4-Chromatic Dispersion PDF

Fiber
Chromatic
Dispersion
Wave Equation
In single mode optical fibers, neglecting nonlinearities and

polarization related effects, the optical field modal amplitude
propagates according to the following Wave Equation:
E
    E  j   E
z
E  , z   E  ,0  exp   z exp j  z

 E  ,0  H F  
OPTCOM – www.optcom.polito.it 2
1
Dispersion
 The transmitted field is:
ET (t )  sT (t )  e j 0 t  ET ( )  sT (  0 )
 The fiber transfer function has a locally flat absolute value:
H F ( )  ez ,   0  
 Since loss is just a constant (it does not depend on ω over the bandwidth of a
single channel) it cannot distort the signal and we neglect it.
 The phase of HF is a function of ω, proportional to z as well. HF is usually written
as:
 j ( ) z
H F ( , z)  e
where β(ω) is called “wavenumber” or “propagation constant”.
β(ω) is a rather smooth function of ω.
The received signal
 Let us write the transmitted field in the frequency domain:
ET ( )  ET (t )  sT ( )   (  0 )
 The field then goes through a span of fiber of length z. The receiver
field ER(ω) is just:
ER ( )  ET ( )  H F ( )  sT (  0 )  e j ( ) z
 Therefore, if we write:
ER (t )  sR (t )  e j 0t
ER ( )  sR (   0 )
then we have:
sR (  0 )  sT (  0 )  e j ( ) z
2
Series expansion of 
 To find the receiver field in time-domain, one needs to take the

inverse Fourier Transform:

ER (t )  1sR (  0 )  1 sT (  0 )  e  j ( ) z 
 This transform yields simple result in special cases.
One such case is the following:
β(ω) is almost linear over the bandwidth of the signal:
 ( )
 ( )   0  1 ( 0 )  (   0 )
 0   ( 0 )
ET ( )

1 
   0
0 
The effect of 1
 With this approximation, the inverse Fourier Transform yields:
 
ER (t )  1  sT (   0 )  e  j ( ) z  
 
 
 1  sT (   0 )  e  j 0 z  e  j1 (  0 ) z  
 
 
 e  j 0 z  1  sT (   0 )  e  j1 (  0 ) z  
 

  
 e  j 0 z  1  sT ( )  e  j1   z   (   0 ) 
 
 
 e  j 0 z  e j 0t  1  sT ( )  e  j1   z 
 
3
Phase delay
 The delay property of the Fourier Transform says that:

 
1 X ( )  e j   x(t   )
and therefore:
ER (t )  e j0t  e j 0 z  sT (t  1 z )
 The carrier term can be written:
  z 
j 0  t  0 
j 0 t  j 0 z j  0 t   0 z  0 
e e e e 

j 0 t  τ ph 
e
0  ( 0 )
where:  ph  z z is the so-called “phase delay”.
0 0
Phase velocity
 The “phase velocity” is readily found by looking at the speed of a

certain wavefront: j (0t   0 z ) j 0
e e
i.e.: 0t  0 z  0 with  0 a constant
 Then we can find the phase velocity by extracting z and then taking the
time-derivative:
( 0t   0 )
z
0
z  0
v ph  
t 0
 So the carrier wavefronts move forward at a speed:
v ph 
0 0
0   (0 )
4
Group Delay
 The modulating envelope sT (t  1 z ) has a different delay, called

group delay:

 g  1 z  z
  0
 The group velocity is found by looking at the propagation speed of ST.
 To “sit” on top of a propagating pulse we impose that its argument be a
constant:
sT (t  1 z )  sT (0 )
t  1 z  0
 By expliciting z and taking the time derivative:
z   t  0  1 
vg    
t t  1  1   0
Summary
 0 z  ( 0 ) z
Phase delay  ph  
0 0

Group delay  g  1 z  z
   0
0 0
Phase velocity v ph  
 0  ( 0 )
1 
Group velocity vg  1
1    0
5
The effect of Group and Phase Delay
 Therefore carrier and modulating envelope propagate with

different speeds, but the signal is not distorted because ST
does not change.
 Hence if β(ω) is locally linear, the pulse is not distorted

and there is no system penalty.
j0 ( t  ph )
ER (t )  e  sT (t   g )
Second derivative of propagation constant
 Another scenario is the following:

if β(ω) is not linear over the signal bandwidth, typically because the bit
rate is higher, the signal bandwidth is larger or β(ω) is less “linear”,
then we need to retain more terms of the series expansion of β(ω).
 ( )
linear approximation ET ( )
0 
6
Series expansion of  up to second order
 Let us assume that a good-enough approximation to β(ω) can be

obtained, over the signal bandwidth, by taking:
2 2
 ( )   0  1  (  0 )   (  0 ) 2 2 
2  2   0
 Therefore:

  j 0 z  j1 (  0 ) z
 j 2 (  0 ) 2 z 
ER (t )   sT (   0 )  e
1
e e 2 
 

j 0 t  j 0 z   j1 z
 j 2  2z 
e e   sT ( )  e
1
e 2 
 

  j 2  2z 
e j 0 t
e  j 0 z
  sT ( )  e 2    t  1 z 
1
 
The effect of 2
 Let us now call: 
  j 2  2z 
sR (t )   sT ( )  e 2 
1
 
so that we can write:
ER (t )  e j0t  e  j 0 z  sR (t  1 z )
j 0 ( t  ph )
e  sR (t   g )
 So, the result is similar to what one gets when 2=0, but the pulse shape has
changed.
 Except for a few special cases, the inverse transform:

  j 2  2z 
sR (t )   sT ( )  e 2 
1
cannot be analytically evaluated.
 
7
The effect of 2 on spectral slices
 What happens can be appreciated by writing the modulating pulse as

the sum of many narrow-band contributions:
N
2
sT (t )   sTi (t ) e jit
i  N
2
sT ( )
sT0 ( )
sT (  3 )
3
sT (  2 )
2
  0  
The effect of 2
 If the sTi are narrow enough, β(ω) can be approximated linearly over each sTi :
 ( )   (2 )  1 (2 )  (  2 )
ET ( )
 ( )   ( 2 )  1 ( 2 )  (   2 )
 ( )
 2 0 2 
i  0  i  
8
The calculations I
Adding the carrier frequency 0 we get:
N
2
sT (t )   sTi (t ) e ji t
i  N
2

N N
2 2
ET (t )  e j0t
  sTi (t ) e j i t
  sTi (t ) e jit
i  N i  N
2 2
where: i  0  i  
The calculations II
 So, taking the Fourier transform:

N N
2 2
ET ( )  sT (  0 )  s Ti (  0  i )  s Ti (  i )
i  N i  N
2 2
 Going through the fiber:

ER (t )  1 ET ( )  e j  ( ) z 
N
 
2
  1 sTi (  i )  e j  ( ) z
i  N
2
9
The calculations III
 In practice, for each spectral slice, centered at i , the 

curve is linearly approximated by:
 ( )   (i )  1 (i )  (  i )
 So for each spectral component we replace  with its locally
linear approximation:
N
 
2
ER (t )   1 sTi (  i )  e j  ( ) z
i  N
2
N
 
2
  1 sTi (  i )  e j  (i ) z  e j 1 (i )( i ) z
i  N
2
The calculations IV
 A little bit of tedious math ensues:

N
 
2
ER (t )   1  sTi ( )  e  j  (i ) z  e  j 1 (i ) z    (  i )
i  N
2
N
 
2
  e jit  e  j  (i ) z  1 sTi ( )  e  j 1 (i ) z
i  N
2
N
2
  e jit  e  j  (i ) z  sTi (t  1 (i ) z )
i  N
2
10
The results
 So we started out with: N

2
ET (t )   sTi (t ) e jit
i  N
2
 and we end up with:
N
2
 

ji t  i
ER (t )  sTi (t   gi ) e
where: i  N
2
 (i )
 g   g (i )  1 (i ) z      (i )  z
i i
i
 So each spectral “slice” (or component) of the signal has a
different group delay gi and a different phase delay i so
reconstruction at the end of the fiber is “out of synch”.
What dispersion does
 So dispersion alters the pulse by:

A) delaying each spectral “slice” sTi in a different way,
according to the “local” group delay.
B) adding a phase mismatch between each spectral
component.
 Effect (A) clearly spreads the pulse, while (B) adds up
further distortion.
 Problem for exercise: assume that β(ω) is in fact a straight
line all over the signal spectrum ( 2 =0) and show that the
previous result of propagation without distortion is re-
obtained
11
Group delay vs. 2
 In general, the actual β(ω) may need several terms to be

expressed properly. That is:
1 1 1
 ( )   0  1  (  0 )   2  (  0 )2   3  (  0 )3   4  (  0 ) 4
2 6 24
 However, in most cases it can expressed very accurately
over a large band just using three terms:
1
 ( )   0  1  (  0 )   2  (  0 ) 2
2
 We assume this is the case, for the time being.
The quadratic approximation
1
 ( )   0  1  (  0 )   2  (  0 ) 2
2
 2 0 2 
12
The effect of 2
 Using this assumption for β(ω), it is easy to compute the local

group delay of each spectral slice:
 g (i )   g (0 )   2  i  z

 It clearly shows that if β2 was equal to zero, all spectral slices
would arrive with the same delay and no distortion would occur.
 An identical result is found for the phase delay.
 The above formula can be clearly extended to any frequency:
 g ( )   g (0 )   2    0   z
 It shows that the group delay is just a linear function of ω, at
least as long as β2 is enough to express β(ω) accurately.
Summary: group delay

 Summary so far:
The fiber transfer function is: H F ( )  e  ( ) L  e j ( ) L
 What HF does can be determined by looking at β(ω) that can be expanded as:
1
 ( )   0  1  (  0 )   2  (  0 ) 2  ...
2
 The term  0   (0 ) causes a fixed phase-shift (given L).  Does not
distort the pulse!
 ( )
 The term: 1  causes a delay (basically, the fiber propagation
  0
delay) that is independent of frequency and scales linearly with L.
 g  1 0 L  Does not distort the pulse!

13
Summary: dispersion
2
 The term: 2  causes a frequency dependent delay that
 2   0
scales linearly with Z.
 g ( )   g (0 )   2  (  0 )  z  It distorts the pulse!!
 Note: clearly  g (0 ) is the “mean” pulse propagation delay and has no
importance
Group delay difference
Given two optical frequencies, the delay difference

between them, at the end of the fiber, is given by:
 g (2 )   g (0 )   2  (2  0 )  z
 g (1 )   g (0 )   2  (1  0 )  z
 g   g (2 )   g (1 )   2  (2  1 )  z   2    z
  g ( )
 g
1 0 2 Frequency
 g   2    z
14
Dispersion parameters
 Therefore, the critical parameter for fiber dispersion is 2

s s2
2 has dimension 
m  Hz m
 2
  s2 
 In practice, it is always expressed as:  2    ps    10
 27
 km   m 
 An alternative and equivalent definition of 2 is:
 2 ˆ
d
d
 g 
over 1 Km
From 2 to D
 Traditionally, dispersion is also given in terms of the parameter “D”.

The parameter D has a meaning similar to 2, but it is expressed as:
D   ps 

 nm km 
where “nm” refers to a λ interval, rather than an  or f interval as in
2.
 An equivalent definition of D is as follows:
D ˆ
d
 g 
d over 1 Km
 Therefore, the two quantities are related by:

d d d
D
d
d
g   
d  d
g  
d
 2
1 Km 1 Km
15
From 2 to D
The derivative of frequency vs. wavelength is:
2 c d 2 c 2 c
       2
d
 
 d d    
Therefore we get:
 ps   ps 2   2  c  c  km s 
D    2  km     2 
 nm  km         nm
At 1550 nm, the result is:
D  0.785   2
Group delay difference using D
When using D, it is much the same result, except

wavelengths replace frequencies:
 g (2 )   g (0 )  D  (2  0 )  z
 g (1 )   g (0 )  D  (1  0 )  z
 g   g (2 )   g (1 )  D  (2  1 )  z   2    z
  g ( )
 g
1 0 2 Frequency
 g  D    z
16
Numerical Example - I
 Let’s assume we want to transmit over 200 km of G.652

standard single-mode fiber, at 1550 nm, where D is
approximately 16 ps/(nm·km)
 Let’s assume we are transmitting NRZ at 10 Gbit/s.
 Let’s consider the “spectral slices” indicated in figure:
f  10 GHz
  0.08 nm
Numerical Example - II
 The group delay difference between the two considered

spectral slices is:
 ps 
 g  D  L    16   200 km  0.08 nm  256 ps
 nm  km 
 At 10 Gbit/s, the bit time-slot is about 100 ps
 An arrival time difference between major spectral components

of the pulse on the order of 2.56 times the bit rate means that
the pulse is unacceptably broadened!!
17
Where does dispersion come from?
Dispersion is due to both:

material properties
waveguide (index profile) properties
The two contributions approximately add up
The most widespread optical fiber in the world is the

so-called “standard single-mode fiber”
Its main features have been standardized by the ITU-T
as “G.652”
Other fibers exist, which will be dealt with later
Contributions to dispersion
20
Dtotal =
15
Dmaterial + Dwaveguide Dmaterial
G.652 fiber
10
D (ps/nm/km)
5
Dtotal
0
-5
Dwaveguide
-10
-15
ZD
-20
1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5
wavelength (microns)
18
Analytical solution for dispersion
 The output signal is obtained solving the following integral
  ( )
 j 2 0  2L 
1  
s R (t )   sT ( )  e 2

 
  2 ( 0 )
j  2L

1
s R (t )  sT ( )  e 2  e jt d
2

 The integral does not have, in general, analytical solutions.

 For the special case of an input Gaussian pulse, however, it can be solved.
Gaussian pulse
 (1  jc )  t 2 
sT (t )  AT  exp   
 2 T2 
sT (t )  t2
 exp  2

 arg sT (t ) t2
  2
AT  2 T  c 2 T
 1
exp    0.606
 2
t t
T T
19
Relationship with FWHM
The pulse width factor  T has a relationship with

another commonly used width factor, the FWHM:
FWHM
T   0.6  FWHM
2 ln( 2)
Keep in mind that the FWHM is measured on the pulse

power rather than the pulse amplitude
Chirp of optical signals
In optics, chirp is a phase/frequency modulation of

the optical signal
NO chirp E(t)
t
Same envelope of the

electromagnetic field
(proportional to the
square root of power)
Chirp E(t)
t
20
Dispersion and Gaussian pulse

 t2  
s R (t )  AR  exp  2   exp j R t 
 2 R 
 
AR 1
 Normalized
AT 4 (1  cZ )  Z2 2
distance
Z z
LD
R  T2
 1  cZ  2
Z 2 Dispersion
length
LD 
2
Km 
T
c rad 
 Z  t  1  cZ   c  Z 
2
1 Chirp
 R  t   arctan  
1  cZ  2 T2  1  cZ   Z 2  factor
2
2
 
Dispersion
 The pulse “standard deviation” is:
T  R  T  1  cZ 
2
input: output:  Z2
 If c = 0 :  R   T  1  z 2  22 T4   T  1  Z 2
 therefore:
a) the pulse width always grows.
b) the enlargement does not depend on the sign of the dispersion
c) for Z >> 1, i.e., z >> LD, the pulse spreads as:
R
1
T 2   z
d) the smaller  T , the bigger  R !!!
21
Output amplitude
AR

1 A
 R
A
 20  log10  R


  5  log10 (1  cZ ) 2  Z 2 
AT 4 (1  cZ )  Z
2 2 AT dB  AT 
AR
dB 4
AT
2
c  2
c  2
0
c  1 c  1
-2
-4
c0
-6
Z  0  2  0 Z  0  2  0
-8
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
OPTCOM – www.optcom.polito.it
Z 43
Normalized output width
R
 1  cZ 2  Z 2
T
R 6
T 5
4
c0
2
c  1 c  1
1
c  2 c  2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z
Z  0   2  0 OPTCOM – www.optcom.polito.it Z  0  2  0 44
22
(magnified)
R
5
T 2
4
3 1
2
0
1
1
2
0
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5
1 1.5 2 Z 45
How does chirp work?
c>0 Anomalous Dispersion

2 < 0 D>0 P
ideal t
fist(t) Red typical
shift t
Blue
shift
g P(t)
t
0 
23
Output phase and chirp
 Z  t  1  cZ   c  Z 
2
1 t2
 R  t   arctan 1  cZ   2    0 R  cR 2
2 2 T  1  cZ   Z
2 2 2 R
 
Therefore, the output chirp factor is:
cR  1  cZ  c  Z
Normalized Output Chirp Factor
cRnorm 
1  cZ   c  Z
1  cZ   Z 2
2
4 c  2
3
2
c  1
1
-1
c  1
-2
-3 c0
c  2 -4
-5
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z
24
Output Chirp Factor
c 1
8
c2
6
cR 4
2 c  2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Z 49
Gaussian pulse and dispersion
Dispersion induces pulse spreading (reduced peak level

and enlarged width) and chirping.
If c·2<0 up to certain distance there is a reduction of
pulse width.
As an exercise, evaluate the distance giving the
maximum reduction of pulse width.
If c=0:
R
AR
 5  log10  1  Z 2  cR  Z  1 Z 2
AT dB
T
If c=0 and Z>>1:
R
AR
 10  log10 Z Z
AT dB T
25
System Impact:
Simplified
Approach
System Impact: Simplified Approach
In the following we will use a simplified approach to

attack the problem of the system impact of dispersion
We will get an analytical expression for the “dispersion

limit”, i.e., a maximum distance that can be travelled
by the signal
The result is valid for NRZ signals with no chirp
26
Heuristic Criterion
 We will use the heuristic criterion that states that the eye
diagram becomes unacceptably distorted when the
differential group delay exceeds half of the bit time slot. So
for a functional system it must be:
TB 1
 g  
2 2 Br
 where TB is the bit time slot and Br is the bit rate.
The differential group delay between two

signal spectral components sperated by  is:
 g  D  L  
Using this formula together with the heuristic

criterion
1
 g 
2 Br
27
we then get:
1
 g  D  L   
2 Br
and solving for L:

1
L
2 D Br 
LMAX
The value of L that is found with the equal sign

is clearly the maximum propagation distance
that satisfies the inequality.
We call it dispersion limit LMAX
1
LMAX 
2 D Br 
28
Derivation - I
 Then, we have to define what  is. We want express it as a

function of the bit rate:
  const  Br
where const is an appropriate constant.
 However,  is a wavelength and Br is typically a frequency.
Therefore we have to derive an equivalent form of the
dispersion limit that makes use of a n rather than a 
 We use [nm] for wavelengths and THz for frequencies
 Given n, the signal spectral width in frequency, the
corresponding signal spectral width in wavelength is:
 2 [nm2 ]
 [nm]  103 n [THz]
c [m/s]
Derivation - II
At =1550 nm we get:
 [nm]  8  n [THz]
Then we set:
n  k  Br
where k is an appropriate coefficient to be

experimentally determined.
Putting the result into the heuristic formula we get:
1
L
16k D Br 2
29
LMAX
 Experiments have shown that the most suitable value for k, when
a good external modulator in LiNbO3 without chirp is used, and
with NRZ format, is approximately k =2/3
 Using this value and rounding to whole numbers:
1
L  LMAX 
10 D Br 2
 The same formula can be expressed as a function of  2:
1
L  LMAX 
8  2 Br2
Comments - I
LMAX is proportional to the inverse of the square of the

bit rate:
1
LMAX 
Br2
 Numerical example
 G.652 fiber, D=16 ps/nm/km @ 1550 nm
 B=2.5 Gbit/s  LMAX = 1000 km
 B=10 Gbit/s  LMAX = 62.5 km
30
Comments - II
 Therefore when upgrading a system from a bit rate Br to a

bit rate N·Br (per channel), the dispersion limit decreases
by a factor N2
 SONET/SDH
upgrades go as N=4
(0.622, 2.5, 10, 40 Gbit/s)
10 Gbit/s is 16 times more vulnerable than 2.5 Gbit/s
 Gigabit Ethernet
upgrades go as N=10
(0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 Gbit/s)
10 Gbit/s is 100 times more sensitive to dispersion
than 1 Gbit/s
Dispersion limits: results

Bit rate
[Gbit/s]
10
1 10 Gbit/s
D=1
2.5 Gbit/s
D=4
0
10 D=16
101 10
2 L [Km] 10
3
10
4
31
System Impact:
a more complex
approach
Qualitative effect
INPUT
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
OUTPUT
1 0 1 1 0 0 1
32
Received signal

Received amplitude
of the signal:
ER (t )  a
n 
n
 sR (t  nT )
Received
PR (t )  ER  t   ER  t   ER  t  
2 
power:
(without noise)

 a0  sR (t )  a  sR (t  nT ) 
2 2
Useful
term n
n0
n 
Quadratic
interference  
Linear
  a
n  m  n
n
 am  sR (t  nT )  sR (t  mT )
interference m 
Noiseless eye diagrams
Undistorted Distorted
NEO NEO
topt topt
Due to dispersion, intersymbol interference may occur, leading to a

decrease of the NEO
33
Peak distortion [optional]
NEO  1  d p   A
A
topt
NEO
d p  1
A
The effect on Gaussian pulses

 (1  jc )  t 2 
ET (t )   an  sT (t  nT )
n 
sT (t )  AT  exp  
 2 T2



 (1  jcR )  t 2 
ER (t )  a
n 
n
 sR (t  nT ) sR (t )  AR  exp 
 2 2
R



The following parameter takes into account the

overall dispersive propagation effects
T T
 
2 T  1  cZ   Z 2 2 R
2
34
Penalty curve
parametro f = 0
1
10
0
10
-1
10
QdB
deltasnr
-2
10
-3
10
-4
10
-5
10
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4
1/csi
1

Max distance curve (Rb=2.5 Gbit/s)
QdB max  3 dB
QdB max  1 dB
QdB max  3 dB
QdB max  1 dB
 T ps  
35
Max distance curve (Rb=10 Gbit/s)
QdB max  3 dB
QdB max  1 dB
 2  1 ps 2 / Km
QdB max  3 dB
QdB max  1 dB

T ps  
How to beat the limits?
 We have seen from the previous slides that at 10

Gbit/s, the dispersion limits are significant even for
optimized external modulation
 Many low cost systems (FDDI, Gigabit Ethernet, etc)
using large spectrum sources have maximum distances
that are always limited by dispersion effects
 One possible way is to use special low-dispersion fibers
 Another way is to use chirp to reduce the effects of
dispersion
 Yet another way is to use dispersion compensation
36
Accumulated dispersion
and
Dispersion compensation
Propagating a signal over a uniform span of fiber, we get:
E, z   E,0 H F  
What if we cascade different types of fiber?
TX RX
L1,D1 L2,D2 L3,D3 LN,DN
N
Ltot   Li
i 1
37
In the frequency domain we have
 
N
E  , Ltot  E  ,0   H Fi  
i 1
where
H Fi (, z )  e j 2 i ( ) Li
The equivalent and comprehensive transfer function is:
1 
N
N j    2 i Li  2
H Ftot ( )   H Fi    e
2  i 1 
i 1
N
What really matter is the accumulated dispersion   2 i Li
i 1
It is preferable to use the D parameter
 ps 
N
Dacc   Di Li  
 nm 
i 1
Dacc
D1L1
L1 L2 L3 L4 z
38
In fact, the general definition of accumulated

dispersion, valid for any dispersion law along the link,
is as follows:
L
Dacc   D( z ) dz  D  L
0
Of course, if N fibers are present, and dispersion is

constant over each fiber, one gets:
N
Dacc   Di Li
i 1
Dispersion: OSNR penalty
•Two variables
parametric run:
accumulated
dispersion
[ps/nm] and OSNR
[dB]
Ideal FG
EDFA varying introducing
power levels and dispersion
consequently from -2000 to
OSNR (noiseless) +2000 ps/nm
39
Dispersion: OSNR penalty
Q surface
Q contour plot
OSNR over RB=10GHz
OSNR plot @ Q=16.9 dB (BER=10E-12)
OSNR penalty [dB]
3
OSNR penalty
0
Dacc
40
Bathtub penalty plot: NRZ at 10 Gbit/s
OSNR Penalty [dB]
Eye 3
Eye 2
Eye 1 800 [ps/nm]
Dispersion [ps/nm]
NRZ at 10 Gbit/s: eye diagrams
Eye 1
Eye 2
Eye 3
D = 0 ps/nm – OSNR = 18.4 dB
D = 800 ps/nm – OSNR = 20.4 dB
D = 1280 ps/nm – OSNR = 22.4 dB
41
Bathtub penalty plot: RZ at 10 Gbit/s
OSNR Penalty [dB]
Eye 3
Eye 2
Eye 1
300 [ps/nm]
Dispersion [ps/nm]
RZ at 10 Gbit/s: eye diagrams
Eye 1
Eye 2
Eye 3
D = 0 ps/nm – OSNR = 15.9 dB
D = 310 ps/nm – OSNR = 17.9 dB
D = 500 ps/nm – OSNR = 19.9 dB
42
Bathtub penalty plot: NRZ and RZ at 10 Gbit/s
OSNR Penalty [dB]
300 [ps/nm]
800 [ps/nm]
Dispersion [ps/nm]
Bathtub penalty plot: NRZ at 40 Gbit/s

OSNR Penalty [dB]
45 [ps/nm]
Dispersion [ps/nm]
43
Bathtub penalty plot: NRZ at 10 and 40 Gbit/s
OSNR Penalty [dB]
45 [ps/nm]
800 [ps/nm]
Dispersion [ps/nm]
Bathtub penalty plot: RZ at 40 Gbit/s

OSNR Penalty [dB]
27 [ps/nm]
Dispersion [ps/nm]
44
NRZ tolerance at 40 Gbit/s
3dB
OSNR Penalty [dB]
tolerance:
+- 65 ps/nm
Dispersion [ps/nm]
DPSK tolerance at 40 Gbit/s
3dB
OSNR Penalty [dB]
tolerance:
+- 140 ps/nm
It is this good
only with
balanced
detector.
Otherwise
same as
NRZ/RZ!!!
Dispersion [ps/nm]
45
Results for optimized duobinary
15
NRZ
14 DB
13
OSNR [dB]
12
11
10
DPSK
9
6
65 140 230
Chromatic Dispersion, [ps/nm]
Dispersion compensation
Having shown that only the accumulated dispersion counts,

a countermeasure to the dispersion limit is to compensate
dispersion, using an opposite dispersion.
With zero dispersion accumulated there is no distortion,

the signal is fully recovered.
Dacc
D1L1
L1 L2 z
46
Dispersion Slope
Unfortunately the dispersion accumulated is different
for each wavelength.
In WDM system compensation can be perfect only for a
given wavelength.
Dacc
D1L1+D2L2
D1L1

D2L2
1 0 2
Dispersion Slope compensation
Special fibers can have also opposite dispersion slope,

so they can fully compensate over a broad band.
Dacc
D2L2
D1L1

D1L1+D2L2
1 0 2
47
Dispersion compensation methods
•Fiber with opposite D

•Sometime usign special fiber (DCF):
• high D, for shorter length
•Fiber grating
Dispersion management
D1  L1   D2  L2
D1, L1 D2, L2 D1, L1 D2, L2
Dacc
Dispersion Management. Basic idea:

Alternating lengths of fiber with opposite dispersion sign
with net zero accumulated dispersion at end of link.
48
Dispersion Slope
Due to the dispersion slope, different WDM channels

will “see” a different dispersion.
This may generate some penalty, because only those
channels close to the reference one are dispersion-
optimized
Dispersion for
the first channel
Dacc Dispersion for

the reference
channel
z
Dispersion for
the last channel
Dispersion slope compensation
In today ultra high capacity systems, dispersion slope is

managed by using
New fibers with low dispersion slope (like Truevave RS,
Reduced Slope)
Dispersion compensators with a dispersion slope opposite
to the dispersion slope of the fiber
Dispersion for
Dacc the first channel
Dispersion for
the reference
channel
z
Dispersion for
the last channel
49
Dispersion Shifted Fibers
 In standard fibers, waveguide dispersion is small, so that the total

dispersion zero (about 1300 nm) is close to the material dispersion zero,
at about 1250-1270 nm
 Using special designs, it is possible to make waveguide dispersion much
bigger and modify significantly through it the fiber dispersion zero.
 This technique is the principle on which DSF (Dispersion Shifted Fibers)
are based
n1 Index Profile
n2
Core
Cladding
Examples of Index Profiles
DSF
Fiber
SMF
Fiber
Other examples
50
DSF and DFF
20
15
Standard fiber Dispersion
10 flattened fiber
D (ps/nm/km)
-5
-10
Dispersion
-15 shifted fiber
-20
1.25 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6 1.65
Wavelength (micron)
DSF/DFF limitations
DSF and DFF did not enjoy success

The reason is that they are good for single-channel but
unsuitable for WDM
When a WDM comb is transmitted on a low dispersion
fiber, non-linear effects and specifically Four-Wave-
Mixing (FWM) quickly destroy the signals
Therefore, in WDM systems, the problem of dispersion
cannot be solved through DSFs and DFFs
New fibers called NZ-DSF have been put on the market,
whose dispersion is significantly lower than SMFs, but
still large enough not to excite excessive FWM
51
NZ-DSF fibers
10
NZDSF
D (ps/nm-km)
5 SMF
(Lucent
TrueWave)
0
NZDSF
-5 DSF (Corning LS)
1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6

 (m)
Standards
 Standard single mode fiber (SMF)

10
 ITU G.652
NZDSF
D ( ps/ nm- km)
SMF
 D=16 ps/nm/km a 1550 nm 5 ( Lucent
TrueWave )
 D=0 ps/nm/km a 1330 nm 0
NZDSF
 Dispersion Shifted Fiber (DSF) -5 DSF ( Corning LS)
 Standard ITU G.653
 D=0 ps/nm/km a 1550 nm 1.3 1.35 1.4 1.45 1.5 1.55 1.6
 ( m)
 Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted (DS) Fiber
 Non-zero NZ-DSF, Low-Shifted LS-DSF
 ITU G.655
 |D|= 4-6 ps/nm/km a 1550 nm
 DCF
 Special fiber for dispersion compensation
 High dispersion values, |D|=80-100 ps/nm/km
52

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Fiber

In single mode optical fibers, neglecting nonlinearities and

E  , z   E  ,0  exp   z exp j  z

 The transmitted field is:

The received signal

 Let us write the transmitted field in the frequency domain:

 To find the receiver field in time-domain, one needs to take the

The effect of 1

 With this approximation, the inverse Fourier Transform yields:

 The delay property of the Fourier Transform says that:

 The “phase velocity” is readily found by looking at the speed of a

 So the carrier wavefronts move forward at a speed:

 The modulating envelope sT (t  1 z ) has a different delay, called

 Therefore carrier and modulating envelope propagate with

 Hence if β(ω) is locally linear, the pulse is not distorted

Second derivative of propagation constant

 Another scenario is the following:

 Let us assume that a good-enough approximation to β(ω) can be

 What happens can be appreciated by writing the modulating pulse as

Adding the carrier frequency 0 we get:

 So, taking the Fourier transform:

 Going through the fiber:

 In practice, for each spectral slice, centered at i , the 

 A little bit of tedious math ensues:

 So we started out with: N

What dispersion does

 So dispersion alters the pulse by:

 In general, the actual β(ω) may need several terms to be

 We assume this is the case, for the time being.

The quadratic approximation

 Using this assumption for β(ω), it is easy to compute the local

 g (i )   g (0 )   2  i  z

Summary: group delay

 g  1 0 L  Does not distort the pulse!

scales linearly with Z.

 g ( )   g (0 )   2  (  0 )  z  It distorts the pulse!!

Group delay difference

Given two optical frequencies, the delay difference

 Therefore, the critical parameter for fiber dispersion is 2

 An alternative and equivalent definition of 2 is:

 Traditionally, dispersion is also given in terms of the parameter “D”.

 Therefore, the two quantities are related by:

The derivative of frequency vs. wavelength is:

Group delay difference using D

When using D, it is much the same result, except

 Let’s assume we want to transmit over 200 km of G.652

 The group delay difference between the two considered

 An arrival time difference between major spectral components

Dispersion is due to both:

The most widespread optical fiber in the world is the

 The output signal is obtained solving the following integral

 The integral does not have, in general, analytical solutions.

The pulse width factor  T has a relationship with

Keep in mind that the FWHM is measured on the pulse

Chirp of optical signals

In optics, chirp is a phase/frequency modulation of

Same envelope of the