Block Diagram Reduction

Prepared By : Amit Panchal

Assistant Professor
PIET-Electrical Department
Parul University
 Outline
• Introduction of BD.
• Components of a Block Diagram.
• Reduction techniques.
• Reduction of Complicated Block Diagrams.
• Examples.
 Introduction
• Block diagram is a shorthand, graphical representation of a
physical system, illustrating the functional relationships
among its components.

OR

• A Block Diagram is a shorthand pictorial representation of the

cause-and-effect relationship of a system.
 Introduction
• The simplest form of the block diagram is the single block, with
one input and one output.

• The interior of the rectangle representing the block usually

contains a description of or the name of the element, or the
symbol for the mathematical operation to be performed on the
input to yield the output.

• The arrows represent the direction of information or signal flow.

Components of a Block Diagram for a
Linear Time Invariant System
• System components are alternatively called
elements of the system.

• Block diagram has four components:

– Signals
– System/ block
– Summing junction
– Pick-off/ Take-off point
• In order to have the same signal or variable be an input to more
than one block or summing point, a takeoff point is used.
• Distributes the input signal, undiminished, to several output
points.
• This permits the signal to proceed unaltered along several
different paths to several destinations.
 Example-1
• Consider the following equations in which x1, x2, x3, are variables,
and a1, a2 are general coefficients or mathematical operators.
 Example-1
• Consider the following equations in which x1, x2, x3, are variables,
and a1, a2 are general coefficients or mathematical operators.
Canonical Form of a Feedback Control
System

The system is said to have negative feedback if the sign at the summing junction is
negative and positive feedback if the sign is positive.
Reduction techniques
1. Combining blocks in cascade

2. Combining blocks in parallel

3. Moving a summing point behind a block

4. Moving a summing point ahead of a block

5. Moving a pickoff point behind a block

6. Moving a pickoff point ahead of a block

7. Eliminating a feedback loop

8. Swap with two neighboring summing points
Block Diagram Transformation Theorems

The letter P is used to represent any transfer function, and

W, X , Y, Z denote any transformed signals.
Transformation Theorems Continue:
Transformation Theorems Continue:
Reduction of Complicated Block
Diagrams:
 Example 1

Find the transfer function of the following

block diagrams

(a)

R (s )
 Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A ahead of block

2. Eliminate loop I & simplify

3. Moving pickoff point B behind block
4. Eliminate loop III

Using rule 6
(b)
Solution:
1. Eliminate loop I

2. Moving pickoff point A behind block

Not a feedback loop

3. Eliminate loop II

Using rule 6
(c)
Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A behind block
2. Eliminate loop I and Simplify

feedback Not feedback

3. Eliminate loop II & IIII

Using rule 6
(d)
Solution:
1. Moving pickoff point A behind block
2. Eliminate loop I & Simplify
3. Eliminate loop II
Example 2
Determine the effect of R and N on Y in the
following diagram
In this linear system, the output Y contains two parts,
one part is related to R and the other is caused by N:

If we set N=0, then we can get Y1:

The same, we set R=0 and Y2 is also obtained:

Thus, the output Y is given as follows:

Solution:
1. Swap the summing points A and B

2. Eliminate loop II & simplify

Rewrite the diagram:

3. Let N=0

We can easily get

4. Let R=0, we can get:

5. Break down the summing point M:

6. Eliminate above loops:

7. According to the principle of superposition, and

can be combined together, So:
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