PSYCH 100

FINAL REVIEWER

CHAPTER II- UNPACKING THE SELF
UNIT 2.1 The Physical Self
- refers to the human body which is the
tangible part
- Concretely observed and generally
concerned with appearances and physical
abilities.
E.g. your identity is influenced by your height,
complexion, hair color and posture.
Concept of Physical Self
1. Body Image- how you feel and think about
how you look like
2. Self-esteem- the global evaluation of one’s
worth.
Self as Influenced by the Body
2 elements of Body Image:
1. Mental picture or mental representation-
concerned with shape, size, color and other
indicators of appearance.
2. Attitude- how you think, believe and feel
about your body.
Individual’s body image is affected by many
factors:
1. Peers
2. Mass media
3. Religion
4. Fashion trends
Healthy vs. Unhealthy Body Image
Unhealthy Body Image
- Too anxious about their imperfections.
- Have irrational beliefs about their body
parts.
Healthy Body Image
- Accepts their body and understand that
imperfections naturally occurs among all
human beings.
- Do not often think of what they “lack”
- Feel comfortable about their physical self.
- Has realistic perception of both strengths
and weaknesses regarding their appearance.
Culture on Body Image and Self Esteem: The
Importance of Beauty
While the body image centers on the
physical self, self-esteem considers the global
evaluation of one’s worth.
- Unhealthy body image may contribute to a
low self-esteem and vice versa.
- People with low self-esteem: tend to be
more critical about how they appear.
o Results to dissatisfaction and
frustration.
Various factors that may distorted body image:
1. Mood
2. Experience
3. Mass media
4. Culture
Recommended steps in developing a more
“beautiful you”:
1. Practice Positive Self-talk
- Stops negative self-talk
- Stop self-pity, you should love your body by
emphasizing your positive qualities.
- God-given beautiful qualities.
2. Be Mindful of Comparisons
- Remind yourself that “nobody has it all”
3. Be Wary of Stereotypes
- Real beauty is from within and it should not
be dictated by your body measurements,
complexion and other superficial elements.
4. Have the attitude of Gratitude
- Be thankful for the attributes that you have
- Your imperfections along with your
perfections define who you are and you are
more beautiful that what you think.
5. Improve what you can and accept what
you cannot
- Self-improvement
- Good balance between acceptance and
working towards positive change is
indispensable in loving yourself.
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FINAL REVIEWER
UNIT 2.2 THE SEXUAL SELF
1. Primary Sex Characteristics/
development
- Body structures that make sexual
reproduction.
o Ovaries (female)
o Testes (male)
o External genitals
2. Secondary
- Breast, hips (female)
- Voice quality and Body (male)
Secondary Sex Characteristics and the
Human Reproductive System
 Hormone estrogen (female)
 Testosterone (male)
The Human reproductive System
- Organ which is mainly involved in bearing
offspring.
Erogenous Zone- body parts are more sensitive
to sexual stimulation.
Basic Biology of Sexual Behavior
- Cerebral context where sexual thought are
formed. Also center for reasoning and
decision making.
- Limbic system which is responsible for
emotions related to sexual behavior.
- Hypothalamus is the tiny part at the base of
the brain. Play a key role in experiencing
various sensation.
Understanding the Chemistry of Lust, Love
and Attachment
Psychoendocrinology- science which deals with
the endocrine system and how it affects the
behavior.
Hormones produce by endocrine glands:
1. Oxytocin
- “love hormone”
- Involved in close relationship
- Produced when you kiss, hug or intimately
touch someone
- Associated with the mother and child bond
while breastfeeding.
2. Serotonin
- Reduced serotonin activity = attraction
phase or infatuation stage.
- Low level of serotonin is also observed
among those with obsessive-compulsive
disorder.
- “Obsessively think or fantasize” about your
crush or your partner.
3. Dopamine
- Neurotransmitter is linked with pleasurable
experiences, addiction, motivation, desire
and attention.
- Euphoric sensation similarly experienced on
takes cocaine.
4. Vasopressin
- Males are aroused as evidenced by an
erectile response.
5. Testosterone
- Contributes to sexual motivation among
men.
6. Estrogen
- Increase females’ sexual motivation.
7. Progesterone
- Hormone decreases females’ sexual
motivation.
The Phase of Sexual Response
- Sex feels good due to our emotional
characteristics and or natural ability to feel
intimacy.
- Sacred expression of love.
- Nobody should have sex just because of
obligation or intimidation.
- Forced sex is raped.
- Sexual intercourse due to curiosity,
loneliness or peer pressure is regrettable
decision.
Stages Of Human Sexual Response Cycle:
1. Excitement Phase: sexual motivation is
aroused and muscle tension builds.
PSYCH 100
FINAL REVIEWER
2. Plateau Phase: prepares the individual for
orgasm as muscle tension increases.
3. Orgasm: the climax of the cycle.
- Women’s vaginal and uterine muscle
contract while,
- Men ejaculate semen.
- Rash or “sex flush” all over the body.
4. Resolution Period: unaroused state.
- Women may feel fatigue.
- Men go through a refractory period during
which they need to recover and that it takes
time before they can have another orgasm
again.
The Diversity of Sexual Behavior
- Or Gender and Sexual Diversity (GSD)
- Refers to the verities of gender identities
and sexual orientations.
1. Heterosexual (opposite sex)
- Another or other party
- Enduring sexual attraction between
individuals of the opposite sex.
- “straight”
2. Homosexual (same sex)
- Sexual attraction between the same sex
- Gays and lesbians
- Kind of orientation is caused by an interplay
of neurobiological and environmental
factors.
3. Bisexual
- Both males and females.
- Commonly attributed to both nurture and
nature.
4. Solitary
- “sexual self-stimulation”
- Sexual pleasure is derived from oneself.
5. Transsexual
- Through surgery and/or hormonal pills.
- Medical assistance such as hormonal
replacements and sex reassignment
therapies.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
- Caused by bacteria, viruses, yeast, and/or
parasites.
- Transmitted through sexual intercourse.
1. HIV/ AIDS- brief period of flu-like
sickness.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
- No method is 100% effective.
- RA 10354 Responsible Parenthood and
Reproductive Health Act of 2012: inclusive
access to contraception, sexual education
and maternal care.
Natural Methods
- Or Periodic abstinence requires self-control.
- Refrain from sexual contact when the
woman is fertile.
1. Calendar Method
- Best suited for women who have regular
menstruation cycles as the predicted fertility
days would be most likely accurate.
- 8 to 12 months
2. Cycle Bead
- Each beads denotes a day in the menstrual
cycle.
- 1st day of menstruation, rubber ring placed
on the read bead.
- Dark red bead, low chances of pregnancy.
- White bead, fertility
- No sex contact when the rubber ring is on
the dark colored bead.
3. Breastfeeding or Lactation
Amenorrhea Method (LAM)
- Women who is exclusively breastfeeding
and has a baby who is less than 6 months
old.
- Not having periods yet.
- Lactation causes amenorrhea or absence of
menstruation.
4. Abstinence until Marriage or
Celibacy
- Sexual intercourse is sacred.
- Married couple.
- Celibacy: Practice of not having sex usually
due to chastity or religious vows.
- Abstinence: not mainly due to religious
concerns.
5. Withdrawal or Coitus Interruptus
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FINAL REVIEWER

- Pulling or withdrawal of penis away from

the woman’s genitals before the ejaculation
- Prevent sperms from entering the vagina.
- This method is not very effective since pre-
ejaculation fluid still contains sperm.
- This method disrupts pleasure.
6. Cervical Mucus Method
- Women’s fertile days will be determined by
tracking her cervical secretions.
- The secretion for several cycles must be
recorded to establish consistency.
- Day one of observation is the day after
menstruation.
- Sex must be must be avoided during the
observation.
7. Basal Body Temperature
- Ovulation may slightly increase basal body
temperature.
Artificial Contraception
Includes hormonal, barrier and surgical
methods. These techniques utilizes products
and/or procedures that do not merely rely on
self-control.

Combined Hormonal Methods

1. Birth Control Pills
-