1.

0 INTRODUCTION
Miombo woodland is type of African woodlands dominated by species of Brachystegia,
either alone or together with Julbernardia or Isoberlinia (White, 1983). Closely associated
species of Miombo woodland are pterrocopus angolensis, Vangueria spp, Vitex spp,
cumbertum spp and Dalberigia melanocylon.

Resources of Miombo woodland are central to the livelihood system of millions of rural
and urban dwellers (Lawton, 1982). Despite their significance, Miombo woodlands have
suffered and continue to suffer great destruction. Shaba (1993), reported that, about half a
million hectares of Miombo woodlands are cleared annually in seven countries of the
Miombo region in which Tanzania is inclusive.

Human activities are therefore important in the dynamics of Miombo ecosystems (Mouis,
1970) SUA –KITWANGHALO forest reserve falls under this type of Miombo
woodlands. The reserve itself is surrounded by local communities who for decades have
been utilizing the next door forest resources for their livelihoods these includes, wild
foods, wood fuels, construction materials, medicine, rituals to mention a few. Over
utilization of the forest resource outside the reserve has left the resources highly degraded
and if the situations not checked, local people are likely to utilize the reserve to meet their
demands. People’s daily socio and economic activities of the surrounding communities
are thus likely to influence the present and future management of SUA – KFR. The
national forest policy of 1998 have emphasized that all forest reserves will be managed
based on approved management plans focusing on social, economic and environmental
needs of the surrounding community and availability of human and other biophysical
resources. It is form this context, the preparation of Kitulanghalo forest reserve causes

1.1 Justification:
Despite the threatening nature of deforestation and forest degradation, the dimension of
these phenomena at the micro agent level is not well known and it varies from place to
place (Ahlback, 1992). It is not clear as to how much each Socio – economic activity
contributes to deforestation. It is only mentioned that human economic activities and land
use system contribute towards deforestation of Miombo woodlands (Chidumayo, 1990;
and FAO, 1991).

The purpose of preparing this management plan is therefore first to assess the available
forest resources present in SUA Kitulanghalo forest reserve, second, to understand
different socio-economic activity done by adjacent communities having a direct
relationship with forest resource utilization and third to prepare a participatory forest
management plan for future sustainable management and utilization of SUA-
KITULANGHALO forest reserve.

2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE RESERVE

The whole Kitulanghalo forest reserves have a total area of 2600 ha. SUA-Kitulanghalo
forest reserve has an area of 500ha. The reserve is meant purposely for training and
research activities for local, regional and international parties. Kitulanghalo forest reserve
is managed under Joint forest management in which three parts in can clearly be
identified. The first part is main aged jointly between Tanzania government and Lubungo
village. The middle part of the forest is managed jointly and between the government and
Maseyu village and the part (SUA – KFR) is managed jointly between the government
(SUA) and Gwata ujembe village.

2.1 Title, legal status, ownership and administration

Kitulanghalo forest reserve was gazette in June 1955 with declaration order number 198
of 3rd – 6 – 1955. in July 1993, the government leased 500ha to Sokoine University of
Agriculture for training and research purposes. The reserve is administered by the
department of forest mensuration and management which is under the faculty of forestry
and Natural conservation. The gazettement procedure can be summarized as follows;

Year of establishment 1955

Gazettement, June 1955
Declaration …………………….GNP 198 of 3/6/1955
Variation order………………...None
Border map …………………Jb 22 (1: 50,000) 1954
Topographical map………….183/2.184/1
Gazetted area ……………….6, 518 acres (2,638ha)
Boundary length …………….18Km

2.2 Location
SUA – KFR is situated between latitude ……….and ……..and between Longitude
………..and ……….. The forest is about 50km from Morogoro and 150km from Dar-es-
Salaam. It is on the left hand side from Morogoro to Dar-es-Salaam high way.

2.3 Size
SUA – KFR cover an area of 500ha. This area was surveyed and demarcated by the forest
survey and inventory department which is under the division of forestry and Bee –
keeping of the MNRT.

2.4 Boundaries
To the east and south SUA – KFR borders Gwata Ujembe village. To the west side the
reserve borders Kitulanghalo forest reserve which is under Morogoro catchments forests
and to the north it borders Wamimbiki Wildlife management area. Sangasanga seasonal
river meanders along the extreme northern part of the reserve.

2.5 Physical features

2.5.1 Topography
SUA – KFR have undulated land over the whole forest the reserve is characterized by
several seasonal rivers scattered through out the forest
REFERENCES:
Ahlback, A.J. (1992). Why and how to mobilize all rural people of Tanzania to three
planting. A PhD thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate school of the
University of Minnesota. 408pp Unpublished.

Chidumayo, E.N. (1990). Above ground woody, biomass structure and productivity in
Zambezian woodlands. Forestry ecology and management 36:33 – 46pp

FAO, (1991). The impact of stabilization and structural adjustment policies on the rural
sector. Case study of Cote d’ivoire, Senegal, Liberia, Zambia and Morocco. FAO
economic and social development paper number 90: 1- 68pp

Lawton, R.M. (1982) Natural resources of Miombo woodlands and recent changes in
Agricultural and land use practices. Forest ecology and management 4: 287 –
297pp

Morris, B (1970). Nature and origin of brachystegia woodlands. Common wealth forestry
review 49: 155 – 158pp

Shaba, M.W.M. (1983). A perspective of indigenous forest management in the SADCC

Region in: Pearce, G.D, and Gumbo, D.J (eds). The ecology and management of
indigenous forests in Southern Africa, 29 – 37. Proceedings of an international
symposium, Victoria falls, Zimbabwe, 27 – 29 July 1992. Zimbabwe forestry
commission and SAREC, Harare

White, F. (1983). The vegetation of Africa. UNESCO; parish, 365pp

Forest inventory
Since the management plan will focus on multiple use management plan, a multi-product
forest inventory was adopted. In additional to traditional inventory, data on non-timber
forest products were also emphasized.

Sampling design
The number of samples to be adopted on uniformity of the population allowable sampling
over and resources available. Basing on the above factors, systematic sampling design
was adopted. Among the advantages of systematic sampling design is better coverage of
the whole population and easy allocation of plots.

Inventory planning
Transects were laid out perpendicular to the Morogoro – Dar es – Salaam high way.
Steps for laying transects and allocating plots
 Determination of the longest length which was found to be 3250m
 It was decided to use nine transects for the purpose of collecting data
 In order to get the distance between transects, the total length (L) of the longest
side (3250meters) was divided by the number of transects (9) resulting to 360m
 It was decided that each group will deal with four plots making a total of twenty
four plots for six groups
 The distance between plots was determined by dividing the total length of the
nine transects (8400 meters) by the total number of plots (24) resulting to 350
meters between plots
Direction
The forward bearing for all transects was 312o North West
Allocation of sample plots
Sample plots were distributed systematically along each transect. The first transect was
laid ½ full distance of the determined one. The second up to the last transects were
aligned at full length and equidistant
The reason for starting ½ way transect or plot is that the transect represents half way on
each sides there by reducing variations.
Plot
Circular plot shape was adopted. The total area of the largest plot(15meters) was 0.07ha
however; it was divided into sub-plots of 2m, 5m, 10m and 15m radius for easy data
collection and according to intended future analysis.In each sub plot the following data
were taken;

SPECIES CODING SYSTEM

Code Vernacular Name Botanical name

1 Kishinda ntembo
2 Kisasa
3 Mtogo
4 Mtondoro Julbernardia globiflora
5 Mlama mweupe Cumbretum schumanii (luguru)
6 Mkuwi
7 Mtwini
8 Mpingo Diospyros mespiliformis
9 Nguvukurukundi
10 Mng’ongo Sclerocarya birrea (Luguru)
11 Mlindi
12 Mkambara
13 Msolo
14 Mwembeti
15 Mlama mweusi Cumbretum molle (Luguru)
16 Mkongowe
17 Mgunga
18 Mlamang’ombe
19 Myombo
20 Mwalimtitu
21 Mkenge maji
22 Balawala
23 Sasamlanda
24 Kisogo
25 Lwengele
26 Msosoana
27 Msoto
28 Kikulagembe
29 Mguluka
 30 Mnyenge
31 Kifunganyumba
32 Mhonongu
33 Mtanga
34 Mzindanguruwe
35 Msinzila
36 Mdaula
37 Mbona
38 Mgama
39 Mmanga
40 Mkwaju
41 Mfifi
42 Mhondolo
43 Mnodi
44 Mchoka
45 Mnonge
46 Mlongare
47 Mfumbili
48 Ekisokoro

SAMPLE TREES FOR HEIGHT MEASUREMENTS

TREE DBH (CM) HEIGHT (M)

NO.
1 16 4
2 43 14
3 50 11.3
4 49 14
5 44 18
6 40 14
7 40 17
8 50 19
9 8 6
10 98 7
11 6 3
12 2.7 4.7
13 16 8
14 7.1 4
15 32 15
16 11.3 7
17 24 7
18 23 5.3
 19 21 6
20 28 7
21 32 20
22 18.9 18
23 8.6 8.6
24 36.8 25

Sample trees were meant for developing a height diameter equation. After calculations
the following Equation was adopted to find heights of the remaining trees.
Ht =3.6279+0.28488D

ABOUT PRA
Participatory appraisal (PRA) is a systematic yet semi-structured data gathering activity
carried out by a team of practitioners. PRS is designed to uncover hither to unknown facts
about a given community. The process of data gathering is an activity which is socially
acceptable, economically viable, and ecologically sound and leads to decisions which
focuses on sustainable development.

Participatory rural appraisal is an outgrowth and combination of several participatory

approaches. Among the participatory approaches that have influenced PRA are the
concretization or (critical thinking) theories as espoused by Freire (1970) and other Latin
American action research traditions linked to liberation theology. Freire’s Ideas are
relevant to participation as they are based on starting from the participant’s needs and
active learning a opposed to passive traditional approaches.

Community participatory map

The community members drew their community participatory map as they are the best
experts of their area. Literacy was not necessary in order to drew the map of one’s place.
The PRA practitioners explained the process clearly and allowed the community to select
the appropriate spot on the ground to be used for drawing the map. This was done using
their fingers, sticks and other locally available materials such as pebbles, leaves, ashes
and flowers. When the job was done one of PRA practitioner transferred the map on to a
paper including all details as provided by the community.

The purpose for drawing a sketch map was to show where the community resources,
activities, problems and opportunities are located as well as identifying areas with
specific problem as regards to natural resources management.

Transect walk
Usually participatory rural appraisal uses a simple technique of reviewing the community
participatory map to estimate the line of greatest diversity. When the community
members completed drawing a sketch map, while the map was still on the ground they
debated with the guidance of the PRA practitioners about which route to take. The
transect walk following the agreed route was done the same day the map was drawn.

The PRA practitioners together with community representatives took charge of this
exercise. All people encountered along the route were casually interviewed to give
meanings and context to issues already identified in the community participatory map and
also providing information on the other observed conditions.

The purpose of doing transect walk is that it provides mapping information beyond that
collected and verifies the information on participatory map. It adds details on the specific
characteristics such as slopes, drainage, vegetation, cover, water, soil, problems related to
natural resources degradation and opportunities to minimize such problems.

Historical events/time line

A historical event is a list of key events in the history of the community that helps
identify past trends, events, problems and achievements in its life. The purpose of doing
historical events is to help the PRA practitioners and the reader of the report better
understand what local, national and international events the community considers to be
important in its history and how it has delt with natural resources management issues in
the past

After description to the community about what is required as regards historical events,
they were left to enumerate as many events as possible and as long time ago as possible

Seasonal calendar
The seasonal calendar attempts to establish regular cycles or patterns of activities and
occurrences within a community on annual basis. The purpose of mapping a seasonal
calendar is to present large quantities of diverse information in a common time frame. It
compares activities month by month across sectoral boundaries.

The process started by reaching the concesus on some useful topics to be in co –

orporated in a seasonal calendar. A chart was then drawn on the ground followed by
scanning the entries up and down for specific month or time period.

Institutional analysis/Venn diagrams

Venn diagrams helps the community members and PRA practitioners to;
i. Learn about the activities of the various groups and organization within the
community as expeditiously as possible
ii. Understand how the community views these institutions and how they rank them
according to their contribution to the community development
iii. Assess the relationships among the institutions by creating a diagram showing
institutional importance and interactions.

This exercise was done providing a chance for the community to identify various
organizations/institutions working in the community including the role of
institution/organizations in the community.

When the community members finished listing of organizations/institutions with their

respective activities, the next step was to rank them in terms of most effective and least
effective. The next step to this was to establish the relationships amongst them. The
exercise was accomplished by creating an institutional frame work