MODUL PRAKTIKUM

HAKI “ALTERATION”

PROGRAM PENDIDIKAN DOKTER

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM MALANG
2020
 DAFTAR ALUR PENGUMPULAN MODUL PRAKTIKUM MAHASISWA DI
LABORATORIUM TERPADU
Bagi mahasiswa PSPD FK UNISMA yang melakukan praktikum di lingkungan Laboratorium
Terpadu dan digunakan sebagai syarat mengikuti Ujian Responsi Praktikum, Adapun alur
pengumpulan modul praktikum adalah sebagai berikut :

MAHASISWA PROSEDUR PRETEST/ PRAKTIKUM

KERJA POSTTEST

PARAF ACC
DOSEN
LAPORAN LENGKAP LAPORAN HASIL SEMENTARA
PRAKTIKUM PRAKTIKUM
(± 1 MINGGU) (segera setelah praktikum)

PARAF ACC
DOSEN

STEMPEL ACC
LABORATORIUM MAHASISWA RESPONSI
(1 HARI) PRAKTIKUM

FORMAT LAPORAN LENGKAP PRAKTIKUM / LEMBAR KERJA PRAKTIKUM

MAHASISWA :
1. Prosedur Kerja (meliputi : Alat, Bahan, Prosedur Kerja dalam bentuk Flow Chart) 
dibuat sebelum praktikum.
Prosedur Kerja dibuat untuk praktikum  Fisiologi, Fisika, Farmakologi, KEHATI,
Biokimia, PK, Mikrobiologi, Kimia.
2. Hasil Praktikum  setelah praktikum, langsung di ACC dosen (setiap mahasiswa)
3. Pembahasan  dilengkapi di Laporan Praktikum
4. Kesimpulan  dilengkapi di Laporan Praktikum
MODUL PRAKTIKUM
ANATOMI

Nama Peserta :

Nama Patologis :

Nama Blok :

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM MALANG
2020
Directional Terms Used to Describe the Position of one Structure to Another

Basic body planes or sections

 Muskuloskeletal

The adult skeletal system consists of approximately 206 bones.The exact number of
bones differs from person to person depending on age and genetic factors. At birth, the
skeleton consists of about 270 bones. As further bone development (ossification) occurs
during infancy, the number increases. During adolescence, however, the number of bones
decreases, as separate bones gradually fuse. Each bone is actually an organ that plays a part in
the total functioning of the skeletal system. The science concerned with the study of bones is
called osteology.
Some adults have extra bones within the sutures (joints) of the skull called sutural (wormian)
bones. Additional bones may develop in tendons in response to stress as the tendons
repeatedly move across a joint. Bones formed this way are called sesamoid bones. Sesamoid
bones, like the sutural bones, vary in number. The patellae (“kneecaps”) are two sesamoid
bones all people have. For convenience of study, the skeleton is divided into axial
and appendicular portions.
The axial skeleton consists of the bones that form the axis of the body and support and
protect the organs of the head, neck, and trunk. The components of the axial skeleton are as
follows:
1. Skull. The skull consists of two sets of bones: the cranial bones that form the
cranium, or braincase, and the facial bones that support the eyes and nose and form
the bony framework of the oral cavity.
2. Auditory ossicles. Three auditory ossicles (“ear bones”) are present in the middle-ear
chamber of each ear and serve to transmit sound impulses.
3. Hyoid bone. The hyoid bone is located above the larynx (“voice box”) and below the
mandible (“jawbone”). It supports the tongue and assists in swallowing.
 4. Vertebral column. The vertebral column (“backbone”) consists of 26 individual
bones separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs. In the pelvic region, several
vertebrae are fused to form the sacrum, which is the attachment portion of the pelvic
girdle. A few terminal vertebrae are fused to form the coccyx (“tailbone”).
5. Rib cage. The rib cage forms the bony and cartilaginous framework of the thorax. It
articulates posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae and includes the 12 pairs of ribs, the
flattened sternum, and the costal cartilages that connect the ribs to the sternum.

The appendicular skeleton is composed of the bones of the upper and lower extremities
and the bony girdles that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton. The components of the
appendicular skeleton are as follows:
a. Pectoral girdle. The paired scapulae (“shoulder blades”) and clavicles
(“collarbones”) are the appendicular components of the pectoral girdle, and the
sternum (“breastbone”) is the axial component. The primary function of the pectoral
girdle is to provide attachment for the muscles that move the brachium (arm) and
antebrachium (forearm).
b. Upper extremities. Each upper extremity contains a proximal humerus within the
brachium, an ulna and radius within the antebrachium, the carpal bones, the
metacarpal bones, and the phalanges (“finger bones”) of the hand.
c. Pelvic girdle. The two ossa coxae (“hipbones”) are the appendicular components of
the pelvic girdle, and the sacrum is the axial component. The ossae coxae are united
anteriorly by the symphysis pubis and posteriorly by the sacrum. The pelvic girdle
supports the weight of the body through the vertebral column and protects the viscera
within the pelvic cavity.
Lower extremities. Each lower extremity contains a proximal femur (“thighbone”) within
the thigh, a tibia (“shinbone”) and fibula within the leg, the tarsal bones, the metatarsal
bones, and the phalanges (“toe bones”) of the foot. In addition, the patella ( “kneecap”) is
located on the anterior surface of the knee joint, between the thigh and leg.
Organs
Heart : 4 chambers

2 atrium & 2 ventricle

 Left ventricle
Pump the blood to systemic
circulation
 Rigt ventricle
Pump the blood to pulmonary
circulation
 Left atrium
Accept blood flow from
pulmonary circulation
 Right atrium
Accept blood flow from
systemic circulation
Pulmo : Dextra & Sinistra

 Dextra : 3 lobus
 Sinistra : 2 lobus
MODUL PRAKTIKUM
HISTOLOGI

Nama Peserta :

Nama Patologis :

Nama Blok :

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM MALANG

2020
 SISTEM KARDIOVASKULER

Lapisan penyusun Kardiovaskuler

LAP DALAM SISTIM VASKULER JANTUNG
LAP TENGAH TUNIKA INTIMA ENDOKARDIUM
LAP LUAR TUNIKA MEDIA MIOKARDIUM
TUN. ADVENTITIA EPIKARDIUM

 Figure 1. Drawing of a medium-sized muscular artery, showing its layers. Although

the usual histologic preparations cause the layers to appear thicker than those shown
here, the drawing is actually similar to the in vivo architecture of the vessel. At the
moment of death, the artery experiences an intense contraction; consequently, the
lumen is reduced, the internal elastic membrane undulates, and the muscular tunica
thickens.

JANTUNG
1. Kerangka kantung : a. Trigonum Fibrosum
b. Anulus fibrosus
c. Septum membranaseum
Disusun oleh jarngan pseudokartilago
2. Katup Jantung :
- Dilapisi endokardium
- Tidak dijumpai jaringan subendokardium
  Figure 2. Section showing part of a large vein. The vein has a very thin muscular
tunica media that contrasts with the thick adventitia composed of dense connective
tissue. Note the presence a valve. PT stain. Medium magnification.

3. Serabut Purkinye :
- Merupakan modifikasi otot jantung
- Ciri-ciri : a. Diameter lebih besar
b. Fibril otot lebih sedikit dan tersusun di bagian tepi
c. Banyak mengandung glikogen
d. Berjalan subendokardial

Figure 3.
KAPILER :

Figure 4. Electron micrograph of a transverse section of a continuous capillary. Note the

nucleus (N) and the junctions between neighboring cells (arrowheads). Numerous pinocytotic
vesicles are evident (small arrows). The large arrows show large vesicles being formed by
infoldings of broad sheets of the endothelial cell cytoplasm. x10,000

1. Kapiler kontinu : - kapiler pada umumnya

-membrana basalis kontinu

. 1. Lumen
2. Vesicle Pinositik
 3. Perisit

2. Kapiler fenestrate : a. berdiafragma/berpori : usus, kelenjar endokrin

1. Lumen
2. Endothelium
3. Jendela Kapiler

b. tidak berdiafragma : ginjal

1. Lumen
2. Endothelium
3. Pori Kapiler

Dinding terdiri atas satu lapis sel-sel endotel

Berperan dalam pertukaran gas dan zat makanan
Bersifat permeabel : - Pori
- Perlekatan antar sel endotel
- Pinositik vesikel

ARTERIOLE :
- Dinding terdiri atas tunika intima, tunika media dan tunika advensisia
- Tunika intima : - sel-sel endotel
- membrane elastika interna tipis
- Tunika media : sel-sel otot polos
- Tunika advensisia : jaringan pengikat longgar

 Figure 5. Small blood vessels from the microvasculature (arterioles and venules)
surrounded by components of connective tissue. The arrowheads point to fibroblasts.
H&E stain. Low magnification.
ARTERI SEDANG :
1. Merupakan arteri tipe muskuler
2. Disebut juga arteri distribusi
3. Membrana elastika interna tampak jelas
4. Tunika media disusun oleh otot polos
5. Tunika media merupakan lapisan paling tebal
6. Berperan mendistribusikan darah ke organ

Figure 6.

ARTERI BESAR :
1. Merupakan arteri tipe elastis
2. Disebut juga arteri konduksi
3. Membrana elastika tidak jelas karena terbelah dan terputus-putus
4. Tunika media disusun oleh membran elastis berlamela
5. Berperan menghantarkan aliran darah

Figure 7.
VENA :
1. Bentuk ireguler, kadang-kadang kolaps
2. Tunika advensisia merupakan lapisan paling tebal
3. Tunika media disusun terutama oleh serabut kolagen
4. Mempunyai katup : - tonjolan tunika intima

 Figure 8. Cross section through an arteriole and its accompanying venule from the
myometrium of mouse uterus. Note the elongated, large nucleus (arrow) of a pericyte
surrounding the venule wall. Toluidine blue stain. High magnification.

VASA VASORUM :
1. Merupakan pembuluh darah yang menvaskularisasi dinding pembuluh darah
2. Pada arteri umumnya berlokasi pada tunika advensisia
3. Pada vena dapat menembus sampai tunika media
4. Berperan memberi nutriasi pada dinding pembuluh darah

Figure 9.
Perbedaan secara histology arteri besar, sedang dan kecil

Arteri besar Peralihan Arteri sedang Arteri kecil

(elastis, konduksi) (hybrida) (muscular, (arteriole)
distribusi)
1 Lokasi Aorta A.Karotis interna A.Brakialis
A.Pulmonalis A.Aksilaris A.Femoralis
A.Brakiosefalik A.Iliaka komunis A.Radialis
A.Iliaka komunis A.Poplitea
2 Tunika
Intima - poligonal - pipih - pipih - pipih
- Endotel - elastikumuskuler
- elastikomuskuler - tipis - tidak
- Subendotel tipis terdapat
- Membrana - tidak jelas - tampak jelas
elastika
- terbelah-belah dan - mulai tampak - berkelok- - tidak
int. terpu- kelok terdapat
tus-putus
3 Tunika - lamella elastis a. lamella elastis - otot polos - otot polos
Media - konsentris otot polos - sampai 40 - 1 – 5 lapis
- fenestra b. Luar : elastis lapis
Dalam : otot
polos
- Membrana - tidak tampak - tidak
Elastika - tidak tampak - tampak tampak
eks.
4 Tunika - jaringan longgar - jaringan longgar - jar. longgar - jar. longgar
Adventitia - anyaman saraf - anyaman saraf - anyaman tipis
- vasavasorum - vasavasorum saraf - anyaman
- vasavasorum saraf
5 Fungsi Menyalurkan darah Menyalurkan & Distribusi Menentukan
distribusi darah darah tekanan darah
Perbedaan secara histology kapiler kontine, kapiler fenestrate, dan sinusoid

NO KAPILER KONTINU KAPILER SINUSOID

FENESTRATA
1 Lumen 9 – 12 mikron 9-12 mikron 30 – 40 mikron
Teratur Teratur Tidak teratur

2 Dinding Sel endotel ( 2 – 3 ) Sel Endotel (2 – 3) - Sel endotel

Hubungan antar sel : Hubungan antar sel : - Sel fagositik
- gap junction - gap junction - Kontinu
- taut kedap - taut kedap - Fenestra
Sel perisit : Sel perisit :
- kontraktil -kontraktil
- dapat berdiferensiasi - dapat berdiferensiasi
 
otot polos otot polos
Tidak berpori Berpori :
- diafragmated
- nondiafragmated
 3 Lokasi - otot Diafragmated : - hepar
- saraf - usus - jaringan
- jaringan ikat - kelenjar endokrin hemopoetik
Nondiafragmated :
- ginjal

4 Permeabilitas - gap junction - gap junction - fenestra

- vesikel pinositik - vesikel pinositik
- pori-pori

Perbedaan secara histology arteri sedang dengan vena sedang

NO LAPISAN ARTERI SEDANG VENA SEDANG

1 T. Intima - Endotel pipih - endotel pipih
- katup vena

2 T. Media - Lapisan tertebal - Lapisan otot polos sedikit

- Otot polos berlapis-lapis - Jaringan ikat banyak
- Membrana Elastika Interna jelas - Terdapat vasavasorum
- Membrana Elastika Interna
tidak ada

3 T. Adventitia - Jaringan longgar - Lapisan tertebal

- Vasavasorum - Jaringan longgar
- Vasavasorum

4 Lumen - teratur - tidak teratur

- kadang kolaps