ARMADA BOLIVIANA BOOK 23

ESCUELA DE IDIOMAS
BOLIVIA

GRAMMAR

L 1 PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS NOUN MODIFIERS

1. A participle is a verb form which can be used either in a verb phrase or as

an adjective. The present participle ends in –ING, The past participle ends
in –ED, D, T, -N, or, -EN

EXAMPLE:

The water which is boiling produces steam.

(present participle used in a verb phrase)

Boiling water produces steam.

(present participle used as an adjective)

2. In a participle noun combination, the noun receives the primary

stress (/), and the participle receives the secondary stress (/).

EXAMPLE:
/
We walked for a mile in the pouring RAIN.

REVIEW OF QUESTION – WORD QUESTIONS

Question-word questions are used to ask for specific information, such a

time, a name a location, or a reason.
They begin with one of the “question words” : who, whom, which, what,
whose, when, where, why and how.

EXAMPLE:
1. Where is the party?
2. Who’s invited?
3. How many people will be there?
4. What time does the entertainment start?
5. When are you going?

PRESENT AND PAST PARTICIPLES AS OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENTS

A present or past participle can be used after a direct object to modify the
direct object. The direct object and participle will follow the verbs:
- Catch
- Discover
- Find
- Keep
- Leave
NOTE: The verb CATCH does not ordinarily take a past participle as a
complement.
 1, A PRESENT PARTICIPLE is used when the direct objects PERFORMS
an action.

SUBJECT VERB DIRECT PRESENT

OBJECT PARTICIPLE

We found the other guests waiting for us.

2.A PAST PARTICIPLE participle is used when the direct objects

RECEIVES the action.

SUBJECT VERB DIRECT PAST

OBJECT PARTICIPLE

He kept his fear of heights hidden.

L 2
REVIEW OF THE IMPERATIVE FORM

The second person imperative is used to give commands, instruction and

directions. The simple form of the verb (the bare infinitive) is used. The
negative imperative is formed with DO NOT or DON’T.

(It’s not
necessary)
Answer the phone, please.
Don`t move the victim.
Go two blocks straight ahead.
(You)

USING THE IMPERATIVES TO GIVE DIRECTIONS

EXAMPLE:

A: Can you tell me how to get from the airport to the Business Center?
B: Go north on Third Street about three blocks.

USING THE IMPERATIVES TO GIVE INSTRUCTIONS

EXAMPLE:

A: What should I do if someone falls down the stairs?

B: Ask the victim if he is hurt.
Find out if he can move his fingers and toes.
Check his breathing and pulse.
Call an ambulance.
 ADVERB CLAUSES OF TIME

Adverb clauses of time show the chronological relationship of one action to

another. They usually modify the verb of the main clause but can also modify
the whole sentence.

1. Most follow the main clause and are not separated from it by a
comma.
EXAMPLE:
1. Please lock the door when you leave.

2. Others precede the main clause and are followed by a comma.

EXAMPLE:
,
1. When you leave please lock the door.

NOTE: If the ADVERB CLAUSE will be at the beginning, you need to use
a comma.

SKING ABOUT DEGREE WITH HOW + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB

How + adjective

How tall is he?

How well does he play the guitar?

How + adverb

Adverb clauses of time are introduced by the following conjuctions: as, after,
before, now that, until, when, while, whenever, since, as soon as.

TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE

EXPRESSED CLAUSE

SIMPLE SIMPLE PRESENT

PRESENT PRESENT/IMPERATIVE

We select the candy we want before we pull the

handle.
Don’t stop this procedure until the doctor comes.

TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE

EXPRESSED CLAUSE

SIMPLE PRESENT
PRESENT
PRESENT/IMPERATIVE PROGRESSIVE
Make some tea now that the water is boiling.
TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE
EXPRESSED CLAUSE

FUTURE/FUTURE SIMPLE PRESENT

FUTURE EQUIVALENT

I will eat as soon as Jhon arrives.

I plan to eat lunch after I wash the car.

TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE

EXPRESSED CLAUSE

PAST PROGRESSIVE SIMPLE PAST

PAST

He was waiting at the corner when the light turned

green.

TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE

EXPRESSED CLAUSE

PAST SIMPLE PAST PAST PROGRESSIVE

He played the guitar while she was dancing.

TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE

EXPRESSED CLAUSE

PAST PROGRESSIVE PAST PROGRESSIVE

PAST

Jhon was singing as (while) he was driving to

work.

TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE

EXPRESSED CLAUSE

PAST SIMPLE PAST SIMPLE PAST

Tom jumped when the drill sergeant yelled at him.

 TIME VERB IN MAIN VERB IN TIME CLAUSE
EXPRESSED CLAUSE

PRESENT PERFECT / SIMPLE PAST

PAST
PAST PERFECT
I haven’t talked to him since he came home.
I had forgotten Ellen until I ran across the book that
she had given me.

PRESENT GERUND AS NOUN MODIFIER

A gerund is a verbal noun ending in –ING, it can be used before

another noun to describe that noun’s purpose.

EXAMPLE:
A fishing boat = a boat for fishing.

In a gerund noun combination, the gerund receives the primary stress

(/) the other noun receives a weaker stress called third stress ( ).

EXAMPLE: /
Typing paper = Paper for typing.

L 3
PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE AND DIRECTIONS

PREPOSITION WHICH INDICATE PLACE OR LOCATION

At Beside Near Over

Above Between Next to Throughout
Among In On Under
Behind In back of On top of underneath
Below In front of Opposite
beneath inside outside

PREPOSITIONS WHICH INDICATE DIRECTIONS OF MOVEMENT

Around From On Through

As far as In Onto To
Away from Into Out (of) Toward(s)
down off Past up

THE SUFFIX –WARD

The suffix Ward(s) is used to form adjectives and adverbs which indicate a
direction in time or space.
EXAMPLE:
1. The wind is blowing from a nothward direction.
2. We will travel forward for the winter.
 THE SUFFIX –ERN

The suffix –ern indicates that something occurs in or is situated in a certain

direction. It is added to nouns to form adjectives.
EXAMPLE: (Notice that –ern is added to the direction words. The words are
used to describe a section of the country.

1. Niagra Falls is in the northeastern area of the United States on the

border with Canada.
2. The “Badlands” are miles and miles of dry hills without plants in the
northern part of the U.S.

INDIRECT SPEECH: REPORTED PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

When a statement or question in the present perfect progressive tense is

reported, two changes occur.

1. The tense of the verb changes from the present perfect progressive
to the past perfect progressive.
EX.
Jim said, Ann has been teaching French.
Jim said that Ann had been teaching French.
Jan asked, “Have you been working here long, Ed?
Jan asked Ed if he had been working here long.

2. First and second person pronouns change to the third person

(unless someone is reporting his own words)
EX.
Ken said, “I ‘ve been trying to lose weight”.
Ken told me that he had been trying to lose weight.

“I’ve been trying to reach you, Jan”

I told Jan I had been trying to reach her.

L 4
THE PREFIX PRE-

The prefix PRE- indicates an action or condition which happens or comes

before another action or condition. When a word begins with the same letters
as the prefix, a hyphen is usually placed before the word.

EXAMPLE:
1. This meat is cooked and ready to eat. It’s precooked.

A: Do we have to warm it before we serve it?

B: No, Jan it is preheated.
A: Is this a new car?
B: No, it’s preowned.
 USING SHOULD, OUGHT TO AND SHOULD HAVE
TO EXPRESS EXPECTANCY

SHOULD and OUGHT TO are used to express what we suppose is

happening now or will probably happen in the future.

EXAMPLE:
I mailed the package yesterday.
You should get it tomorrow.

We ordered dinner 20 minutes ago.

The waiter ought to be bringing our food soon.

SHOULD HAVE is used to express expectations about actions or

conditions in the past.

EXAMPLE:

The flight left Miami on Schedule.

It should have already landed in New York.

You shouldn’t have any trouble finding it.

REVIEW OF ADVERBS OF DEGREE

Advers of degree are used to emphasize or limit adjectives or other adverbs.

The following adverbs of degree are placed in front of the word they modify.

A little Entirely Much Scarcely

Absolutely Extremely Nearly So
Almost Fairly Only Somewhat
Awfully Far Quite Such a(n)
Barely Hardly Rather Too
completely just really very
One adverb of degree differs from these; Enough follows the adjective or
adverb it modifies.

EXAMPLES:
I thought the test was fairly easy.
Al found the exam extremely difficult.
He must not have studied hard enough.
The students did rather well on the test this morning.

SUFFIXES -ANCE /-ENCE

The suffixes –ance and –ence can be added to verbs to form nouns which
name and act, condition, or quality.

EXAMPLES:
Accept + ance = acceptance (The act of accepting)
exist + ence = existence (The condition of existing)
List of words with the suffixes ANCE / ENCE

SOME TIPS TO REMEMBER THE USING OF THESE SUFFIXES:

Words ending in -ance
If the word is formed from a verb that ends in -y, -ure, or -ear, then the
ending will be spelled -ance.
For example: alliance (from ally), endurance (from endure),
or appearance (from appear)
If the main part of the word (i.e. the bit before the ending) ends in a
‘hard’ c (pronounced like the c in cab) or a ‘hard’ g (pronounced like
the g in game), then the ending will be spelled -ance. For
example: elegance or significance.
If the noun is related to a verb ending in -ate, then the ending is likely to
be -ance, e.g. tolerance (from tolerate)

Here are some common nouns ending in -ance:

clearance; guidance; acceptance; relevance; ignorance; importance;
resemblance; instance; allowance; insurance; distance; substance;
maintenance; appliance; disturbance; assistance; nuisance; balance;
fragrance; circumstance; grievance; dominance; attendance.

Words ending in -ence

If the word is formed from a verb ending in -ere, then the ending will be
spelled -ence.
For example: reverence (from revere), adherence (from adhere),
or coherence (from cohere).
Note that the word perseverance is an exception to this rule!
If the main part of the word ends in a soft c (pronounced like the c in cell) or
a soft g (pronounced like the g in gin), then the ending will be -ence. For
example: adolescence or emergence.

Note that the word vengeance is an exception to this rule!

Here are some common nouns ending in -ence:
consequence; absence; convenience; preference; influence; presence;
innocence; difference; recurrence; audience; reference; essence; evidence;
affluence; insistence; sentence; coincidence; sequence; existence; silence;
conference; experience; patience; confidence.