@ Kdtl dk tfl ]lxts

]indtfy H`rk`rm

@kmré H`zik w`s hdrk ik @pric ����. ]fl puhcisflr is prdum td

rlcl`sl tfl prlslkt vdcunl ` glw wlljs hlgdrl tfl fukmrlmtf `kki-
 vlrs`ry dg fis hirtf,
hir tf, ik tfl fdpl
fdp l tf`t it wicc hrike rlklwlm iktlrlst
ik fis wdrj. ]fis vdcunl is `csd `ppl`rike tfl yl`r dg tfl sixtiltf
`kkivlrs`ry dg H`zik’s ml`tf `t tfl `el dg gdrty ik Kdvlnhlr ����.
Ufiaflvlr siml dg tfis c`ttlr m`tl l`af dg us w`s hdrk dk, wl a`k
nl`surl dur civls `e`ikst tfl tr`eia hrlvity `km `stdkisfike prd-
muativity dg tfis ndst eilm cigl, murike wfiaf H`zik wrdtl dvlr
�,��� `rtiacls ik tfl hrilg ffllk-yl`r ‖grdn tfl Cihlr`tidk td tfl
Kduvlccl W`eul’ plridm ik wfiaf fl wdrjlm.
Ylt mlspitl hlike hy g`r tfl ndst inpdrt`kt, prdmuativl `km
stinuc`tike Grlkaf ffcn aritia dg fis elklr`tidk, H`zik f`s sufllrlm
` g`tl ik ml`tf `s arulc `s fis prln`turl ml`tf itslcg. @p`rt grdn
fis g`ndus prdtéeé Gr`kådis ]rufl`ut,
]rufl`ut, wfd `h`kmdklm aritiaisn gdr
ffcnn`jike `km wfd milm tr`eia`ccy yduke ik turk, `km fis ‖plr-
sdk`c e`iks`ylr’ Éria Xdfnlr, dkl wducm hl f`rm prlsslm td imlktigy
n`ky `utfdrs dk wfdn H`zik f`s f`m ` (pdsitivl) ik﬈ulkal dvlr
tfl adursl dg tfl kdw slvlr`c elklr`tidks dg Grlkaf ffcn aritias td
f`vl pr`atislm tfl tr`ml sikal fis ml`tf. Kdt td nlktidk
nlktid k fis st`tus
`s ` rlcia witfdut rlclv`kal td tdm`y’s mlh`tls ik ffcn tfldry
tfldry..
]fis is surlcy mul ik p`rt td tfl lvlk wdrsl g`tl dg fis writ-
ikes. Ik Grlkaf, kd aritia`c lmitidk dg `ky p`rt dg fis wdrj lxists
dr f`s lvlr lxistlm. ]fl ffrst dg tfl gdur scin vdcunls adnprisike
fis hlst-jkdwk puhcia`tidk, ` adcclatidk dg sixty-gdur `rtiacls grdn
 ����� �����? �������� �������� ����‑����

lvlry st`el dg fis a`rllr witf tfl titcl  Pu  Pu’’lst-al qul cl aikén`4, w`s
puhcisflm ukmlr fis dwk suplrvisidk tfl ndktf dg fis ml`tf, witf
tfl ffk`c vdcunl `ppl`rike gdur yl`rs c`tlr ukmlr tfl suplrvisidk
dg O`aquls Xivlttl. H`zik `km fis lmitdrs tddj tfl dppdrtukity td
rlvisl `km `hrimel fis wdrj `km td ffx ` glw”hut g`r grdn `cc”dg
tfl lclnlkt`ry nist`jls gdukm ik tfl drieik`c puhcia`tidks, hut kd
aritia`c adnnlkt`ry dr lxpc`k`tdry kdtls f`vl lvlr hllk prdvimlm.
Ik tfl ffy-six yl`rs sikal tfis adcclatidk w`s adnpcltlm, kd
aritia`c lmitidk f`s hllk issulm, mlspitl rleuc`r s`cls `s ` adursl
tlxt. Ik g`at, ` sfdrt tfirtllk yl`rs `lr tfl gdurtf `km ffk`c vdcunl
 w`s issu
issulm
lm tfl adccl
adcclatidk
atidk sufllrlm tfl iekdn
iekdniky iky dg hli
hlikeke sc`sf
sc`sflmlm
`cndst ik f`cg `km rlmualm td ` sikecl vdcunl”lvlk `s tfl puhcisflr
sticc ac`ins tfl riefts td tlxts ik tfl adcclatidk wfiaf it f`s kdt jlpt
ik prikt gdr dvlr gdrty yl`rs. It is ik tfis nutic`tlm gdrn tf`t tfl
hddj is `v`ic`hcl tdm`y, ` vdcunl c`ajike jly lss`ys wfiaf f`vl kdw
p`sslm iktd virtu`c dhcividk ik Grlkaf. Qdnl dg tfdsl lss`ys a`k hl
gdukm ik tr`ksc`tidk ik tfl prlslkt vdcunl. Pu  Pu’’lst-al qul cl aikén`4 is
cl aikén`4
`aadnp`kilm ik Grlkaf hy ` sn`cc f`kmguc dg pdstfunduscy lmitlm
adcclatidks dk Ol`k Xlkdir, Drsdk Ulccls `km Af`rcil Af`pcik,
`cdke witf tfrll nisalcc`kils. Kdkl f`s `ky sdrt dg adnnlkt`ry
hlydkm ` hrilg prlg`al, `km tfly mim kdt hleik td `ppl`r uktic tfir-
tllk yl`rs `lr H`zik’s ml`tf. Ik n`ky a`sls, tfl tlxts `ppl`rike
ik tflsl lmitidks, hleikkike witf tfdsl prlp`rlm hy H`zik hlgdrl
fis ml`tf gdr ikacusidk ik Pu’ lst-al qul cl aikén`4 , wlrl `hrimelm dr
 Pu’lst-al
rlvislm vlrsidks dg wf`t fl drieik`ccy wrdtl. Dlk tflsl drieik`c
 vlrsidkss f`vl g`cclk
 vlrsidk g` cclk iktd dhcivid
dhcividkk ik
i k Grlkaf, `cdkesim
`c dkesimll kunlrdu
k unlrduss
siekiffa`kt tlxts wfiaf f`vl klvlr hllk rlpriktlm dr wlrl aut grdn
lst-al qul cl aikén`4 ik ����.
 Pu’lst-al
 Pu’
Nuaf dg H`zik’s vdcunikdus dutput w`s lpflnlr`c ik fis dwk
cigltinl: it w`s dkcy `lr H`zik’s ml`tf `km hy rl`mike  Pu’  Pu’lst-
lst-al
al
 qul cl aikén`4 tf`t Ol`k-Cua Edm`rm, gdr lx`npcl, misadvlrlm (`km
n`rvlcclm `t) tfl jly l`rcy tlxts, ikacumlm flrl, ‖Dktdcdey dg tfl
Rfdtder`pfia In`el’ (����) `km ‖]fl Qailkal Qailk al Gicn? Af`kal
Af`ka l Hl`uty’
(����)”`km tflk dkcy ik vlrsidks mifllrlkt grdn tfl drieik`c.

]fl f`ccn`rj dg tfl prlslkt lmitidk is tf`t it ikacumls dkcy tfl

drieik`c vlrsidks dg H`zik’s tlxts, `s tfly wlrl ffrst puhcisflm `km
hlgdrl `ky rlvisidk dr `hrimelnlkt hy tfl `utfdr dr fis pdstfundus
c
 � ���� �� ��� �����

lmitdrs. Ndst dg tfl lss`ys ik tfis vdcunl `rl `ppl`rike flrl ik tfis
drieik`c vlrsidk gdr tfl ffrst tinl sikal tflir ikiti`c puhcia`tidk”gdr
tfl ffrst tinl kdt dkcy ik Lkecisf hut `csd, ik kunlrdus ikst`kals
`km td tfl hlst dg tfl tr`ksc`tdr’s jkdwclmel, ik Grlkaf dr `ky dtflr
c`keu`el. @ctfduef ik alrt`ik a`sls tfl c`tlr rlvisidks ik Grlkaf
 wlrl `reu`hcy nikdr
nikdr,, ik dtflrs tfis is n`kiglstcy kdt tfl a`sl, `km
hy tfl tr`ksc`tdr’s adukt dkcy ffvl dg tfl twlkty-six tlxts ikacumlm
flrl f`vl lvlr hllk rlpriktlm ik Grlkaf ik tflir adnpcltl, drieik`c
gdrn (dkl dg tflsl ffvl, ‖Kd Qaript gdr Ndksilur Fucdt’, sufllrlm
` af`kel dg titcl). ]fl tlxts ik tfl prlslkt vdcunl `rl tfus tfl
 vlrsidks
 vlrsi dks dg H`zi
H`zik’s
k’s wri
writike
tikess wfia
wfiaff fis adkt
adktlnp
lnpdr`ri
dr`rils
ls rl`m `km
misausslm. @ky slridus `ppr`is`c dg H`zik’s vilws kllms td t`jl tflsl
drieik`c vlrsidks iktd `aadukt.
Dg tfl dtflr twlkty-dkl tlxts, slvlr`c `rl kdt rl`micy `v`ic`hcl,
f`vike klvlr hllk rlpriktlm ik Grlkaf dr f`vike hllk witfmr`wk
grdn tfl aurrlkt lmitidk dg  Pu Pu’’lst-al qul cl aikén`4 H`zik nlrelm,
aut mdwk `km rlvislm gdur dg tflsl tlxts ik ���� td arl`tl twd
adnpdsitl tlxts: tfl gdur drieik`cs `rl puhcisflm flrl, rlpriktlm
`km tr`ksc`tlm ik tfis gdrn gdr tfl ffrst tinl (`p`rt grdn tfl ����
puhcia`tidk hy tfl prlslkt tr`ksc`tdr dg tfl tlxt ‖Méadup`el’).
Hihcider`pfia`c ikgdrn`tidk gdr l`af tlxt a`k hl gdukm `t tfl lkm
dg l`af af`ptlr, eivike tfl ikiti`c titcl `km tfl m`tl `km pc`al
dg puhcia`tidk `cdke witf ikgdrn`tidk `hdut c`tlr rlpriktikes ik
Grlkaf `km ` hrilg ikmia`tidk dg wfltflr `km td wf`t lxtlkt tfl
tlxt tr`ksc`tlm flrl mifllrs grdn tflsl c`tlr rlpriktikes.
]fis lmitidk ikadrpdr`tls, ik dkl gdrn dr `kdtflr, lvlry tlxt
ikacumlm ik tfl tr`ksc`tdr’s ���� lmitidk dg Uf`t is Aikln`4 ]flsl
tlxts wlrl rlvislm gdr rlpuhcia`tidk flrl, ik p`rt td adkgdrn td
tfl klw dre`kisike prikaipcl dg usike dkcy drieik`c vlrsidks dg tfl
tlxts `km ik p`rt sinpcy td rlvisit tfl tr`ksc`tidk td pdcisf tfl prdsl,
a`st dut E`cciaisns `km `wjw`rm turks dg pfr`sl `km ffx tr`ksc`tidk
lrrdrs. Gdr tf`t rl`sdk `kydkl adnp`rike tfl vlrsidk dg `k lss`y ik
tfl prlslkt lmitidk witf tfl vlrsidk ikacumlm ik tfl ���� lmitidk dg
Uf`t is Aikln`4 sfducm hy kd nl`ks `ssunl tf`t lvlry mifllrlkal
hltwllk tfln is tfl rlsuct dg c`tlr af`kels n`ml td H`zik’s tlxt
ik Grlkaf hy its `utfdr dr fis pdstfundus lmitdrs. Acdsl lx`nik`-
tidk dg tfl rlsplativl vlrsidks ik Grlkaf is rlquirlm td n`jl suaf `
mltlrnik`tidk.
ci
 ����� �����? �������� �������� ����‑����

@ kunhlr dg dtflr nikdr iktlrvlktidks ik H`zik’s tlxts sfducm

hl kdtlm flrl, lsplai`ccy `s tfly `rl gdr tfl ndst p`rt ikvisihcl td
tfl rl`mlr. H`zik, ik tfl f`stl witf wfiaf fl wrdtl `s ` wdrjike
odurk`cist `km kd mduht witf fis f`km furryike td jllp up witf
tfl iml`s rukkike tfrduef fis fl`m, r`rlcy p`im nuaf `ttlktidk td
tfikes suaf `s pukatu`tidk dr p`r`er`pf hrl`js `km r`rlcy ig lvlr
f`m `k dppdrtukity td prddgrl`m fis wdrj. Ik `mmitidk, sdnl dg
tfl odurk`cs fl wrdtl gdr wlrl ruminlkt`ry `fl`irs, witfdut tfl
prdglssidk`c pr`atials `km cddj dg tdm`y’s plridmia`cs, `km dkl sus-
plats tf`t n`ky dg tfl cittcl `kdn`cils gdukm ik tflsl drieik`c tlxts
 wlrl mul td typists `km typlslttlrs wdrjike hlydkm fis adktrdc.
]fl tr`ksc`tdr f`s tfus t`jlk tfl cihlrty dg ikvisihcy adrrlatike
nikdr typder`pfia`c lrrdrs, nissplccikes, lrrdrs ik m`tike ffcns `km
tfl cijl `km dg hrl`jike sdnl lxtrlnlcy cdke p`r`er`pfs `s tfly
`ppl`r ik tfl drieik`c lmitidks iktd ndrl n`k`el`hcl clketf gdr tfl
rl`mlr. Ndrl slridus e`flls dk H`zik’s p`rt `rl kdtlm ik ` tr`ksc`tdr’s
kdtl, sfducm it hl dg `ky v`cul td safdc`rs td jkdw, gdr lx`npcl,
tf`t ik tfl lss`y ‖Méadup`el’ (tfl prikaip`c gdukm`tidk gdr tfl
adnpdsitl tlxt ‖]fl Lvdcutidk dg Gicn C`keu`el’
C`keu`el’ dg ����) H`zik mim
kdt jkdw ik wfiaf Qdvilt ffcn iadkia stdkl cidks g`nduscy risl up
ik rlvdct (` nist`jl tf`t w`s kdt adrrlatlm ik ����). Dtflr c`psls
ikvdcvike nlrl nisrlnlnhlrike dg ` p`rtiauc`r salkl ik ` ffcn
elklr`ccy p`ss witfdut adnnlkt: rl`mlrs sfducm aflaj H`zik’s
mlsariptidks `km `reunlkts `e`ikst tfl ffcns hlike misausslm.
Uritike ffcn odurk`cisn gdr innlmi`tl adksunptidk h`aj ik
����s `km ��s Gr`kal, H`zik `km fis lmitdrs glct cittcl kllm td mdau-
nlkt fis rlglrlkals dr sdurals dr td prdviml `ky ndrl tf`k tfl
Grlkaf rlcl`sl titcl dg tfl ffcns fl misaussls. Ik tfl prlslkt vdcunl,
l`af ffcn’s mirlatdr is imlktifflm `km ffcn titcls `rl eivlk dkal ik
tflir drieik`c c`keu`el `cdkesiml tflir st`km`rm Lkecisf titcl `km
m`tl dg rlcl`sl. ]flrl`lr, tfl ndrl adnndk dg tfl twd titcls is
uslm? tfl drieik`c ( Cl
 Cl Odur sl cævl ) dr tfl Lkecisf (]fl Xucls dg tfl
E`nl). Ik `k lfldrt td `vdim kllmclss acuttlr, fdwlvlr, ik tlxts wfiaf
daa`sidk`ccy rlsdrt td cdke cists dg ffcns kdt misausslm suhst`ktivlcy
ik tfl `rtiacl, suaf `s ‖Aikln`tia Xl`cisn `km tfl It`ci`k Qafddc dg
tfl Cihlr`tidk’ `km ‖Gdr `k Inpurl Aikln`? Ik Mlglkal dg @m`pt`-
tidk’, sdnl dg tfis ikgdrn`tidk is dnittlm. ]fis ikgdrn`tidk a`k hl
gdukm ik tfl ffcn titcl ikmlx.
cii
 � ���� �� ��� �����

]fl titcls dg hddjs, pc`ys `km `rtwdrjs rlglrlkalm hy H`zik

`rl eivlk ik Lkecisf dkcy, witf tfl `utfdr’s k`nl, usu`ccy dnittlm
hy H`zik, `mmlm. Girst k`nls, `csd usu`ccy dnittlm hy H`zik, f`vl
hllk `mmlm, witf tfl lxalptidk dg fistdria`c dr `rtistia ffeurls
(Qf`jlspl`rl, Ria`ssd) elklr`ccy rlglrrlm td tdm`y hy tflir c`st k`nl
dkcy. K`nl `km titcl ikmlxls `ppl`r `t tfl lkm dg tfl vdcunl.
]fl lss`y hy O`aquls @undkt `km tfl Ecdss`ry dg ]lrns `rl kdt
ikmlxlm.
Uitf rlsplat td tfl puhcia`tidks `km `utfdrs H`zik qudtls,
rlglrlkals dr p`r`pfr`sls witfdut mdaunlktike fis sdural, tfl
tr`ksc`tdr f`s `ttlnptlm td ffkm tflsl sdurals `km prdviml tfln ik
tr`ksc`tdr’s gddtkdtls. Uflk
Uflk it f`s kdt hllk
h llk pdssihcl td imlktigy suaf
` sdural, kd gddtkdtl `ppl`rs. Ikgdrn`tidk `hdut tflsl sdurals is
 wlcadnlm
 wlca dnlm gdr guturl lmitidks. Ik tfl iktrdmu
iktrdmuatdry
atdry lss`y hy O`a
O`aquls
quls
@undkt, tfl `utfdr sdnltinls qudtls tlxts hy H`zik wfiaf `rl
`v`ic`hcl
`v`ic`hcl ik Lkecisf tr`ksc`tidk ik dtflr vdcunls hut kdt tfl prlslkt
dkl. Ik suaf a`sls, tfl tr`ksc`tdr qudtls grdn tfl lxistike tr`ksc`-
tidk wflk it mdls kdt hltr`y H`zik’s nl`kike, hut dfllrs fis dwk
tr`ksc`tidk ikstl`m wflk it mdls hltr`y tfis nl`kike. Ik sdnl a`sls,
tfis a`k cl`m td qudtike ` p`rtiauc`r tr`ksc`tidk ik sdnl pc`als `km
kdt dtflrs.

Xl`mlrs wicc rln`rj `s tfly n`jl tflir w`y tfrduef H`zik’s tlxts
tf`t alrt`ik tlrns `ppl`r
`pp l`r ik a`pit`c clttlrs. ]flsl `rl uslm td rlglr
auridus rl`mlrs td ` Ecdss`ry dg ]lrns `t tfl adkacusidk dg tfis
 vdcunl. Qlvlr`c ecdss
ecdss`rils,
`rils, ik g`at, tfrll dg wfiaf aducm hl ndrl
`aaur`tlcy mlsarihlm `s hrilg tlrnikdcdeia`c lss`ys dk jly tlrns ik
H`zik?  méadup`el, ndkt`el `km  g`it , `km tfl v`ridus Lkecisf tlrns
uslm (`km kdt uslm) td rlkmlr tfln flrl. (]fl ffrst ecdss`ry mlffkls
` glw rlaurrike elklr`c ffcn dr auctur`c tlrns wfiaf n`y hl uk-
g`nici`r td sdnl rl`mlrs”`atu`city ffcn, @nlria`k adnlmy, hducl-
 v`rm tfl`trl, adnnlmi` mlcc’`rtl,
mlcc’`rtl, ffcn m’`rt 
m’`rt  `km
 `km r`pprdaflnlkt .).)
L`af dg tfl tlrns ik tfl Ecdss`ry `ppl`rs ik a`pit`c clttlrs tfl
ffrst tinl it `ppl`rs ik ` af`ptlr. ]flrl`lr it `ppl`rs ik rdn`k
typl dr, ig ` Grlkaf tlrn, ik it`cias. Ik tfl a`sl dg  g`it , wfiaf is tr`ks-
 g`it 
c`tlm v`riduscy tfrduefdut, mlplkmike dk tfl adktlxt, hy tfl tlrns
lvlkt, g`at, f`pplkike, mllm `km g`it `aadnpci, wfiaf `csd f`vl
lvlrym`y usls, tflsl tlrns `rl pc`alm ik a`pit`c clttlrs l`af tinl
ciii
 ����� �����? �������� �������� ����‑����

tfly `rl uslm td tr`ksc`tl  g`it , sd tf`t tfl rl`mlr a`k mistikeuisf
 wflk tflsl tlrns `rl uslm
u slm td tr`ksc`tl  g`it  grdn
  grdn tflir ndrl wdrj-
`m`y daaurrlkals.
Ik tfl Ecdss`ry dg ]lrns, rl`mlrs wicc ffkm misaussidk dg ` tlrn
gdukm tfrduefdut tflsl writikes wfiaf tfly n`y, fdwlvlr, klvlr
f`vl lkaduktlrlm hlgdrl? méadup`el. (Dr `hdut wfdsl nl`kike
tfly n`y ik tfl p`st f`vl hllk clm `str`y.) @t tfl s`nl tinl, tfl
Ecdss`ry `aadukts gdr tfl adnpcltl `hslkal ik tfis tr`ksc`tidk dg
H`zik’s writikes dg tfl wdrm lmitike, wfdsl pc`al flrl is elklr`ccy
t`jlk hy tfl tlrn `sslnhcy `s ` tr`ksc`tidk dg tfl Grlkaf ndkt`el.
@atike `csd `s tr`ksc`tdr dg O`aquls @undkt’s iktrdmuatdry lss`y
td tfl vdcunl, tfl tr`ksc`tdr gdccdws adkvlktidk`c us`el `km tr`ks-
c`tls ndkt`el `s lmitike. (]fl upplr-a`sl clttlrs uslm gdr ecdss`ry
tlrns ik H`zik’s tlxts `rl kdt uslm ik O`aquls @undkt’s lss`y.)
lss`y.)

]fis lmitidk dg H`zik’s writikes, cijl tfl tr`ksc`tdr’s ���� lmitidk

dg Uf`t is Aikln`4 , is n`ml pdssihcl hy A`k`m`’s adpyrieft c`ws,
ukmlr wfiaf ` wdrj elklr`ccy g`ccs iktd tfl puhcia mdn`ik ffy
yl`rs `lr `k `utfdr’s ml`tf. Uficl tfis uslm td hl tfl ukivlrs`c
adpyrieft tlrn wdrcmwiml, ik rlalkt mla`mls it f`s adnl ukmlr
ikarl`sikecy iktlksl `ss`uct hy c`rel adrpdr`tidks, hleikkike ik
tfl ffcn `km lktlrt`iknlkt husiklss. Ik nuaf dg tfl wdrcm, tfis
tlrn f`s ikarl`slm td ‖ml`tf pcus slvlkty yl`rs’ `km hlydkm. Gdr tfis
rl`sdk tfl prlslkt vdcunl is uk`v`ic`hcl, gdr lx`npcl, ik tfl \kitlm
Qt`tls, tfl \kitlm Jikemdn, tfl Lurdpl`k \kidk `km @ustr`ci`
`km a`k dkcy hl sdcm ik A`k`m`, O`p`k, Afik`, Ikmi`, Jdrl`, ]`iw`k,
Klw _l`c`km `km ` glw sn`cclr n`rjlts sa`ttlrlm tfrduefdut @si`,
@gria`, C`tik @nlria` `km tfl Nimmcl L`st.
Ik `mmitidk td tfl aurrlkt rlstriatidks dk tfl s`cl dg tfis vdcunl,
`t tfl tinl dg writike tflsl cikls A`k`m` `km tfl \kitlm Qt`tls `rl
rlkledti`tike tfl Kdrtf @nlria`k Grll ]r`ml @erllnlkt ( K@G]@)
`t tfl iksistlkal dg tfl \kitlm Qt`tls, witf cdum mln`kms gdr adpy-
rieft tlrn lxtlksidk hy tfl c`ttlr `s ` adkmitidk gdr ` klw `erllnlkt.
Ik `mmitidk, tfl kdw (tlnpdr`ricy4)
(tlnp dr`ricy4) sauttclm ]r`ks-R`
r`ks-R`aiffa
aiffa R`rtklr-
sfip (]RR) tr`ml ml`c, td wfiaf A`k`m` `km tfl \kitlm Qt`tls wlrl
siek`tdrils, wducm cijlcy f`vl ikacumlm adpyrieft tlrn lxtlksidks:
sfducm tfl `erllnlkt hl rlvivlm, `s is aurrlktcy hlike misausslm,
adpyrieft tlrn lxtlksidks ik A`k`m` `km tfl G`r L`st slln ndrl
civ
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cijlcy tf`k kdt. Ik tfl lvlkt tf`t litflr dg tflsl tr`ml ml`cs adkt`iks
` adpyrieft tlrn lxtlksidk ac`usl, tfl prlslkt lmitidk n`y wlcc hl
gdralm dfl tfl n`rjlt, `km ik tfl a`sl dg tfl ]RR tfl c`st rln`ikike
n`odr aduktrils witf tfl dkal-ukivlrs`c ffy-yl`r adpyrieft tlrn
 wducm hl f`uclm iktd tfl cdkelr-tlrn rleinl.
]fl tr`ksc`tdr hlcilvls tf`t tfl ffy-yl`r adpyrieft tlrn prlslkts
`k iml`c h`c`kal dg rl`mlrs’ `km `utfdrs’ riefts. F`m, gdr lx`npcl,
@kmré H`zik civlm uktic tfl `el dg slvlkty, ukmlr tfl slvlkty-yl`r
tlrn tfl writikes tr`ksc`tlm flrl, m`tike grdn tfl ����s `km ��s,
 wducm kdt f`vl adnl iktd tfl puhcia mdn`ik ik Lurdpl uktic ���� ��� �
`km ik tfl \kitlm Qt`tls lvlk c`tlr, wfiaf is td s`y ` alktury dr
ndrl `lr tfl tlxts wlrl writtlk. ]fl cdkelr adpyrieft tlrn adk-
mlnks rl`mlrs `km safdc`rs td tfl lxistike c`nlkt`hcl Lkecisf
tr`ksc`tidks dg H`zik gdr `k ukoustiff`hcl plridm dg tinl. Ruhcia
mdn`ik is tfl rl`sdk wl a`k w`cj iktd ` hddjstdrl `km ffkm ` afdial
dg lmitidks dg Qf`jlspl`rl, Miajlks `km H`cz`a, `km tfl rl`sdk ik-
kdv`tivl safdc`rs `km puhcisflrs a`k prdmual klw aritia`c lmitidks
`km iktlrprlt`tidks dg tflsl wdrjs? tfl c`w rladekisls kd rieft td
lxacusivl adktrdc dg tflsl wdrjs `lr ` alrt`ik plridm dg tinl f`s
lc`pslm. Lvlk
Lvlk ik ` rlc`tivlcy lxtrlnl a`sl suaf `s H`zik’s tr`eia ml`tf
`t tfl `el dg gdrty, cl`vike hlfikm ` yduke wimdw `km ` kikl-yl`r-
dcm aficm, ukmlr tfl ffy-yl`r systln O`kikl H`zik, wfd p`sslm `w`y
`t tfl `el dg liefty, wducm f`vl hlklfftlm grdn adpyrieft prdtla-
tidk dg flr c`tl fush`km’s wdrj gdr tfl mur`tidk dg flr cigltinl, `km
fis sdk Gcdrlkt uktic tfl `el dg sixty.

@t tfl s`nl tinl, witfdut adpyrieft prdtlatidk auctur`c prdmualrs

suaf `s tfl prlslkt tr`ksc`tdr wicc sinpcy al`sl td prdmual klw
 wdrj,
 wdr j, dr prdmual
prdmual wdrj
wdrj dg ikglr
ikglridr
idr qu`cit
qu`cityy dr `vdim
`vdim prdola
prdolats
ts ikvdcv
ikvdcvike
ike
` erl`t ml`c dg tinl `km lxplksl, suaf `s ` n`odr, `kkdt`tlm
`kkdt`tlm safdc`rcy
tr`ksc`tidk issulm ik ` wlcc-n`ml hdukm lmitidk. It wicc `pp`rlktcy
adnl `s ` surprisl td dtflrwisl iktlccielkt `km hilk plks`kt  pldpcl,
  pldpcl,
hut ik n`ky a`sls iktlcclatu`c prdplrty is kdt adrpdr`tl tfl hut
sinpcy tfl gruit dg auctur`c wdrjlrs’ iktlcclatu`c c`hdur `km tfl tddc
 wfiaf lk`hcls tfln td lksurl tflir c`h c`hdur
dur wicc hl rlnuklr`t
rlnuklr`tlm, lm,
ik lx`atcy tfl s`nl w`y `rtists, `rafitlats, er`pfia mlsieklrs, wlh
mlsieklrs, ffcnn`jlrs `km nusiai`ks `rl rlnuklr`tlm gdr tflir
c`hdur? hy n`rjltike tfl prdmuat dg tflir c`hdur ik `k dplk ladk-
cv
 ����� �����? �������� �������� ����‑����

dny wfiaf lkadur`els ikkdv`tidk. Auctur`c prdmuats wfiaf `rl

prdtlatlm ukmlr dur sdailty’s rucl dg c`w grdn hlike usurplm hy
tfdsl wfd f`m kd f`km ik i k tflir adkalptidk dr g`hria`tidk.
Ufy tfl rucl dg c`w `km tfl prlv`icike ndr`c adkalrk gdr tfl
 wlcg`rl dg auctu
auctur`c
r`c wdrjlrs `km tflir rieft td adktrdc tflir wdrj
`ppcy td tfl lktirl arl`tivl ac`ss lxalpt tfdsl wfd writl `km prd-
mual hddjs is ` adktr`miatidk witf kd pdssihcl ndr`ccy mlglksihcl
lxpc`k`tidk. (]d s`y kdtfike dg tfl cdt dg tfdsl wfdsl ndrl wdrj-
`m`y civlcifddm”pddrcy-p`im adktr`at adpy-lmitdrs, tr`ksc`tdrs
`km mlsieklrs: priktlrs’ `km puhcisflrs’ n`ku`c wdrjlrs `km dfial
st`fl”mlplkms dk s`cls rlvlkul grdn hddjs.) ]f`t ` c`aj dg rlsplat
gdr tflsl prikaipcls a`k dlk hl gdukm, `km ndst `eerlssivlcy sd,
`ndkest dtflr nlnhlrs dg dur sdailty’s prla`ridus arl`tivl ac`ss
is sinpcy hc`t`kt fypdarisy `km ` adkalrtlm `ss`uct dk writlrs `km
sn`cc puhcisflrs.
puhc isflrs. Udrsl,
Udrsl, tfly `rl hlike odiklm hy r`pimcy ikarl`s-
ike kunhlrs dg `npcy adnplks`tlm `a`mlnias `km prdglssidk`cs,
sdnl dg wfdn wdrj ik tfdsl gdrtrlssls dg priv`tislm jkdwclmel,
tfl lcitl @nlria`k priv`tl ukivlrsity, ik `eit`tike gdr tfl iml` tf`t
jkdwclmel”hut kdt tflir dwk”sfducm hl grll. g rll.

]fl priktike ndtig uslm tfrduefdut tfis hddj `s ` slatidk hrl`j

ik tfl tlxts `km dk tfl hddj’s titcl p`el, jkdwk `rdukm a`hddsl
`s tfl n`afikl-`el ﬈lur-ml-cis hut ik rl`city C`kstdk gdukmry drk`-
nlkt kd. ���, w`s prdmualm ik tfl l`rcy twlktiltf alktury hy tfl
C`kstdk ]ypl Adnp`ky dg Rlkksycv`ki`. ]fl adnp`ky w`s ` n`odr
gdral ik typder`pfy ik tfl twlktiltf alktury hlgdrl it wlkt dut dg
husiklss `km its stdaj w`s sdcm. Its drk`nlkts adcclatidk w`s n`ml
dg hr`ss pc`tls wfiaf f`vl nir`aucduscy survivlm v`ridus mis`stlrs,
ikacumike ` tsuk`ni dk Rrikal Lmw`rm Isc`km, A`k`m`, `lr tfl
adnp`ky’s stdaj w`s puraf`slm hy ` A`k`mi`k typl mlsieklr, tfl
c`tl Elr`cm Ei`np`. ]fl C`kstdk `rafivl drk`nlkt adcclatidk is
aurrlktcy `v`ic`hcl grdn tfl R�� typl gdukmry ik Hufl`cd, Klw Ydrj.

cvi