EE 8703 - RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS

Dr.M. JOHN BOSCO, M.E. Ph.D

Asst. Prof., EEE Department,
St. Xavier’s Catholic College of Engineering,
Nagercoil
UNIT - I RENEWABLE ENERGY (RE) SOURCES
9
• Environmental consequences of fossil fuel use,
Importance of renewable sources of energy,
Sustainable Design and development, Types of
RE sources, Limitations of RE sources, Present
Indian and international energy scenario of
conventional and RE sources.
Energy Sources
Tar sand,
Oil Shale, Coal, 984
300 Billion
1047 Billion Billion
Barrels
Barrels Tons
Non Oil, 1047.7
RENEWABLE Billion
ENERGY Barrels
(Concentrated)

Gas,
5501.5
trillion
RENEWABLE
Set
ENERGY
(Distributed)
Energy Consumption & Utilization
 Fossil Fuel
• Fossil fuel – Hydrocarbon containing materials of biological
origin occurring within Earth’s crust that can be used as a
source of energy.
• All fossil fuels can be burned in air or with oxygen derived
from air to provide heat.

Types
 Coal,
 Petroleum,
 Natural gas,
 Oil shales,
 Tar sands.
 Coal Reservoir
• This is available in various form like peat,
ignite, bituminous and anthracite.
• Higher carbon content coal is equivalent to
higher energy content and is considered as
high quality coal.
• The total coal content reserved by the whole
world is estimated as 984x109 tons.
 Oil Reservoir
• It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbon and
inorganic elements like sulphur, oxygen and
nitrogen.
• The crude oil is refined to get various liquid
products like petrol, diesel, kerosene and
some solid materials like nylon, paints,
plastics, tar, wax and so on.
• The crude oil reserved by the whole world is
estimated as 1047.7x109 barrels.
 Natural Gas Reservoir
• The principal component of natural gas is
methane.
• It is found along with crude oil.
• The natural gas reserved by the whole world is
5501.5 trillion standard cubic feet.
Tar Sands and Oil Shale Reservoir
• It is available in the form of semisolid / solid
form of petroleum combined with
hydrocarbon, which makes them more stable.
• Oil shale is a solid form of petroleum.
• The availability of oil shale in the whole world
is estimated as 1047x109 barrels and tar sand
is about 300x109 barrels.
 Environmental consequences of fossil
fuel
• Land degradation
• Water pollution
• Air Emissions
• Global warming pollution
• Ocean acidification
• Health Issues
 Characteristics of non-renewable
sources
• Operating cost:
– Hydro Power Plant - Rs.120 per kW
– Thermal Power Plant - Rs.305 per kW.
• Life:
– Hydro Power Plant - 100 to 125 Years
– Thermal Power Plant - 20 to25 Years.
• Machines used:
– Hydro Power Plant – 300 rpm to 400 rpm
– Thermal Power Plant – 3000 rpm to 4000 rpm
• Location:
– Hydro Power Plant – Hilly areas, Rivers
– Thermal Power Plant - Near to load centers
 Characteristics of non-renewable
sources – Cont…
• Peak Load:
– Hydro Power Plant – reaches 10 to 15 seconds
– Thermal Power Plant – Long time
• Efficiency:
– Hydro Power Plant – Does not change with age
– Thermal Power Plant – Reduces with age
• Capital Cost:
– Hydro Power Plant – More
– Thermal Power Plant – Less
 Characteristics of non-renewable
sources – Cont…
• Power Generation:
– Hydro Power Plant – Depends on water availability
(natural phenomenon of rain)
– Thermal Power Plant – Not depends on natural
phenomenon
• Additional Benefits:
– Hydro Power Plant – Fishery, Irrigation, Flood Control,
Drinking water supply.
– Thermal Power Plant – Only power generation
 Comparison of Renewable and non-Renewable Energy

Factors Renewable Energy Non Renewable Energy

Depletion cannot be depleted over time deplete over time
Environmental Most renewable resources Non-renewable energy has a
Impact have low carbon emissions comparatively higher carbon
and carbon footprint footprint and carbon emissions.
Cost The upfront cost of Non-renewable energy has a
renewable energy is high, but comparatively more expensive
the “fuel” is free cost – for implementation as well
as for “fuel.”

Maintenance Very high maintenance cost Comparatively low maintenance

Cost cost
Area Requires a large land/ Comparatively lower area
Requirements offshore area, especially for requirements
wind farms and solar farms
 Renewable Sources
• Wind energy: the energy obtained from the wind.
• Solar energy: the energy obtained from the sun.
• Hydraulic or hydroelectric energy: energy obtained from rivers
and other freshwater.
• Biomass and biogas: energy extracted from organic material
• Geothermal energy: heat energy from inside the Earth
• Tidal energy: energy obtained from the tides
• Wave energy: energy obtained from ocean waves
• Bioethanol: organic fuel suitable for vehicles and obtained from
fermentation of vegetation
• Biodiesel: organic fuel for vehicles, among other applications,
obtained from vegetable oils .
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC): is a process that can
produce electricity by using the temperature difference between
deep cold ocean water and warm tropical surface waters.
 Solar Energy
• Everyday earth is receives tremendous
amount of energy from the sun in the form of
light and heat which is called as solar energy.
Solar energy is limitless and is available at no
cost. This energy can be directly harvested by
the use of photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. It is
the everlasting clean energy source and the
power intercepted by the earth is about
1.8x1011 MW.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF SOLAR POWER

i. Land Use
Total land area requirements varies
depending on the technology, the topography
of the site, and the intensity of the solar
resource. Estimates for utility-scale PV systems
range from 3.5 to 10 acres per megawatt,
while estimates for CSP facilities are between
4 and 16.5 acres per megawatt.
ii. Water Use
 Solar PV cells do not use water for generating electricity.
However, as in all manufacturing processes, some water is
used to manufacture solar PV components.
 Concentrating solar thermal plants (CSP), like all thermal
electric plants, require water for cooling.
iii. Hazardous Materials
 Thin-film PV cells contain a number of more toxic
materials than those used in traditional silicon
photovoltaic cells, including gallium arsenide, copper-
indium-gallium-diselenide, and cadmium-telluride.
iv. Life-Cycle Global Warming Emissions
 Most estimates for concentrating solar power range from
0.08 to 0.2 pounds of carbon dioxide equivalent per
kilowatt-hour. This is far less than the lifecycle emission
rates for natural gas (0.6-2 lbs of CO2E/kWh) and coal (1.4-
3.6 lbs of CO2E/kWh) .
 Wind Energy

• Wind is generated due to two main factors.

The first is due to an uneven heating of the
earth’s surface by the sun and the next is due
to the rotation of earth with respect to
atmosphere and its motion around the sun.
Only 1% to 3% of the received solar energy is
converted to wind energy. The average wind
energy available in earth’s surface is estimated
as 1.6x107 MW..
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF WIND POWER

i. Land Use
 5 to 10 rotor diameters
 less than 1 acre per megawatt is disturbed
permanently
 less than 3.5 acres per megawatt are disturbed
temporarily
 30 and 141 acres per megawatt of power output
capacity
ii. Wildlife and Habitat
 The impact of wind turbines on wildlife, most
notably on birds and bats.
 A recent National Wind Coordinating Committee
(NWCC) research found evidence of bird and bat
deaths from collisions with wind turbines and due
to changes in air pressure caused by the spinning
turbines, as well as from habitat disruption.
 Wind farms located offshore will also impact fish
and other marine wildlife. Some studies suggest
that turbines may actually increase fish
populations by acting as artificial reefs.
iii. Public Health and Community
 Most of the sound generated by wind turbines is
aerodynamic, caused by the movement of turbine
blades through the air. There is also mechanical sound
generated by the turbine itself. Overall sound levels
depend on turbine design and wind speed.
 Under certain lighting conditions, wind turbines can
create an effect known as shadow flicker. This
annoyance can be minimized with careful sitting,
planting trees or installing window awnings, or
curtailing wind turbine operations when certain
lighting conditions exist.
 The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) requires
that large wind turbines, like all structures over 200
feet high, have white or red lights for aviation safety.
iv. Water Use
 There is no water impact associated with the operation
of wind turbines. As in all manufacturing processes,
some water is used to manufacture steel and cement
for wind turbines.
v. Life-Cycle Global Warming Emissions
 Most estimates of wind turbine life-cycle global
warming emissions are between 0.02 and 0.04 pounds
of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour. To put
this into context, estimates of life-cycle global warming
emissions for natural gas generated electricity are
between 0.6 and 2 pounds of carbon dioxide
equivalent per kilowatt-hour and estimates for coal-
generated electricity are 1.4 and 3.6 pounds of carbon
dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour.
 The Wind Resource
Classes of Wind Power Density at Heights of 10m and 50m
10 m (33 ft) 50 m (164 ft)
Wind Power Wind Power
Speed m/s Speed m/s
Wind Class Density Density
(mph) (mph)
(W/m^2) (W/m^2)
0 0 0 0
1 4.4
100 200 5.6 (12.5)
(9.8)
5.1 6.4
2 150 300
(11.5) (14.3)
5.6 7.0
3 200 400
(12.5) (15.7)
6.0 7.5
4 250 500
(13.4) (16.8)
6.4 8.0
5 300 600
(14.3) (17.9)
7.0 8.8
6 400 800
(15.7) (19.7)
9.4
7 1,000 2,000 11.9 (26.6)
(21.0)
 Geothermal Energy
• The most widely developed type of geothermal power
plant (known as hydrothermal plants) are located near
geologic “hot spots” where hot molten rock is close to the
earth’s crust and produces hot water. In other regions
enhanced geothermal systems (or hot dry rock
geothermal), which involve drilling into Earth’s surface to
reach deeper geothermal resources, can allow broader
access to geothermal energy.
• Geothermal plants also differ in terms of the
technology they use to convert the resource to electricity
(direct steam, flash, or binary) and the type of cooling
technology they use (water-cooled and air-cooled).
Environmental impacts will differ depending on the
conversion and cooling technology used.
 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF Geothermal Energy

i. Water Quality and Use

 Geothermal power plants can have impacts on both

water quality and consumption. Hot water pumped
from underground reservoirs often contains high
levels of sulfur, salt, and other minerals. Most
geothermal facilities have closed-loop water systems,
in which extracted water is pumped directly back into
the geothermal reservoir after it has been used for
heat or electricity production.
 1,700 and 4,000 gallons of water per megawatt-hour.
ii. Air Emissions

 The distinction between open- and closed-loop systems is

important with respect to air emissions. In closed-loop
systems, gases removed from the well are not exposed to the
atmosphere and are injected back into the ground after
giving up their heat, so air emissions are minimal. In contrast,
open-loop systems emit hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide,
ammonia, methane, and boron.
 Hydrogen sulfide changes into sulfur dioxide (SO2) cause
heart and lung disease, acid rain, which damages crops,
forests, and soils, and acidifies lakes and streams.
 SO2 emissions from geothermal plants are approximately 30
times lower per megawatt-hour than from coal plants.
 The mercury emissions, can be reduced by using mercury
filter technology. Scrubbers can reduce air emissions, but
they produce a watery sludge composed of the captured
materials, including sulfur, vanadium, silica compounds,
chlorides, arsenic, mercury, nickel, and other heavy metals.
 Biomass Energy
• Biomass refers to the mass of biological
material produced from the plants and
animals. Chemically, biomass refers to
hydrocarbon containing hydrogen, carbon and
oxygen. It is estimated that, 14% of the
world’s total energy requirements are
supplied by biomass energy. The energy
available in green wood is 8MJ/kg, 20MJ/kg in
dry plant matter, 55MJ/kg in methane,
27MJ/kg in coal.
 Biomass Energy Cont…
• In China biomass energy is 314 million tons per year
• crop raw takes 54%, forest takes 36%, manufacture waste takes
3%, animal waste takes 3%, household garbage takes 3% and
energy plant takes 1%.
Biomass Energy Cont…
 Tidal Energy
• Tide is a periodic rise and fall of the water
level of the sea. It occurs due to the attraction
and repulsion of sea water by sun and moon.
The minimum tidal wave height required for
power production is 4.6m. The world’s first
tidal electrical power plant is Rance tidal
power plant, which is installed in France in the
year 1965, with a capacity of 240MW.
Tidal Energy Cont…
 Tidal Energy Cont…

• Sihwa Lake Tidal Power Station, South Korea – 254MW

 Tidal Energy in India
• India has the potential of
around 12,455 Megawatt
• Locations identified at
Khambat & Kutch regions, and
large backwaters;
• Theoretical potential of wave
energy in India along the
country’s coast is estimated to
be about 40,000 MW.
• This includes about 7,000 MW
in the Gulf of Cambay in
Gujarat, 1,200 MW in the Gulf
of Kutch and 100 MW in the
Gangetic delta in the
Sunderbans region of West
Bengal.
 Wave Energy
• The first patent in wave energy happened in Paris in 1799. Monsieur
Girard and his son proposed using direct mechanical action to drive heavy
machinery, including mills, saws, and pumps.
• In 1910, Bochaux Praceique developed a device to light and power his
house in France.
• Some main areas for wave farms are Portugal, the United Kingdom,
Australia, and the United States.
• Portugal has the very first wave farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm. It's
about 3 miles offshore, north of Porto, and was designed to use 3 Pelamis
wave energy converters. It has an installed capacity of 2.25 MW, and was
officially opened in September, 2008.
• United Kingdom. In May, 2010, a wave farm (currently 66 machines) was
launched in Scotland. It allows 20 MW to be connected to it, but could go
up to 40 MW. It also could end up powering up to 7,500 households and
save around 300,000 tons of CO2 in the next 25 years.
• Australia have wave farms that are currently under development off the
West coast and near Portland, Victoria.
• United States The United States was to have a wave farm off of the West
coast by Oregon. The Reedsport farm was supposed to be installed in
2013, but due to legal and technical problems, the project came to a halt.
 Characteristics of Wave Energy
• Wave energy has a lot of potential.
• Oceans cover 71% of the Earth, so it's very accessible.
• The energy is green.
• Harnessing wave energy doesn't emit any harmful gases,
• The energy is renewable.
• For every meter of wave along the shore, the energy density is between 30 kW and
40 kW.
• The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) analyzed the potential, and for the U.S.
alone, there is a potential of about 2,640 TWh/y along the continental shelf edge.
• Wave energy is reliable. Solar always needs the Sun, and wind energy always needs
the wind to work. Since waves are essentially always in motion and are never
interrupted, it's a reliable source compared to others.
• As with wind farms being an eye-sore, wave energy could cause conflicts with
appearance of oceans, which in turn could conflict with tourism and local
acceptance.
• It is also currently unclear on how harvesting wave energy affects marine life.
• Installations on the coast and land facilities are held to higher restriction on size
and location for wave energy farms.
• Wave energy also has issues in terms of cost.
• The costs of wave power are still fairly high compared to other forms of technology.
• Wave energy devices also require regular maintenance which isn't cheap either.
Types of Wave Energy
Types of Wave Energy Cont…
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems
 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems

• Gross power output 1 MW

• Warm water temperature 29o C
• Cold water temperature 7o C
• Cold water intake 1000 m
• Cold water pipe (ID) 0.90 m
 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems
Power
Type of
S. No. Agency Year,Location Rating(kW) Cycle
plant
Gross Net
Shore
1. Claude (France) 1930,Cuba 22 - Open
based
Closed
2. Mini OTEC (US) 1979,Hawaii 53 18 Floating
(Rankine)
Closed
3. OTEC-1 (US) 1980,Hawaii 1MWe - Floating
(Rankine)
Closed Shore
4. Toshiba & TEPC (Japan) 1982,Nauru, 120 31.5
(Rankine) based
Shore
5. NELHA (US) 1992,Hawaii 210 100 Open
based
Closed
6. Saga University (Japan) 1984,Saga 75 - Lab model
(Rankine)

7. Saga University (Japan) 1995,Saga 9 - Closed (Uehara) Lab model

Closed
8. NELHA (US) 1996,Hawaii 50 - Floating
(Rankine)
Closed
9. NIOT, India 2000,Tuticorin 1000 - Floating
 Advantages of Renewable Energy
• Renewable energy won’t run out
• Maintenance requirements are lower
• Renewables save money
• Renewable energy has numerous health and
environmental benefits
• Renewables lower reliance on foreign energy
sources
• It is in different form
 Disadvantages of Renewable Energy
• Higher upfront cost
• Distributed
• Storage capabilities
• Geographic limitations
• The Electricity Generation Capacity is Still Not Large
Enough.
• Renewable Energy Can be Unreliable.
• Low-efficiency Levels.
• Takes a Lot of Space to Install.
• Not Always a Commercially-viable Option.
• It Still Generates some environment impact.
Renewable Energy Applications
Renewable Energy Applications
 Indian Energy Scenario
Electricity coverage 99.7% (9 January 2019)
Installed capacity 371,977 MW
Share of fossil energy 79.8%
Share of renewable energy 17.3%
GHG emissions from electricity generation (2017) 2,194.74 MtCO2
Average electricity use (2018-19) 1,181 kWh per capita
Transmission & Distribution losses (2017-18) 21.04%
Residential consumption (% of total, 2018-19) 24.76% (2018-19)
Industrial consumption (% of total, 2018-19) 41.16% (2018-19)
Agriculture consumption (% of total, 2018-19) 17.69%
Commercial consumption (% of total, 2018-19) 8.24%
Traction consumption (% of total, 2018-19) 1.52%
 Indian Energy Scenario Cont…

Services
Share of private sector in generation 46% (March 2019)

Institutions
Responsibility for policy-setting Ministry of Power
Responsibility for renewable energy Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy
Responsibility for the environment Ministry of Environment, Forest and
Climate Change
Electricity sector law Electricity Act, 2003
Indian Energy Scenario Cont…
Installed capacity Electricity
by source in India generation
as on 31 July 2020 (utility
sector) by
source in
India in FY
2018-19
Growth of Installed Capacity in India
Total installed utility power capacity
31st July 2019
 Captive Power Sector

Diesel power generation sets of 75,000 MW capacity (excluding sets of size above 1 MW
and below 100 kVA)
Growth of Electricity Consumption in India
Yearly Gross Electricity Generation by Source (GWh)
Installed capacity of non-conventional
renewable power 31st March 2018
 Global Energy Scenario
• Institutions such as the International Energy
Agency (IEA) Paris, the U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA), and
the European Environment Agency (EEA)
record and publish energy data periodically.
Energy Supply, Consumption and Electricity
Electricity Generation at 2019
Regional Energy use (kWh/capita & TWh)
and Growth 1990–2008 (%)
Regional Coal Supply (TWh), share 2010 (%)
and share of change 2000–2010
Top 10 Coal Exporters (Mt)
Regional Gas Supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)
Natural Gas Production
Global Oil Production
Renewable Energy Expansion
Renewable Energy 2000-2013 (TWh)
Wind Energy
Thank You