Optical links using

chains of optical
amplifiers

index

Chain of optical amplifiers, why?

Simple model for gain saturation in EDFAs
How does a chain of amplifiers work?
Linear regime
Saturated regime

1
 Chain of optical
amplifiers,
why?

Performance using one EDFA

H o ( f ) : matched filter
e 2  L
TX G + RX
PT PR
PN
1 0.98OSNR
GPR e 2L
 G  PT IMDD: P(e)  e
OSNR   2
PN PN
N0
PN  2   RB  2  2  N 0  RB In general:
2
N0  hf (G  1)nsp
P(e)  Fmod OSNR

GPR e 2L  G  PT e 2L  PT

OSNR   
PN 2hf (G  1)nsp RB 2hfnsp RB
4

2
 OSNR vs.L

 e 2L  PT   e 
OSNRdB  10  log10    PT  20    L  log10  
 2hfn R  dBm  2hfn R 
 sp B   sp B 
OSNRdB
PTdBm

 e 
 20    log10  
 2hfn R 
 sp B 

Maximum reachable distance using one EDFA

P(e)  BERmax 1 0.98OSNR

e  BERmax
2
e 2Lmax  PT  1 
OSNRmin  OSNR  1.02  ln    OSNRmin
 2  BERmax
2hfnsp RB


 1  e 2Lmax  PT
1.02  ln   
 2  BERmax  2hfnsp RB

 2hfnsp RB  1 
 2Lmax  ln  1.02  ln  
 PT  2  BERmax 
6

3
 Maximum reachable distance using one EDFA

 2hfnsp RB  1 
 2Lmax  ln  1.02  ln  
 P T  2  BER max 

1     
ln PT  ln 2.04  hfnsp RB  ln 
 1 
Lmax   
2 
   2  BERmax  

  0.11   dB 
PTdBm  4.34  ln PT
mW

1     1  
Lmax  1.04  PTdBm  4.54  ln 2.04  hfnsp BReqB  ln   
 dB    2  BERmax  

 dB 
hf : mJ  RB : Hz  dB :   Lmax km
 km 
7

Maximum reachable distance: Example

1     1  
Lmax  1.04  PTdBm  4.54  ln 2.04  hfnsp RB  ln   
 dB    2  BERmax  

Maximum distance scales linearly with power in dBm
Beq  RB  10 GHz 
Lmax  200  5.2  PTdBm
nsp  2
Lmax
BERmax  10 12
 dB 
 dB  0.2  
 km 
hf  1.28  10 16 mJ

PTdBm  10 dBm  Lmax  148.1 km

PTdBm
8

4
 How to reach larger distance?

Using only one EDFA at the end of the fiber link the signal power
decreases with the increasing of fiber length and so does the
OSNR. In order to reach larger distances we need to avoid the
signal and OSNR to go below a certain level

In-line EDFAs
TX …. RX
G1 Gi ... GN

In-Line EDFA: OSNR behavior

Signal
Power
[dBm] G G G

3N0
2N0 N0
Noise N0
Power G G
[dBm]
z
OSNR
[dB]

z
10

5
 Amplifier chain: System layout

Lspan1 Lspan2

TX G1 G2 G

1st span 2nd span (i-1)-th span

Lspani Lspan
M
Gi GM RX
optical
i-th span M-th span filter

M
L L
i 1
span, i

11

Equivalent scheme

2  eq Leq
e Ho ( f )
Geq Electrical
TX + RX
PT PR
PN Optical Filter

1 0.98OSNR 2 eq Leq

P(e)  e e G eq PT
OSNR 
2 PN

We want to evaluate the parameters of this scheme equivalent

to the multi-span in order to apply the formalism already
developed for the systems using a single optical amplifier

12

6
 Equivalent overall length, loss and gain

Overall link length

M
L   Lspan,i
i 1

Equivalent overall loss

 
   exp 2i Lspan,i  exp   2i Lspan,i 
M M
exp  2 eq Leq 
i 1   i 1  

Equivalent overall gain

M
Geq  Gi 1
i

13

Equivalent overall noise

PN  2hf G1  1RB nsp  Gi exp  2 i Lspan,i 

M

i 2

 2hf G2  1RB nsp  Gi exp  2 i Lspan,i 

M

i 3

 ... 
M  
 
M
 2hfRB nsp  Gi  1  G j exp  2 j Lspan, j 
i 1  j i 1 

M 
  M  M 

PN  2hfBR B nsp  Gi  1 exp   2 j Lspan, j   G j 
i 1 
  j i 1  j i 1 

14

7
 Periodical link (typical use case)
Lspan Lspan

TX G G G

1st span 2nd span (i-1)-th span

Lspan Lspan

G G RX
optical
i-th span M-th span filter

Lspan,i  Lspan i  1,...,M and i   i  1,...,M

Gi  G i  1,...,M  Geq  G M

L L
L  M  Lspan  Lspan  M 
M Lspan
15

Periodical link (typical use case)

 
exp  2 eq Leq  exp  M 2 Lspan  AM  
 eq   L  M  Lspan  Lspan 
L
M
M 
L
Lspan

M  M 
PN  2hfRB nsp  Gi  1AM i  G j  Ae
2Lspan
i 1  j i 1 

M  M  M
PN  2hfRB nsp  Gi  1AM i  G j   2hfRB nsp G  1 ( AG ) M i
i 1  j i 1  i 1

16

8
 Periodical link
(transparency conditions: G=1/A)

 Each span is made up of a fiber link of length L span and the

amplifier following the fiber.
 Each amplifier along the chain injects the same amount of
noise, because all amplifiers are identical. Its PSD is as usual
N0 /2 = 1/2 hf(G-1) nsp
 Noise from the i-th amplifier is attenuated due to loss in the
2  Lspan
(i+1)-th span. The attenuation is e.
Then it gets to the (i+1)-th amplifier and is re-amplified by

G e  
2  Lspan 1

17

Periodical link
(transparency conditions: G=1/A)
1
G
A
M

 AG  M
 PT PT
PN  2hfRB nsp G  1 ( AG ) M i 
OSNR   i 1

 M  2hfRB nsp G  1
PN PN

1 PT
OSNR 
G  1 M  2hfRB nsp
Lspan 1 PT
M 
L OSNR    2  Lspan
 
Lspan L e  1 2hfRB nsp
1  2  Lsp a n Lspan 1 PT
G e    dB

A L   Lspan 2hfRB nsp
10 10
1
18

9
 Signal and noise levels

 Plotting the signal and noise power levels sampled after

each amplifier, one can see how gradually noise
accumulates, whereas the signal remains constant.

Power level for signal:

i i

 e
 2 Lspan
Psi  Ps ( z ) z  i  L  G PT  PT
span
n 1 n 1

 Power level for noise:

PNi  i  2 N 0 RB
 OSNR
PT
OSNRi 
i  2 N 0 RB
19

Signal and noise levels

-3

P T  10 dBm 10

 dB  0.2 dB / km
Lspan  60 km -4 Ps Ps
10

nsp  2
RB  10 Gbit / s
-5 PN
Power [W]

Beq  10 GHz 10

Pn
-6
10

-7
10

-8
10
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200

Span index 20

10
 Periodical link
(transparency conditions: G=1/A)

Lspan 1 PT Lspan 1 PT
OSNR   2  Lspan Lmax   2 Lspan
L e  1 2hfRB nsp e  1 OSNRmin 2hfRB nsp

Given all the parameters, Lmax is a function of Lspan

Lmax
 0  Lspan
Lspan

The smaller is the span length the larger is the maximum

reachable distance given all the system parameters.
It means that the optimal amplification scheme is the one based
on the distributed amplification
1 1 PT
lim Lmax 
Lspan0 2   OSNRmin 2hfRB nsp
21

Periodical link :example

Lspan 1 PT
Lmax   2  Lspan

e  1 OSNRmin 2hfBeq nsp  1 
OSNRmin  1.02  ln  
 2  BERmax
Lspan 1 PT
  dB OSNRmin 2hfBeq nsp

 Lspan
10 10 1

PTdBm  10 dBm

 1 
Beq  RB  10 GHz OSNRmin  1.02  ln  12 
 2 10 
 27.5

nsp  2 (F  6 dB) 
10
Lspan 1 10 10
BER max  10 12 Lmax  0.2
Lspan 27.5 2 1.28 1016 1010  2
 dB  10 10
1
 dB  0.2  
 km  Lmax  710 
L span

hf  1.28 10 16 mJ 

0.2
Lspan
10 10
1
22

11
 Periodical link :example
L
Lmax  710 
span
Lmax 10
0.02 Lspan
1

PTdBm  10 dBm

Beq  RB  10 GHz 
nsp  2
BERmax  10 12 2869

 dB 
 dB  0.2  
 km 
hf  1.28  10 16 mJ

Lspan
23

Lmax: single- vs. multi-span link

Single-span
Lmax 
1.04
 dB
 PTdBm 
4.54
 dB

 ln 2.04  hfnsp Beq  0.17  OSNRmin,dB
 dB

dB units

Multi-span
Lspan 1 PT
Lmax   dB
 Lspan OSNRmin 2hfBeq nsp
10 10 1

Linear units
24

12
 Simple model for gain
saturation in EDFAs

EDFA physical structure

An EDFA is a relatively short span of fiber (10-100m)

at,instead of attenuating, amplifies light, thanks to the
presence of Erbium in its core.
Input Output
Signal Signal
Z=0 Erbium-Doped Fiber Z=LF Fiber
Fiber

Laser Laser

Pump Pump
(co-propagating) (counter-propagating)
26

13
 Physical mechanism

Erbium ion energy level Gain is obtained by

“pumping” , i.e. by sending
light at high power, at
either 1480 or 980 nm.
980 nm Erbium atoms absorb the
1520 nm
pump light and produce
1480 nm
1570 nm
usable gain between,
approximately, 1530 and
1600 nm.
27

EDFA: equations

Gain or attenuation in a waveguide are expressed

through the usual differential equation:
E
   z E
z
In conventional fibers ρ(z)<0 and, typically, it is a
constant:
 z    ,  0

so that E  z   Ez 0  e z  Ein  e z

28

14
 Expression of amplification

In EDFA, ρ(z)>0 and, in general, it is not a constant.

Solving the equation in this more general case:

g  
z

g z   
 z   E z   Ein  e 0
2
0
2
Looking at the power, rather than the electric field:
P 1 P
 g z Pz   g z   
z Pz  z

29

Expression of amplification

and for the EDFA: z z

 g    g  
Pz   P0  e 0
 Pin  e 0

If g(z) was a function of z only, and did not depend on

the power P(z), then the overall gain would simply
be: Lf

 g  
G0  e 0

and:  
Pout  P L f  G0 Pin

However, EDFAs saturate, i.e., G is a function of

Pin as well
30

15
 Typical saturation behavior

Pout G
G G0

G0 Pout  F Pin  G

Pin Pin

F
GP0   G0  lim GP0  G  lim GP0   1
Pin Pin  P0
P0 0 P0 

31

Gain Saturation

Starting from a complete physical model of the EDFA,

called Rate Equations model, assuming a constant
input power (CW) and neglecting all effects due to ASE
noise, a simple model for spatial gain saturation can be
derived:
P z  1
g z  
g0

z P z  1  P z 
Ps
where Ps is called the “amplifier saturation power”.
Clearly, if P(z) is small, then g(z)  go.
For P(z) to be small over the entire amplifier length, Pin
must be such that:
PG Pe  P
g0 L f
in 0 in s
32

16
 Gain Saturation

Otherwise the amplifier will start to “saturate”.

The result of saturation is that g(z)<g0 and so:

Pout  G  Pin Where: G  G0

To compute G we do the following:
P g 0 P( z ) P 1 g 0 P( z )
  
z 1  P( z ) z P( z )  1 1
  
Ps  P( z ) Ps 
 1 1
  dP  g 0 dz
 P( z ) Ps 
33

Gain Saturation

Then we integrate the right-hand side between 0 and Lf

and the left-hand side between Pin and Pout :

 1 1
Pout L
f
Pout Pout - Pin

Pin

 P ( z )
 dP   g 0 dz
Ps  0
ln
Pin

Ps
 g0 L f

But Pout/Pin=G so that taking the exp() of both sides:

 G - 1
Pout
 exp - Pin 
  exp g 0 L f 
Pin  Ps 

34

17
 Gain Saturation

 P -P 
Pout
 exp - out in   exp g 0 L f  
Pin  Ps 


G0 ̂ exp g 0 L f  Pout ̂ G  Pin

Pin Pout G 1
 G 1 
G  G0  e Ps
 G0  e Ps G

lim G  G0 lim G  1
Pin  0 Pin  

35

Alternative definition
of saturation power

A more convenient way to define the saturation power, and the

one most commonly used, is the minus 3 dB saturation power:
It is the input Pin-3dB or output power Pout-3dB at which the
amplifier gain G is: G = G0/2
G0
1
Pout3 dB 2

Ps G0
G0 Pout 3dB  2 
 G0 e 2  1    ln(2)
2 Ps  G0 

ln( 2) 0.69 1
Pout3dB  Ps  Ps  0.69 PS Pin3dB  0.69 Ps
 2   2   G0 
1   1     1
 G0   G0   2 
36

18
 Gain vs. Input Power

G 10
2

(G0 = 100)
G0/2

1
10

0
10
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Pin-3dB= 64 [mW], = -12[dBm] Pin [W]

37

Gain vs. Output Power

G 10

G0 = 100
G0/2

1
10

0
10
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Pout-3dB = 5 [dBm] = 3.2 [mW] Pout [W]

38

19
 Output Power vs. Input Power

1
10
Pout
[W] 0
10

-1
10

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Pin [W]
39

EDFA simple model and ASE noise

The amount of ASE noise at the output of the amplifier

can be found by:
-computing G as a function of Pin and Ps This is the overall
amount of noise over the
-applying the usual formula: EDFA equivalent noise
bandwidth Bamp

PN  2hf G  1nsp Bamp

Note that nsp is a function of Pin and Ps as well.

However, for good EDFAs, the dependance of nsp on Pin,
Ps is weak, so nsp can be assumed as a constant,
approximately.
40

20
 EDFA equivalent noise bandwidth

Sn ( f ) Sn ( f )

2N 0

f Bamp f

  1530 nm
f  196 THz

41

EDFA simple model and ASE noise

nx xˆ  n y yˆ

Pin G + Pout
P nx (t )  nIx (t )  jnQx (t )
 in G 1
G  G0  e Ps n y (t )  nIy (t )  jnQy (t )

PSD: Sn xI  Sn Qx  Sn yI  Sn Qy  2  2 hf G  1nsp
0 N 1

Beq  2hf G  1nsp Beq

N0 Independent
Noise power: PN  4  of Pin
2
42

21
 Steady state of EDFA chain

Let’s analyze the steady state of saturated EDFAs in a chain of

amplifiers. We will assume a uniform chain which means that
every span has the same loss A and that the EDFAs are all
identical (same Ps, same G0).

TX G1 …. Gi ... GN RX
A A A
In order to find the steady state of the saturated EDFAs we study
the evolution of the launched power from TX along the first spans
of the chain. The output power of the i-th amplifier is reduced
by a factor A because of attenuation and equalization filters. So
the input power of amplifier i+1 becomes:
Pin,i 1  A  Pout,i
43

Steady state of EDFA chain

Graphically this relation between Pin and Pout becomes:

Pin, i 1

Pin,i 1  A  Pout,i
Pout, i

We can also invert this relation and represent Pout versus Pin
Pout,i 1

Pin, i
44

22
 Steady state of EDFA chain

This trick allows us to superimpose this graph on the gain

characteristic of an EDFA:
Pout,i 1

Pin, i

45

Steady state of EDFA chain

Suppose to launch PTX at the beginning of the chain.
Because of attenuation Pin=(PTX·A) is the input power of
the first EDFA:

PTX

Pin,1 Pin, i
46

23
 Steady state of EDFA chain

On the characteristic we can find the corresponding output

power Pout,1 due to Pin,1 and the gain of the amplifier.

Pout,i 1

Pout,1

PTX

Pin,1 Pin, i

47

Steady state of EDFA chain

But, again, Pout,1 is attenuated during propagation and Pin,1 enters the
second amplifier. At the output of the third amplifier Pout,2 is launched.

Pout,i 1

Pout,2
Pout,1

PTX

Pin, i
Pin,1 Pin,2
48

24
 Steady state of EDFA chain
This behavior continues until the intersection of the two characteristics is
reached. The intersection exists because of the saturation of the EDFA
provided that the loss of a single span does not exceed the small signal
gain of the amplifier
Pout
Pout,

Pin, Pin
49

Steady state of EDFA chain

Pout, i

PTX  Pout,

PTX  Pout,

PTX  Pout,

EDFA
number
50

25
 Steady state of EDFA chain
In the first spans, where we supposed to launch a small PTX, the EDFAs
amplify much more than A-1 so the power starts to rise along the chain
(suppose, for example, to observe the input power of each EDFA). But,
since the EDFAs are subjected to saturation, the gain of the EDFAs starts
to decrease as, span after span, the input power rises. This happens
until the intersection of the two characteristics is reached. The
intersection represents the point where the amplifier compensates the
loss of the previous span exactly. So, after a certain number of spans,
every EDFA is subjected to the same input power Pout, and therefore
returns the output power Pout, . This means that, apart from the first
few spans, the status of all saturated EDFAs is well known. To avoid the
uncertainty of the first spans it is possible to bring the chain
immediately to steady-state just by launching Pout, from TX.
51

Steady state of EDFA chain

Note that the steady state is reached also if a power

larger than Pout, is launched. In this case during the first
spans the EDFAs are very saturated and amplify less than
A-1, so, span after span, the input power starts to
decrease until the intersection is reached.

52

26
 The chain does not work…

1/A > G0
Pout,i 1

G0 1/A

Pin, i

In this case, the power progressively decreseas reaching the null level

53

Chain Behavior

EDFA Saturation power Pout,

output
power

EDFA
Linear Saturated number

regime regime
(fixed gain) (fixed output power)

54

27
 Steady state of EDFA chain

Knowing the total span loss A=exp{-Lspan} and the

characteristics of the EDFA (G0 and PS), it is possible to
evaluate the steady state amplifier output power Pout,
of a saturated EDFA of the chain.
Pin
 G 1
G  G0  e Ps

We suppose at the steady state, the EDFAs recovers the

loss of the previous span exactly, i.e., A-1=G
It is true if we do not consider noise
Pin ,
A 
A 
1
 1 Pin,  1
A 1
 G0  e Ps  ln A  ln G0  1
Ps
55

Steady state of EDFA chain

 ln AG0  ln AG 

 ln A  ln G0 
Pin, 
A 1
1  Pin,   1
Ps  1 0 Ps
Ps 1 A A 1

ln AG0 
ln AG0 Ps
1
Pout,   Pin,  A1  P A 1

A1  1 1 A
s

Pout,3dB  ln(2) Ps  0.69  Ps

ln AG0 Pout,3dB

1
Pout,   1.44
1 A
56

28
 Steady state of EDFA chain

Pout, 
ln AG0 
1 1 perc
 1.44   G0 0%  perc  100%
Pout,3dB 1 A A 100

Pout, 
Pout, 3dB

perc
57

Steady state of EDFA chain

Note that the value of Pout, is completely

independent of the launched power at TX. Pout, 
depends only on A and on the characteristics of the
amplifier (G0 and Pout,-3dB).

Note also that this result is an approximation,

because the ASE noise is not taken into account in
the derivation. However, for all practical purposes,
the accuracy is very good.

58

29
 How does a chain of
amplifiers work?

System layout

Lspan1 Lspan2

TX G1 G2 G

1st span 2nd span (i-1)-th span

Lspani Lspan
M
Gi GM RX
optical
i-th span M-th span filter

60

30
 Equivalent scheme

We calculated performance of...

ER (t ) E A (t ) EF (t )
Geq Electrical
TX

exp  2 eq Leq 
+ RX
PN
Optical Filter
1 0.98OSNR
P(e)  e
2
2 eq Leq
PR e G eq PT
OSNR  
PN PN
Therefore we want to evaluate the parameters of this scheme
equivalent to the multi-span
61

Equivalent scheme
M
L   Lspan,i
i 1
 
   exp 2i Lspan,i  exp   2i Lspan,i 
M M
exp  2 eq Leq 
i 1    i 1 
M
Geq  G
i 1
i

PN  2hf G1  1Bamp nsp  Gi exp  2 i Lspan,i  2hf G2  1Bamp nsp  Gi exp  2 i Lspan,i  ... 
M M

i 2 i 3

 
 
M M
 2hfBamp nsp  Gi  1  G j exp  2 j Lspan, j  
i 1  j i 1 
M    M 
 M

 2hfBamp nsp  Gi  1 exp   2 j Lspan, j   G j 
i 1 
  j i 1  j i 1 


62

31
 Periodical link

If, as usual: Lspan,i  Lspan i  1,...,M and i   i  1,...,M

exp  2 eq Leq   exp  M 2 Lspan  AM

2Lspan
where Ae

M 

M 

PN  2hfBeq nsp  Gi  1A
i 1 
M i
 Gj 

 j  i 1 

63

Chain Behavior

EDFA Saturation power Pout,

output
power

EDFA
number
Linear Saturated
regime regime
(fixed gain) (fixed output power)

64

32
 Gi = G  i

In linear and saturated regime the gain is

the same for all the considered amplifiers,
therefore a further simplifications can be
done
Gi  G i  1,..., M

M 

M 

PN  2hfBampnsp  Gi  1A
i 1 
M i
 Gj  

 j  i 1 
M
 2hfBampnsp G  1  ( AG)
i 1
M i

65

How does a chain of

amplifiers work?
(Linear regime)

33
 Linear Regime (fixed gain and transparency condition)

1
Gi  G   i  1,...,M

exp  2Lspan 

  
exp  2 eq Leq  exp  M 2 Lspan   1
GM
M
Geq  G
i 1
i  GM

 G  1 G 
G M  i   M  2hfBeq G  1nsp
1
PN  2hfBeq nsp M i
i 1 
1
M
G M  PT
G 1 PT
OSNR  
M  2hf (G  1) Bampnsp M 2hf (G  1) Beq nsp
67

Linear Regime

If we consider to use a matched optical filter at the

receiver: Beq = Rb
1 PT 1 NT
OSNR  
M 2hf (G  1) Rb nsp M 2(G  1)nsp

L  dB
M  Lspan
Lspan G  10 10

Lspan NT
OSNR   dB
L Lsp a n
2  (10 10  1)nsp

68

34
 Linear Regime

1 0.98OSNR
OSNR 
Lspan
 dB
NT
P(e)  e
L
2(10 10
Lsp a n
 1)nsp
2

Lspan
 1.075  ln2  Pe  
NT
L  dB
Lsp a n
2(10 10  1)nsp

Given fiber loss and nsp

 dB
Lsp a n
1
 2 1.075  L  nsp  ln2  Pe
10 10
NT 
Lspan

69

Linear Regime: NT vs. Lspan

Given fiber loss and nsp and L

 dB
Lsp a n
1
 2 1.075  L  nsp  ln2  Pe
10 10
NT 
Lspan

Example: P(e)=10-9, dB=0.2 dB/km, nsp=1, L=6000 km

Lsp a n

10 50  1  ph 
N T  25.84 10   bit 
4

Lspan  

70

35
 Linear Regime: NT vs. Lspan
Lsp a n

10 50 1
N T  25.84  10 4 
Lspan

  ph 
NT log10  bit 
  

Lspan km
71

Linear Regime: NT vs. L

Given fiber loss and nsp and Lspan
  dB 
Lsp a n
  1
 L  2  1.075  nsp  ln2  Pe 
10 10
NT 
 Lspan 
 

Double power → Double distance

Example: P(e)=10-9, dB=0.2 dB/km, nsp=1, Lspan=50 km

N T  7.75  L
72

36
 Linear Regime: NT vs. L

N T  7.75  L

  ph 
NT log10  bit 
  

L km
73

Linear Regime: L vs. Lspan

Given fiber loss and nsp and NT

Lspan 
 NT 

L  
  2  1.075  nsp  ln2  Pe 
 dB
Lsp a n  
10 10 1

Example: P(e)=10-9, dB=0.2 dB/km, nsp=1, NT=10000 ph/bit

Lspan
L  232.2  Lsp a n
km
10 50
1

74

37
 Linear Regime: L vs. Lspan
Lspan
L  232.2  Lsp a n

10 50 1

L km

Lspan km
Decreasing the span length the maximum reachable distance increases
75

How does a chain of

amplifiers work?
(Saturated regime)

38
 The EDFA equivalent noise bandwidth

n(t )

Pin G + Pout
Sn ( f ) Sn ( f )

2N 0

f Beq, amp f
77

Saturated Regime (fixed total output power)

PN , i 1 PN , i

Gi-1 + Gi +
A  Pout,i  2
Pout,i 1 Pout,i

PN ,i  PN  2hf G  1nsp Beq, amp

Gi  G  i  1,...,M M
Geq  G
i 1
i  GM

At the end of the link after the optical filter with equivalent
bandwidth Beq:
1   AG M
M
PN  2hfBeq nsp G  1 
i 1
( AG ) M  i  2hfBeq nsp G  1
1  AG
78

39
 Saturated Regime (fixed total output power)

ln  AG0 Pout, 3dB

1
We impose PT  Pout,i  Pout,  i  1,..., M PT  Pout,  1.44
1 A
Transmitted power is set by EDFA’s
characteristics and span loss

Pout,i  Pout,i 1 AG  PN Pout,   Pout,  AG  PN

PN  2hf G  1nsp Beq, amp

Pout,   Pout,  AG  2nsphf G  1Beq, amp


Pout,   2nsphfBeq, amp  G Pout,  A  2nsphfBeq, amp 
79

Saturated Regime (fixed total output power)

ln AG0 Pout,3dB

1
Pout,   1.44
1 A


Pout,   2nsphfBeq, amp  G Pout,  A  2nsphfBeq, amp 

Pout,   2  nsp  h  f  Beq, amp

G
Pout,   A  2  nsp  h  f  Beq , amp

1   AG 
M  AG M  Pout,
PN  2hfBeq ,ampnsp G  1 OSNR 
1   AG 
M
1  AG
2hfRB n G  1
1  AG
sp

80

40
 Saturated regime:
performance estimate
Matched filter
 AG  M
 N out, 1 0.98OSNR
OSNR  P(e)  e
1   AG 
M
2  nsp  G  1 2
1  AG
 AG M  N out,
 1.075 ln 2 P(e)
1   AG 
M
2  G  1
1  AG

Same trade-off analyses

Pout,   2nsp hfBamp
G proposed for the linear
Pout,  A  2nsp hfBamp regime

A  exp  Lspan  (implicit formulas!)

ln  AG0 Pout, 3dB

L 1
M Pout,  1.44
Lspan 1 A
81

Saturated regime: example

P(e) = 10-9, dB = 0.2 dB/km,
NT = 10000 ph/bit for Lspan = 50 km
nsp = 1, G0 = 30 dB

 0.250 
 
Lspan  50 km  A  10  10 
 0.1
Pout, 3dB NT
N out, 3dB   
ln  AG0 Pout, 3dB
hfRB 1
1.44
1 A
10000  ph 
  905  
1.44
ln 0.110000  bit 
1  0.1

82

41
 Saturated regime: example

L km

Lspan km
 ph 
NT  
 bit 

Lspan km
83

42