DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

A. IMAGING STUDIES
- MRI, to visualize/visualization, structure and anatomy
B. LABORATORY TESTS
- Essential to determine composition, blood tests, all body fluids/tissue sample
HEMATOLOGY
- Studying of “blood”
PARTS OF BLOOD
1. PLASMA – solvent, nutrients, waste products
2. BLOOD CELLS – solutes, RBC/WBC/Platelets
COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT (CBC)
- Determines the hematologic status of the patient
- Determines the blood components
- Checks for the different functions of the blood:
o Oxygenation – RBC – O2 /Erythrocyte
o Immune response – WBC – Leukocyte – soldiers
o Clotting – Platelet counts/thrombocytes

RED BLOOD CELLS

COMPONENT PURPOSE NORMAL INCREASED DECREASED

VALUES
RED BLOOD CELL Determines the 4 – 6 million ERYTHROCYTOSI Anemia
COUNT count of RBC cells/mm3 S polycythemia
and the oxygen
carrying
capacity of the
blood
HEMOGLOBIN Protein found in M: 14 – 16.5 Polycythemia Anemia
Attached in RBC, RBC giving the g/100 mL Congestive heart Kidney and
color of the pigment and F: 12 – 15 failure liver problems
blood. the O2 carrying g/100 mL COPD
capacity Newborn: 14 – High altitudes
20 g/100 mL
HEMATOCRIT Concentration M: 40 – 54% Polycythemia Anemia
Concentration, of blood and F: 38 – 47% Dehydration and Kidney and
ratio of solvent to total Determines shock liver problems
 solute percentage of fluid status Bone marrow
blood volume problems
that is
composed of
RBCs
MEAN Measures the 80 – 100 fL (flat Macrocytic Microcytic
CORPUSCULAR size of the RBC liters) anemia Anemia
VOLUME (MCV) Immature RBC Iron deficiency
MEAN Quantity of 27.5 – 33.2 Macrocytic Microcytic
CORPUSCULAR haemoglobin in picograms (pg) anemia Anemia
HEMOGLOBIN a single RBC Immature RBC Iron deficiency
(MCH)
RED BLOOD CELL Determine the M: 11.8 – Macrocytic Microcytic
DISTRIBUTION count of RBC 15.6% anemia anemia
WIDTH (RDW) and the oxygen F: 11.9 – 15.5% Immature RBC Iron deficiency
carrying
capacity of the
blood
MEAN Average 33 – 36 g/dl Macrocytic Microcytic
CORPUSCULAR concentration anemia anemia
HEMOGLOBIN of haemoglobin Immature RBC Iron deficiency
CONCENTRATIO inside a single
N red blood cell

WHITE BLOOD CELLS/LEUKOCYTE

COMPONENT PURPOSE NORMAL INCREASED DECREASE

VALUES
WHITE BLOOD Body’s defence 5k – 10k Leucocytosis Leukopenia
CELLS against cells/mm3 infection immunocompromised/
infection Immunosuppression
NEUTROPHILS Acts on 1,5k – 8k Bacterial infection Neutropenia
Most bacterial cells/mm3 immunocompromised/
abundant, first infection Immunosuppression
line of defense 60 – 70% of all
WBC
EOSINOPHILS Acts on 30 – 350 Eosinophilia immunocompromised/
Allergic hypersensitivity cells/mm3 Allergic reaction Immunosuppression
reactions reactions and 2 – 4% Parasitic infection
parasitic Myeloproliferative
infections d/o
 BASOPHILS Acts on 0.5 – 1% Allergic reaction immunocompromised/
Lesser than hypersensitivity Immunosuppression
eosinophils reactions
LYMPHOCYTES Acts on cell- 20 – 25% Infection and immunocompromised/
Cell-mediated mediated antigen-antibody Immunosuppression
immunity; T- reaction reactions
cells, viral (antigen-
infections, antibody
memory T- response)
cells
MONOCYTES Acts on chronic 3 – 8% Chronic infections immunocompromised/
infections` Immunosuppression

GRANULOCYTES – NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS

AGRANULOCYTES – LYMPHOCYTES, MONOCYTES
PLATELET/THROMBOCYTES

COMPONENT PURPOSE NORMAL INCREASED DECREASED

VALUE
PLATELET Blood clotting 150k – 450k Thrombocytosis Thrombocytopenia
COUNT during tissue cells/mm3 coagulation Bleeding problems
injury problems

COAGULATION PANEL
- Determines the ability of the blood to clot and used as parameter to detect for
problems in bleeding and coagulation
- Determine hemostasis

COMPONENT PURPOSE NORMAL INCREASED DECREASED

VALUE
ACTIVATED PARTIAL More sensitive 30 – 40 >70 seconds – Fast to clot
THROMBO-PLASTIN version of PPT secs spontaneous
TIME aPPT Determine clotting bleeding
PROTHROMBIN 9.5 – 12 Deficiency in clotting
TIME secs factors (produced by
liver) risk for
bleeding
International Standardized the 1.0 Increase in anti-
normalized ratio prothrombin time coagulation
and anti-coagulation
therapy