Lecture: 32

Electrodynamics – I
Dr. Yogesh Kumar Choukiker

School of Electronics Science Engineering

Microwave and Photonics Division
VIT University, Vellore, India
Introduction
charges electrostatic fields
steady current magnetostatic fields
time-varying current electromagnetic fields (or
waves)
Time-varying current:
Electrostatics
1 Q1Q2 1 Q 1 Q
Coulomb’s Law F aR E a V 
4 0 R 2
4 0 R 2 R
4 0 R

Q
Gauss’s Law  D  dS   v   E 
0
V   E  dL  E  V
L

v
Poisson’s Eq.  V 
2
Laplace’s Eq.  2V  0
0
Magnetostatics

Biot - Savart’s Law dH 

I dL  a R
Ampere’s Law  H  dL  I enc
4R 2  H  J

Vector Potential
Gauss’s Law  B  dS  0    B  0  A  B  0 IdL
A
L
4R

Scalar Potential H  Vm   H  dL  Vm

Time-Varying Fields
Maxwell’s Equations
Electrodynamics
B
 E  
E  x, y , z , t   H  x, y , z , t  t
D
 H  J 
t
 D  
Faraday’s Law  B  0
The induced electro motive force (emf) Vemf in a closed circuit is equal to the time
rate of change of magnetic flux linkage by the circuit
d d m
Vemf    N
dt dt
The induced voltage acts in such a way as to oppose the flux producing it, hence
the negative sign. Electro motive force (emf) can be defined as voltage developed
by any source of electrical energy 2
Faraday’s Law
Electric field (Ee) is the force experienced by electric charges. Whereas
electric field due to other sources is termed as electro motive force produced
fields (Eemf or Ef)
The total field in a closed circuit, due to a
battery E = Ef + Ee

Ee – due to charge
Ef – due to chemical action inside battery

Taking closed loop integral of the field, we have

 E  dL   E
L L
f  dL   Ee  dL  0  IR
L

Inside the battery The battery generates the

P P force which drives the
Vemf   E f  dL    Ee  dL  IR electrons along the loop
3
N N
Faraday’s Law
Consider a circuit with single turn, N = 1. From which we can write the
induced voltage as d m
Vemf  
dt
LHS can be written as Vemf   E  dL
L
d m d
RHS can be written as     B  dS  m   B  dS
dt dt S S

Putting them together we have Faraday’s Law of induction

d
L E  dL   dt S B  dS
Applying Stoke’s theorem to LHS, we can get the differential form as
dB
 E  
dt 4
Type of EMF

Transformer EMF Motional EMF

Stationary Loop in a time – Time - Varying Loop area in

varying B - Field stationary B - Field

Time – varying Loop area in a time

– varying B - Field
5
Transformer EMF
EMF produced by a stationary conducting loop inside a time - varying magnetic
field

d
Vemf   (  E ) dS    B  dS
s
dt S

dB
 E  
dt

This forms the first Maxwell equation for time – varying fields

The work done in moving a charge along closed loop in a time – varying electric
field is due to the energy from the time – varying magnetic field
6
Motional EMF
EMF produced by a moving conducting loop inside a stationary magnetic field

The conducting loop consists of electric

charges, the force on them due to
magnetic field is

Fm  Q u  B
The motional Electric field is
Fm
Em 
Q
Equating the above two equations

Vemf   E  dL   u  B   dL
L L
7
Motional EMF
Force on the moving loop due to static magnetic field

Fm  Il  B

The induced voltage is

Vemf  uBl

But we have

Vemf   E  dL   u  B   dL
L L

Applying Stoke’s Theorem

  E m    u  B  8
Moving Loop in Time-Varying B-Field

The EMF produced by a moving loop inside a time – varying magnetic field can
be arrived from transformer and motional EMF terms defined in previous slides

B
Vemf   E  dL     dS   u  B   dL
L S
t L

Applying Stoke’s Theorem

B
 E      u  B 
t

9
Try This

10