Electrochimica Acta 295 (2019) 1052e1056

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Electrochimica Acta
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/electacta

Investigation of nitriding treated Ni-free stainless steel as current

collector for 5 V-class Li-ion secondary cell
Sayoko Shironita a, 1, Neil Ihsan a, Kotaro Konakawa a, Kenichi Souma a, b,
Minoru Umeda a, *, 1
a
Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1, Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-
2188, Japan
b
Hitachi Industrial Equipment Systems Co., Ltd, 3 Kanda Neribei, Chiyoda, Tokyo 101-0022, Japan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Nitrided Ni-free stainless steel was prepared and evaluated electrochemically in a non-aqueous solution
Received 27 July 2018 for use as a current collector for a positive electrode for 5 V-class Li-ion secondary battery. The nitrided
Received in revised form stainless steel was characterized using a surface conductivity meter, X-ray diffraction, and glow discharge
11 October 2018
optical emission spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammogram was obtained in 1 mol dm
3 LiPF6/EC: DMC (1:1
Accepted 17 November 2018
Available online 21 November 2018
vol%). As the results indicate, the electrical conductivity and crystal structure of a-Fe remained after the
nitrogen heat treatment. However, the results also suggest that oxides, nitrides, or nitrogen oxides of Al
and Cr are formed on the surface. The untreated stainless steel brought about slight anode dissolution in
Keywords:
Nitrided stainless steel
a non-aqueous solution. In contrast, it was found that the nitrided stainless steel hardly underwent
Current collector anodic dissolution at 1.5e5.4 V vs. Li/Liþ, and has a wide electrochemical window for use in a positive
Li-ion secondary battery electrode of a 5 V-class Li-ion secondary battery.
5 V-Class cathode material © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction a commercial Li-ion secondary cell. Although the aluminum dis-

Li-ion secondary batteries have been focused upon and used
widely as energy storage devices [1e7], and are composed of
cathode and anode active materials [8e11], an electrolyte [12,13], a
separator [14,15], and current collectors [16e22]. Various studies
have been conducted on the performance and lifetime of this type
of Li-ion secondary battery [1e19,23]. Above all, it is an important
issue for the higher voltage of positive active materials to improve
the higher capacity of Li-ion secondary batteries. Although there
have been a number of reports on positive active materials
[2,3,5,8,10], few reports on the current collectors are available
[16,17,24]. To develop a higher voltage cell, high-performance
active materials and electrolytes have been reported. In contrast,
the absence of a positive electrode current collector suitable for 5
V-class active materials has become a bottleneck to the practical
use of 5 V-class cells.
An aluminum foil has been used as a positive current collector of
* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: mumeda@vos.nagaokaut.ac.jp (M. Umeda).
1 stainless steel was initially evaluated in a Li-ion containing
ISE Member.
solves at a more positive potential than 4.5 V vs. Li/Liþ in a non-
aqueous solution, it is stable at a more negative potential than 4.5
V vs. Li/Liþ. To realize a higher voltage cell, it is necessary for the
cathode active material to conduct Li-ion intercalation and dein-
tercalation at a more positive potential than 4.0 V vs. Li/Liþ, such as
LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 [5,25], LiCoPO4 [5,26], and Li2CoP2O7 [5], and it is
necessary for a positive current collector to be stable within the
potential region of its usage. Therefore, we focused our attention on
a new material instead of Al surface treatment for a current col-
lector that is stable at a more positive potential than 4.5 V vs. Li/Liþ.
We investigated nitrided stainless steel with a high corrosion
resistance in an acidic aqueous solution. This stainless-steel mate-
rial has been expected to be used as a bipolar plate of a polymer
electrolyte fuel cell and is stable at 0e1.2 V vs. SHE in an acidic
solution and achieves sufficient electric conductivity. From a ther-
modynamic perspective, the data taken from its placement in an
aqueous solution suggest that it is stable at up to 4 V vs. Li/Liþ or at a
more positive potential. Considering the stability of the electrolytic
solution used in a Li-ion secondary battery, it is expected that the
stabilization will be higher under an even more positive potential.
In this study, the corrosion resistance of nitrogen heat-treated

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.113
0013-4686/© 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
 S. Shironita et al. / Electrochimica Acta 295 (2019) 1052e1056
organic solvent assuming it would be used in a 5 V-class Li-ion
secondary battery system. As a result, it was found for the first
time that the range of the potential window, which is not sufficient
for stainless steel prior to nitrogen heat treatment, becomes quite
wide at up to 5.7 V vs. Li/Liþ. Herein, we report the characterization
of heat-treated stainless steel and the electrochemical measure-
ment results in an electrolyte for a Li-ion secondary battery.
2. Experimental
2.1. Preparation of nitrided stainless steel
Commercially available Ni-free stainless steel SUS445 (Nisshin
Steel Co., Ltd.) was used in this study. The SUS445 used is
30 mm  40 mm  0.1 mm in size. The main compositions of the
SUS445 stainless steel are 22.1% Cr, 1.20% Mo, and >75% Fe [27].
Nitriding heat treatment was applied using an electric furnace
(MTS16635, Motoyama Co., Ltd.) shown in Fig. 1. The SUS445 was
washed for 5 min using ultrasonic cleaning with acetone. The dried
SUS445 was set into a zirconia tube (O.D. 60 mm  I.D.
50 mm  960 mm) and placed in the furnace. A stainless-steel
flange was attached to both ends of the furnace zirconia tube.
First, after pulling under reduced pressure, nitrogen was introduced
at 8.1  103 Pa. The furnace temperature was then set at 1224  C,
because the temperature of SUS445 reached to 1200  C. After
heating for 4 h, the heater was stopped and cooled by nitrogen gas
at 4 L min
1.
2.2. Characterization
The surface electric conductivity was measured using a Mitsu-
bishi Chemical Loresta HP(MCP-T410) conductivity meter using a
four-point probe resistivity technique. For the structural character-
ization, X-ray diffraction (XRD-6100, Shimadzu) measurements were
carried out in a q-2q geometry with Cu Ka radiation (l ¼ 1.5406 Å)
generated at 40 kV and 30 mA; 2q was scanned from 5 to 110 at a
scan rate of 2 min
1. The surface composition of the heat-treated
stainless steel was measured using a Horiba GD-Profiler 2 glow
discharge optical emission spectroscope (GD-OES). The depth profile
was obtained using the Ar sputtering technique of the GD-OES.
2.3. Electrochemical measurements
Electrochemical measurement in an aqueous solution system
were conducted using a potentiostat (ALS/H CH 802B, BAS Inc.) at
room temperature. The corrosion test was conducted in an elec-
trochemical three-electrode cell with a platinum coil counter
electrode, an Ag/Ag2SO4 reference electrode, and the nitrided
SUS445-N and untreated SUS445 as the working electrode. The
electrolyte was a 0.5 mol dm
3 H2SO4 solution. Prior to the LSV
measurement, the stainless steel was washed with acetone and
distilled water for 5 min under sonication. Next, 30 min of Ar gas
bubbling was used for deaeration. Subsequently, cathodic treat-
ment was carried out under a potential of
0.47 V vs. SHE for 1 min,
and the cell was then kept under at rest potential for 5 min. During
Fig. 1. Schematic of furnace used.
1053
this step, the invisible H2 gas generated on the surface of the
sample was removed through Ar bubbling. The potential was
scanned from the rest potential to 1.1 V vs. SHE at a scan rate of 0.33
mV s
1.
Next, the stable electrochemical window was investigated in
a non-aqueous solution system using an Ar-filled dry glovebox
(O2 < 1 ppm, H2O <
80  C). A tungsten wire and nickel wire were
spot-welded, and heat-sealed into a glass tube. Then, the tip of the
nickel wire was spot-welded to the nickel mesh. The electro-
chemical three-electrode cell was constructed using two Li foils
pressed on nickel meshes applied as the counter and reference
electrodes. The SUS445, SUS445-N, and Al plate were used as the
working electrodes (1.28 cm2 each). An Al plate was also used for
comparison. The electrolyte applied was made up of 1 mol dm
3
LiPF6/ethylene carbonate (EC): dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (1:1 vol%,
lithium battery grade, Kishida Chemical). Cyclic voltammetry was
carried out using a potentiostat/galvanostat (HB-151, Hokuto
Denko) and a function generator (HB-111, Hokuto Denko). The cy-
clic voltammograms were obtained at 10 mV s
1 after the 91st
cycle, between 0 and 5 V vs. Li/Liþ, as pretreatment.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Characterization of nitriding treated Ni-free stainless steel
Stainless steel SUS445 was nitrogen heat-treated at 1200  C
under 8.1  103 Pa of nitrogen pressure. The nitrided stainless steel
is denoted as SUS445-N. Before and after the nitrided stainless steel
was characterized, the surface conductivity was measured to
evaluate the electrical conductivity. As a result, the surface con-
ductivity of before treatment was 3.17  10
2 U ,
1, and after
treatment was 3.65  10
2 U ,
1. A small increase in electrical
conductivity through nitrogen heat treatment was observed. As
reported thus far, it has been confirmed that the electrical con-
ductivity is retained even after nitrogen heat treatment on SUS445
[27]. The conductivity of aluminum foil is 4.23  10
4 U ,
1,
allowing the SUS445-N to be a current collector material candidate.
Next, the crystal structures of SUS445 and SUS445-N were
tested through XRD measurements, the results of which are shown
in Fig. 2. The SUS445 prior to nitriding showed a diffraction pattern
of a-Fe at 44.6 , 65.0 , 82.3 , and 98.9 . The diffraction pattern of
the nitrided SUS445-N was also observed to be the same as with
the a-Fe phase, and new peaks appeared at around 35 and 40 ,
suggesting that a partial change in the crystal structure occurred
through the nitriding treatment. However, the identification of
intermetallic compounds corresponding to these diffraction pat-
terns has yet to be found.
A surface element analysis was carried out for a depth profile
using GD-OES equipment, and the results for SUS445 and SUS445-
-Fe
Intensity / Arb. unit
SUS445
SUS445-N
10 30 50 70 90 110
2 / degree
Fig. 2. XRD patterns of SUS445 and SUS445-N.
1054 S. Shironita et al. / Electrochimica Acta 295 (2019) 1052e1056

N are shown in Fig. 3. The profile of SUS445 exhibits O, Fe, Cr, C, and and Cr are formed on the surface.
Al. There are many oxygen on the surface, and it can be said that it is
a typical profile of stainless steel. On the other hand, as the figure
3.2. Electrochemical characterization
for SUS445-N indicates, there is almost no Fe component present
on the surface. The most present substance is O, followed by N, Al,
3.2.1. Linear sweep voltammograms in acidic aqueous solution
and Cr. The XRD results suggest the presence of intermetallic
First, the nitrided SUS445-N and untreated SUS445 were
compounds. It can be seen that N is introduced onto the surface
measured using linear sweep voltammetry in an acidic aqueous
layer through this type of heat treatment in a reduced pressure
solution. From Fig. 4, the oxidation current of the passivation film
atmosphere. At the same time, Fe decreases to almost zero from the
formation was observed at around
0.2 V vs. SHE in the untreated
surface layer to a depth of 0.6 mm, and the proportion of Cr also
SUS445. Then, the potential sweeps toward the positive direction,
decreases relatively, whereas the proportion of Al increases.
becoming a passive state region where a nearly constant current is
Further, an inevitable O contamination is observed on the surface
observed, and continues at up to 0.8 V vs. SHE.
layer. From our previous XPS data, the existence of Cr-O and Cr-N
In contrast, an oxidation current caused by the passivation film
can be seen [27]. In contrast, it is considered that Al-O and Al-N
formation was also observed in SUS445-N, although the magnitude
are formed with respect to Al [28]. It can be stated from the re-
was quite low and a negative current appeared at around 0 V vs.
sults of the GD-OES that oxides, nitrides, or nitrogen oxides of Al
SHE. This strongly suggests that Cr-O, Cr-N, Al-O and Al-N exist
stably on the surface layer, as observed in Fig. 3. Therefore, the
current of the passivation film formation is considered to be
100 remarkable small. Within the entire measurement potential region,
SUS445 the corrosion current density of the SUS445-N is 1/100 smaller than
that of SUS445, in comparison with at 0.5 V vs. SHE. Furthermore,
even within the potential range, stability is achieved even after
Atomic percent / %

75 Fe reaching a positive potential from 0.8 V vs. SHE. The electro-

chemical window improves upon nitride [29].
O
3.2.2. Cyclic voltammograms in organic solution
50 The cyclic voltammograms of Al, SUS445, and SUS445-N are
shown in Fig. 5. Under both positive and negative sweeps in the
voltammogram of Al at a more negative region than 4.4 V vs. Li/Liþ,
the values of the positive and negative currents are nearly the same.
In the case of Al, it is shown that at 1.1e4.4 V vs. Li/Liþ, the electrical
25 Cr double layer region is stable. The current of SUS445 is smaller than
C that of Al, and a breakdown starts at 5.5 V vs. Li/Liþ. It is not known
whether the breakdown current is a result of the decomposition of
Al the electrolyte or the dissolution of the metal. Within the potential
0 region of 1.5e5.5 V vs. Li/Liþ of SUS445, under both positive and
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 negative sweeps, a small amount of positive current is observed.
Therefore, it is considered that SUS445 is unstable and slight anodic
Depth / m dissolution occurs, which is probably due to the larger corrosion
current in the aqueous solution, as shown in Fig. 4. Although a
breakdown of SUS445-N occurred at 5.7 V vs. Li/Liþ, a small current
100 is observed within the potential region of 1.5e5.7 V vs. Li/Liþ. As
SUS445-N
Atomic percent / %

2 with Al, this small current corresponds to the electrical double

layer. SUS445-N is remarkably stable at 1.5e5.7 V vs. Li/Liþ and has
Si
Fe a wide electrochemical window, which is more stable than that of
Atomic percent / %

1
75 Mn Nb Al and SUS445. This result is considered to be related to the 1/100
Ti Mo corrosion current of SUS445-N in the acidic aqueous solution, as
0 shown in Fig. 4.
0 0.5 1
O Depth / m
50 100000
Current density / A cm-2

1000
Al
25 Cr 10 SUS445

N
0.1

C 0.001
SUS445-N
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 0.00001
-0.3 0 0.3 0.6 0.9
Depth / m Potential / V vs. SHE

Fig. 3. Depth profiles of SUS445 and SUS445-N by GD-OES measurement. Inset figure Fig. 4. Linear sweep voltammograms of SUS445 and SUS445-N in 0.5 mol dm
3 H2SO4
is enlarged data. solution.
 S. Shironita et al. / Electrochimica Acta 295 (2019) 1052e1056 1055

0.6 (1) Although the electrical conductivity and crystal structure of

a-Fe remained after nitrogen heat treatment, it was sug-

Current density / mA cm-2

Current density / mA cm-2
2 Al SUS445-N
0.3 gested that oxides, nitrides, or nitrogen oxides of Al and Cr
SUS445 formed on the surface.
(2) It was found that the corrosion current of nitrided stainless
0 0 steel in an acidic aqueous solution decreased to about 1/100

Current density / mA cm
Current density / mA cm-2
1 0.2

SUS445
compared to untreated stainless steel.
Al
0 0
-0.3 (3) The untreated stainless steel incurs a slight anodic dissolu-
-2 SUS445-N tion in a non-aqueous solution and is unstable. In contrast,
2 4 6
+
the nitrided stainless steel hardly undergoes anodic disso-

-2
Potential / V vs. Li/Li
-0.6
0 2 4
+
6 lution at 1.5e5.4 V vs. Li/Liþ, and has a wide electrochemical
Potential / V vs. Li/Li window.
Fig. 5. Cyclic voltammograms of SUS445, SUS445-N, and Al in 1 mol dm
3 LiPF6/ (4) The nitrided stainless steel can be applied to 5 V-class ma-
EC:DMC(1:1 vol%). Dotted arrows show sweep direction. Inset figure shows enlarged terials as a positive current collector of a Li-ion secondary
one. battery.

3.3. Possibility of application to 5 V-class current collector material Acknowledgements

Fig. 6 shows voltammograms of SUS445-N, Al, and two positive This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI, Grant No.
active materials of 4 V class LiCoO2 [30] and 5 V class LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 JP16K06770. A portion of this work was supported by the Cross-
[25]. The voltammograms of Al and SUS445-N are taken from Fig. 5. ministerial Strategic Innovation Promotion (SIP) program, Cabinet
The voltammogram of the LiCoO2 is characterized by three sets of Office (CAO), Government of Japan. S.S. would like to acknowledge
well-defined current peaks [30e32], with the main Li intercalation support received from the Leading Initiative for Excellent Young
and deintercalation peaks appearing at 3.91 V vs. Li/Liþ and 3.89 V Researchers (LEADER).
vs. Li/Liþ, respectively. In comparison, for the two voltammograms
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