REPORT TITLE: Pressure

Cylinders

2019-2020

Department : Mechanical Department

Student Name: ‫ ﻧﻮر اﻟﮭﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ ﻓﺎرس‬
Stage: 4th Stage
Study: ‫ﺻﺒﺎﺣﻲ‬
College of Engineering
Class: ‫ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﯿﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬
Mustansiriyah University
Course Name: ‫اﻟﺘﺼﺎﻣﯿﻢ‬
Email: nalhuda517@gmail.com

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

Pressure Cylinders:
A gas cylinder is a pressure vessel for storage and containment of gases
at above atmospheric pressure. High-pressure gas cylinders are also
called bottles. Inside the cylinder the stored contents may be in a state
of compressed gas, vapor over liquid, supercritical fluid, or dissolved in a
substrate material, depending on the physical characteristics of the
contents. A typical gas cylinder design is elongated, standing upright on
a flattened bottom end, with the valve and fitting at the top for
connecting to the receiving apparatus.The term cylinder in this context is
not to be confused with tank, the latter being an open-top or vented
container that stores liquids under gravity.

Convenient cylinder sizes:
Air Liquide offers a variety of packaging options for both specialty gases
and industrial gases. We provide numerous sizes of high-pressure
compressed gas cylinders with various volume capacities for any
application. Cylinder packs are also available for applications requiring
multiple cylinders of compressed gas. In addition, Air Liquide offers liquid
gas mixtures in high-pressure piston cylinders. For larger quantities of
hydrogen and helium, high-pressure tube trailers are available. While
most of our gas cylinders remain the property of Air Liquide, we also fill
customer-owned cylinders provided they meet all appropriate safety
requirements. Our cylinders are available in:








P

 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ ‪:‬اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫ ‪1- Steel‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪Fig (1) steel cylinders sizes‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪2- Aluminum‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪Fig (2) Aluminum cylinders sizes‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪P‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ ‪:‬اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪:‬‬

‫ ‪3- Cylinder packs‬‬

‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪Fig (3) Cylinder packs‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪4- Tube trailers‬‬
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‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪Fig (4) Tube trailers‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪5- Piston cylinders‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫ ‪Fig (5) Piston cylinders‬‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‬
‫ ‪P‬‬
‫ ‬
‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

6- Competitive cylinder comparison

Fig (6) Competitive cylinder comparison

Pressure Vessels:
A pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids
at a pressure substantially higher or lower than the ambient pressure
that can be hazardous. EH&S provides resources and information to stay
safe while working with pressure vessels. A pressure vessel is a closed
container designed to hold gases or liquids at a pressure substantially
higher or lower than the ambient pressure.

Examples include glassware, autoclaves, compressed gas cylinders,
compressors (including refrigeration), vacuum chambers and custom
designed laboratory vessels. Pressure vessels, autoclaves and steam
sterilizers operating at pressures greater than 15 pounds per square inch
gauge (psig) and larger than five cubic feet (ft3) volume fall within the
Washington State Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. As such, they have
strict requirements for design, testing and approval.






P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

Are pressure vessels regulated?
Pressure vessels with a pressure greater than 15 psi and a volume greater
than 5 cubic feet (ft3) are regulated by Washington state law (Chapter
296-104 WAC). They must have an operating permit and be inspected by
a state authorized inspector every two years. Examples include
autoclaves and electric boilers.

The UW Facilities' preventive maintenance manager coordinates the
regulated inspections and maintains building records for inventoried
pressure vessels. If your pressure vessel qualifies and is not inventoried,
please contact UW Facilities.

Compressed gas cylinders and tanks travelling on public roads are
regulated by the U.S. Department of Transportation and Washington
state law (Chapter 296-24 WAC, Part K).

Cylinder stress:
In mechanics, a cylinder stress is a stress distribution with rotational
symmetry; that is, which remains unchanged if the stressed object is
rotated about some fixed axis. Cylinder stress patterns include:

1- Circumferential stress, or hoop stress, a normal stress in the tangential
(azimuth) direction.
2- Axial stress, a normal stress parallel to the axis of cylindrical symmetry.
3- Radial stress, a stress in directions coplanar with but perpendicular to
the symmetry axis.
The classical example (and namesake) of hoop stress is the tension
applied to the iron bands, or hoops, of a wooden barrel. In a straight,
closed pipe, any force applied to the cylindrical pipe wall by a pressure
differential will ultimately give rise to hoop stresses. Similarly, if this pipe
P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

has flat end caps, any force applied to them by static pressure will induce
a perpendicular axial stress on the same pipe wall. Thin sections often
have negligibly small radial stress, but accurate models of thicker-walled
cylindrical shells require such stresses to be taken into account.












Fig (7) Components of hoop stress

Hoop stress:
The hoop stress is the force exerted circumferentially (perpendicular to
the axis and the radius of the object) in both directions on every particle
in the cylinder wall. It can be described as :









P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

Where:
- F is the force exerted circumferentially on an area of the cylinder wall
that has the following two lengths as sides:
- t is the radial thickness of the cylinder
- l is the axial length of the cylinder.
An alternative to hoop stress in describing circumferential stress is wall
stress or wall tension (T), which usually is defined as the total
circumferential force exerted along the entire radial thickness :






Along with axial stress and radial stress, circumferential stress is a
component of the stress tensor in cylindrical coordinates. It is usually
useful to decompose any force applied to an object with rotational
symmetry into components parallel to the cylindrical coordinates r, z,
and θ. These components of force induce corresponding stresses: radial
stress, axial stress and hoop stress, respectively.

Types of cylinders:
1- Classification according to the operation work
TYPES OF STORAGE TANKS
Storage Tanks are to store the following:
§ Water

§ Utilities like fuel oil, fire water etc

§ Feedstock
§ Finished products prior to shipping out to customers

§ Unfinished petroleum / chemical components awaiting for further processing

and / or blending
P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

2- Classification according to the shape and pressure vessel

According to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), Code Section VIII,
pressure vessels are containers for the containment of pressure, either internal or
external. This pressure may be obtained from an external source or by the
application of heat from a direct or indirect source as a result of a process, or any
combination thereof.
The ASME Code is the construction code for pressure vessels and contains
mandatory requirements, specific prohibitions, and non-mandatory guidance for
pressure vessel materials, design, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing and
certification.

§ Spherical Pressure Vessel (Sphere)

This type of vessel is preferred for storage of high pressure fluids. A sphere is a very
strong structure. The even distribution of stresses on the sphere's surfaces, both
internally and externally, generally means that there are no weak points. Spheres
however, are much more costly to manufacture than cylindrical vessels.

Storage Spheres need ancillary equipment similar to tank storage - e.g. Access
manholes, Pressure / Vacuum vent that is set to prevent venting loss from boiling
and breathing loss from daily temperature or barometric pressure changes, Access
ladders, Earthing points, etc.











Fig (8) shows spherical pressure vessels

P

 ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

Cylindrical Pressure Vessel
Cylinders are widely used for storage due to their being less expensive to
produce than spheres. However, cylinders are not as strong as spheres
due to the weak point at each end.
This weakness is reduced by hemispherical or rounded ends being fitted.
If the whole cylinder is manufactured from thicker material than a
comparable spherical vessel of similar capacity, storage pressure can be
similar to that of a sphere. Lifting and handling of a Pressure vessel

Fig (9) shows cylindrical pressure vessels

P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

3- Classification according to the use of composite materials for pressure
vessels
Since glass-fiber-composite materials were used to reinforce cylinders,
there are various types of construction of high-pressure vessels: [citatio
n needed] [clarification needed]
1- Metal only. Mostly seamless forged metal. But for lower working
pressure, e.g., liquefied butane, there are welded steel vessels, too.

2- Metal vessel, hoop wrapped with a fibre composite only around the
cylindrical part of the "cylinder". (Geometrically there is a need for twice
the tensile strength on the cylindrical region in comparison to the
spherical caps of the cylinder.)

3- Thin metal liner (that keeps the vessel tight, but does not contribute
to the working pressure) fully wrapped with a fibre in matrix material.

4- Metal-free liner from plastics, fully wrapped with fibre material. The
boss, the centre of the head(s) of the cylinder is still from metal and
includes the thread for the valve.

Pressure vessels for gas storage may also be classified by volume. In
South Africa a gas storage cylinder implies a refillable transportable
container with a water capacity volume of up to 150 litres. Refillable
transportable cylindrical containers from 15 to 3000 litres water capacity
are referred to as tubes.





P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

4- Classification according to operation of pressure vessels
1- Drums are the most basic kind of process vessel and are usually used
to let vapor escape or to collect byproducts during a process
2- Reactors use catalysts or agitators to create a desired reaction in the
vessel.
3- Columns use mass transfer devices to facilitate mass transfer or mass
separation processes.
4- Gravity separators are vessels that divide streams of mixed-phase
material, such as separating fluids from vapors.

What are compressed gases?

1- Liquefied gases
They are the gases that become liquid at normal temperatures, when the
gases inside the cylinder are under any pressure. These gases are in
equilibrium between the liquid and gaseous states inside the cylinder.
The cylinder is almost full of liquid, while gas fills the space above this
liquid. As the gas is removed from the cylinder, an adequate amount of
liquid evaporates and replaces the gas, which maintains the cylinder
pressure. Ammonia, chlorine, propane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide
are all examples of liquefied gas.

2- Non-liquefied gases
Also known as compressed or permanent gases. These gases do not
become liquid when pressurized at normal temperatures, even under
high pressure. Common examples of this type are nitrogen, helium, and
argon.

3- Dissolved gases
Acetylene is the only dissolved gas known. This gas is chemically
unstable even at atmospheric pressure, this gas can explode, and it is
P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

often stored safely in cylinders under high pressure (more than 250
pounds per square inch at 12 °). This is possible because the filling of the
acetylene cylinders is done with the addition of a porous and inert filling,
which is saturated with acetone or any other suitable solvent. When
acetylene gas is added to the cylinder, the gas dissolves in acetone and
thus this gas becomes stable because it is in solution.

Types of Stress
There are many names to describe types of stress. Enoughin fact to provide a
confusing picture even to the experienced designer. As these stresses apply to
pressure vessels, we group all types of stress into three major classes of stress,
and subdivision of each of the groups is arranged according to their effect on the
vessel. The following list of stresses describes types of stress without regard to
their effect on the vessel or component. They define a direction of stress
or relate to the application of the load.

1. Tensile 10. Thermal

2. Compressive 11. Tangential
3. Shear 12. Load induced
4. Bending 13. Strain induced
5. Bearing 14. Circumferential
6. Axial 15. Longitudinal
7. Discontinuity 16. Radial
8. Membrane 17. Normal
9. Principal

Stress Equations
-TANGENTIAL STRESS
(Circumferential Stress)
Consider the tank shown being subjected to an internal pressure p. The
length of the tank is L and the wall thickness is t. Isolating the right half
of the tank:
P

‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

σt=pr/I……………...1

If there exist an external pressure po and an internal pressure pi , the
formula may be expressed as:

σt=(Pi-Po)r/I…………………..2

Longitudinal Stress
Consider the free body diagram in the transverse section of the tank:






P

 ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

Fig (10) Longitudinal Stress

The total force acting at the rear of the tank F must equal to the total
longitudinal stress on the wall PT = σL Awall. Since t is so small
compared to D, the area of the wall is close to πDt.

Solving the above equation for σ 2 , lead to the following formula for
the longitudinal stress in a cylindrical pressure vessel:

P

 ‫اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬: ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
/ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ : ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ : ‫اﻻﺳﻢ‬

: ‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ‬

If there exist an external pressure o p and an internal pressure i p , the
formula may be expressed as:

Comparing Equations (1) and (3) we find that the circumferential stress
in a cylindrical vessel is equal to twice the longitudinal stress:

Due to this, cylindrical pressure vessels will split on the wall instead of
being pulled apart like it would under an axial load.


SPHERICAL SHELL
If a spherical tank of diameter D and thickness t contains gas under a
pressure of p, the stress at the wall can be expressed as:

P

 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ ‪:‬اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪:‬‬

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‫ ‪Fig (11) SPHERICAL SHELL‬‬
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‫𝑫)𝒐𝒑 ‪(𝒑𝒊 −‬‬

‫= 𝒕𝝈‬
‫𝒕𝟒‬
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‫ ‪P‬‬
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 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ ‪:‬اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪:‬‬

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‫ ‪Problems and solutions on pressure vessels‬‬
‫ ‪Problem 1‬‬
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‫ ‪P‬‬
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 ‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ ‪:‬اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﻪ اﻟﻤﻴﻜﺎﻧﻴﻜﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ اﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – اﻟﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫‪/‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮاﺑﻌﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧﻮر اﻟﻬﺪى ﻏﺎﻟﺐ ﻓﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺸﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻜﻨﻠﻮﺟﻴﺎ اﻟﺤﻔﺮ ‪:‬‬

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‫ ‪Problem 2‬‬
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‫ ‪P‬‬
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