJ f©zho ngh‹w nghÇ¡
O O
ÚÇÈia cUth¡F»wJ. H
B H H
w
O O
373 K
4H3 BO3
→ 4HBO 2 + 4H 2 O O
H O B O H H
O
B
O
(bk£lh nghÇ¡ mÄy«)
H H
nghÇ¡ mÄy¤â‹ mik¥ò
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bgw¥gL»‹wd. jahÇ¡f¥gL»wJ.
2Mg 3 B2 + 12HCl
→ 6MgCl2 + B4 H10 + H 2 ∆
PhN 2 BF4 → BF3 + PhF + N 2
B4 H10 + H 2
→ 2 B2 H 6
co
17. bk¡fh~ã brašKiw g‰¿ vGJf.
14. miw bt¥gÃiyÆš, öa ÃiyÆš cŸs Éil. (i)
mYÄdh k‰W« fšfÇ nr®ªj
ilnghnu‹ fh‰W mšyJ M¡á#Dl‹ fyitia FnshÇDl‹ nr®¤J
ÉidòÇtâšiy. khR fyªj ÃiyÆš bt¥g¥gL¤â mYÄÅa« FnshiuL
bgw¥gL»wJ.
s.
ÉidòÇtjhš V‰gL« Éisî v‹d?
Éil. (i) miw bt¥gÃiyÆš, öa Al2O3 + 3C + 3Cl2 ∆→ 2AlCl3 + 3CO2
ÃiyÆYŸs ilnghnu‹ (ii) ïJ, bjhʉ KiwÆš, Vw¡Fiwa
ok
fh‰W mšyJ M¡Ì#Dl‹ 1000 K bt¥gÃiyÆš mYÄÅa¤ij
ÉidòÇtâšiy. FnshÇnd‰w« brŒJ bgw¥gL»wJ.
(ii) Mdhš khR fyªj ÃiyÆš 1000 K
mâfsî bt¥g¤ij cÄœªJ, B2O3 I 2Al + 3Cl2 → 2AlCl3
cUth¡F»wJ.
o
18. ã‹tUgit mYÄÅa« FnshiuL
B2H6 + 3O2
→ B2O3 + 3H2O v›thW ÉidòÇ»wJ?
myF 2
DH = –2165 KJ mol–1
ab
ca® bt¥gÃiy
3B2H6 + 2NH3 _l¥g£l fy‹ (mYÄÅa« iA£uh¡irL)
H N H H N H
B B
Éid¥g£L nrhoa« mYÄnd£il
B B
cUth¡F»wJ.
N N
AlCl3 + 4NaOH
→
w
N N
H B H
H B H
NaAlO2 + 2H2O + 3NaCl
(nrhoa« mYÄnd£)
H H
w
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bg£nuhš jahǤjÈš ga‹gL»wJ. 23. r§»È¤ bjhluh¡f¤â‰F
(iii) ïJ, rha§fŸ, kUªJfŸ k‰W« m¤âahtáakhd ÃgªjidfŸ ahit?
thrid¤ âuÉa§fŸ jahǥ㚠Éil. (i) jÅk¤â‹ ïizâw‹ ïu©nlh
co
Éidntf kh‰¿ahf ga‹gL»wJ. mšyJ mj‰F mâfkhfnth ïU¤jš
20. bgh£lhZ gofhu« jahÇ¡f¥gL»wJ? nt©L«.
Éil. (i) _y¡TW thŒghL : (ii) xU jÅk«, mnj jÅk mQîl‹
K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O Ra ãiz¥ig V‰gL¤J« âwid
s.
bfh©oU¡f nt©L«.
(ii) K¡»a¤ jhJ :
(iii) Ra ãiz¥ã‹ tÈikahdJ,
mYie£. K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.4Al(OH)3
k‰w jÅk§fSl‹ cUth¡F«
(iii) jahǤjš :
ok
ãiz¥òfis¥ nghynt
(i) mYie£ jhJit e‹F tÈikahdjhf ïU¤jš nt©L«.
bghoah¡» Ú®¤j fªjf mÄy« (iv) k‰w _y¡TWfSl‹, r§»È¤ bjhl®
nr®¤J bfhâ¡f it¡f¥gL»wJ.
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
_y¡TWfŸ ntâÉid kªj¤j‹ik
(ii) mYie£ jhJÉ‹ Al(OH)3 gFâ
o
bfh©oU¤jš nt©L«.
Al2(SO4)3 Mf khW»wJ.
24. c‰g¤â thí - F¿¥ò tiuf.
(iii) ïjDl‹ fz¡»l¥g£l msî
ab
(ii) 475 K bt¥gÃiyÆš gof Úiu ïHªJ 25. gh°é‹ v›thW jahÇ¡f¥gL»wJ?
cU¥bgU¡f« mil»wJ. Éil. (i) fh®g‹ nkhdh¡iril xË
w
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cUth¡F»‹wd. vËâš Úuh‰gF¥gil»‹wd.
(ii) ït‰¿š cnyhf« ó{Ía 14 M« bjhFâÆš, Kjš jÅkkhd
M¡Ì#nd‰w ÃiyÆš cŸsd. fh®g‹ xU mnyhfkhF«. mnjrka«,
k‰w jÅk§fŸ cnyhf nghÈfshfnth
co
(iii) cnyhf§fis, fh®g‹
(áÈ¡fh‹ & b#®khÅa«) mšyJ
nkhdh¡irLl‹ bt¥g¥gL¤Jtj‹
cnyhf§fshfnth (o‹ & by£) cŸsd.
_y« ï¢nr®k§fŸ bgw¥gL»‹wd.
fh®g‹ mQthdJ mJ ïl«bg‰WŸs
v.fh :
bjhFâÆYŸs k‰w jÅk§fis¥
s.
áfš bl£uh fh®gidš [Ni(CO)4] nghyšyhkš, C=C, C=O.. ngh‹w
ma®‹ bg‹lh fh®gidš [Fe(CO)5] gšãiz¥òfis cUth¡F« j‹ikia¥
FnuhÄa« bA¡rh fh®gidš bg‰WŸsJ.
ok
[Cr(CO)6] fh®g‹ mQthdJ k‰bwhU fh®g‹
mQîlndh mšyJ k‰w mQ¡fSlndh
27. áÈ¡nfh‹fË‹ tiffŸ ahit?
Ú©l r§»È¤ bjhl® nr®k§fis
Éil. (i) ne®¡nfh£L áÈ¡nfh‹fŸ cUth¡F« âwid¥ bg‰WŸsJ. ï¥g©ò
(ii) tisa áÈ¡nfh‹fŸ
o
r§»È¤bjhluh¡f« vd m¿a¥gL»wJ.
(iii) FW¡F ãiz¥ò áÈ¡nfh‹fŸ. bjhFâÆš ÑHhf bršY«nghJ r§»È¤
myF 2
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fhuÂahF«, nkY« nAy#‹fËš
Na2B4O7 + H2SO4 + 5H2O →
òqÇ‹ Äfmâf Éid¤âw‹ bfh©l
4H3BO3 + 2Na2SO4
jÅkkhF«.
(iv) ïij m«nkhÅahîl‹
co
2. nghuh¡° jahǤjš, g©òfŸ k‰W«
ga‹fis¥ g‰¿ vGJf. Éid¥gL¤J« nghJ nghuh‹
ie£iuil cUth¡F»wJ.
Éil. jahǤjš :
(i) nghuh¡° v‹gJ bl£uhnghÇ¡ Na2B4O7 + 2NH4Cl →
2NaCl + 2BN + B2O3 + 4H2O
s.
mÄy¤â‹ nrhoa c¥ghF«. ïJ
nfhÈkid£ jhJit, nrhoa« nghuh¡Ì‹ ga‹fŸ:
fh®gnd£ fiurYl‹ bfhâ¡f (i) ÃwKŸs cnyhf maÅfis
ok
it¥gj‹ _y« bgw¥gL»wJ. f©l¿tâš nghuh¡° ga‹gL»wJ.
∆ (ii) ïJ, f© f©zho, nghnuháÈ¡nf£
2Ca2B6O11 + 3Na2CO3 + H2O → f©zho, vdhkš, k‰W«
3Na2B4O7 + 3CaCO3 + Ca(OH)2 gsgs¥ghd k©gh©l§fŸ
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
jahǤjÈš ga‹gL»wJ.
o
(ii) nghuh¡°, bghJthf Na2B4O7.10H2O (iii) ïJ cnyhfÉaÈš ïs¡»ahf¥
vd F¿¥ãl¥gL»wJ. Mdhš, ïJ ga‹gL»wJ.
ab
fhz¥gL»wJ.
g©òfŸ : (i) »uh~ig£, rhjhuz bt¥g mG¤j
(i) nghuh¡° fhu¤j‹ik bfh©lJ, ÃiyÆš, mâf Ãiy¥ò¤ j‹ik
w
m
cUth¡F»‹wd. vy¡£uh‹fS« ãiz¥ãš
(v) ïd¡fy¥ãš <Lglhj p M®ã£lhÈš <Lg£LŸsd.
cŸs eh‹fhtJ vy¡£uh‹ π (iv) jÅ vy¡£uh‹fŸ VJÄšyhjjhš
ãiz¥ig cUth¡F»wJ. ïªj π
co
Ä‹fl¤J« âwid¥
vy¡£uh‹fŸ KG¤jhŸ mik¥ã‹ÛJ bg‰¿U¡fÉšiy.
cŸsl§fh¤ j‹ikia bg‰WŸsd, (v) Ä¡ffodkhd gofkhf ïU¥gjhš,
ïJnt ïj‹ Ä‹fl¤J¤ âwD¡F fodkhd fUÉfis T®ikah¡fî«,
fhuzkhf mik»wJ. mL¤jL¤j f©zhofis bt£lî«,
s.
fh®g‹ jhŸfŸ tÈik Fiwªj Jis¥gh‹fŸ brŒaî«, ghiwfis¤
th©l® thš° Éirfshš xU§nf JisÆlî« ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
ïU¤â it¡f¥g£LŸsd.
ok
(vi) mL¤jL¤j jhŸfS¡F ïil¥g£l
öu« 3.40Å. »uh~ig£jŤJ
mšyJ v©bzŒfSl‹ fyªJ
caî¥bghUshf ga‹gL¤j¥gL»wJ.
o
myF 2
ab
ur
3. »uhÕ‹ :
(i) »uh~Õ‹ v‹gJ fh®gÅ‹ k‰bwhU
òwnt‰Wik totkhF«.
.s
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m
fh®gÅ‹ òwnt‰Wik tot§fshF«.
»uh~ig£ k‰W« itu¤ij¥ nghy
mšyhkš ïªj òwnt‰Wik
co
tot§fshdit C32, C50, C60, C70, C76
etc.. ngh‹w jŤj _y¡ TWfshf 2. fh®g‹ ehndh FHhŒ :
cŸsd. (i) fh®g‹ ehndhFHhŒfŸ v‹git
(ii) ïªj _y¡TWfŸ gl¤âš òâajhf f©l¿a¥g£l òwnt‰Wik
tot§fshF«, ïit »uh~ig£
s.
fh£oíŸsthW T©L tot
mik¥òfis bfh©LŸsd. C60 ngh‹w FHhŒ mik¥igí«, ~òšyß‹
_y¡TWfŸ fhšgªJ ngh‹w Kidfisí« bfh©LŸsd.
mik¥ig bg‰WŸsd. (ii) m¢á‹ tÊahf ïªj ehndhFHhŒfŸ,
ok
(iii) ïit g¡Ä‹°l® ~òšyß‹ mšyJ v~ifÉl mâf tÈik
g¡»ghš v‹wiH¡f¥gL»‹wd.ïJ bfh©litfshf cŸsd, nkY«
20 MwQ tisa§fS«, 12 IªjQ Ä‹rhu¤ij fl¤J»‹wd.
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
tisa§fS« ïizªj tisa (iii) ïit ehndh Ä‹dQÉaš,
o
mik¥ig¥ bg‰WŸsJ. Éidntfkh‰w«, gygofŸ k‰W«
(iv) x›bthU fh®g‹ mQî« sp2 kUªJfŸ cUth¡f« M»at‰¿š
ab
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m
Cu / 570 K
2RCl + Si
→ R 2SiCl2
co
cUth»‹wd. ïit ïUKidfËY« Ú©Lbfh©nl brš»‹wd.
R R
| |
+2H 2O
Cl − Si − Cl → HO − Si − OH
s.
−2HCl
| |
R R
ok
R R R R R
HO Si OH + HO Si OH HO Si O Si OH + HO Si OH
-H2O
R R R R R
o
-H2O
myF 2
ab
R R R
HO Si O Si O Si OH
-H2O
R R R
ur
Me Me O R
Me O Me
Me Si O Si Me Si Si R Si O Si O
w
Me Me
O O O O O O R
Me Si O Si Me Si O Si O Si O Si O
w
Me Me Me Me
R R O
w
46
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m
maÅfis¡ bfh©LŸs
áÈ¡nf£LfŸ, ignuh áÈ¡nf£LfŸ
mšyJ nrhnuh áÈ¡nf£LfŸ
v‹wiH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
co
ïu©L [SiO4]4– eh‹K» myFfŸ tisa áÈ¡nf£LfŸ tot«
xU _iyÆYŸs xU M¡Ì#‹
7. ã‹tUtdt‰iw g‰¿ F¿¥ò vGJf.
mQit g§»£L¡bfhŸS«nghJ
ïit cUth»‹wd. (ïizí«nghJ (i) ignyháÈ¡nf£LfŸ
s.
xU M¡Ì#‹ Ú¡f¥gL»wJ) (ii) r§»È áÈ¡nf£LfŸ
vL¤J¡fh£L : Éil. (i) ignyháÈ¡nf£LfŸ :
jh®£Éil£ - Sc2Si2O7 (Si2O5)n2n– maÅfis¡ bfh©LŸs
ok
áÈ¡nf£LfŸ jhŸ áÈ¡nf£LfŸ
mšyJ ignyh áÈ¡nf£LfŸ
v‹wiH¡f¥gL»‹wd.
P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-I
ït‰¿š, x›bthU [SiO4]4–
o
eh‹K» myF« k‰w myFfSl‹
ignuh áÈ¡nf£LfŸ tot« _‹W M¡Ì#‹ mQ¡fis¥
ab
(ïJ xU mYÄndh áÈ¡nf£lhF«,
ïâš x›bthU mYÄÅa« maÅí«
MW M¡Ì#‹ mQ¡fshš v©K»
w
toÉš NH¥g£LŸsJ)
w
ignyháÈ¡nf£LfŸ tot«
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m
maÅfis¡ bfh©LŸsd. HCOOH + H2SO4 →
x›bthU áÈ¡nf£ myF« mj‹ CO + H2O + H2SO4
ïu©L M¡Ì#‹ mQ¡fis k‰w g©òfŸ :
co
myFfSl‹ g§»£L¡bfhŸ»wJ.
(i) ïJ Ãwk‰w, kzk‰w, e¢R¤j‹ik
vL¤J¡fh£L :
bfh©l thíthF«. ïJ ÚÇš
°bghLÄ‹ - LiAl(SiO3)2. á¿jsî fiu»wJ. ïJ fh‰¿š
Úy Ãw Rthiyíl‹ vǪJ fh®g‹
s.
ilah¡iril cUth¡F»wJ.
2CO +O2
→ 2CO2
ok
(ii) fh®g‹ nkhdh¡iril xË
mšyJ ku¡fÇÆ‹ K‹ÅiyÆš
r§»È áÈ¡nf£LfŸ tot« FnshÇDl‹ Éid¥gL¤J«nghJ,
Éõ¤j‹ik bfh©l fh®gidš
8. fh®g‹ nkhdh¡irL [CO] jahǤjš
Fnshiuil thíit cUth¡F»wJ.
o
k‰W« g©òfŸ g‰¿ És¡Ff.
ïJ gh°é‹ vdî« m¿a¥gL»wJ.
myF 2
CuCl(CO).2H2O cUth»wJ.
CO + C2H4 + H2
→ CH3CH2CHO
Fiw¡f¥g£l mG¤j¤âš ï¡fiurš
öa fh®g‹ nkhdh¡iril
btËÉL»wJ.
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myF
3 P-bjhFâ jÅk§fŸ-II
m
co
s.
F¿¥ò¢ r£lf«
3.4.1 »il¡f¥bgWjš
w
[ 49 ]
m
bjhFâ - 15 bjhFâ - 16 bjhFâ - 17 bjhFâ - 18
g©òfŸ g©òfŸ ga‹fŸ
co
m«nkhÅah ie£u#‹ M¡Ì#‹ FnshÇ‹
ie£Ç¡ mÄy« ntâ¥g©ò bgUksî
SO2 jahǤjš
HCl
s.
H2SO4
nAy#‹ ïil¢
gu°gu° nr®k§fŸ
ok
òwnt‰Wik g©òfŸ gh°Õ‹ PCl3 PCl5
tot«
o
myF 3
ãǤbjL¤jš
m«nkhÅah : ôÇahit Úuh‰ gF¥gj‹ _y« m«nkhÅah bgw¥gL»wJ.
bgWjš
.s
50
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