Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics Volume II Waves . Optics . Modern Physics Second Edition ABHAY KUMAR SINGH Director Abhay’s |.1.T. Physics Teaching Centre Patna-6 CBS PUBLISHERS & DISTRIBUTORS 4596/1A, 11 DARYAGANUJ, NEW DELHI - 110 002 (INDIA)ISBN : 81-239-0486-X_ First Edition : 1996 Reprint : 1997 Second Editior Reprint : 2000 Reprint : 2002 Reprint : 2004 1998 Copyright © Author & Publisher Ail rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system without permission, in writing, from the publisher. Published by S.K. Jain for CBS Publishers & Distributors, 4596/1A, 11 Darya Ganj, New Delhi - 110 002 (India). Printed at : J.S. Offset Printers, Delhi - 110 051In the memory of Late Shri Arvind Kumar (Ex-Director, The Premier Institute, Patna) The man who taught me how to teach.FOREWORD Science, in general, and physics, in particular, have evolved out of man’s quest to know beyond unknowns. Matter, radiation and their mutual interactions are basically studied in physics. Essentially, this is an experimental science. By observing appropriate phenomena in nature one arrives at a set of rules which goes to establish some basic fundamental concepts. Entire physics rests on them. Mere knowledge of them is however not enough. Ability to apply them to real day-to-day problems is required. Prof. Irodov’s book contains one such set of numerical exercises spread over a wide spectrum of physical disciplines. Some of the problems of the book long appeared to be notorious to pose serious challenges to students as well as to their teachers. This book by Prof. Singh on the solutions of problems of Irodov’s book, at the outset, seems to remove the sense of awe which at one time prevailed. Traditionally a difficult exercise to solve continues to draw the attention of concerned persons over a sufficiently long time. Once a logical solution for it becomes available, the difficulties associated with its solutions are forgotten very soon. This statement is not only valid for the solutions of simple physical problems but also to various physical phenomena. Nevertheless, Prof. Singh’s attempt to write a book of this magnitude deserves an all out praise. His ways of solving problems are elegant, straight forward, simple and direct. By writing this book he has definitely contributed to the cause of physics education. A word of advice to its users is however necessary. The solution to a particular problem as given in this book is never to be consulted unless an all out effort in solving it independently has been already made. Only by such judicious uses of this book one would be able to reap better benefits out of it. ‘As a teacher who has taught physics and who has been in touch with physics curricula at LLT., Delhi for over thirty years, I earnestly feel that this book will certainly be of benefit to younger students in their formative years. Dr. Dilip Kumar Roy Professor of Physics Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi New Delhi-110016.FOREWORD A proper understanding of the physical laws and principles that govern nature require solutions of related problems which exemplify the principle in question and leads to a better grasp of the principles involved. It is only through experiments or through solutions of multifarious problem-oriented questions can a student master the intricacies and fall outs of a physical law. According to Ira M. Freeman, professor of physics of the state university of new Jersy at Rutgers and author of “‘physic--principles and Insights’”” -- “In certain situations mathematical formulation actually promotes intuitive understand- ing....... Sometimes a mathematical formulation is not feasible, so that ordinary language must take the place of mathematics in both roles. However, Mathematics is far more rigorous and its concepts more precise than those of language. Any science that is able to make extensive use of mathematical symbolism and procedures is justly called an exact science’’. LE. Irodov’s problems in General Physics fulfills such a need. This book originally published in Russia contains about 1900 problems on mechanics, thermody- namics, molecular physics, electrodynamics, waves and oscillations, optics, atomic and nuclear physics. The book has survived the test of class room for many years as is evident from its number of reprint editions, which have appeared since the first English edition of 1981, including an Indian Edition at affordable price for Indian students. Abhay Kumar Singh’s present book containing solutions to Dr. I.E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics is a welcome attempt to develop a student’s problem solving skills. The book should be very useful for the students studying a general course in physics and also in developing their skills to answer questions normally encountered in national level entrance examinations conducted each year by various bodies for admissions to profes- sional colleges in science and technology. B.P. PAL Professor of Physics LLT,, DelhiPreface to the Second Edition Perhaps nothing could be more gratifying for an author than seeing his ‘brainchild’ attain wide acclaim. Fortunately, it happes so with ‘Solutions to I. E. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics (Volume-II) authored by me. Since inception, it showed signs of excellence amidst its ‘peer-group’, so much so that it fell victim to Piracy-syndrome. The reported on rush of spurious copies of this volume in the market accelerated the pace of our contemplation for this second edition. Taking advantage of this occassion the book has almost been comptelely vetted to cater to the needs of aspiring students. My heart felt thanks are due to all those who have directly or indirectly engineered the cause of its existing status in the book-world. Paina June 1997 Abhay Kumar SinghPreface This is the second volume of my “Solutions to LE. Irodov’s Problems in General Physics.” It contains solutions to the last three chapters of the problem book ‘‘Problems in General Physics’’. As in the first volume, in this second one also only standard methods have been used to solve the problems, befitting the standard of the problems solved. Nothing succeeds like success, they say. From the way my earlier books have been received by physics loving people all over the country, I can only hope that my present attempt too will be appreciated and made use of at a large scale by the physics fraternity. My special thanks are due to my teacher Dr. (Prof.) J. Thakur, Department of Physics, Patna University, who has been my source of energy and inspiration throughout the preparation of this book. I am also thankful to computer operator Mr. $. Shahab Ahmad and artist Rajeshwar Prasad of my institute (Abhay’s LL.T. Physics Teaching Centre, Mahendru, Patna-6) for their pains-taking efforts. I am also than‘ful to all my well-wishers, friends and family members for their emotional support. Abhay Kumar Singh Patna July, 1996CONTENTS Preface 6 eee eet eee eens vii PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 4.1 Mechanical Oscillations . . . . 4.2 Electric Oscillations 4.3 Elastic Waves. Acoustics ......... 4.4 Electromagnetic Waves. Radiation . . . . PART FIVE OPTICS 5.1 Photometry and Geometrical Optics . . 5.2 Interference of Light .......... 5.3 Diffraction of Light 5.4 Polarization of Light ae 5.5 Dispersion and Absorption of Light oe 5.6 Optics of Moving Sources see 5.7 Thermal Radiation. Quantum Nature of Light PART SIX ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS 6.1 Scattering of Particles. Rutherford-Bohr Atom .... 2... 2.0.02 00005 259 6.2 Wave Properties of Particles. Schrodinger Equation . . «+ 285 6.3 Properties of Atoms. Spectra +» 310 6.4 Molecules and Crystals . . . . 337 6.5 Radioactivity . - 360 6.6 Nuclear Reactions 6.7 Elementary Particles. . . .PART FOUR OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES 4.1 MECHANICAL OSCILLATIONS 41 (a) ) 42 (a) Given, x = acos (e-4) So, vy = # = -a wsin( or- 7] and wy = i = - a0? 00s wr- 7 ) On-the basis of obtained expressions plots x(t), v(t) and w,(t) can be drawn as shown in the answersheet, (of the problem book ). From Eqn (1) ve > -aosin(or-Z) So, vi = eatin? (1-3) Q) But from the law x = acos(@t-1/4), so, x” = a” cos*(wt-n/4) or, cos? (wt-1/4) = 2/a? or sia? (o1—w/a) = 1-8 @) Using (3) in (2), te éer(1-3) or vee o(a-x) CO) Again from Eqn (4), w, = - aw cos(wt-1/4) = -@*x From the motion law of the particle x = asin’ (wt-n/4) = 5 [1-cos(201-3}] or, a5 - ~fou(201-F) . ~fsin2oe = FsinQwr+n) ie. x-5 = Gsin(2ortx). @) Now compairing this equation with the general equation of harmonic oscillations : X = Asin (wptta) Amplitude, A = 5 and angular frequency, @ = 20. Thus the period of one full oscillation, T= 2mm Oo(>) Differentiating Eqn (1) wart. time vx = aw cos (242) or vi=a"w? cos? (2wt+n) =a o' ? [1 - sin? Qorta (2) 2 2 From Eqn (1) (:-3) = Goin? (2oren) ar ae a? Axl, x o, 425 41-Eesin’ Qoren) or 1-sin Goreme (iJ) 8) From Eqns (2) and (3), v,_=a? ort ~)=40*x -x) Plot of v, (x) is as shown in the answersheet. 4.3. Let the general equation of S.HLM. be x = acos(wt+a) a So, ¥_ = -aasin(wtta) Q) Let us assume that att = 0, x = x9 and v, = Vig Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) fort = 0, x9 = acosa, and v, = - awsina y, y, Therefore tna =~ > and a= 4+ ( ) = 35.35 cm o Under our assumption Eqns (1) and (2) give the sought x and v, if 2 t=6=240s,a= M+ (%/®) anda en! (E> 0 Putting all the given numerical values, we get : x= 29cm and v, = - 8lem/s 44 From the Eqn, vz= @*(a?-x") (see Eqn, 4 of 41) vi= w?(a?=x3) and v3 = w?(a?-33) Solving these Eqns simultaneously, we get = V (4-¥)/09-0) , a= V (v.d-vie) (3-8) 4.5 (a) When a particle starts from an extreme position, it is useful to write the motion law as x = acoswt qd) (However x is the displacement from the equlibrium position) It be the time to cover the distence a/2 then from (1) a a 1 x a- $= Fx acoswn of cosws, = 5 = cos% (as 4 =-——-. a sin @ t dt = —= 05 m/s jel [18-33 (b) In this case, it is easier to write the motion law in the form : x= asinot Q If fy be the time to cover the distance a/2, then from Eqn (2) in 2% in 22 pw bw sind 4/2 = asin“ my or sin = > = sin = (as2= af OT 8 pit pm ms 46 (a) Asx = asinwt $0, Vy = a@coswt 3 ar Sawcos (2x/T) t de ° 2V2a0/_. 2x Thus =fv,dt/fdt= 5 Sa (using T= gr (b) In accordance with the problem Ve vit 80, |<¥d| = |] 2V2aw|_2V¥2a0 Hence, using part (a), || = 3x 3x (c) We have got, v, = awcoswt So, v =|v,| = awcoswt, forts T/4 = -awcsot, for T/4sts ar”% 31/8 J awcoswrdt+f -awcos wtdt a 37/8 Hence, Using w = 2%/T, and on evaluating the integral we get 24 v¥2)aw 3x 4.7 From the motion law, x = a cos w1,, it is obvious that the time taken to cover the distance equal to the amplitude (a), starting from extreme position equals 7/4. Now one can write T T matt, [where to <7 and n= 0,1,2, As the particle moves according to the law, x = a cos w 1, te so at m = 13,5 .... or for odd n values it passes through the mean positon’ and for even numbers of x it comes to an extreme position (if f9 = 0). Case (1) when n is an odd number : In this case, from the equation Xx = = asinwy, if the t is counted from 7/4 and the distance covered in the time interval ‘ ‘ Tr . an to becomes,s; = asin fy = asin@ t-n7 | = asin| we — Thus the sought distance covered for odd n is f nx . nn ss nats, = nastasin| ot-] = a) nesin{ or-— Case (2), when 7 is even, In this case from the equation x = acos wt, the distance covered (s>) in the interval fo, is given by T @-S2 = ACOSWly = aeasa(s-n5 = acos|wt-n or, 5) = a| 1-cos { w1- 2% ; 2 > Hence the sought distance for n is even senate «navel tea (or8)) «o[ne-as(or-B8)] In general o[rvi-es( 1 82)].m 6 ee nx 2 x a nesin( ar , }| nis odd4.8 Obviously the motion law is of the from, x = asinwt. and v, = wacoswt. Comparing v, = @acos wt with v, = 35 cos mt, we get o=n,a= thus T= 2% 22 and 7/4 = 05s x o Now we can write t= 28s" 5x2403 (vse qr. 55) As n = 5 is odd, like (4-7), we have to basically find the distance covered by the particle starting from the extreme position in the time interval 0°3 s. Thus from the Eqn. xX =acoswt= 3 cos (03) 35 35 35 rH = e003) or sy = = [1 -cos 03x} Hence the sought distance 5 = 5x 3543504 ~ cos 030} x n = 33.46 cos 03 x} = 22x7(6 - cos 54°) # 60.em x 22 49 As the motion is periodic the particle repeatedly passes through any given region in the range as xs a, The probability that it lies in the range (x,x+d-x) is defined as the fraction at (as ¢—> ©) where A t is the time that the particle lies in the range (x, x +d.x) out of the total time 1, Because of periodicity this is dP, _dt_2dx dx => = — dx T vT where the factor 2 is needed to take account of the fact that the particle is in the range (x, x+dx) during both up and down phases of its motion. Now in a harmonic oscillator. v=i=wacsot=oVa-x Thus since wT = 2x(T is the time period) dP= dP 1 dx We get ap = Fea SS “dP Note that f oy axa 1 so is properly normalized. ays ely alm6 4.10 (a) We take a graph paper and choose an axis (X ~ axis) 411 and an origin. Draw a vector of magnitude 3 inclined x. . at an angle 3 with the X-axis. Draw another vector of magnitude 8 inclined at an angle - ip (Since sin (w t+ 2/6) = cos(wt-1/3)) with the X~ axis. The magnitude of the resultant of both these vectors (drawn from the origin) obtained using paral- lelogram law is the resultant, amplitude. Clearly Bn 38484238: 005 2B 9464-48 «4 = 73-24 = 49 Thus R= 7 units (b) One can follow the same graphical method here but the result can be obtained more quickly by breaking into sines and cosines and adding : Resultant +o (ae gy erore(s- Jeimes = Acos (wt+a) 2 2 5 5 Th A? = (3+2-]| +/6-2 = ( 7) ( v2 = 70-15V2 = 70-212 So, A = 6985 = 7 units Note- In using graphical method convert all oscillations to either sines or cosines but do not use both. Given, x, = acos@t and x) = acos2at so, the net displacement, X= X,+X) = a{coswrtcos2wt} = a{coswt+2cos’wt-1} and vy =X = a{-wsinwt-4 cos wtsinwt} For x to be maximum, 2 2 ¥ = aa coswt- daw cos*wt+4aesin?ot = 0 or, 8 cos? wt + cos ot-4 = 0, which is a quadratic equation for cos « t. Solving for acceptable value cos wt = 0-644 thus sin wt = 0-765 and Voor = [V5,,, | = +40 [ 0:765 + 4 x 0-765 x 0-644] = +2-73 aw4.12 We write : 00s 21 ¢c08 5001 = 5 {cos 52:1 1+ cos 479} Thus the angular frequencies of constituent oscillations are 52-1871 and 47957" To get the beat period note that the variable amplitude a@cos2-1¢ becomes maximum (positive or negative), when 2lt=ann Thus the interval between two maxima is x Sy 7 Ss nearly. 4.13 If the frequency of A with respect to K’ is vp and K’ oscillates with frequency ¥ with respect to K, the beat frequency of the point A in the K-frame will be v when Vavwsv In the present case V = 20 or 24. This means vo = 22. &v=2 Thus beats of 2v = 4 will be heard when V = 26 or 18. 4.14 (a) From the Eqn: x = asinot 2 sin?ot = 2/a? or cos?wt = 1- >> a a And from the equation : y = beoswt cos? wt = /b* (2) From Eqns (1) and (2), we get : 2.8 6 £02. a b which is the standard equation of the ellipse shown in the figure. we observe that, at t=0,x=0 and y=b x and at tezortte and y Thus we observe that at ¢ = 0, the point is at point 1 (Fig.) and at the following moments, the co-ordinate y diminishes and x becomes positive. Consequently the motion is clock- wise. (b) Asx =asinwt and y = bcoswt So we may write = asinwt T+ bcoswt jf” Ths r= Wm ow?415 4.16 4.17 (a) From the Eqn. : x = asinwt, we have coswt = V1 - (2/07) and from the Eqn. :y = asin2@¢ 2 y = Qasinwt cos@t= 2xV1-(2/a7) or y= 47 1-3] a (®) From the Eqn.: x = asinws sin’ wt = x°/a” Fromy = acos2@¢t in? 2 y = a(1-2sin’or) = af 1-255 a For the plots see the plots of answersheet of the problem book. As U(x) = Up(1-cosax) So, F, = -42 » ~Uyasinax qa) or, F, = - Upaax (because for small angle of oscillations sin ax = ax) or, F, = - Uja?x e) But we know F, = - mw x, for small oscillation Usa? Ug Thus a} = = or op = a V Hence the sought time period 2x 2x afm - V T U Qn @ a @U, ab W(x) = 5-2 then the equilibrium position is x = x9 when U’ (xg) = 0 or 28} pw 24 od oD Now write : remty ab . 1 2 ye Then U(x) = B(x xy) U' (aq) +b (c= x9 PU" (x (2) = Bo Re (enna) Un) +3020 FO") But U" (x) = 94-28 @ (a/b)? (35-25) = YBa x \ 1/6) > So finally : U(x) = W020) +5 [ 25 |4.19 ‘We neglect remaining terms for small oscillations and compare with the PE. for a harmonic, oscillator : 2 V 8a°m 1a if ot pmo 3(Z5]%. 0 @- V8m Be Note : Equilibrium position is generally a minimum of the potential energy. Then U' (x9) = 0, U" (x) > 0. The equilibrium position can in principle be a maximum but then Thus T=2n U" (xq) < O and the frequency of oscillations about this equilibrium position will be imaginary. The answer given in the book is incorrect both numerically and dimensionally. Let us locate and depict the forces acting on the ball at the position when it is at a distance x down from the undeformed position of the string. At this position, the unbalanced downward force on the ball = mg-2Fsin® By Newton’s law, mx =mg-2F sin® = mg-2F 0 (when Gis small ) x 4F = mg-2F [>= mg-- x qT : 4F 4F(,_ mal Thus = 8-7 1* “ail? a putting x’ = mgt » we get 4T, - x ml Let us depict the forces acting on the oscillating ball at an arbitraty angular position 0. (Fig.), relative to equi position where Fis the force of buoyancy. For the ball from the equation : Nz = I Bz, (where we have taken the positive sense of Z axis in the direction of angular velocity i.e. 6 of the ball and passes through the point of suspension of the pendulum O ), we get : -mglsin 0+ F,!sin® = m?O Using m = gxro, Fa = Surp and sin @ = for small 0, in Eqn (1), we get :10 4.20 4.21 é --§(1-8)0 T° 76 Thus the sought time period 1 T= 2x = 20 V HE Va(,-2 1-7 e(2 ‘) " Hence T=20V —2— iis g(n-1) Obviously for small f the ball execute part of SH.M. Due to the perfectly elastic collision the velocity of ball simply reversed. As the ball is in SH.M. (| < a on the left)its motion law in differential from can be written as 0 = - £0 = - ao (Qt) If we assume that the ball is released from the extreme position, @ = f at ¢ = 0, the solution of differential equation would be taken in the form 0 = Bcosint = Boos £ + 2) If t! be the time taken by the ball to go from the extreme position @ = B to the wall ie. © = - a, then Eqn. (2) can be rewritten as - a= 8 cos Vv By or rey © ogg (2% V L(g -cos"?% 8g 8 g 8 Thus the sought time T = 20’ = 2W : (=-0'5) 1 (m.. 1a and -1 =2Y = (24sin-2%), [because sin-!x+cos"!x = x/2 vi (3 5] f } Let the downward acceleration of the elevator car has continued for time t', then the sought time t= V 24 40°, where obviously YW ey One should rlote that if the point of suspension of a mathematical pendulum moves with an acceJeration W’, then the time period of the pendulum becomes is the time of upward acceleration of the elevator. 2n (see 4.30) In this problem the time period of the pendulum while it is moving upward with acceleration w becomes,4.22 11 2n Vv a and its time period while the elevator moves downward with the same magnitude of acceleration becomes 2xnV¥ g-0 As the time of upward acceleration equals ‘V/ 2h , the total number of oscillations during this time equals V2h/w 2nVi/(g+w) Thus the indicated time = iin, wiz = V2h/w V (g+w)/¢ 2xV t/(g+w) Similarly the indicated time for the time interval t' t! = 2 V1 /g = t' V (8 -W)/8 2nVIg-w) we demand that Vih/w V(g+wy/g+t'V(g—wi/g =V2h/w +t! on 1 = Vw Mate Ve Ve-Ve-w Hence the sought time eV 8 eV 2k Vetw-Ve-w w w _¥V 2h VieB-VI-B , where B = w/j Ww 1-Vi-p B 8 If the hydromoter were in equlibrium or floating, its weight will be balanced by the buoyancy force acting on it by the fluid. During its small oscillation, let us locate the hydrometer when it is at a vertically downward distance x from its equilibrium position. Obviously the net unbalanced force on the hycrometer is the excess buoyancy force directed upward and equals mr’x pg. Hence for the hydrometer. mx =-aPpgx or, xa- Hence the sought time period Te2aV —R— = 25s. nr’ pg12 4.23 4.24 At first let us calculate the stiffness x, and x2 of both the parts of the spring. If we subject the original spring of stiffness k having the natural length Ip (say), under the deforming forces F -F (say) to elongate the spring by the amount x, then . Fexx Q) Therefore the elongation per unit length of the spring is x/ly . Now let us subject one of the parts of the spring of natural length 1 Jy under the same deforming forces F - F. Then the elongation of the spring will be zt nlp = nx Thus F=«, (qx) Q) Hence from Eqns (1) and (2) K = NK, or Ky = K/y @) mi K Similarly = 7D The position of the block m when both the parts of the spring are non-deformed, is its equilibrium position O. Let us displace the block m towards right or in positive x axis by the small distance x. Let us depict the forces acting on the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.). From the second law of motion in projection form i.e. F, = mw, a Kye ange = me KK +kex om =[Eegty promt ky ta ky Thus ¥- tata 0 <> Hence the soiight time period T= 2xVn(1-n)m/x = 0-138 Similar to the Soln of 4.23, the net unbalanced force on the block m when it is at a small horizontal distance x from the equilibrium position becomes (x, + Kz) x. From F, = mw, for the block : = (Ky + Ky) mE 3 K+, Thus # -- ("3 }s ™ Hence the sought time period T = 2x +k Alternate : Let us set the block m in motion to perform small oscillation. Let us locate the block when it is at a distance x from its equilibrium position. As the spring force is restoring conservative force and deformation of both the springs are same, so from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation of the spring-block system :13 1 (dey a 1 1i(#) 4h Loa. am(G) tye pe Constant Differentiating with respect to time Lod : Fm2ii +3 (mp t0n)2xk = 0 (x +2) xa m Hence the sought time period T = 2 xy mt 4.25 During the vertical oscillation let us locate the block at a vertical down distance x from its equilibrium position. At this moment if x; and x, are the additional or further elongation of the upper & lower springs relative to the equilibrium position, then the net unbalanced force on the block will be Kz x, directed in upward direction. Hence or, = KX) = mi (Q) We also have Key tx Q As the springs are massless and initially the net force on the spring is also zero so for the spring Kx, = 2x2 @) Solving the Eqns (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously, we get KiK, . - x= mi Ky + Thus LEK +) m (x1 k2) Hence the sought time period T = 27 Ky K2 4.2 R The force F, acting on the weight deflected from the position of equilibrium is 2 Tp sin 0. Since the angle 0 is small, the net restoring force, F = 2T)7 or, F=kx, where k= 2 So, by using the formula, VE V2h = Vin? O° V nT 4.27 If the mercury rises in the left arm by x it must fall by a slanting length equal to x in the other arm. Total pressure difference in the two arms will then be pgx+pgxcos0 = pgx(1+cos0) give rise to a restoring force -pgSx(1+c0s0) This must equal mass times acceleration which can be obtained from work energy principle. This wil14 4.28 The KE. of the mercury in the tube is clearly : pme So mass times acceleration must be : mx’ Hence mx +pgS(1+cos@)x =.0 This is S.H.M. with a time period T=2n Ps. In the equilibrium position the C.M. of the rod lies nid way between the two rotating wheels. Let us displace the rod horizontally by some small distance and then release it. Let us depict the forces acting on the rod when its C.M. is at distance x from its equilibrium position (Fig.). Since there is no net vertical force acting on the rod, Newton’s second law gives : Up—>4e—lp—> c N,+Nz = mg @) For the translational motion of the rod from the Eqn. : F, = m We, KN, - KN = miv @) As the rod experiences no net torque about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the Fig. through the CM. of the rod. Solving Eqns. (1), (2) and (3) simultaneously we get xa- KBs Hence the sought time period a/ I af 2! T=2n Tee ~™ ke 715815 4.29 (a) The only force acting on the ball is the gravitational force F, of magnitude y fn pmr, where y is the gravitational constant p, the density of the Earth and r is the distance of the body from the centre of the Earth. But, g=y 43 PR, so the expression for F can be written as, F--m &R , here R is the radius of the Earth and the equation of motion in projection form has the form, or, mi + mex () The equation, obtained above has the form of an equation of S.H.M. having the time period, Te2xnV=, & Hence the body will reach the other end of the shaft in the time, pecan VE @ 42 min. 8 2 (©) From the conditions of S.H.M., the speed of the body at the centre of the Earth will be maximum, having the magnitude, v= Ro =RVQgR =VQgR = 7-9km/s. 4.30 In the frame of point of suspension the mathematical pendulum of mass m (say) will oscillate. In this frame, the body m will experience the inertial force m (~ #7) in addition to the real forces during its oscillations. Therefore in equilibrium position m is deviated by some angle say a. In equilibrium position Tycosa = mg+mweos(x-B) and Tysina = mwsin(x-B) So, from these two Eqns tana = Saw 008 B wsin B and cos ge V Mv? sin? B + (mg mwcos 6) )16 4.3; 8 Let us displace the bob m from its equilibrium position by some small angle and then release it Now locate the ball at an angular position (ct + @) from vertical as shown in the figure. From the Eqn. : Ne = IB, - mg Isin (a + 0) - mw cos (x - B) [sin (a + 8) + mwsin (x - B) cos (a +0) =m176 or,- g (sin a cos 8 + cos a sin 8) — w cos (x - B) (sin a cos @ + cos a sin 6) + w sin B (cos ot cos 0 - sin o sin 6) =16 But for small ©, sin@ #0 cosO = 1 So, — g (sin a + cos 0 8) ~ w cos (x ~ B) (sin a + cos «1 0) + wsin B (cos ot ~ sin ot 8) =10 or, (tana +0) (wcos Bg) +wsinB(1-tnad) = ——6° 2) ’ cos & Solving Eqns (1) and (2) simultaneously we get -(g7-2ZwgcosB+w?)O= IV + w-2wegcosp O Thus 0 --ik"e Hence the sought time period T = 2a 20 Vv ale % ls-w] Obviously the sleeve performs small oscillations in the frame of rotating rod. In the rod’s frame let us depict the forces acting on the sleeve along the length of the rod while the sleeve is at a small distance x towards right from its equilibrium position. The free body diagram of block does not contain Coriolis force, because it is perpendicualr to the length of the rod. From F, = mw, for the sleeve in the frame of rod -Kxtmo'x = mx io o, = -(S-0? |e a A Keg mp Thus the sought time period 2n T= =0-7s m It is obvious from Eqn (1) that the sleeve will not perform small oscillations if wzV * 10104/s. m When the bar is about to start sliding along the plank, it experiences the maximum restoring force which is being provided by the limiting friction, Thus kN = moja or, kmg = maga17 2 2 or, ka M08 O(2R) Lys, gs s\T 4.33 The natural angular frequency of a mathematical pendulum equals w) = V g/I (a) We have the solution of S.H.M. equation in angular form : @ = 0,,cos (at + a) If at the initial moment ic. att = 0, 0 = 6, than a Thus the above equation takes the form © = 0,,coS aot » occu VE Thus 0 = 3°cos 3-5 ¢ 3° cos Vv t (b) The S.H.M. equation in angular form : 8 = 6,,sin (Wp t+a) If at the initial moment ¢ = 0, 6 = 0, then a = 0.Then the above equation takes the form 0 = 0,,sin Mgt Let vo be the velocity of the lower end of pendulam at 0 = 0, then from conserved of mechanical energy of oscillaton Emean = Excarene % Trnean = Ucsirem or, Fmv} = mgl (1-005 8q) Thus 2 py v% (0-22) Je«s 8m = 00s 1-35)] = cos [eats ‘Yuus the sought equation becomes @ = 0, sin wot = 45° sin3-51 (©) Let Qp and vo be the angular deviation and linear velocity at t = 0. ‘As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the mathematical pendulum is conservation £ mvj mgl (1 ~cos 8) = mgl(1-cos 0, ) 2 Vo or, J 7 81 (C08 8 - C05 Oy) 2 2 = cosét a ee oe (022% | ca Thus @,, = cos {co i} cos {ss Txosxoet 75418 Then from @ = 5.4" sin (3.5¢ + a), we see that sin a = a and cos ct < 0 because the velovity is directed towards the centre. Thus a = 5 + 1.0 radians and we get the answer. 4.34 While the body A is at its upper extreme position, the spring is obviously elongated by the amount mig « If we indicate y-axis in vertically downward direction, Newton’s second law of motion in projection form ite. Fy = mw, for body A gives : mate(e-8) = mata onx(e-TL8) ~ miateng) () (Because at any extreme position the magnitude of acceleration of an oscillating body equals 7a and is restoring in nature.) I£N be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, while the body A is at its upper extreme position, from Newton’s second law for body B Wee(a- iS) «me mg 2 . or, N= mg-xa-—=| = mg—m,(w?a—g) (using Eqn. 1) HenceN = (m, +m) g-m, 07a When the body A is at its lower extreme position, the spring is compresed by the distance (++ =} a+ 8) « From Newton’s second law in projeciton fonn ie. F, = mw, for body A at this state: mg -x ay M8 = m,(- 07a) or, x{ a+ = m(g+0%a) @) In this case if N’ be the normal force exerted by the floor on the body B, From Newton’s second law m for body B we get: N’ = xla+ "| sme = m,(g+ 02a) +mzg (using Eqn. 3) Hence N’ = (m+ m)gt+mo7a From Newton’s third law the magnitude of sought forces are N' and N, respectively. 4.35 (a) For the block from Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, N-mg=my Qa) But from y = a(1-coswr)© © 4.36 (a) 19 We get ¥ = wacoswt Q From Eqns (1) and (2) 2 Ne=mg 142-4 cos ot @) From Newtons’s third law the force by which the body m exerts on the block is directed 2 vertically downward and equis_N = a(t + eao} When the body m starts, falling behind the plank of loosing contact, N = 0, (because the normal reaction is the contact force). Thus from Eqn. (3) 2 mg(1+S tomer] «0 for some t. Hence On, = g/a" « Som. We observe that the motion takes place about the mean position y = a. At the initial instant y = 0. As shown in (b) the normal reaction vanishes at a height (g/w”) above the position of equilibrium and the body flies off as a free body. The speed of the body at a distance (g/c”) from the equilibrium position is V a” -( g/m’), so that the condition of the problem gives [oVa?-(e/0° YP 28 +Eeanh o Hence solving the resulting quadratic equation and taking the positive roof, an 8 VV Pk CL 0em. o | oO Let y(t) = displacement of the body from the end of the unstreched position of the spring (not the equilibrium position). Then my = -Kytmg This equation has the solution of the form y = A+Boos(wt+a) if -mw"Bcos(@t+a) = -K[A+Bcos(wr+a)}+mg Then w= * and A= 7E m « we have y=0 and y=0 at ¢=0.S0 -@Bsina = 0 A+Bcosa = 0 Since B>0 and A> 0 we must have a = = BwA~78 x20 and y= ™E(1-coswt) (b) Tension in the spring is T= Ky = mg(1-coswt) so Tmax * 2M, Tain = 0 4.37 In accordance with the problem > Fe-amr So, m(£TR YP) = - am(xit yj) Thus ¥=-ax and y=-ay Hence the solution of the differential equation X= -ax becomes x = acos(w t+5), where wp = a So, E = — awpsin(wot+a) From the initial conditions of the problem, v, = 0 and x = 79 at ¢=0 So from Eqn. (2) « = 0, and Eqn takes the form X= HCO Wpt $0, COS Wot = X/Ty One of the solution of the other differential Eqn y' = -ay, becomes y = a’sin(aot+8'), where w = a From the initial condition, y = 0 at ¢= 0, so 8’ = 0 and Eqn (4) becomes : y = asin wo (5) Differentiating w.r.t. time we get Y = a! Wy COS Wt But from the initial condition of the problem, ) = vp at ¢ = 0, So, from Eqn (6) Vo = a’ Of, a’ = Vo/Wy Using it in Eqn (5), we get Yo ; oy ye ‘ay i Ot or sin@ot = CO Squaring and adding Eqns (3) and (7) we get : by? % a 2 , (=) + (5) = (as a, = 43) sin? wot + cos*wot = +s % qa) Q) @G) 4) © M 4.38 (a) As the elevator car is a translating non-inertial frame, therefore the body m will experience an inertial force mw directed downward in addition to the real forces in the elevator’s frame. From the Newton’s second law in projection form F, = mw, for the body in the frame of elevator car: oo BEvy}emermw = my @)0) 21 ( Because the initial elongation in the spring is m g/x ) 80, my = -xyemw sory) é or, a(?-*"} - “| @) Egn. (1) shows that the motion of the body m is S.H.M. and its solution becomes yt wasn VE rea] (2) Differentiating Eqn (2) w.r-t. time jeoVE as(VE va] @) Using the initial condition y(0) = 0 in Eqn (2), we get : . mw asina = -7% K and using the other initial condition (0) = 0 in Eqn (3) we get aV *~ cosa=0 m Thus a= -a/2 and a=" Hence using these values in Eqn (2), we get nm 1-cos VY = :} y K m Proceed up to Eqn.(1). The solution of this differential Eqn be of the form : mW asi Ve ye asia E148] ot og Ve or, Sm asia E s48] or, y- 2b asin (ot +8) (ere o=V =) (4) @o From the initial condition that att= 0, y(0)= 0,s00=asind or 5=0 Thus Eqn.(4) takes the from :y- 2 = asin wot () 65 Differentiating Eqn. (5) we get: y--% = awpcos wt 622 4.39 4.40 But from the other initial condition y(0) = 0 at f = 0. So, from Eqn.(6) -S = amy of a= -a/0} @ Putting the value of a in Eqn. (5), we get the sought y(+). ie. at a. a i y- SS = -Ssinagt or y = S(wot-sinayt) @ @ There is an important difference between a rubber cord or steel coire and a spring. A spring can be pulled or compressed and in both cases, obey’s Hooke’s law. But a rubber cord becomes lodse when one tries to compress it and does not then obey Hooke’s law. Thus if we suspend a*body by a rubber cord it stretches by a distance mg/x in reaching the equilibrium configuration. If we further strech it by a distance Ah it will execute harmonic oscillations when released if Ah < mg/x because only in this case will the cord remain taut and obey Hooke’s law. Thus DB hraag = mM B/K The energy of oscillation in this case is -1 met PEA a = 3 As the pan is of negligible mass, there is no loss of kinetic energy even though the collision is inelastic. The mechanical energy of the body m in the field generated by the joint action of both the gravity force and the elastic force is conserved ic. AE = 0. During the motion of the body m from the initial to the final (position of maximum compression of the spring) position AT = 0, and therefore AU = AU,,+AU,, = 0 or amg (hex)+3ue = 0 On solving the quadratic equation : mg mg 2mgh xyes Ss K « « As minus sign is not acceptable 2, : If the body m were at rest on the spring, the corresponding position of m will be its equilibrium position and at this position the resultant force on the body m will be zero. Therefore the equilibrium compression A x (say) due to the body m will be given by KAX = mg or Ax = mg/« Therefore seperation between the equilibrium position and one of the extreme position i.e. the sought amplitude23 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is conserved equals E = Ucireme ,because at the extreme position kinetic energy becomes zero. Although the weight of body m is a conservative force , it is not restoring in this problem, hence Ugereme is only concerned with the spring force. Therefore mg E = Ucune * fra? = mght - 44) Unlike the previous (4.40) problem the kinetic energy of body m decreases duc to the perfectly inelastic collision with the pan.Obviously the body m comes to strike the pan with veloci vy = V2gh If v be the common velocity of the " body m+ pan" system due to the collision then from the conservation of linear momentum mvy = (M+m)v mVo mV2gh ‘Y™ (Mam) ~ (M+m) At the moment the body m strikes the pan, the spring is compressed due to the weigh! of she pan by the amount M g/« . If! be the further compression of the spring due to the \ciucity acquired by the "pan - body m " system, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of the said system in the field generatad by the joint action of both the gravity and spri or yy forces ; F(M + mye (Mm) gl . ae( +1) - w Or m Reeth a em eta ME) adc Pagid *) (Using 3) or, $x P—mgl- i masV mig RE Thus I K As minus sign is not acceptable pe MEL V mn? 2,2K h KK 8 OM em If the oscillating “pan + body m” system were at rest it correspond to their equilbrium position ie. the spring were compressed by (Yams therefore the amplitude of oscillation a=l- mg _ mga], 2hk KK me24 4.42 The mechanical energy of oscillation which is only conserved with the restoring forces becomes E = Upirene = pea (Because spring force is the only restoring force not the weight of the body) Altemately E = Tynean = SMe mao? thus E 1 poreme’ (aa = dea’ We have F = a( jit xj’) or, m(XTE ST) = a(jirsT) So, mx 2 2 a mg 2% = "EIS (wecause for small angle sin O = 0 ) mR 2 The torsional potential energy is fea’. Thus the total energy is : 1 Roa tbg? « LmR2 G24 tke? {mR G+ Sky = mR Gh +5 ko By definition of the amplitude @,,, @ = 0 when p = @, Thus total energy is4.47 Moment of inertia of the rod equals 27 Liat e LmR2cta tee? Zk Om = GmR’ G+ > kG mn? 3 about its one end and perpendicular to its length 1 2 2 Thus rotational kinetic energy of the rod = +(")* mle 2 6 when the rod is displaced by an angle 6 its C.G. goes up by a distance 4 (1-008 0) = 1 sor smal 8 Thus the PE. becomes : mg As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the rod is conserved. 2 (3 )ea(E Constant on differentiating wrt. time and for the simplifies we get : @= ~ 38 @ for small 8. we see that the angular frequency w is = V3g/2! we write the general solution of the angular oscillation as : 8 = Acoswr+Bsinwt But @= 0 at t= 0, sod =O and 6 = at t= 0,50 B = d/o Thus 0 = dpc0s 01+ Bsn wot Thus the KE. of the rod 2. . T- me = [-@ Op sin w+ Oy cos wr 2 . = me [ 63 cos? ew # + «3? 02 sin? w ¢ - 2 0g 0p sin o£ cos w £] On averaging over one time period the last’ term — vanishes. and < sin? w ¢> =< cos’ w £> = 1/2. Thus Fm Brime? Gh (where 7 = 3/20 = 7528 4.48 4.49 Let I = distance between the C.G. (C) of the pendulum and. its point of suspension C Originally the pendulum is in inverted position and its C.G. is above O. When it falls to th normal (stable) position of equilibrium its C.G. has fallen by a distance 2 /, In the equilibriun position the total energy is equal to KE. = dre? and we have from energy conservation : lia 4mgl glo? =mg2l or I aor Angular frequency of oscillation for a physical pendulum is given by «3 = mgl/I 2 Thus Te2n VL wan V melo _ 4 mgl mgl 3 Let, moment of inertia of the pendulum, about the axis, concerned is J, then writing N, = IB, for the pendulum, —mgxsina0=10 of, o=- 7B 9 (For small 6 ) which is the required equation for S.H.M. So, the frequency of oscillation, Max Ivo ~s x= ae Vo} @ Now, when the mass m is attached to the pendulum, at a distance / below the oscillating axis, oy = 2 gr ~Mgxsin 0! -mglsin 0! -Uemry oo t 2 or, - GCSE? 6 + 3, (For small 0) +m t which is again the equation of S.H.M., So, the new frequency, oy = V ei Mem) Q) U+ml) Solving Eqns. (1) and (2), _V gUot+ml) o (I+ml?) o: we Toptmgl 4 a Tem? or, I (03-02) = mgl-mogl? and hence, T= mI?(a3- 8/1) /(ap- 03) = 0-8 gm?4.50 29 When the two pendulums are joined rigidly and set to oscillate, each exert wrques on the other, these torques are equal and opposite. We write the law of motion for the two pendulums as 1,8 = -02h0+G 16 = -0h0-G where + G is the torque of mutual interactions. We have written the restoring forces on each pendulum in the absence of the other as - ol, and -0he Tespectively. Then o hoi+ hoi, 2 lth oe Hence o= Let us locate the rod when it is at small angular position 0 relative to its equilibrium position. If a be the sought distance, then from the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation mga(1-cos0)+ 4 foo: (0) = constant Differentiating watts time we get : mgasin0 6+ log 200 = 0 2 But Too = me ma® and for small 0, sin@ = 0, we get o- fe 0 pt a Hence the time period of one full osscillation becomes Poe 2 _4n?/( 2? T=2n mt? or T° = z at? ag F Tn » obviously 2-(——4 a} = 0 ‘or ‘mn » Obviously 77 v 1 So, - +1=0 of a= 12a? 23 Hence Ton = 22 VW — ™ gV330 4.52 4.53 Consider ihe moment of inertia of the triangular plate about AB. 1 = [ferdm = ffrpdrdy A h A B 2 a 2 =f pdx 48 wf Lexa f¥ eds i J vs! x)dx 20 (HH) oft mit &é “V¥3\3°4 6V3. 6 we On using the area of the triangle AABC = and m= pA. ing, B! v3 Pp Thus KE. = 2 PE. = mg (1-cos0) = Smgh& Here @ is the angle that the instantaneous plane of the plate makes with the equilibrium position which is vertical. (The plate rotates as a rigid body) Thus g-imt ge imghe 2 228 _ mgh/ mi Hence of = 2k. mgh/ me So Te2nV iE -aV 2b. ana Ieee = h/2. Let us go to the rotating frame, in which the disc is stationary. In this frame the rod is subjected to coriolis and centrifugal forces, Fag and Fey, where = f ram(v'x >) and F=f dmodr, where r is the position of an elemental mass of the rod (Fig,) with respect to point © (disc's centre) and yvaae ds As r= OP = OA+AP So, & -u A =v (as OA is constant) As the rod is vibrating transversely, so v’ is directed perpendicular to the length of the rod. Hence Z dn { v' x @) for each elemental mass of the rod is directed along PA. Therefore the net torque of coriolis about A becomes zero. The not torque of centrifulgal force about point A: Now, rw = f aPx dmabr = f apx (7) dub(0A+ AP) }31 ds) boa = f Faso§sasino(-k) ~ far | ™ asi at. ~ TobasinO(-K)f sds = maja 5 sin 0(-K) = Le So, Tepe * Ty k= ~ mop a> sin 0 According to the equation of rotational dynamics : 4 iz) = [4 Oz 2 or, -mogatsind =m 2 5 30a | or, 6 = - 37 sino Thus, for small ®, Ga 3 Oey 4 , 221 an wag Bua This implies that the frequency «9 of oscillation js a) = VW =3> 4.54 The physical system consists with a pulley and the block. Choosing an intertial frame, let us direct the x-axis as shown in the figure. 8 x Initially the system 1s in equilibrium position. Now from the condition of translation equilibrium for the block Ty= mg @ Similarly for the rotational equilibrium of the pulley KA/R= ToR or. T= Al 2)32 4.55 from Eqns. (1) and (2) Al= ns @) Now let us disturb the equilibrium of the system no matter in which way to analyse its motion. At an arbitrary position shown in the figure, from Newton’s second law of motion for the block F,= mw, mg-T=mw= mx (4) Similarly for the pulley N= IB, TR-xK(Al+x)R= 160 6) But w=BR or, Y= RO © from (5) and (6) TR-x(Al+)R= LE () Solving (4) and (7) using the initial condition of the problem Rae (meg) _ k or, dee r|* mae Toe Hence the sought time period, T= a. 2n neue Note : we may solve this problem by using the conservation of mechanical energy also At the equilbrium position, N,, = 0 (Net torque about 0) So, mgR-mgRsina = 0 or m= msina (1) From the equation of rotational dynamics of a solid body about the stationary axis (say z-axis) of rotation i.e. from N, = 1B, when the pulley is rotated by the small angular displacement 6 in clockwise sense relative to the equilibrium position (Fig.), we get : mgR-mgRsin(a+0) [MR 2 Using Eqn. (1) mgsina-mg(sinacos 0+ cos asin @) . {Me am Ciesne) A | § 2 + mR7+ ma |@ Alt4.56 But for small 8, we may write cos @ = 1 and sin@ = 0 Thus we have se . {MR+2m(1+ sina)R} mgsina-mg(sina+cosa0) = 2 0 Hence, 6 = 2m gcos a ~ [MR+ 2m(i+ sina) R]° Hence the sought angular feguency 9 = Y/ qrq— SESE Let us locate solid cylinder when it is displaced from its stable equilibrium position by the small angle 0 during its oscillations (Fig.). If'v, be the instantaneous speed of the CM. (C) of the solid cylinder which is in pure rolling, then its angular velocity about its own centre C is @=V/r Since C moves in a circle of radius (R - r), the speed of C at the same moment can be written as Vo = 0(R-r) Q) Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) o = 6A) ) As the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, ie. E = T+U = constant So, i muds Eu? +mg(R-r) (1-cos 0) = constant (Where m is the mass of solid cylinder and J, is the moment of inertia of the solid cylinder about an axis passing through its C.M. (C) and perpendicular to the plane of Fig. of solid cylinder) or, Lo? Pe LP Pom g(R=r) cos ®)= constant (using Eqn (1) and [,= mr 72) 3 repay ry +g(R-r)(1~cos@) = constant, (using Eqn. 3) biterensaing w.Lt time 2(R-r)266 +gsin06 = 0 6. -—28 i So, O = ~ s7RETB (because for small 0, sin Oa 0 ) Thus @ = Vv 22 3(R-r)34 4.57 4.58 Hence the sought time period T= 2B 2 ag V UR) @ 28 Let x, and x, be the spring constant of left and right sides springs. As the rolling of th solid cylinder is pure its lowest point becomes the instantencous centre of rotation. If 6 be the small angular displacement of its upper most point relative to its equilibrium position, the deformation of each spring becomes (2 R @). Since the mechanical energy of oscillation of the solid cylinder is conserved, E = T+U = constant ie. £1,(6)? +40 (20)? +440 (2R 0)? = constant Differentianting w.r.. time Loose 4 . 51,200 +3 (1 +2) 4R7200 =0 or, (Bi +me’)i canto «0 (Because Ip = Ie+mR? = mR Hence 8k, 3m Thus a = gx and sought time period 2n A [Ba V am Teo 72 an 7 *V 2x In the C.M. frame (which is rigidly attached with the centre of mass of the wo cubes) the cubes oscillates. We know that the kinetic energy of two body system equals 4 Zu va» where is the reduced mass and v,_; is the modulus of velocity of any one body pastcle relative to other. From the conservation of mechanical energy of oscillation : 2 gutedy acorn} = constant Here Jp is the natural length of the spring. Differenting the above equation w.r.t time, we get : Liye Loose d(b+x) Ze2xde Swed = 0 wc es OT . m Thus’ = -"x [where p = 7 u m+ mz mm, m, +m, Hence the natural frequency of oscillation : wp = Vv © where p=35 459 Suppose the balls 1 & 2 are displaced by x,, x, from their initial position. Then the energy is:E= imi + me + dee -x)* imvi Also total momentum is : myx, + m)X_ = mV, mx, + myx, Define Ke ey m +m m; —™_y,,ex-—7, m, + m, m, + m, Ba 5 mt mye + Te ee Then mye Xt Hence xe m +m 2.2 Lomm 2 tpa ld) 2 1 mis Imam * *2** =2™- 2 mem (a) From the above equation ke 3x2 gat - mm 2 Weseo = YE -¥ 2 6s, when w= eo 5 KB (0) The energy of oscillation is timm all 2m+m 1" 2 We have x = asin (wt + a) 1 So "2 msm” 2 x (o.12f = 48 x 104 = 48 my Initially x=Oatt=0s00a=0 Then x =a sin wt. Also x =v, at t= 0. y So wa =v, and hence a = t= 2222 om. o 6 4.60 Suppose the disc 1 rotates by angle 0, and the disc 2 by angle 0, in the opposite sense. Then total torsion of the rod = 0; +0, . 1 and torsional PE. = xe (81 +02)" OD) (2) KE. of the system (neglecting the moment of inertia of the rod) is Shering So total energy of the rod 1,@,1, 9,1 Ex zh + yh Oh+ 5 (840) We can put the total angular momentum of the rod equal to zero since the frequency associated with the rigid rotation of the whole system must be zero (and is known).461 : 8 b&b +e Thus AO he oO Dp" op” The So 6 = iE (8,+6,) and a = pA (O48) and poppe ee (8 +6)? b (0,40)? The angular oscillation, frequency corresponding to this is hh vi Lt, w= x/ 7 ei 7 RH and T=2n , where J! = —1 h+h In the first mode the carbon atom remains fixed and the oxygen atoms move in equal & opposite steps. Then total energy is @) 0 c 0 x —~ 1 21 52 myx + 32 «xe where x is the displacement of one of the 0 atom (say left one). Thus oy = K/m. @ 0 c 0 —_— —=—_ —_— x ¥ x In this mode the oxygen atoms move in equal steps in the same direction but the carbon atom moves in such a way as to keep the centre of mass fixed. 2m Thus 2myx+m_y = 0 oF y= -— x 2 1,0 9 1) (2m.)_ 1,5) 2 1, 2m: 1 2m). KE= pomirgm( i) = 2m + 32m Te z2™ 1478 ag 2m . 2m) ee pi(i+ Fe) 2 oan(ee my 2 -}2 «(1s3B) 2 z m™ 2 mm ™m 2mo ™ 2 Thus ohn (1) and w = 0, V 1+ mM, mo vV..2 Vu Hence, o = 0, V 1+ sa V > = 191037 4.2 Let, us displace the piston through small distance x, towards right, then from F, = mw, 4.63 t ast 1 1 ex. bs or, (p,-P,)S = mx @ But, the process is adiabatic, so from PV* = const. ne PoVe and p, = PoVs (Vo-Sx)" (Vo+Sx)" as the new volumes of the left and the right parts are now (Vo + Sx) and (Vo - S x) respectively. So, the Eqn (1) becomes. PoVS 1 __ m = \(Vo-Sx) (Vo+Sx)" Bos | (Woe Se¥— (or Sa) - (Ve -S?x?)" PoVdS m or, Neglecting the term 15_*~ in the denominator, as it is very small, we get, . va i 2poS?yx mVo which is the equation for S.H.M. and hence the oscillating frequency. % = sV 2PoY mVo In the absence of the charge, the oscillation period of the ball T=2nVi/g when we impart the charge q to the ball, it will be influenced by the induced charges on the conducting plane. From the electric image method the electric force on the ball by the plane equals ——; and is directed downward. Thus in this case the effective acceleration 2. 4x t(2h) of the ball4.64 4.65 2 , q =gt oe Temepmh? and the corresponding time period i vi Vv 1 Ti =22V = = 22V ——— *Ve x z + et Ténegmh? From the conditon of the problem T=nTI' So, Tan?T? of pen? 16 ntgmh? Thus on solving q~ 4h Vnegmg(n?-1) = 24C In a magnetic field of induction B the couple on the magnet is ~ MB sin 0 =- MB 0 equating this to 18 we get 10 +MBO =0 2, MB - or a = or T 20V GG: Given T= Ty Vi .Vi.t 1 14 ° t-eVi-taotn-d 4 B, BN B, By x or By = WB, The induction of the field increased 17 times. We have in the circuit at a certain instant of time (¢ ), from Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction : di ad 7 La BG or Ldi= Bld As at t=0,x=0, so Li= Blx o i= Shay For the rod from the second law of motion F, = mw, -i1B ems j . PB? 2 ‘Using Eqn. (1), we get : B= -| ST |x = wx (2) where oy = 1B/VmL The solution of-the above differential equation is of the form466 4.67 39 x = asin(«pt+ a) From the initial condition, at ¢ = 0, x= 0,s0a=0 Hence, x= asinagt @) Differentiating w.t time, X = a wo COs Wot But from the initial condition of the problem at t= 0, x = vo Thus Vo = a oF a = Vo/w 4 Putting the value of a from Eqn. (4) into Eqn. (3), we obtained Yo x= — sin t| where @p = @ ( °” Vik As the connector moves, an emf is set up in the circuit and a current flows, since the emf is &§ = -B1i, we must hav so, I= BIx/L provided x is measured from the initial position. We then have : -Blist dl 0 mx = - BEE Beg for by Lenz’s law the induced current will oppose downward sliding. Finally yo. Fe ers on putting Wo = BL on Vim X+oax= 8 A solution of this equation is x= 85 +A cos(wpt+a) @o But x= 0 and X= 0 at £ = 0. This gives x = & (1-cos aot). Wo We are given x = age*' sinwt (a) The velocity of the point at ¢ = 0 is obtained from Vo = (0 = Oa The term “oscillation amplitude at the moment ¢ = 0" is meaningless. Probably the im- 1 6 plication is the amplitude for ¢ <<. Then x = do sinwf and amplitude is ap (b) % = (-Bagsinwt+wagcoswr)e7* = 0when the displacement is an extremum. Then @ tanwft = > B or ote tn Benn, n= 0,152. 4.68 Given g = qoe *' coswt we have @ = -Bp-agoe*'sinat © = - PO+Pogqoe 'sinwt-w2 ge"! cos wt =P pt2BPoge sinwt-w'@ so @ (@)o = Be, (F )o = (B- 0") @ (©) @ = -qoe7*!( cos w t+ sin wt) becomes maximum (or minimum) when © = Go(B2- 07) cP coswt+2Pwqye*sinwt = 0 2 or tan@t= 2Bpo 2 2 and ted wn SE ann ,n=0,1,2,.. 4.69 We write x = age~*' cos(wt+a). I @) x(0)=0s2a=+ 5 =x =F age sinwt £(0) = (p29 = F Oa Since ap is + ve, we must choose the upper sign if (0) <0 and the lower sign if x(0)>0. Thus 1091 and a = + if3(0)<0 ay = -F if £(0)>0 (b) we write x = Re Ae PItH@F 4 aw aye Then x=v, = Re (-B+iw)AePrtie® From v,(0) = 0 we get Re (-B+iw)A = 0 This implies A = + i(8+iw)B where B is real and positive. Also X = ReA = + woB x Thus B= Lol yi + signinA if xp<041 ~ sign inA if x9>0 So Aw ei BDO lala (Fis 2 B)iol Finally = (3) Ixol tana = =f, a= tn (SP) a is in the 4" quadrant (-3< <0) if xp>0 and ois in the 2 quadrant (3 secta = 77, na = -V 1 Thus B= oVn-1 (We have taken the amplitude at ¢ = 0 to be ap ). 8 cos(wtta) We write x = ay e7 = Re Ae P84 ow ayel@ k= Re A(-Btio)e Pitiot Velocity amplitude as a function of time is defined in the following manner. Put f= f +1, then x = Re Ae Plat) pia(yrt) w Re Ae 8% ei® tit, Rod o-Bogivt 1 - for t<< =. This means that the displacement amplitude around the time fo is aye" and B we can say that the displacement amplitude at time ¢ is aj e~*', Similarty for the velocity amplitude. Clearly (a) Velocity amplitude at time t = ay V B? +" 7! Since A(-B+io) = ae'*(-B+io)= aV B +0 et where y is anotner constant. © x(0)=0=>ReA=0 of A= iy where dp is real and positive. Also ¥,(0) = X9 = Re * iag(-B+io) =F way Thus ay = Leal and we take - (+) sign if xo is negative (positive). Finally the velocity amplitude is obtained as lol ViFeat et 4.72 The first oscillation decays faster in time. But if one takes the natural time scale, the period T for cach oscillation, the second oscillation attenuates faster during that period. 4.73 By definition of the logarithemic decrement (* - ee} we get for the original decrement ro 2 2nnB ton Bae and finally = Page o/2 0 Now gig Bw £- 9 - B Vv, (33) 2n do 2 2 Vi+(2) Vio(2) 2x a nh/2n Hence it aCe 2 Vv . 1-8-1) (35) For critical damping @ = 1.8 4.74 The Eqn of the dead weight ismi +2Bmi+mog x= mg so ax=% or of = ©, o ax Now a = 25B 228 — Vi (> Thus 7-22. Vi+(35) @ Voie 2 -anV ae Vv +(35) -V Baten) = 0.70 sec. 4.75 The displacement amplitude decrease 1 times every n oscillations. Thus or So 4.76 From x = aye~*' cos (wt+é), we get using (x) 20 = 1 = agcosa 0 = (£),29 = —Bagc0s a -waysina t Then tna =-£ of cosa = —8— o Vor+p IV w+ B* Wo +B os ens (orn? £ o o and x = x=O0 atre o (13 tan? B 2 © @ Total distance travelled in the first lap = J To get the maximum displacement in the second lap we note that ke [-Peoe(or-tann*£) sin or-tann' | o o IV w+ p? - xt @ Brig when ote x, 2n,3n,... etc.Thus Xm = -ape7** cosa, = - 1e7*P for t = x/w So, distance traversed in the 2 lap = 2/e7**/ Continuing total distance traversed = [+2 1e~*° 42 1¢e7?*0 4, 14 Ble he = 142! we bee OF wey erase 1+ ef eo _4 where 2 = 2x8 is the logarithemic decrement. Substitution gives 2 metres. , toad oa, 4.77 For an undamped oscillator the mechanical energy E = zyme +ym 5.7 is conserved. For a damped oscillator. x = ae**cos(wt+a), o = Vas- p> and E(t) = bmP +h moh? = jm ah e7?*"[B2 cos? (wt +a) +28 w cos (t+a)x sin (ota) +0" sin? (ot + 0)] +i mdabe?*' cos? (wr+a) - dma age”? +S mag Bre 2 ge(20142) «4nd poesia 201424) If B <<, then the average of the last two terms over many oscillations about the time f will vanish and 1 - = zmapape *P! and this is the relevant mechanical energy. In time t this decreases by a factor iso -2pe 2 Inn ee ote n 28 p= ma 20 2 , =B = since o2 = & and “Tap Vispo yo Var T° no 2 and gata V 48E 1 w 130. x ny4.78 The restoring couple is T =-mgRsing « -mgRo The moment of inertia is \ pe om 2 Thus for undamped oscillations 2 ink p+mgRo=0 i) 2_ 28 4 8, = FR mg Aso y= 288. 2x8 9 - B h ® Vv a Hence —b_.*+ 4, —%_. 1+(35) Voj-p? 2™ Vw - 6" 2m T of small oscillation comes to = 2%, 9, 4(14(2) | V ap - B 28 2x BR gata? V 7g twee) 0.90 sec. 4.79 Let us calculate the moment G; of all the resistive forces on the disc. When the disc rotates an element (r dd) with coordinates (7, 0) has a velocity r @, where @ is the instantaneous angle of rotation from the equilibrium position and r is measured from the centre. Then 2x R G, =f 40 f drr-(F,x r) 0 oO Hence finally the period. R 4 =fnroPdyxan = DRG 0 2 ‘Also moment of inertia = uk 2 4 Thus mR PAE otag=0 + ymyR?. 2a 62 ete 0 on 2 xyR? 20 Hence ob = Sp and Bp =4.80 and angular frequency 2 2n° Note :- normally by frequency we mean From the law of viscosity, force per unit area = 1 & so when the disc executes torsional oscillations the resistive couple on it is R r aR. ~ fnam. FB dr x 2-25% 6 (factor 2 for the two sides of the disc; sce the figure~in the book) where @ is torsion. The equation of motion is 4 1g otep=0 Comparing with @ +2BO+asq = 0 we get B= nnR*/2hI Now the logarithmic decrement } is given by } = BT, T = time period Thus n= 20AI/aR‘T If @ = angle of deviation of the frame from its normal position, then an e.m.f. e= Bap 2: is induced in the frame in the displaced position and a current R - aoe. flows in it. A couple 204 2: Bee gaa -2¢ ® then acts on the frame in addition to any elastic restoring couple c.g. We write the equation of the frame as ‘ 1e+ Bat p+ceq=0 Brat . . 2IR where f is defined in the book. Thus p = Amplitude of oscillation die out according to e~*' so time required for the oscillations to decrease to 2 of its value is . 2IR Ba BH47 482 We shall denote the stiffness constant by x. Suppose the spring is stretched by xp . The bar in then subject to two horizontal forces (1) restoring force - x x and (2) friction kmg opposing motion. If xq> EME the bar will come back. -r> (lf x9 A, the bar will stay put.) The equation of the bar when it is t moving to the left is mi = -xx+kmg This equation has the solution x= A+(%9-A) cos V £ where we have used x = x,x = 0 at ¢ = 0, This solution is only valid till the bar comes to rest. This happens at Jk he x/ m and at that time x = x, = 2A—x9. if xp>2A the tendency of the rod will now be to move to the right .(if A < xp < 2A the rod will stay put now ) Now the equation for rightward motion becomes” mx = -Kx-kmg ( the friction force has reversed). We notice that the rod will move to the right only if K (x9- 2A) >kmg ive. xy>3A In this case the solution is x= -A+(x9-3A) cos # Since re 2b-mandie dat rena n/Ve. The rod will next come to rest at tene2a/Vt and at that instant x = x, = x)- 4A. However the rod will stay put unless xp > 5 A. Thus (@) time period of one full oscillation = 2x /+V/ z. (b) There is no oscillation if 0< xy 0 subject to x(0) = (0) = O where F is constant. The solution of this equation will be sought in the form xe FE Acos(aptta), Ostst x = Boos (wo(t-t)+B), t>t A and a will be determined from the boundary condition at ¢ = 0. 0 = EsAcosa 0 = -aAsina Tms a= Oana = -= and x= £(1-cosogt) Ost 9 = tan ‘at (0 - 07)? +46? wo” ° The amplitude of this oscillation is maximum when the denominator is minimum. Tthis happens when4.86 4.87 @ - 205 07 +4 Bw? +0) = (07-03 +287) +4B7 03-48" is minimum. icc for wo? = of -26? 12 Thus oie = of(1-28°) ayy (a) Fy/m Fy/m Fem Vavedap 2pVed-F "2 28 2 i+( Fo, \28 Taal A 2mog 2m” 4nmg rt Fo/m V (0? - 08 + 2.B?)? + 4 B?( 3 - B*) we must have - 7 - 03 +28? = -( 03-03 +28") a) a 2{> 1-(* Bly (25) a _\?%) a = and Opes * Since a = wft+o, 5 or 03-26? = Dyes Fo (@p- 0") coswt+2Bosinot m V (0-08 P+ 4 wr . Fow 2Bacoswt+(w*- 09) sinwt xe 2 2 \2 22 m (03 - 0)? + 4B? Thus the velocity amplitude is x= Then Fyo mY (03-07)? +4 Bw Y= This is maximum when @ =o = o2, and then Vores =51 ow ' Now at half maximum (S-«] = 1267 or w+ 2V3 Bwo-w = 0 o =F BV3 +V oh +3p7 where we have rejected a solution with — ve sign before there dical. Writing @, = V0s+3P7+BV3 , w = Vos+3 p> -BV3 we get (A) @ss = > = Va, 2 ( Velocity resonance frequency) () p= L282 snd damped oscillation frequency 2Vv3 2 Valk = Voyoy- Gieet 488 In general for displacement amplitude Thus = oes V 4B (9-8) bu B 2m a bi Flu LB @ Vis(n2ay 2% Vos-p? 0 Hence N= 4.89 The work done in one cycle is Tr Tr A o [Pax frvde = J Focosot(—easin(w1—9))de T = f Fo@a(-cos wesin wt cos @ + cos” wt sin p) dt 0 1 I. . = 7 Fowazsing = xaFosing52 4.90 In the formula x = acos(wt-@) Fo 1 we have aqa=— — ™V (w- 0°)? +48? 0% 2Bo tang = >> °° Baw (9 - 7) tan @ Thus B= ra Hence @y = VK/m = 20s". and (a) the quality factor Vabup? + @ - B 1 407 wp . oer 28 2" Ca -1 5 2d7 0 - @? tan? p (b) work done is A = a Fosiny = xmaV (wp- 0") +48? o sing = xma?x2po = nma’(wp-o*) tang = 6mi. 2Bo 4.91 Here as usual tangy = — ©. where op is the phase lag of the displacement oo Fo 1 x = acos(wt-@), a =— ™ V (abut)? s 4p or (a) Mean power developed by the force over one oscillation period xFoasin T Hot m (ap-a +4 pw 1 . = ;Foawsing +46? (b) Mean power < P > is maximum when @ = a (for the denominator i then minimur Also

mx = 9m 4.92. Given B = «o/n. Then from the previous problem Foo 1

= 000, ym 253 At displacement resonance w = V wz - 2” ps, fim Foy 1 Pres oO a nm 4p 40 NM 4ao/7 42 AB oe fen 5-28" 9? while Thus 493 ‘The equation of the disc is @' +2B@+azq = Mucee ot Then as before © = gn cos (wt=a) (a) Work performed by frictional forces T =-fN,do where N, = -21B9 = -f 2B1g?d = -2nBolg, 0 =~ 21 gh [ (03-07)? +4 Bw] sina = ~ 1 Ny Gq Sit ot (0) The quality factor vA g-tet _Vo-8 — oVog-8 4o°o) 4 po? x pro 28 (wp-o")tna — 2tana | (@)-0")? (ap-a" wn 2 2 2 1 40° oP Om 2 ji 2 2, Nm wig [ARES a ae dow fe V2 1 [sor oilon itg Zeina Ne " 2 1 40°P gh, ( 2 N,_cosa 1 2 “rena | ae (Ot Te, ttre 2 p22 va f 2 1 AT on, Mm 2 cos ascosta-1} = 2} [24% ycosa| -1 WN, Tsina { Ny54 4.2 ELECTRIC OSCILLATIONS 4.94 4.95 If the electron (charge of each electron = -e ) are shifted by a sinau distance x, a net +ve charge density (per unit area) is induced on the surface. This will result in an electric field E = nex/eq in the direction of x and a restoring force on an electron of nex &o 2 nex Thus mi =~ £0 2 ne or F+72y 20 meq This gives ©, as the plasma frequency for the problem. Since there are no sources of emf in the circuit, Ohm’s 1 law reads q..,4 c Lat where q = change on the capacitor, J = “4 = current through the coil. Then 1 @q, 2 2 £4404 = 0, 03 = ph. The solution fo this equation is = Im OS (yt +a) From the problem V,, = & . Then I = aC V,,sin (wot +a) and V = V,_008 ( ny t- a) P Vi =v2 ac” 2 or vet =v2. By energy conservation hE P+ £ = constant When the PD. across the capacitor takes its maximum value V,,, the current J must be zero. Thus "constant" = tev V? = V2 once again.4.96 497 55 After the switch was closed, the circuit satisfies alg unc or £44 ahq = 0g = CVqcos ant where we have used the fact that when the switch is closed we must have 4. a - Vv Cc Vn» T dt Oatr=0. Thus (a) 1 = Go ~ CV, a9 sin 09 ¢ - -V.V E sinagt (b) The electrical energy of the capacitor is £ cos? wot and of the inductor is hb P asin? wot. The two are equal when x ot = 4 At that instant the emf of the self-inductance is di WLS = Vqcos wot = Vu/V2 In the oscillating circuit, let 7 = Im COS OE be the change on the condenser where os pom C is the instantaneous capacity of the-condenser (S = area of plates) c= 2S y y = distance between the plates. Since the oscillation frequency increases 1 fold, the quantity ow = a eSL changes 17 fold and so does y ie. changes from yo initially to 7 yo finally. Now the PD. across the condenser is Ve Foos t= Tg come and hence the electric field between the plates is cL Y In Ss Im E= 5 SOF4.98 Thus, the charge on the plate being q,, cos w f, the force on the plate is te = cog? F soe of Since this force is always positive and the plate is pulled slowly we can use the average force Fe Ge ZeoS and work done is A= F(n?y-y0) = of) 2% GaYo _ Gn _ But 2e9S = 2C = W the initial stored energy. Thus- A= (W-1)W. The equations of the L -C circuit are d CV-f hae O,V-fhad LE the Differentiating again Lih+h)=-2n4--24 G G C1 2 Then NGG "BG I, Teh+h so L(Cy+Cn) 141 = 0 or 1 = Ipsin(wpt+a) 1 I ‘Sw Tp where wg = ~~ (Parta) T(G,+C) . +h Gq fly == Cy (Hence T = 2 ~ 0.7 ms) @ At ¢=0,J=0s0a=0 I = Ihsinwpt The peak value of the current is Jy and it is related to the voltage V by the first equation LI=V-~ fldt/(C,+C2) ' 1 A or +L Wo Ip Cos Wot = Yee, Jf fosin wot de (The PD. across the inductance is V at ¢ = 0) 1_ to V+ Ee oy (ems oot =D) Cc; Hence Ip = (Cy+Cq) VV = VV 257 499 Initially q, = C Vo and q, = 0. After the switch is closed change flows and we get 1+ = CVo at 4 ct ac? @ Also I = q, = - qo. Thus I Livteo c Hence 7 +0fF=0 of = 2 h +4, te’ The soloution of this equation subject to -4, ~4 T=Oat=0 is I= Iysinwor. . fy Integrating qi, = A-— cos wot @ B® t = B+.” 008 Finally substituting in (1) A-B 2k = Bye C8 Ho! +L fp 9.08 Wot = 0 Thus AaB an CV I 8, 2% 20 2 * a CV so 41 = "(1 +608 pt) CV q2= Zz (1 cos wt) 4.100 The flux in the coil is O(t)=[ 1<0 0 r>0 Idi a iit dt Cc @ The equation of the current is - 2 This mean that Leet +1=0 t or with =i I = Igsin(wg1+ a)58 4.101 4.102 I Putting in (1) -L Jp @p cos (wot+a) = - Fig Leos (wot +) ~ cos a] 0 This implies cosa = 0. I = [pcoswot . From Faraday’s law d® dI ene Oe or integrating from t= -€ to - where © > 0 ® = Ly with + sign in I 80, T= 2 cost > L of. Given V = V, e7*' coswt (a) The phrase ‘peak values’ is not clear. The answer is obtained on taking |cos wt| = 1 ; mn ie te (b) For extrema e =0 - Booswr- wsinwt = 0 or tanwt = - B/o ie. otann+ ian ( The equation of the circuit is 128, R22. where Q = change on the capacitor, This has the solution 2 =Q, e7*' sin(wr+ a) Fy eVoe_-P, oe where B=57-0 0 - Ba = 7G: Now 1-2. atr=0 dt $0, Q, 78! (- Bsin(wt+ a)+mcos(wt+a)) = 0 atr=0 Thus wcosa = Bsina or a= tan? 259 4.103 We write me” * sinwt -Bit+ ior = gm I, € (gm means imaginary part) - Bre ioe « gm 1, (Btiode B+ @ -p: Bsinwt+ w coswt adn e B+ oF ee Crs) ere ” V p+ oF 8 ( An arbitrary constant of integration has been put equal to zero.) Thus ve Sa VE e7* sin (wrt 3) ¥(0) = 1, V& sind =1,. VE Var or —i__ C(1+ Bw") = In 4104 7 = 1, e~ * sinwt B=, ays VE o-VaP I= - 4, 4q = charge on the capacitor Then q= ty en (Ott 8) agg 2 2. Voar+ B 6 Thus Wa FZ Lia 7 2! sin? et We = 3 2 9-2 gad LE ar oo = eo 7! sin? (wrt 8)60 4.105 4.106 4.107 4.108 Current is maximum when 4 sinor = 0 Thus - Psinwt+ wcoswt = 0 or tan ot = 2 ow tand 8 ie. wor=annt+d W, in? and and hence Su _ sin (ot) we) sin | 1 We sin’(wt+d) sin-28 — 4c0s"d op 1? 1 4B/og 4p? LCR? cr? (Wy is the magnetic energy of the inductance coil and We is the electric energy of t capacitor.) Clearly Le Ly+ ly, R= R+R x x O-gp 0 BOF Now Breinn sor= Vor = 211 . 05 ms nv Current decreases ¢ fold in time 1.2L 2L . ta gt R 8 = Rp oscillations = 2h o R 2x EVa RP 1 Va stati “aR Y LC 4p? "2x ¥ R2c7 1 * 159 oscillations xo O- Br 28 @ = 28Q, B-35- 1 ®o Now o-oVi+t, of o- 40 V1 * a9 100% « 1, x 100% = 05% 8Q so4.109 . e Att = 0 current through the coil = Re PD. across the condenser = =~ Retr (a) Att = 0, energy stored = Wo 2 2 2 -1,(-#-) 46/28) 1 jp (Ls CR?) = 20 mi. 2 R+er 2 R+r 2 (R+ ry -1R2 (b) The current and the change stored decrease as e~'" so energy decreases as e~'*/” 2 We We = 0.10 mi. x av. wo _ Voi- 6 sue O-Br- gp "2B" 2B or ao Vie 40" or B= 2 1+ Now W = Wo e78* Thus energy decreases 1 times in on sec. =iny Vis 49? Qton oe 1.033 ms. 2 20 Vn 4.111 In a leaky condenser 447 7 pe¥ dt R 7 Teak current ~42-,H%._,4(4,¥ Now v-2--10 =-La (eR - 124. ba dit RCdt a a o T+*Re a: *Lc%"°62 @ B= ste b=, o- Ved 8? 4.112 Given V = V,,e7 *' sinwt, @ « @ BT <<1 Power loss = Energy loss _per cycle T «+ cy2x 28 2 CVn (energy decreases as Wy e~ 7** so loss per cycle is Wox 267) 1 R Thus

= 5 CVm xT 2

L or R- w & Hence Q= rVE-VE sas = 100 on putting the vales. 4.113 Energy is lost across the resistance and the mean power lass is

= Rd*> = FR IZ = 02 mW, This power should be fed to the circuit to maintain undamped oscillations. 2 RCY, 4.114

= 7 FE 8 in (4.112). We get

= 5 mW. 4.115 Given q = q,+ q . I Atle h--dh--& Lh=Rh= 4. Thus CL i+ (q+ @) = 0 RC H+ uted or tier Putting gq; = Ae‘®' qo = Be (1- @LC)A+B=04116 63 A+(1+ i@RC)B=0 A solution exists only if (1- @LC)(14+ i@RC) #1 or iwRC- wLC-iw LRC* =0 or LRCw-iwLC-RC =0 2 ig &-ioge-ze 70 oe 1_ ips 2RO* * LC 4RC ®o Thus q = (Aj cos wot + Az sin wot) e~*! etc. p is the oscillation frequency. Oscillations are possible only if 3 >0 ive a1 .¢ ~ 4R? L We have . 1, 1,+ Rly = Lz h+ Rh Sia > Ryli I=h+h Then differentiating we have the equations L,C 11+ R,Ch + (+h) =0 1,€ 1,4 R,Ch, + (+h) =0 Look for a solution T= A,e"', =A, e™ Then (14 0? L1C+ aR, C) Ay+ Ap = 0 A; + (1+ 0? L,C + aR,C) Ap = 0 This set of simultaneous equations has a nontrivial solution only if (14 a7L,C+ aR,C)(1+ a7L,C+ aRC)=1 we bhi bh wt fae Ee ft . This cubic equation has one zeal root which we ignore and two complex conjugate roots. We require the condition that this pair of complex conjugate roots is identical with the roots of the equation or a?LC+aRC+1=04.117 The general solution of this problem is not easy. We look for special cases. If Ry = Ry = 0, tha LL 1 R=0 and L= 2 If Ly=L,=0, then Ly +L, +L; L=0 and R =R,R,/(R,+Rz) These are the quoted solution but they are misleading. We shall give the solution for small R, Rp . Then we put a = -B +i« when f is small We get (1-07 L,C-2iPoL,C-BiC+iaR,C) (1-07L,C- 2ifpwL,C- BC+ i@R,C) =1 (we neglect B* & BR,, BR, )- Then L,+ L- 2 2 a _lith (1- @L,C)(1-@71,C) = 1 > @’ Lie se sdeeuect oan cg? . 1G Lily This is identical with «’ Ie ifL Tel, also (2BL,- Ri) (1- LC) + (2BLo- Ry) (1- w'L,C) = 0 R RL} + RL? RL} + RL? This gives B= 57 = sped 78" Ga 4,,u =+4% on otl G+ Ri e+F CooL R For the critical case R = 2V é i . Sw Thus LC q+ 2VLC q+q=0 Look for a solution with q a e°' An independent solution is te‘ . Thus = (A+ Br) el VE ; At t=0q=CVpo thus A= CV, Also at t=0qg=1=0 1 ve 0 = B-AA- B= V,VE vic on4118 Thus finally 1-4. ve el VEe 1 giz lene wVE iJe w/vTe vic Yo, gowlVEE The current has been defined to increase the charge..Hence the minus sign. The current is maximum when eo _t) Fn -0 owi (y - Te) oo This gives t = VE and the magnitude of the maximum current is Mat = VE. ‘The equation of the circuit is (J is the current) L at + RI = Vycoewt From the theory of differential equations I= Ip+le where Jp is a particular integral and Ic is the complementary function (Solution of the differential equation with the RHS = 0 ). Now Te = Ico e'™* and for Ip we write Ip = Ip cos (t-@) Substituting we get v. : 1, = SS O- tan VR?+ wl? V, Thus I, = _ cos (wt- —)+ Igge” VR sol? Now in an inductive circuit ] = 0 at t= 0 because a current cannot change suddenly. Vn Thus eo = -—§ FSO VR*+ 0 L and so Vn Vrea [cos (ot - @)- cos pe +o I. omy66 4.119 4.120 Here the equation is (Q is charge, on the capacitor) g. R 42 = Vy, cose A solution subject to Q = 0 at ¢ = 0 is of the form (as in the previous problem) = Q,[ cos (ot- F)- cosGe“*°] Substituting back 20 co6 (wt - G)- oORQ, sin(wt- P) = V,, cos wt = V,,{ cos G cos (wr- GF) - sinGsin(wr- F)} so Qm = CV, 008 F ORQg = Vn Sin This leads to CVn = 2 = ————, an F= ORC Vi+(@RC) Hence a= re 2 Nn [- sin (wt 5) + SEE e-wne sin@ dt 1 2 Va (25) The solution given in the book satisfies J = 0 at ¢ = 0. Then Q = 0 ats = 0 but this will not satisfy the equation at ¢ = 0. Thus J 0, ( Equation will be satisfied with J = 0 only if Q* 0 at ¢ = 0) V, With our J, I(t=0)= The current lags behind the voltage by the phase angle -1 OL @ = tan”) R Now L = pip n? xa71, 1 = length of the solenoid Re prdman'l 44 ~ diameter of the wire nb 1 But 2bn=1 as ba Qn 2a? _, Mon? Ima?-2nv 1 The = tat 2 ea pou peamanl Gy? w tan! HOEY 4pn4121 4.122 67 HereV = Vq, cos ot I =1,,cos(wt+ ) where I, Now an ra Thus the current is ahead of the voltage by gun tote = un” VRE =) 1 = 60° ' Side Here V=IR+* c : . 1 .7 . ee or RI +51 =V =- @Vosinot Ca c V Ignoring transients, a solution has the form T= Ipsin(@t- a) ~—__L a. _ I OR Ip cos(wt- a) + a sin(@t- a) = - wVp sinwt = - wVo{sin(wr- a) cosa + cos(wr- a)sina} so Rly = ~ Vosina In -1 oo 7 ~ Vocosa a = %+ tan’ (WRC) Vo In - 7 oC -1 1 I= Ipsin(@t- tan”! @RC-m) = - Iysin(wr- tan”) wRC) : 1, Then Q=-fSld~=Qo+ eos (wt-tan"! ORC) ° , d It satisfies Vo(14 coswr) = RIL, &if Vo(1+ coswr) = - Ripsin(wr- tan~1oRC) Qo, to “1 + Ct Gem (wen tan @w@RC) Thus Q = CVo I —7 and oh ~ %o/Vi1+ (wR? VowRC checks Rh =§ — Vi+(@RCc) Vo lence Vi = Bo V+ = 008 (wt) V1+(oRCY @) = a nN V14 (@RCY or W-1= 0 (RCP or RC =Vi- 1/0 = 22 ms. 4.123 ) 4.124 @) I, = (b) tangy = —Z2©, ow - 60° Current lags behind the voltage V by pI, © Vo= GG = 065 kV c Vir = In VR? + WL? = 0-SKV 1 Vin S-S————— V R24 (ex- ac} —_—____ Vin V(@RCP+ (oLC-1) ) -1 + 4B w7/op SIS, 2 «9 9 V (ej. 28) a8 @o @o aos A 2 2 2. 1 R? This is maximum when a = @}- 28? = Fa- y oL () Vy, =1,0L = Oy emered 2 — R + (o1- Se} on oc This is maximum when 1 1p? arg 7 b- FER or ote 1 Lo-ic?R? 1 _ 26 2 oo) 4 270 4.126. "Vi =I, VR?+ wl? Vn VR? + w?L? V R?+ (e- 2) oc for a given w,L,R, this is maximum when 1 1 ag Ob of C= B= BI UF vVR?24 wL?2 For thatC, V;, = > = VVi+ (@L/R)* = 0.540 kV 4.127 At this C Vee 0co0°o r-1' °0 000 O Poor Condo}|—= ©0000 ' ©0090 T We use the complex voltage V = V,, e*®'. Then the voltage across the capacitor is ryt CY E and that across the resistance RJ’ and both equal V . Thus Vn i i I'= xz e'* I-I'=iwCV, e'*' Hence r= (14 i@RC) e* "2 (1+ io Je The actual voltage is obtained by taking the real part. Then I= wey 1+ (@Rcy? cos (t+ @) Where tang = oRC Note —> A condenser with poorly conducting material (dielectric of high resistance) be the plates is equvalent to an an ideal condenser with a high resistance joined in p between its plates.7 arg, 2 at, | Shae _1, 42 Vat Ca dh dh, Ly) = -Ly 2 dt In dt from the second equation Inh = -Lyh 0 L; Then ne a. Thus the current oscillates with frequency o 4.129 Given V = V,, cos wt I = I,,cos (@t~@) where Vin Veo Ay VR? +(o1-z) oc Stat _ Insin(@t-9) c oC Vw —————— = sin(wt- 7) V(1- oP LCP + (@RCY As resonance the voltage amplitude across the capacitor Then, Ve= V, Vv - ” = 4, Vn = RCL CR Vic Lo So ser CR V41.V 2-1 Now o-Vin- Gi Vr] 4.130 For maximum current amplitude1 Vee L = = and then I, = wo NR imo R 1, Vu Now 2- pty aye 202 el So Now @ 4.131 At resonance and N y, wv aR Vie (on-) Vaeslor. ty 1 pe Then or or R and @)-o=Vr-1 r and -V st = V Derm 1 ap 4 (@, = @73 @ , 4132 Q = 35 2p for low damping. Now 2% Ain I, d ow — = ————————— , J, = current amplitude at resouance a Vf ae w+ (at- 5) a oR or o- ney st 2B Thus @ ww +B 2o So Aw = 2B and Q= 70. 4133 At resonance @ = @ = Im () = Vn Then {a(00) © 1 R*+ | nool- — > (nese =] Vn Vn “V 7b “V 1 ty L 2 1VL 2,4\(, ay bk ew ghe Verl(era)i-a) e 4.134 The a.c. current must be I= V2 sinot Then D.C. component of the rectified current is 4% = 3 f bV2 sinwtde T o x 1 . 7 WV2 5, J snoao v2 x Since the charge deposited must be the same InpV2 aa torte TES V2 Igty = The answer is incorrect.774 4135 (a) I(t) “hf Ostet rf hr a-1, enn Then I, = 21 since =]. Now mean square current so effective current = = : (b) In this case J = J,|sinwt| r and y= FS Alsinws jdt 0 * 1 A 4h 2h = aah |sin@|d0 = xf smoae - k So n-% 2 rier 2 Then, mean square current = = arte wtdt - 28, 1 4 futese 28 so effective current pz 0 current = . vs 2 4136 Pp, . = * Vo ve /R "VRP ol? an Tea 1+(92) 74.137 4.138 4.139 75 Thus ak =Vn-1 R or onT Vn-1 R ve V-1 = 2 KH of on putting the values. 2nL Z = VR?+X? or Ry = V2 X} The tan@ = 2 vz? -x? V xy So oo @ = “Zo = 1- (2) X, \2 = cos? V y_ () = 37. The current lags by @ behind the voltage. v2 also Pe-VI cos = — V2? - X? = .160 kW. z v?(R+r) “TRarys wrk? (R+ rl + oL This is maximum when R+ r = wl for P P v? v? (oLy Reve VRer- pa +2oL 2 Thus R = @L~ r for maximum power and Pyyg = 5” Substituting the values, we get R = 200Q and Pyax = .114 kW. V?R = Ft yy Ye R?+ (X,- Xe) Varying the capacitor does not change R so if P increases n times Z =VR?+ (X,-Xc)_ must decreases Vn times Thus cos@ = & increases Vn times P % increase in cos @ = (vn- 1)x 100 % = 30.4%.76 v2 4140 P= R+ (%-Xey 4.141 1 At resonance X, = X¢ => = : Xe = m= Power generated will decrease n times when 2 (X,- Xe = (z- ac] = (m= 1)R? @% mR — or o- Zt n-l7s# n-1 2B. Thus wo F 2Vn- 1 Bo- 0 = 0 (oF Vn-1 6) = 03+ (n- 1) Bp? or S = V1 + (m- 1) 87/05 +Vn-1 B/a 0 (taking only the positive sign in the first term to ensure positive value for = ) 0 2 Now o-2-1V So) 4 2872" (5 o- Vi+4Q? Thus -Vi =, 2Vn-1/Vi+4Q7 For large Q @- Oo] Yem= 1 Vem) gg, «05% @ 2Q2 30 We have 2 2 Ye VR Vg = Rt Xe V(R+ Ri) + XP V(R+ Ri + XP 2 VR VR so (Ren stord « (HEY, neal = (FE) Hence R24 2RR = Fy (V?- V2) 1 R 2 2 2 or Rm av ew)77 v?R ve ve Heat generated in the coil « ————3—_, waotyR et v2 vie ve (Rs Ryeae 7 RX ™ R?* 2v; | 1 - Ve) Vv 2R Vv . 4142 Here Ip = —, V= effective voltage I Vv Lo ee R ? V and pa LVRS RA KE ik RV R2+ X? ” Ry h I Regis the impedance of the coil & the resistance in parallel. Now paw. R24 2RR, (i+ 2RR, EB Ri+ Xe |b)” R?4+ x2 P-H-1 2RR, Rx? Now mean power consumed in the coil Vv? Ry Pr 1 = 7?R,-=—— = BR ==R(?-I7- 3) = 25 W. Thee 2 3 RC i- hh) 4143 1 1) Ly jac = LeioRe ZR 1 R R iaC |Z |= = 402 Vi1+ (RC) 4.144 (a) For the resistance, the voltage and the current are in phase. For the coil the voltage is ahead of the current by less than 90°, The current is obtained by addition because the elements are in ate axis f AN ae Ak ‘0 iy w Lr78 (b) Ic is ahead of the voltage by 90°. (©) The coil has no resistance so J, is 90° bebind the voltage. Te Ir Io I, © 4.145 When the coil and the condenser are in parallel, the equation is al, hat ith, gy, L2 = Vq cos wt i l=h+h LR Ip Using complex voltages V=Vim currént Vi, et . iar I= Reap i@CMme and 1 . ier R- iwL+ iwC(R*+ wL”) jet '=(ayart ic) Mme [eg Vu e Thus, taking real parts awa cos ( wt - 9) 1 _ [R74 {@C(R?+ wL?)- OLY] h where Zz (eo) (R24 0°") ‘p2, o2p? and tang = SE=9C(R*+ oFL*) (@) To get the frequency of resonance we must define what we mean by resouance. One definition requires the extremum (maximum or minimum) of current amplitude. The other definition requires rapid change of phase with @ passing through zero at resonance. For the series circuit.79 both definitions give w? = at resonance. In the present case the two definitions do =e LC not agree (except when R = 0 ). The definition that has been adopted in the answer given in the book is the vanishing of phase. This requires C(R74 wL?) = L 2 > 1 RR? 3 or OF = TG~ TEs Whey Ory = 316 x 10? rad/s, Note that for small R, @ rapidly changes from ~ — ; to +5 as w passes through yes LOM < Wyes 10 > Dyes» VaR CR (b) At resonance In Tig 7 Ye . CR so I = effective value of total current = V rT" 3.1 mA. v ve similar! Le =vVE ~ 098 a. y "VEE L ve R?c? fom OCV = VVE- SF 0 0.984, Note :- The vanishing of phase (its passing through zero) is considered a more basic definition of resonance. 4.146 We use the method of complex voltage LR Vi= Vet ° Velet To o i io Then Ic = *7— = imC Vee’ Vv C OLR ToC Yet" 1.2” Reiol : : 2,272) . Im Jot hg = Vo Satoh SOC oT Dein Then taking the real part Vo VR? +(@C(R?+07L7)-oL}? R?4+07L? oL-wC(R7+07L7) R cos (wt-@) where tang =80 4.147 From the previous problem R?+ @7L? VR2+ [wC(R2+ w?L?)- ol} R?+ wk? V (R74 w72L?)(1- 2072LC)+ w2C?2(R 24 w?L?)? VR? + 07L? VR?+ 07k? (1- 2w?LC)+ w7C?(R7+ w7L?) V (1- @7LC)?4 (wRC)? 4.148 (a) We have a= ee - Pe. waysinwt = Li+ RI dt Put I= I,sin(t-@) . Then @ Dgsin wt = wPo{sin(wt- p) cos p+ cos (wt-@)sing} = L1,0cos(@t- p)+ R1,sin(@t- @) so RI, = Odo cos@ and LI, = Oosing 0% or In VR? +07L (b) Mean mechanical power required to maintain rotation = energy loss per unit time 1 oR "2R 0° L? and tang = st. r =i 2 1,72 “7 J RI dt = FR 4.149 We consider the force F;, that a circuit 1 exerts on another closed circuit 2 :- FaeP nal Be Here By) = magnetic field at the site of the current element d J; due to the current /; flowing in 1. _ to f aahx re > => ax rie > > where Fy = 72-7 = vector, from current element d/, to the current element dl, Now > ae > > > oe _ Ho dh x(dhx 7m) | Ho dh (dh: ™m)- (dh: dh) Fo fiat = ff ne n= ila > az ite = In the first term, we carry out the integration over d/, first. Then81 al, (diy: - Ga ff he paz eh. fang div, +0 r nN 12 because § dh: aa So f a8: curl ("73] =0 2 ho oe Thus rox” fan aly di"? 12 The integral involved will depend on the vector 2’that defines the separation of the (suitably chosen )centre of the coils. Let C, and C, be the centres of the two coil suitably defined. Write m= hte > os ~ => where p; (3) is the distance of dl; (d 1) from C, (C2) and a@°stands for the vector C, Cp . m so Then 3 - Vea mh > = diva “a and Fy = V, | hho z The bracket defines the mutual inductance Ly). Thus noting the definition of x aly = 52 where < > denotes time average. Now I, = [pcos wt = Real part of fe!” . > coe dh, dl, The current in the coil 2 satisfies RIy+ L)—* = - Ly —* dt dt I -ioly Inet" (im th 1 or 2 Raia L, 106’ (in the complex case ) taking the real part @OLiyIy h-- + wh (wL,coswt-R sinwt ) = - Where tang = A . Taking time average, we get ‘2 aly, oll Ox 1 ee le = eee 0 Results 2 ° 2(R?+0°L3) ax Wlylyh dln = The repulsive nature of the force is also consistent with Lenz’s law, assuming, of comse, that Lyp decreases with x.82 4.3 ELASTIC WAVES. ACOUSTICS 4.150 Since the temperature varies linearly we can write the temperature as a function of x, which 4.151 is, the distance from the point A towards ® ie., T=T, +2 Ay [o OA WA WA Thus bn et at The wave equation propagating in the direction of +ve x axis in medium K is give as § = acos(wt-kx) So, & = acosk(vt-x), where k= ° and, v ‘is the wave velocity In the refrence frame K’ , the wave velocity will be (v - V) propagating in the direction of +ve x axis and x will be x’. Thus the sought wave equation. & = acosk[(v-V)t-x] or, + aeee[(o-v)s-by'] = eo[or(1-T)-t7| v v This follows on actually putting E=f(t+ax) , . ve 178 in the wave equation = , ove ea ar Var (We have written the one dimensional form of the wave equation.) Then Sf" (vax) =o f"(t+ax)so the wave equation is satisfied if a-2t v That is the physical meaning of the constant a . 4.155 The given wave equation & = 60 cos (18001- 5-3x) is of the type & = acos(wt- kx), where a = 60x10-*m @ = 1800 per sec and k = 5:3 per metre As ke 2a so na 2t and also k=2, so v= 2 = 340 m/s v k @) Sought ratio = ¢ = gt = 51x1075 (b) Since § = acos(@t-kx) a -awsin(wt-kx) So velocity oscillation amplitude (3) of vq = ao = Ol m/s @ and the sought ratio of velocity oscillation amplitude to the wave propagation velocity Ve OL gy ana = “2 = SE A 32x10 ©) Relative deformation = 25 = ak sin(wt—kx) ax So, relative deformation amplitude - (3) = ak = (60x 107°x5-3)m = 32x107* m Q From Eqns (1) and (2) emean Ox vat Im me(i] HBL where v = 340 m/s is the wave velocity. Ox vi ae 4.156 (a) The given equation is, § = acos(wt-kx)4.157 4.158 85 So at t=o, & = acoskx Now, 25 _awsin(wt-kx) dt and GS . awsinkx, at t= 0. dt Also, & = +aksin(wt-kx) and at t=0, ae, -aksinkx. dx Hence all the graphs are similar having different amplitudes, as shown in the answer- sheet of the problem book. (b) At the points, where & = 0, the velocity direction is positive, i.c., along + ve x — axis in the case of longitudinal and + ve y-axis in the case of transverse waves, where a is positive and vice versa. For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. In the given wave equation the particle’s displacement amplitude = a e~"* Let two points x, and x2 , between which the displacement amplitude differ by n = 1% yy ¥; So, ae" — ge" = nae™ or eT(1-n) =e or In (1-9) - yx = - yx or, Xq- x, 2 1- , 2 y Y In(1-n) So path difference = - and phase differeno®? = oxy path difference = - 28mg) 220 | 93 a4 x Y ey Let S be the source whose. position vector relative to the reference point O is 7 Since intensities are inversely proportional to the square of distances,Intensity at P(1;) Intensity at QI) where d = PS and d, = QS. 4 q But intensity is proportional to the square of amplitude. 2 aj & So, S= 3 or d= = k(sa ad 14; = ad, = k (say) k k q Thus dy = FE and dy = P. s Let 7 be the unit vector along PQ directed from P to Q. —> a oksA —> Then PS =dn=—n =” a OF q > A ka and SQ =dn=—n a2 From the triangle law of vector addition. ° >» ee a kn OP +PS =08 of H+ona7 1 or ayF+kn = ar” q Similarly renee or ajrp-kn = ar (2) 2 ‘Adding (1) and (2), oo > a, ry + a272 = (a-a2)r a,r+ a7, Here r aican nt @ 4.159 (a) We know that the equation of a spherical wave in a homogeneous absorbing medium of wave damping coefficient y is : yen! aye €- Thus particle’s displacement amplitude equals F008 (wt kr) aye" r According to the conditions of the problem, a'ge "0 @) at r= 1, dy = a) and when rer, 2a 2 7 @©) 4.160 (a) or, 87 Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) etn) 2 n2 or, y(r=1%) = In(n7)-Inr Inn +inry-1 on _ mntingo-Inr _in3+inS-In10 | og 1 r=T9 3 aye 1" ASE cos (wt kr) 1 ocir Si 28, _ Soe in(@r- 0, at r @sin(@t-kr) (38 aie” = eg ar nt A 202, % But at point A, a n cota - So, (33) = 22, 2H = 50x10 9p x 145 x 10? = 15 m/s ar}, 7 3 Equation of the resultant wave, E=' +h = 2a cok 15 os {os HED = a’ cos or Ht |. where a’ = 2acosk’ Now, the equation of wave pattem is, x+y =k, (a Const.) For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. For antinodes, ic. maximum intensity tiple 21+ coon or, or, yore whone0.t,2, Hence, the particles of the medium at the points, lying on the solid straight lines (y = x# 2), oscillate with maximum amplitude. For nodes, ie. minimum intensity,or, y axe (2n+1)V2, and hence the particles at the points, lying on dotted lines do not oscillate. (b) When the waves are longitudinal, For sought plots see the answer-sheet of the problem book. ab gt k(y-x) = cos"? cost & . -1& or, = w cos | k(y-1)+ cos"! = 1b a = Peos k(y-x)-sink(y-x) sin cos™ \ ] - Boos k(y-x) sin k(y-2) @) from (1), if sink(y-x) = 0 sin(nx) & = & 1)" nh thus, the particles of the medium at the points lying on the straight lines, y = x= "> will oscillate along those lines (even 7), or at right angles to them (odd n). Also from (1), if cosk(y-x) = 0 = cos(2m+1)F ar 35 = 1-2/0, a circle. Thus the particles, at the points, where y = x= (m+ 1/4) 2, will oscillate along circles, In general, all other particles will move along ellipses. 4.161 The displacement of oscillations is given by § = a cos (cw t-kx) Without loss of generality, we confine ourselves to x = 0. Then the displacement maxima occur at ft = m7. Concentrate att = 0. Now the enemy density is given by w=pa@o'sinwt atx=0 7/6 time later (where T = 2e is the time period) than ¢ = 0. m w= paw’ sin’ = = Soda? =W% 374 2 Thus = Spata? =4.162 4.163 4.164 The power output of the source much be 4nP Ip = Q Watt. The required flux of accoustic power is then : Q = \ Where & is the solid angle subtended by the disc enclosed by the ring at S. This solid angle is Q = 2x (1 - cosa) 1 So flux ® = Ip Ip (1 - ==>] 2a? stot - eh] Substitution gives © = 21 x 30 (1-——L—)nw = 199 pw. a+i 4 Eqn. (1) is a well known result stich is derived as follows; Let SO be the polar axis. Then the required solid angle is the area of that part of the surface a sphere of much radius whose colatitude is = a. a Thus a f 2xsinodo = 22 - cova. 0 From the result of 4.162 power flowing out through anyone of the opening ~Pf1- A 2 VR*4(h/2) -P/;, 4 _) 2| 0 Var?s? As total power output equals P, so the power reaching the lateral surface must be. -p- 24 Tae - PAs gw 1- 2\0 Vart+n?} Var?+h? We are given & = acoskxot s0 28. _aksinkxcosot and 25 = -awcoskxsinor ax or Thus (E)-0 = acoskx, (5) 22 = -acoskx (3 > eksinks, (73) = -aksinkx hema Ox) 6 ax(a) The graphs of (&) and (3) are as shown in Fig. (35) of the book (p.332). x (b) We can calculate the density as follows : Take a parallelopiped of cross section unity and length dx with its edges at x and x+dx. After the oscillation the edge at x goes to x+&(x) and the edge at x+dx goes to x+dx+&(x+dr) = redx+8(x)+ 2B ar. Thus the volume of the element (originally dr) becomes (+38) a= ax and hence the density becomes p = 1425 Ox ' On substituting we get for the density p(x) the curves shown in Fig.(35). referred to above. (©) The velocity v(x)at time t = 7/4 is (33) = -awcoskx at Ts On plotting we get the figure (36). 4.165 Given § = acoskxcos wt (a) The potential energy density (per unit volume) is the energy of longitudinal strain. This is 2 ™% = (Zriee=stnin - 38(52)" (3 is the longitudinal sin) w= Led P sin kxoos?ot 2 o£ 2 ou? But = 2 oo Ek? = pa’ BP ° Thus ip = 5p aa sin? kx cos? ot (b) The kinetic energy density is 2 10/88) 1. 202 coe? pe sin? 2°( 35) Pa w' cos kx sin’ wr.91 On plotting we get Fig. 37 given in the book (p. 332). For example at t = 0 1 a Wom Wyeth = zed oo sin’ kx and the displacement nodes are at x = aE so we do get the figure. 4.166 Let us denote the displacement of the elements of the string by § = asinkx coswt since the string is 120 cm long we must have k120 = nx If x, is the distance at which the displacement amplitude first equals 3-5 mm then asinkx, = 35 = asin(kx,+15k) Then kxy+iSkem-kexy or ky = Bot One can convince ourself that the string has the form shown below 1 It shows that kx120 = 4x, 80 k= on" Thus we are dealing with the third overtone Also kxyaG so a =35V2mm = 4949mm. ayYtli 21 ¥m “21 is stretched, total mass of the wire remains constant. For the first wire the new length = 1+ nil and for the record wire, the length is 1 + nal. Also Ty = a(n!) where ois a constant and 7) = a (1p/). Substituting in the above formula. vy 1 ViemO Cem) 4.167 We haven = Vv a Where M = total mass of the wire. When the wire "2(em) M ye Vom rm) 2° 2(1+m!) M va, +m f/m tem Mo 1l+m om l+tm wiv ™m(1+ m) 0:04(1 + 0-02) 14 vy ™m(i+m™) ~ * 0-02(1+ 0-04) ~92 4.168 4.169 4.170 Let initial length and tension be / and T respectively. 1 z So, “21 In accordance with the problem, the new length ra 1-23 2 0651 and new tension, 7’ = T+=~ ixm =17T Thus the new frequency we dVE. mee VE 2°20 ToST vy. Vi7 3 Hence oes Obviously in this case the velocityof sound propagation v= 2v(b-h) where J and J; are consecutive lengths at which resonance occur In our problem, (,-1,) = 1 So v= 2vl = 2x 2000x8-5 cm/s = 0-34 km/s. (a) When the tube is closed at one end v= Gy (2n41), where m= 0,1,2,.. 340 * 4% 0-85 Thus for n= 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,..., we get m = 1001H,, m, = 3001H,, ns = 5001H,, m = 7001H,, ns = 9001H,, ng = 11001H,, m7 = 13001H, Since v should be 50 k Hz. Hence the sought number of frequencies between 20 to 50k Hz equals 4. 4172 Let two waves &, = acos(wt-kx) and & = acos(wt+kx ), superpose and as a result, we have a standing wave (the resultant wave ) in the string of the form & = 2acoske cost. According to the problem 24 = a,4.173 Hence the standing wave excited in the string is & = a,,cos kx cos wt @ a& ot So the kinetic energy confined in the string element of length de, is given by : o-i(Fa](] or, = - 4a, cos kx sinwt @ 1 War or, dT- 3( 74) ono? cost x sin?at 2 2 MnO 2 220 or, aT = ORO sin? or cos? 2 x de Hence the kinetic energy confined in the string corresponding to the fundamental tone wz 2 2 mae t-far- sin ot f coe?2% ca ° 21 Because, for the fundamental tone, length of the string | = x Integrating we get, T. dm @,0? sin? ot Hence the sought maximum kinetic energy equals, Tox = dm ao, because for Tmax, Sin? @t = 1 (ii) Mean kinetic energy averaged over one oscillation period 2xe Jf sin? woe de Td Lf = indo? 2 fa 0 1 not or, = gma,o. ‘We have a standing wave given by the equation & = asinkx coswt So, $8 - - aosinkx snot () and $8» akcoskx cos wt Q95 The kinetic energy confined in an element of length dx of the rod 2 dT- peesax)( 32) = } pS a?o? sin? ov sin? kx de So total kinetic energy confined into rod ws - ai 2 sin? ff 22 T fa Fesa@ursin® ot | sin?22 xdx 0 2.2 i aS a’ wp sin“ ot or, Te seeo psn )) The potential energy in the above rod element # du={au-- fra where Fy = (pSde) 3 or, A= -(psaeyars $0, aU = op sax f §ae 0 du- pots ay . pots a cost sin’kx de or, Thus the total potential energy stored in the rod U = sf dU M2 or, U- a, sin? 2 xe o s _ EpSa? w cos? wt °, 4k To find the potential energy stored in the rod element we may adopt an easier way. We know that the potential energy density confined in a rod under elastic force equals : Up = sca) = foe = aye 2 92 po pve’ fee k 1 =i “7P 2 lpa& or S = }pa? w? cos” wt cos*kx96 4.174 4.175 Hence the total potential energy stored in the rod “ 1 U =f UpdV =f > pa?w'cos*wt cos*kx S dx ° 2 262 cos? = EpSa’ w’ cos’ wt (4) 4k Hence the sought mechanical energy confined in the rod between the two adjacent nodes 2,2 E=T+U = eo as 4k Receiver Ry registers the beating, due to the sound waves reaching directly to it from source and the other due to the reflection from the wall. Frequency of sound reaching directly from Sto Ry vy Ysan, = Yoz—q When S moves towards Ry , v and V's-.a, = Yo yg When S moves towards the wall Now frequency reaching to Ry after reflection from wall we tee oe - RR GF R v Yw-an, = Yor yg » When S moves towards Ry and v'y.e, = Yo a , when S moves towards the wall Thus the sought beat frequency AV = (Ysan7 Yan) of. (Ven ~ Ysm)) vy 2vovu — 2uvy = « v-u veu yy? =v =1Hz Let the velocity of tuning fork is u. Thus frequency reaching to the observer due to the tuning fork that approaches the observer Y_ fy = velocity of sound ] =y ov-u Frequency reaching the observer due to the tunning fork that recedes from the observer “ Vv vey, Oveu , 1 1 So, Beat frequency vv" = v = vov - vou v+u 2vovu or, ve vuu So, vur+(2vvp)u-v?v =04.176 4.177 97 ~2vvy + V4vev244vev? ge Ss eee 2¥ Hence the sought value of u, on simplifying and noting that u > 0 z vy vt 1+ (5) -1} v Yo Obviously the maximum, frequency will be heard when the source is moving with maximum velocity towards the receiver and minimum frequency will be heard when the source recedes with maximum velocity. As the source swing harmonically its maximum velocity equals aq. Hence Hence v vtao Yoax "Yo Z and Vain = Yo aw So the frequency band width AV = Vaae- Yain = YoV (=z) v a? or, (Ava?) a*+ (2vova)o- Avv? =0 -2vovae V 4vav7a?+ Ava? So, oO = > 2Ava On simplifying (and taking + sign as > 0 if Av -> 0) on (v 16(42) -1} Ava It should be noted that the frequency emitted by the source at time ¢ could not be received at the same moment by the receiver, becouse till that time the source will cover the distance wand the sound wave will take the further time 3.w12/v to reach the receiver. Therefore the frequency noted by the receiver at time ¢ should be emitted by the source at the time tet. Therefore u+(dwet/ ¥) = (a) and the frequency noted by the receiver v v= San 2) Solving Eqns (1) and (2), we get = 1-35 kHz. ve98 4.178 (a) When the observer receives the sound, the source is closest to him. It means, that frequency is emitted by the source sometimes before (Fig.) Figure shows that the source approaches the stationary observer with velocity v, cos 8. <—pz Hence the frequency noted by the observer s vy =¥,(——— °| v—v, eos 8 | v Vo, ! > yres} * T=noos6 “) | N x x But . » So, Vian? 9° or, cos = 4 Q2) Hence from Eqns. (1) and (2) the sought frequency vo 1- v ve 5 = 5 kHz (b) When the source is right in front of O, the sound emitted by it will not be Doppler shifted because 6 = 90°. This sound will be received at O at time ¢ = 4 after the source bas passed it. The source will by then have moved ahead by a distance v,t = 1. The distance between the source and the observer at this time will be / V1 + 1° = 0.32 km. 4.179 Frequency of sound when it reaches the wall vey wall will reflect the sound with same frequency v’. Thus frequency noticed by a stationary observer after reflection from wall vey sy since wall behaves as a source of frequency v'. Thus, or, So, poRoey yeu. 2m » vtu veu Hence the sought percentage change in wavelength = AS «100 = 24 100% = 0.2% decrease.4.180 4.181 Frequency of sound reaching the wall. v= Vv qa) Now for the observer the wall becomes a source of frequency v receding from it with velocity u Thus, the frequency reaching the observer v= »(=a) =% (=) [Using (1)] veu veu Hence the beat frequency registered by the receiver (observer) , _ 2Uvp Av =vo-v' = vtu = 0.6 Hz. Intensity of a spherical sound wave emitted from a point source in a homogeneous absorbing medium of wave damping coefficient y is given by Ted pade uty 2 So, Intensity of sound at a distance r, from the source WA iW2p@e Mwy y 7 and intensity of sound at a distance r, from the source 29-21" ge? 2 fyjrd w V2p ater aty " . ih But according to the problem 14.2 nr 2 2 E r So, Me 2-8) or in V2 mw 2y(m-) n n In(nra/re or, = in(nra/ri ) 1) 6107? mo? 2(n-n 4.182. (a)Loudness icvel in bells = log B (lp is the theshold of audibility.) a So, loudness level in decibells, L = 10 log z fo 1, Thus loudness level at x = x; = L,, = 10 log 7+ qo I, Similarly L,, = 10 log = t I, Thus L,,- La, = 10 log 7*100 4.183 4.184 1/2 pa?wve 2% W/2parwve 2h Ly, = Ly, 20y(x-%,) loge or, Ly, = Ly, + 10 log = L,,+ 1log e7?*2-%) Hence L' = L~20yxloge [ since (x2-x,) = x] = 20d B- 20 x 0-23 x 50 x 04343 dB = 60dB-10dB = S0dB (b) The point at which the sound is not heard any more, the loudness level should be zero. Thus 60 O=L- Wyxloge or x = Toes ~ x03 x 0-443 = 300 m (a) As there is no damping, so 1/2 pa? w* w/e I L,, = 10log = = 10 loy = = 20 log r "5 Tata "Ty eT patay Bro Similarly L, = - 20logr So, L,~Ly, = 20 log (79/7) To ro 20 or, L, = L,,+ 20106( 2) = 30 +20 xlog $5 = 364B © Let r be the sought distance at which the sound is not heard. So, L, = L,,+2010g2 = 0 or, L,, = 20108 or 30 = 20 log 5 r So, logi0 55 = 3/2 oF 10°?) = 7/20 Thus r = 200V10 = 0-63 Km. Thus for r>0-63 km no sound will be héard. We treat the fork as a point source. In the absence of damping the oscillation has the form Const. r cos (wt-kr) Because of the damping of the fork the amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially with the retarded time (i.e. the time at which the wave started from the source.). Thus we write for the wave amplitude. B= SM oo('-5) cit) et) PO] re This means that —_ >? 7 7 x xtde101 Thus 4.185 (a) Let us consider the motion of an clement of the medium of thickness dx and unit area of cross-section, Let § = displacement of the particles of the medium at location x. Then by the equation of motion pdx =-dp where dp is the pressure increment over the length dx Recalling the wave equation 2 gf. yw =v 5 ax? wwe can write the foregoing equation as 2e%§ vob aya -d Pp ax ‘P Integrating this equation, we get Ap = surplus pressure = -ev sy Const. In the absence of a deformation (a wave), the surplus pressure is Ap = 0. So ’Const’ = 0 and ~pvi2k Ap =-pvSs. (b) We have found earlier that w= W,+W, = total energy density 2 1 1,/a 1 mete e( 38) = pv It is easy" see that the space-time average of both densities is the same and the space time average of total energy density is then : a o>+< ov (H) > The intensity of the wave is \ : Fevers = c Ube (AP Yn . 1 Using < (APY > = 5(AP im weget I= Tow102 4.186 4.187 4.188 The intensity of the sound wave is p= (APm , (AP Yn 2pv — 2pvar Using v = vA, pp is the density of air. Thus the mean energy flow reaching the ball is 2 2 2(AP )m uR°I=xR apvh pva mR? being the effective area (area of cross section) of the ball. Substitution gives 10.9 mW. P__ i encny . (AP Im We have 22 = intensity = or (App = Y 224 2nP 1 . af 1293 kg/m x 340 m/s x 0-80W | af 1293 x 340 x8 (kg kgm?s~*ms~* 2 2nx1Sx15 5 2nx 15x15 m> m = 4.9877 (kgm=*s7?)= SPa. A (AP Im 5x 10-8 P (b) We have Ap=-pvds (AP )m = PV KEq = PV2RVEQ &-a- (AP)m 5 2mpvv 2x 1-293 x 340 x 600 EB, _ 3x107° _ 1800 “6 -6 % 7 3407600 ~ aap <1 = 5x10 =3yum Express L in bels. (ie. L = 5 bels). Then the intensity at the relevant point (at a distance r from the source) is: Jg-10" Had there been no damping the intensity would have been : e7°" [y-10" Now this must equal the quantity ree where P = sonic power of the source. ar P yr Thus ay =e?" yo" 4aur ° or P= 4n7r%e7""Iy10 = 1.39 W.103 4.4 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES. RADIATION 4.189 The velocity of light in a medium of relative permittivity € is =. Thus the change in e wavelength of light (from its value in vaccum to its value in the medium) is ‘ane 5- 5 v Ve 4.190 From the data of the problem the relative permittivity of the medium varies as 1 71) = -s0m, voy e(x) = een Hence the local velocity of light c ce et v(x) = =H ele ) Ve(x) ey 1 1 Vaop - ditt Thus the required time ¢ = f —22 -Sf ea vay "Te Jd ~A va -e 7? m41 _2t Ve - Ve ‘ € 1, c ne 2s Me 4.191 Conduction current density = 0 E_, > . wy . 2D ae. et Displacement current density = 57 = ee Go = imeeoE Ratio of magnitudes = —2—- = 2 = 2, on puting the values. e eee 7 jag 7 20m Puting . 412 > > os aH Ve Bm op 7 MO oP = V cos(wt-K°7}x Ey = EXE, sin(wt-F°F’) At r= 0 > = a | _ Fein sinwt at Yo So integrating (ignoring 4 constant) and using ¢ = grating (ignoring t) Bo" To ~> RKE, EXE, Fi = Ee sched 2 FE coscke104 4.193 As in the previous problem, ™ cos(wt-k°7} = ae @ cos (kx - at) Ho. = V2 ge cos (kx-wt) Ho Thus - c ‘ (a) aro =Vo En & cos kx pte =o, H=V Em & 608 (kx ~ 0 fy) 4.194 baa = PE: Eql (cos wt - cos (wt KL) sol ol = - 2E,,1 sin Ze sin( 01-92) Putting the values E,, = 50m V/m,'I = $ metre . - nx tas 50 a (snd) sn(or-2) s, x ~ 255 (or 2-3) «25c05(o1—Z) av 4195 E =f E(x) B=kB(yx) > pa aB_ op aB and Cul B= k SE Se co _9E _aB ax at aE 1 oF Also Cut B= eH) SS = aor pap aB_ 1 0E 2 and Curl B= = so Ox ax c t 4.196 E = E,, cos(wt-K°7) then as before a/% kxE, H#-V 2 0s (wt FF} Uo4.197 4.198 4.199 105 $0 Se ExH-V 2 Ex (EXE, ) Leos? (ot FF} -V2 Be Ecos? -F =r} ela 2 gE E = E,,cos (2nvt-kx) @) Jais = a2 = - 2negvE,sin(wt-kx) Thus Cias ome =< ds >"? = V2 xeqvEq = 0.20 mA/m?, (b) = 3V 2 E2 as in (196). Thus = 3.3 » W/m? For the Poynting vector we can derive as in (196) oy = ; E2 along the direction of propagation. Hence in time ¢ (which is much longer than the time period T of the wave), the energy reaching the ball is 2 iyi mR° x 2 Ho 2 xt=S5k. Here E = E, cos kx cost From div E = 0 we get E,, = 0 so Eq isin the y~z plane. Also 28 n-VxE = - VeoskrxE,cos ot = FE, sinkx cost >. EE, >| so Be- sinkxsinwt = B,,sinkx sin wt >, En Where | Ba| = ame FE, 1 E, in the y-z plane. At t=0,B= 0, E = E_coskx At t= 1/4 B= 0, B= B,sinkx4.201 E- E, coskxwt o> RKE, . He sinkxsin ot (exactly as in 199) He So Bat - XE) 1 saps cinder wo 4 Thus S, =} eycE? sin2kxsin2ot (as —- = ee iG eC Em hee =0 Inside the condenser the peak electrical energy W, = 5 cy ly eR? md (d = separation between the plates, 7R? = area of each plate.). V = V,,sinot, V,, is the maximum voltage Changing electric field causes a displacement current ite = ae = t)E_ © cos wt £9 © Vn cos @t d This gives rise to a magnetic field B(r) ( at a radial distance r from the centre of the plate) B(r)-2nr = pg XP jag = po? 22 coswt B= $0005 Vn cos wt Energy associated with this field is 3B? 1, wo, 7 2 coe? =fa'r pp 7 g%Mo Ga anf Prdrxdx Vs cos? wt ox 1 = 7g te bMo Ad cos” wt Thus the maximum magnetic energy W, = sive (o peek *y2 Wm _ 1 2 oR 15 Hence WL} (tt) ese ‘The approximation are valid only if wR <R) The magnetic field is H = 2 Thus 2 S= =m V teu radially outward from the axis eg4ar This is the Poynting vector. Within the solenoid B = un and the rate of change of magnetic energy ye 2 (Ly 272 p21) @ woe R2NTT Wa = a; (Evers xR ‘) Hon? a R7UT where R = radius of cross section of the solenoid / = length. Also H = B/up = nI along the axis within the solenoid. By Faraday’s law, the induced electric field is Ey 2ur= xr? B= xr? pont or Ey= J uonir4.207 4.208 4.209 109 so at the edge Ey (R) = FugniR (circuital) Then S, = Eo H, (radially inward) and We = SoM TTRx22RI = pot? nR71IT as before, Given > 91 The electric field is as shown by the dashed lines (----—>-----). % The magnetic field is as shown O0oo°o (©) emerging out of the paper. S’= Ex H is parallel to the wires % and towards right. Hence source must be on the left. The electric field (----—>) and the magnetic field (H —>) are as shown. The electric field by Gauss’s theorem is like 5-4 r r, Integrating g-Aln 3 9 so Ae (> 11) oN "2 in 2 n v Then E~ rin 2 NX 4) n . . I Magnetic field is Ho = 5 The Poynting vector $ is along the Z axis and non zero between the two wires (r< 7 < 7) « The total power flux is n -f—" 2Qurdr =1V 7, 2uP In n As in the previous problem Vo cos wt Ip cos (wt - £5, = MOSM ayy,» Wes(or-o) 2 Qur rin— y Hence time averaged power flux ( along the z axis ) = > Vo [pcos110 4.210 4.211 4.212 \.213, 214 On using = Leos « Let 7” be along the z axis. Then Sin = Et.z Hiy-Ety Hix and Soy = Ex, Hoy-Ezy Hox Using the boundary condition Ey, = Ep, , Hy, = Hy, at the boundary (t = x or y) we see that Sin = Sane P+ [pT when if But Hence P=0. p-—t_ 2) Ane, 30 IP? = (e0%a)* cos? wt Zta? Thus << P>= (ewa?x b= £294 51x 10 w Ane 3¢ 2” xc Here 2 pe & ~~4a 1 Pm Ex tore - $F 2 2 2 Tous p-—1 (£4) 2. (4xe)° \ mR?) 3c Most of the radiation occurs when the moving particle is closest to the stationary particle. In that region, we can write R? = b? + v72? and apply the previous problem’s formula 1 2 (ge? dt Th AW = — = TS us ase m | (be4v2ry? (the integral can be taken between # © with little error.)4.215 4.216 lll Now f dt tf dx a (b?4v72? VI (b7 4x7)? 2vb?* 4 Hence, Aw 4 nqe * (Ane) 30°mvb> For the semicircular path on the right my? BeR —— = Bev ve R ev or ™ Be*R? Liv? = Thus KE. = T= 5my om : 1 2 fev? Power radiated = aa F( 2 ) Hence energy radiated = AW 2 12 (7) aR, _ Be*R® ” Exe 3c3| m2? | BeR” ~ 6egmic? AW Be* © 1078 So —-= = 2.06 x 10°”. T 7 3e9¢3m? (neglecting the change in v due to radiation, correct if AW/T << 1). mv v R= Then Integrating, T = Ty e~* 3neqmc® See Be* + is (1836 )* ‘~ 10° times Jess for an electron than for a proton so electrons radiate away their energy much faster in a magnetic field.112 4.217 4.218 P is a fixed point at a distance / from the equilibrium position of the particle, Because a 7 is still 1. For the first case y= 0 so t= 7/4 1 > a, to first order in = the distance between P and the instantaneous position of the particle ‘The corresponding retarded time is t’ = 47¢ Now V(t')=-0 (; ‘) 2 ol acosw(2-4) = - wasin® 47¢ ¢ For the second case y = a at ¢ = 0 so at the retarded time r’ = - Thus F(t") = ~ wPacos 2 The radiation fluxes in the two cases are proportional to (j" (1'))* so S, St. tan? 2! © 3.06 on substitution. 3, c Note : The radiation received at P at time t depends on the acceleration of the charge at the retarded time. Along the circle x = Rsinwt, y = Roost where @ = 5. If tis the parameter in x(t),y(¢) and 1 y 1” is the observer time then [we> P where we have neglected the effect of the y--cordinate Which is of second order. The observed cordinate are Us x'(t') = x(t), y(t") = y(t) The dy' _ dy | dt dy _-oRsinot | _-ox | -vx/R " dt’ ” dt'” a’ de vy 1 1- eR dy’ and oe ot dt' vw? vx(_v? ) 4 R?” Rl eR? R v2), Ww 2 3° 1-cR| eR 0-3] ) cR This is the observed acceleration.113 (b) Energy flow density of EM radiation S is proportional to the square of the y- projection dat’ (ee) (ey) be) 2 of the observed accéleration of the particle ( ic, 2) 4.219 We know that Sp(r) & 4, r At other angles $(r,0) « sin? 6=/, Thus $(7,0) = Sp(r)sin?@ = Sosin?6 So Average power radiated = Syx4ur?x? = SE sur? [en of sin? @ over whole sphere is 3) 4.220 From the previous problem. 8xSyr? ye or 5) = 22 °” Bart So 3P Thus = 2a © 8mer (Poynting flux vector is the energy contained is a box of unit cross section and length c). 4.221 The rotating dispole has moments Py = pcoswt, py = psinwt 2g! Thus pep 2 tp 2, 4n& 3¢ 6megc 4.222, If the electric field of the wave is . E = Ey coswt then this induces a dipole moment whose second derivative is a e cos wt Pt He diated p> - 2/2) 1 fence radiated mean power

= Go—->°3[ 9] x5114 4.223 4.224 On the other band the mean Poynting flux of the incident radiation is af 1 = ag 250 2 Thus P12 yp 2 xy ” 4meg 36°") | on to 2 - Be (22 6x\m For the elastically bound electron m}*+ mug r= eE,cos wt This equation has the particular integral (ie. neglecting the part which does not have the frequency of the impressed force) Eo (03-0) m =» ey coswt S re z soand 5; m o-oo cos wt Hence P = mean radiated power 2 _1 2 ew Lez Fre 3c°\ m(we-ar)} 2° The mean incident poynting flux is 2702 Thus P “a(S Let r = radius of the ball R = distance between the ball & the Sun (r< = 5Eo- () The sphere subtends a solid angle qt at the point source and therefore receives a total flux of me The area irradiated is : ane f sinoao = 2xR?(1-sina) = 2an(t-F) I rT 1-V1-(R/1P Thus <> - aR ee) 2n(1-cosa) = aaft- 0 Substituting we get = 50 lux.117 54 Luminance L is the light energy emitted per unit area of the emitting surface in a given direction per unit solid angle divided by cos 6. Luminosity M is simply energy emitted per unit area. Thus M~ fi-coso-da Where the integration must be in the forward hemisphere of the emitting surface (assuming Tight is being emitted in only one direction say outward direction of the surface.) But L = Locos@ mm ef 2 5.5 (a) Fora Lambert source L = Const The flux emitted into the cone is ® = LAScosadQ af} ° ocos’0-dQ = anf Locos” 0 sin 0d 0 = Zak 0 =zasf 2xcosasinada 0 = LAS n(1-cos*0) = LAS sin? (>) The luminosity is obtained from the previous formula for 0 = 90° M- 20-90) «ay 5.6 The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction OP is LScos6 and the illuminance at P is £80050 og LSH @e cos118 5.7 58 This is maximum when R=h and the maximum illuminance is LS _ 16x10 aR = 4 = 40 lux The iliaminance at P is 1(®) 10) cos* 0 Ep = cos 0 = (+h) K since this is constant at all x, we must have 0 1(@) cos? @ = const = Ip . or! (0) = Ig/cos? 0 h The luminous flux reaching the table is 9 Jo ® = wR’x— = 314 lumen - e a x P The illuminated area acts as a Lambert source of luminosity M = x where MS = pES = total reflected light Thus, the luminance taf ™ The equivalent luminous intensity in the direction making an angle 0 from the vertical is 15050 = PES cos and the illuminance at the point P is PES cos 0sin O/R? cosec? 0 = BES con O sin’ 0 x This is maximum when (cos 0 sin® 0) = ~sin‘ 0 +3 sin? 0 cos? = 0 or tan? = 3 => tan = V3 Then the maximum illuminance is 3V3 pES 16x R? This illuminance is obtained at a distance R cot = R/V3 from the ceiling. Substitution gives the value 0-21 lux39 119 From the definition of luminance, the energy emitted in the radial direction by an element dS of the surface of the dome is d® =LdsdQ Here L = constant. The solid angle dQ is given by q da = Geos 8 R 0 where dA is the area of an element on the plane illuminated by the radial light. Then de = LAS4A oo. R’ The illuminance at 0 is then 1 a am fh Ry: «ont frax- E ZA Sexe sinO0dOcosO0 = 2nL Jxax al . Consider an element of area dS at point P. It emits light of flux d@ = LdSdQcos® dA # sec” 0 = LdSdA ro =Lds +cos”@ cos* in the direction of the surface element dA at O. The total illuminance at O is then E - f Bento But dS = 2Qardr = 2xhtanOd(htan0) = 2n/? sec” Otan Od 0 a Substitution gives E= antf sin @ cos @d0 = xL 0 Consider an angular clement of area 2uxdx = 2nH tanOsec’0d0 Light emitted from this ring is d® = LdQ(2nK tan@sec’ 6d 8) «cos 0120 dAcos® W sec? 0 where dA = an clement of area of the table just below the untre of the illuminant. Then the illuminance at the element dA will be Now dQ-= Ona Eo » f rxrsinocosoao eso where . Finally using luminosity M = 1L 2 R Ey = Msin’a = M 0 TRE # 2 Im, or M = Eo[1+ 73] = 7001m/m? *[1 1x = 15 dimensionally }. m See the figure below. The light emitted by an element of the illuminant towards the point 0 under consideration is a® = LdSdQcos (a+) The element dS has the area dS = 2xR’sinada The distance 2 OA = [P+R-2hReos a] we also have OA h R sina sin(a+B) — sinB From the diagram hcosa-R OA h-Reosa OA IC we imagine a small area d= at O then dE cos B =dQ OA cos (a +B) = cos B = Hence, the illuminance at O is do f 2 si fe L2xRsinada121 The limit of a is a = 0 to that value for which a+ = 90°, for then light is emitted tangentially. Thus Thus e-f L2xRsinada A=Reos a) (heosa-R (+R? - 2h R cos a) we put y= +R-2hRoosa dy = 2hRsinada RoR (25) (" eo-a) 2h - 2nR? 4d. E ff coer SER z (hoa _ bank? f WR +y)0F-R-y) 8 R? ; y (h-R) : it _ ak RE) 4g. xe [_@Re_yT 4 y 4k y , \a-Ry a [ Ge +Ry - 07 -R?)- (P-R) +(h-RY | TL py 24 R242 42K?) « TLR = -2h +2R = ape" +2R +2R°] a Substitution gives : E = -1lux 5.13 We see from the diagram that because of the law of reflection, the component of the incident unit vector é”along- changes sign on reflection while the component || to the mirror remains unchanged. Writing "= e+ 21 é where 2] = 7'(en’) Ge ewer) we see that the reflected unit vector is o = G2 = e270) Sy Ry122 5.14 5.15 5.16 We choose the unit vectors perpendicular to the mirror as the x, y,z axes in space. Then after reflection from the mirror with normal along x axis see AN aA a = e-21 (te) = -Kire, fre k where 1,4, & are the basic unit vectors. After a second reflection from the 2nd mirror say along y axis. e 2 -2 5 (je") = -e 1-4 hee k Finally after the third reflection = Set-ek o> e = -e, i-e j-ek=- e Let PQ be the surface of water and n be the R.I. of water. Let AO is the shaft of light with incident angle ©, andOB and OC are the reflected and refracted light rays at angles @, and 0, respectively (Fig.). From the figure 8, = 5-6, From the law of refraction at the interface PQ sin 0 sin 0; ee ee sin (a oa( Ea] sin 0, onn= + = tan 0, cos 8; Hence 0; = tan“'n Let two optical mediums of RI. n; and ny respectively be such that n, >”). In the case when angle of incidence is N 01 (Fig), from the law of refraction 1 Sin Oye, = mp @ ne Q In the case , when the angle of incidence is ®,, from the P 1, law of refraction at the interface of mediums 1 and 2 . ny sin 8, = msin @, ‘Gron But in accordance with the problem @, = (x/2-0;) £0, my sin @, = 1,cos 0, Q) Dividing Eqn (1) by (2) sini, 1 sin®, — cos Q; Vv or n= apy 8 e088 = a and sin @, = @) m _ cos 0, m ~ sin;5.17 5.18 123 So, a. ta. (Using 3) 2 on W-1 Thus a. m From the Fig. the sought lateral shift x = OM sin(0-B) =dsec B sin (0 - f) = d sec B (sin @ cos B - cos @ sin B) = d(sin 0 - cos @ tan B ) But from the law of refraction sinO = nsinB or, sing = S28 =, Vint sin? sin cease? and tang = —Si89 " Vn?-sin?0 sin® era) So, cos B = Thus += d(sn cos Ot) = {snd cond ry ~ asino|1-V ase | n? sin? 0 From the Fig. sinda « MP, _MNecos. a m OM ~ hsec(a+da) As da is very small, so MN cosa. _ MN cos’ das h seca, h o Similarly 2 do = MMos 0 Q) H From Eqns (1) and (2) da _ h'cosa hoos?@ da day or, A= ge 3 dO” heoso cota 40 ® From the law of refraction nsina = sin® @)124 5.20 sina = 128, 0, cosas ®) Differentiating Eqn.(A) da cos 8 neosada=cosOd@ or, Fh = OT (4) Using (4) in (3), we get 1. boos? @ Hw AEOS ) nos a , hos? 0 n” hos? ® . Hence ht! = = 2 eos 0 [ Using Eqn.(B) } st n?—sin?® (n?-sin?@) " 2 n The figure shows the passage of a monochromatic ray through the given prism, placed in air medium. From the figure, we have © = BiB, (a) and a = (a, +02) ~( B+ Br) a = (a, +a2)-0 @ From the Snell’s law sino = sin By or 4 = mB; (for small angles) 2) and sino, = nsin By or, ct = 7B; (for small angles) (6) From Eqns (1), (2) and (3), we get a = 1(Bi+B,)-8 So, a = n(8)-0 = (n-1)0 [Using Eqn.A] (a) In the general case, for the passage of a monochromatic ray through a prism as shown in the figure of the soln. of 5.19, a = (a,+0,)-0 qa) And from the Snell’s law, sina, = nsinB, or a, = sin~!(nsinB,) |? Similarly 2 = sin”! (nsin B,) = sin~? [nsin (0 - B,)] (As ©= 8, + By) Using (2) in (1) a= [ sin“? (resin By )+ sin“ (msin(@-B1)) ]-0S21 125 For @ to be minimum, ipo or, nos B, . ncos (6-f,) “0 Vi-n?sin?p, V1- n?sin?(0-6,) or cos?By ____ cos? (O- Bi) ’ (1-n?sin?B,) 1-1? sin?(-8,) or, 008? By (1-77 sin?(@- By )) = cos?(O~ By) (1—n7 sin? B) or, (1~sin?B,) (1-7 sin? (0 -By)) = (1 sin? (O-B,)) (1-7 sin? B, ) or, 1-n? sin? (0 - B, ) - sin” B, + sin” B, n” sin” ( 0 - 8, ) = 1-n?sin*B, - sin? (6 - B, ) + sin” B, n” sin? (0 - B, ) or, sin? (@ -B, )-n7sin?(@-B,) = sin?B,(1-n7) or, sin?(@-B,)(1-n7) = sin?B,(1-n7) or, 6-B, =f, or B; = 6/2 But Bi+B.= 8, so, PB, = 0/2 = B, which is the case of symmetric passage of ray. In the case of symmetric passage of ray a, = 02 = a’ (say) and B, = B, = B = 0/2 Thus the total deviation a = (a,;+0,)-0 a=2a'-@ oF But from the Snell’s law sina. = nsin B a+0 nsin® 2 2 So, sin In this case we have a+0 sin 222 ~ nsin® (ee soln. of 5.20) In our problem a = @ So, sin@ = nsin(0/2) or 2sin (8/2) cos (8/2) = nsin (0/2) Hence cos (0/2) = z or 0 = 2cos~!(n/2) = 83°, where n = 15126 5.22 5.23 5.24 In the case of minimum deviation oto 8 sin 239 = nsin So, a = asin | sin |= 37°, for n= 15 Passage of ray for grazing incidence and grazing imergence is the condition for maximum deviation (Fig.). From Fig. a= 1-0=2-20, (where 0,, is the critical angle) So, a = x-2sin(1/n) = 58°, for n = 15 = RI. of glass. The least deflection angle is given by the formula, 3 = 20-0, where a is the angle of incidence at first surface and 0 is the prism angle. Also from Snell’s law, 1, sina = nz sin (8/2), as the angle of refraction at first surface is equal to half the angle of prism for least deflection 15 2 sina = “sin (0/2) - 25 sin 30 5639 a = sin~ (5639) = 34-3259° Substituting in the above (1), we get, 5 = 865° so, or, From the Cauchy’s formula, and also experimentally the RI. of a medium depends upon the wavelength of the mochromatic ray ic. m = f(2). In the case of least deviation of a monochromatic ray the passage a prism, we have: - . 8 1 at nsin 5 = sin SS @) The above equation tales us that we have n = n (cL), so we may write dn An= "ha Q From Eqn. (1) , /@ 1.) a+ “4 dnsin} = 5008 Fo da Se cos 22 Ni dn 2 j= LAE or, dn 2 @ da asin ® 2 From Eqns (2) and (3) cos 248 An=— Aa5.25 127 Vi sin2(428) / 1-sin ( ; | 1-n?sin2& or, = An = ————~——-ha = ———,— Aa ( Using Eqn. 1.) Thus Fermat's principle : “ The actual path of propagation of light (trajectory of a light ray ) is the path which can be followed by light with in the lest time, in comparison with all other hypothetical paths between the same two points. ” “Above statement is the original wordings of Fermat ( A famous French scientist of 17th century)” Deduction of the law of refraction from Fermat’s principle : Let the plane S be the interface between medium 1 and medium 2 with the refractive indices nm, = ¢/y, and m = C/v2 Fig. (a). Assume, as usual, that m <2. Two points are given- one above the plane S (point A ), the other under plane S (point B ). The various distances are : AA, =h,, BB, = hy, A,B, = 1. We must find the path from A to B which can be covered by light faster than it can cover any other hypothetical path. Clearly, this path must consist of two straight lines, viz, AO in medium 1 and OB in medium 2; the point O in the plane S has to be found. First of all, it follows fom Fermat’s priniciple that the point O must lie on the intersection of S and a plane P, which is perpendicular to S and passes through A and B. Indeed, let us assume that this point does not lie in the plane P; let this be point O, in Fig. (b). Drop the perpendicular O, O, from O, onto P. Since A O, elo: Hence T= ph (HEL Ifl- (Because our convention makes f- ve for a concave mirror, we have to write ||.) Substitution gives I= 20 x 10% cd. For OQ, to be the image, the optical paths of all rays OAO, must be equal upto terms of leading order in A. Thus m, OA + AQ, = constant But, OP = |s|, O,P = |s'| and so OA = Vib + (s|+8" = |s| 454+ 3 Is O\A = Vi + (ls'| - 8 FIs’ | -8 + (neglecting products h” 8). Then R 2\s'] 2 mlsl+ mls] + md —mo+& Now (r-d +h =r 2 2 . hk or h 2rh or 8 3 Here r = CP. 2 (ny - ny n; Hence m|s| + my |s'| + =f ae nit "i = Constant Since this must hold for all h, we have mm mm is} * 1st"131 From our sign convention, s’ > 0, s < 0 so we get n ny mm s Ss r 5.30 All rays focusing at a point must have traversed the same optical path. Thus 7 renVPa Gea? anf ot (nf-a = Paw fa? or, WP? = (nf-x)P-[n(f-x) P= (nf-xtnf-nx) (nf-x—nftnx) = x(n-1) Qnf-(n+1)x) = 2n(n-1)fx-(n+1) (2-1) Thus, (a41)(n-1)2-2n(n-D fet? = 0 n(n-I fe Vr Q-1Pf?-n?? (wt) (0-1) 50, 7, eee EEO (n+ D@-D ati. Vie| 1 n-1f? Ray must move forward so xf for small r, so -sign. (Also x + 0 as r > 0) (x >f means ray turning back in the direction of incidence. (see Fig.) 2 Hence xe tL, Vi ete | n+1 n-1f? For the maximum value of r, 7 nei 1- ce A) n-1p 6 () because the expression under the radical sign must be non-negative, which gives the maximum value of r. Hence from Eqn. (A), Tmax = f V (n-1)/(n +1)132 5.31 As the given lense has significant thickness, the thin ense, formula cannote be used. For refraction at the front surface from the formula 7 ve = On simplifying we get, s’ = 30cm. Thus the image J’ produced by the front surface behaves as a virtual source for the rear surface at distance 25 cm from it, because the thickness of the lense is 5 cm. Again from the refraction formula at cerve surface won nan sy 3 -5 On simplifying, s’ = + 6-25 cm Thus we get a real image J at a distance 6-25 cm beyond the rear surface (Fig.). 5.32 (a) The formation of the image of a source S, placed at a distance u from the pole of the convex surface of plano-convex lens of thickness d is shown in the fig- ure, On applying the formula for refraction through spheri- cal surface, we get N BL 1k, (here my =n and n,=1) Paw vos 0! " ! $7 =a 2 lla Lln_@-)) on, F-p WR on = 5 Soy fa =) | on o76{h- aI < But in this case optical path of the light, corresponding to the distance v in the medium is v/n, so the magnification produced will be, p= 2-2 fe ad) 4 [n_ GD), _d@-) Eee ee aq sR. dR Substituting the values, we get magnification B = - 0-20. (>) If the transverse area of the object is A (assumed small), the area of the image is B”A. nD/4 s We shall assume that 72 > A. Then light falling on the Jens is : LA133 from the definition of luminance (See Eqn. (5.1c) of the book; here cos@ ~ 1 if D? << s* and dQ = as Then the illuminance of the image is La 2DA | BA = LitaDyae s Substitution gives 42 1x. 5.33 (a) Optical power of a thin lens of RI. n in a medium with RL 7 is given by : ® = (n- (a “m) @ From Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in air : &y = (n= (Rr “z) q Similarly from Eqn.(A), when the lens is placed in liquid : ®-(n-"0)(R-) @ Thus from Eqns (1) and (2) The second focal length, is given by fie > , Where 7! is the RIL of the medium in which it is placed. " no 85 f-g7 Sem (b) Optical power of a thin lens of RI. placed in a medium of RI. ny is given by : 1 © = (n- oF, zk “7 @) For a biconvex lens placed in air'medium from Eqn. (A) % = (n-1)( > ag) = EY @) where R is the radius of each curve surface of the lens Optical power of a spherical refractive surface is given by : n-n i ®) For the rear surface of the lens which divides air and glass medium ®- ® = nt (Here n is the RI. (2) of glass)134 5.34 (a) (a) Convex lens (b) Figure 5.5 (a) & (b) with lens Similarly for the front surface which divides wate- -nd glass medium ® = at . nate Hence the optical power of the given optical system -1on- 2n-M-1 n=1 n= | 2n-M © = 0+, = z From Eqns (1) and (4) bm 2n-m-1 (2n-m-1) ®" Dm-1) © ®"—ata-1y Focal length in air, f = 4 = 15cm and focal length in water = 32 = 20cm for mp = $. @) @ Clearly the media on the sides are different. The front focus F is the position of the object (virtual or real) for which the image is formated at infinity. The rear focus F’ is the position of the image (virtual or real) of the object at infinity. (a) Figures 5.7 (a) & (b). This geometrical construction ensines that the second of the equations (5.1g) is obeyed. (a) Convex lens (b) Concave lens (P is the object)5.35 5.36 135 (c) Figure (5.8) (a) & (b). Clearly, the important case is that when the rays (1) & (2) are not symmetric about the principal axis, otherwise the figure can be completed by reflection in the principal axis. Knowing one path we know the path of all rays connecting the two points. For a different object. We proceed as shown below, we use the fact that a ray incident at a given height above the optic centre suffers a definite deviation. The concave lens can be discussed similarly. Since the image is formed on the screen, it is real, so for a conversing lens object is in the incident side. Let s, ands, be the magnitudes of the object distance in the first and second case respectively. We have the lens formula ® In the first case from Eqn. (1) i 1 GD (=) f Similarly from Eqn.(1) in the second case toot hag. =a) ~ Gay fF 27 Tans 7 76 78™- Thus the sought distance Ax = s)-s, = 0-Smm ~ Alf?/(I-f?) The distance between the object and the image is 1. Let x = distance between the object and the lens. Then, since the image is real, we have in our convention, u = —x, v = [-x so 1,1 1 x I-x f or x(l-y= If or -xl+ f= 0 Solving we get the roots xa 5 [le vP- ay] (We must have I > 4f for real roots.) (a) If the distance between the two positions of the lens is AJ, then clearly Al = x)-x, = difference between roots = VP - 4if so pn Fett oom