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Lieblein
Lieblein
Lieblein
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
I
2 NACA TN 3662
SYMBOLS
C chord length, ft
k pseudoenergythickness, ft
V velocity, ft/sec
5* displacement thickness, ft
A
5
5
fu!l-thicknes s parameter, (c)_-_s _
e momentum thickness, ft
8
A
solidity_ c/2Y
station, i 2
OVl
w
total-pressure-loss coefficient for loss up to cascade measuring
(_)2
station, i 2
°Vo,2
Subscripts:
lower surface
mid minimum
u upper surface
x
arbitrary outlet plane 0 to l½ chord lengths downstream of trail-
ing edge
z axial direction
0 free stream
1 inlet
GE?_RAL CONSIDEPATIONS
Although the losses encountered in the flow over the blade profiles
of a two-dimenslonal cascade can be expressed in various ways (e.g.,
drag coefficient, wake coefficient, total-pressure defect, entropy rise),
it is ultimately desirable, for the determination of compressor blade-
row efficiency and entropy gradients, to determine the loss in total
pressure involved in the flow. This cannot as yet be done theoretically
because of the current inability to determine accurately the turbulent
viscous flow across blade sections. However, wherever the flow field is
separated clearly into a wake region and a free-stream region (as in
fig. i), mathematical relations can be developed to express the loss in
total pressure as a function of the local properties of the wake. Al-
though this does not solve the problem of loss estimation (the boundary-
layer and wake parameters cannot be calculated accurately in all cases),
the approach does point out the relative influence of the various geo-
metric and aerodynamic factors on the resulting loss in total pressure.
BASIC EQUATIONS
Assumptions
__ OVz,xPxdY
(i)
(a;)x'P1 fY _vz,xdY
Y OVz,x(PO, x - P )dy
(_)x -- Y (2)
fy _Vz,xdy
1
P = p +_ _v2 (3)
NACA TN 3662 7
_,_v (Vo,
2x x cos _
- v_)v
_-y
x-
(a_) (4)
vx cos _x_
With outlet angle 8x constant across the blade spacing, equation (4)
can be given, after expressing the velocities in terms of ratios, as
(_)x "
pro, x fi[ - \Vo,xj j dy
(s)
2Y -
Y
! - _ vx) dy
(a_)
x . _ °V°'x + - a (6)
2Y -
,Y
Displacement thickness:
. V
dy (Ta)
5y = -
_-61 ,y
8 NACA TN 3662
Momentum thickness:
8u 'Y V (Vb)
J-5_ ,Y
Pseudoenergy thickness :
o
o
o
(7c)
-% % dy
J-51 ,y
The integrals appearing in equations (7a) and (7b) are similar to the
standard boundary-layer-thickness parameters, except that the integra-
tion path is normal to the cascade axial direction instead of being nor-
mal to the flow direction. These modified thickness parameters are des-
ignated by the subscript y. Substituting equations (7) into equation
(6) then yields
h +
i _2 2Y x
(_)x = _ °_O,x
i - \nTx
pressing the loss in terms of the inlet dynamic head. From continuity,
for uniform inlet conditions
Dividing both sides of equation (9) by OVo,xC°S _x and adding and sub-
tracting 2Y to the right side of the equation give
VI cos 91
2Y = 2Y -
Su'Y(i - Vx _ )
Vo----- dy
VO,x cos 8x
5_ ,y
NACA TN 5662 9
or
VI cos
cos _xx)
(lO)
1 - Y
X
2Z + 2Z
1 21c°s _ 2Yx x
(Zl)
_ _.
(cos 2
Z PVl
which differs in the term (cos _x/COS 61 )2 from the more customary def-
_l=l 2
OVl
(13)
_x ......
[l (Sy_
_*)x13
i0 NACA TN 5662
8 = 5y cos _ _
5* = 5.*.cos
(i4)
k = ky cos
8 = ey cos
Use will also be made of the definitions of wake form factor H and
pseudoenergy factor K given respectively by
5"
H = -- (isa)
K=# k (iSb)
x cos
°"_x
1 +K x
(16)
NACA TN 5662 ll
_.
a_x=
^e x 1+ (18)
(1 -
3(a)), represents the form of the wake at the trailing edge. The other
velocity distributions are intended to represent possible wake profiles
some distance downstream where some mixing has occurred and Vmin/V 0 > O.
5
The thickness _ of the half wake for the error-curve profile (fig.
V/V 0 = 0.99. (The integrated_ values are those of the definite integrals
obtained from allowing y/_* -.) Equations for V/V 0 for the profiles
are given in table I.
Figure 4
shows that profile form should not be a significant factor
in the K-H relation. For values of H up to about 1.4, a maximum
1
difference of less than IF percent is indicated for the quantity (i + K),
12 NACATN 3662
and therefore for _ in equation (18) for the various profiles consid-
ered. As will be indicated later, higher values of H, for which maxi-
mum differences in (i + K) up to about 3 percent are indicated, will
H+I
K 5H - 1 (19)
the equation for the loss coefficient from equations (18) and (19)
becomes
2H
X
_. ^ 5H - i
_x = 20x x
(1 - ex )3 (20)
(22)
e"x = i 2
, 2 oVIV -_
--W ik 2 (23)
= _-- 2 + _- - sin2_x "
(1- ex ) 1-
The loss coefficient for complete mixing is thus a 9unction of the air
angle as well as of the wake momentum-thickness parameter and the form
factor in the outlet plane.
Mixing-Loss Ratio
+ - sin 8x 1
14 NACA TN 5662
-- cos6x
° (25)
"_Jx
by
Substitution of equations (19) and (26) into equation (24) then yields
for the power velocity profile
(ZT)
NACA TN 5662 15
Summary
cade operation will not materially alter the principal conclusions and
trends of variation established from an analysis based on uniform static
pressure.
5y = 5u,y + 5_,y
5y
* = 5_u,y + 5_,y
ey = eu,y + e_,y
K = ku_7 + k_,7
Ou,y + 8Z,y
_. i + Kt
or, with the K-H relation of the power velocity profile (eq. (19)),
_. 3H t - 1
(3o)
cot = 2_t (1 - _tHt )3
__. i. 684_ t
_t = (51)
(1- 1.6_t )5
Loss for complete mixing. - The equation for the loss coefficient
for complete mixing based on the wake characteristics at the trailing
edge is obtained from equation (25) as
et 2 2
u + T t " sln _t
_.
_,t (i - 2_t
_tHt)2
i - etHtJ
The plot of _-,x-* against^ _x in figure 7 shows that, for the practical
l^ 2
_.
_',t _ 2_t
1+ ^
t2 (33)
(1 - etHt)
ure 9.A In the range of values of H t Z 1.4, the full thickness parame-
ter et and the air outlet angle 6t exert only a secondary influence
on the value of the mixing-loss ratio.
Accordingly, the approximate equation for the loss coefficient for com-
plete mixing can be obtained by replacing Ht in equation (3Z) by
+ tlet to
1+1_ ( 2
_. 2_ t 2 _t Ht + 0t ) (35)
CO_,t
t _ cos Pt
-411-
thickness _. (eq. (55)) to the loss coefficient for zero trailing-edge
(37)
i ^ 2
1 + t
Discussion
P0,2 _ PI" Thus, the loss developments for the measuring station are
expected to be more valid than at the trailing edge because of the
greater uniformity of the static pressure in the y-direction and the
smaller variation of the wake properties along the flow direction as
distance behind the blade is increased.
Equations
For the loss coefficient in the plane of the measuring station (eq.
(20)), figure 5 shows that the dependency of _-_ on H2 is slight in
the range 1.0 & H2 < 1.2. For practical purposes, an average value of
22 i'{ACA _ 5662
-. 1. 912_ 2
For values of H2 < 1.2, the effect of air outlet angle 62 on the
loss for complete mixing in the measuring plane essentially vanishes o_
cn
(fig. 7), so that_ from equation (23), _D
1 ^ 2
_. = 2_ 2 1 +_ e2H 2
(z - 2H2) 2 (39)
tle additional loss will accrue as a result of any further mixing of the
wake. Apparently, for a measuring station located from 1/2 to 1 chord
length downstream of the blade trailing edge, a considerable part of the
wake mixing loss has already occurred.
2
co2= 1 (40)
_" PV_, 2
_ACATN 3662 23
the measuring plane (eq. (2)). The theoretical relation between loss
coefficient _2 and the wake characteristics is obtained from equations
_2 " 1(_)2_oos
2 \_--_ __2)(1 - 82_2)2 " _2(1
__. - _2_2)2 (41)
PV 1
2H 2
^ 3H 2 - i
_2 = 2e2 ^ (42)
l - O2H 2
For the usual measuring-station location (s/c - 0.5 to i), with E2 = i.i,
1.912e 2
_2 " ^ (43)
1 - l.le 2
only within values of s/c = 0.5 to 1). Calculated and integrated val-
Blade section Ref. " s/c '1_2" lnteg. Integ. _2 Cale. _2 Calc. _2
(e/c) 2 (eq. (40)) (eq. (42), (eq.(43),
actual H2) E_ - l.l)
Discussion
2H 2
or, since e2 = q
2 cos _2'
(45)
: T _ \cos Fz/ \ 2R2
NACA TN 5662 25
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
i
or_ since PI = Po_x where the wake is well-defined (0 to about i_
chord lengths downstream of the cascade)3
2 1 2 i 2
P0,x - P_ = PVz,®" ov. +_ oVo,x
or
(Z/)®
1
-- _
2
Pro, x
I
+ g PVz'®
2
co_
I
x-)l#_Y
-_
Y
2
PVz'xdy
(A2)
(A3)
fl PVz'xVy'xdY = 2YpVz'_VY'"
tan 6x gz,xdY
tan _® = 2YV2
28 NACATN ,.3662
Therefore,
2yV 2
Z,m
COS _,, _, (A4)
l oV z,xdy = 2Y pV z _m
or
Vo_xC°S _x _V 4 Vo?xC°S _x
, y
Vz,.- _ ___\Vo,_
_'_' _ 2 -fl u 'y
_,Y
(A6)
Vz,. = V0,x e°s _x 1 -
1 2
(nY).. _ pro,x +_ °V°'x -_]x c°szBx
/
i
!
/
/
i
NACA TN 3662 29
I 2
or, factoring out _ PV0,x,
(A7)
Now
-oo.%[--r""(- Vo,dtVo,d
d-8_ ,y
dy-
(AS)
50 NACA TN 5662
o_
o-+
(x
_D
_ ,, {0 .,,0x
_o
.,x
,- "
(I - exEx)
2 °S2Gx +
(i- _x_)
+ c°S2_x " --
(I - ex_)
?.-I_
(A_O)
2
With the use of the identity cos _ = 1 - sln28, equation (AIO) becomes
m '_
-,x
=
(I - _xHx)
2 x[ _ +
-_ -
sin21 x
<x-
(23)
NACA TN 3662 51
REFERENCES
9. Briggs, William B.: Effect of Mach Number on the Flow and Application
of Compressibility Corrections in a Two-Dimensional Subsonic-
Transonic Compressor Cascade Having Varied Porous-Wall Suction at
the Blade Tips. NACA TN 2649, 1952.
ii. Reeman, J., and Simonis, E. A.: The Effect of Trailing Edge Thick-
ness on Blade Loss. Tech. Note No. ll6, British R.A.E., Mar. 1945.
(/
NACA TN 3662 ..'33
_0 _ oT
w) ! 8
!
= ,.._ I1=1 _I'_ e41_
I-I ,M
e41_
II
÷ +
I:=I
i
0 ¢.-t ,M
4a 0
o o_ ,-4 I I
f-t
+ + "7 , cd
,ql v
o,,I
:_ + ' _QD NO_
! I II
I I
0
,o ,M
I !
II
I.-4
_0 0 V
o
•,_ 0 m
,_, '
_01
, I
8
8 +
>.
•,-i 0 ÷
;I t II
_ O
t.tJ ,-4 m
÷
,4
v
34 NACA TN 3662
Station t Station 2
I
Velocityj
Suction YT
6urface _
l:_"e Gsur e
surface --
Wake
Figure i. - Development of surface boundary layers and wake in flow about cascade blade
sections as considered by loss analysis.
NACA TN 3662 35
7, !
o
0 Vo
, Vmin
P_
to
I
!
PO
m
0
-y Y
-8%,y 0 8u,y
Distance3 y
O
,-t
.,-.I
0
0
v ,T4
O
v 1,1
O
0 _
,--4
CO
e_
"R
v
0
,-I
_ .,-.I ,.-4
v g
O 0
,-.I
_D
i I I o,i
m_
0
Ii' (D
O 0_
_3
////_,--4
03
o_
_D
e_
,-4
,-t
¢,]
_ ,-4
0
f
l,
,.0 u'_
O
,-I
_I _xo%o_I Z_._ueopnescT
38 NACA _ 3662
Wake for=
factor,
.4O
/#2.62.2
.32
rj t.0
_ 1.8
1.4
1.2
.24
o f
m 16
%
4_
0
• 08 m
i"
|
\ \
\ \
Et
\
\
\ \
t/l
\ \
e.q
\ \
0
I11
0 %
0,_
\
\ 0 _
\ I1) ,..-4
I1
\
\
0
NACA TN 5662
4O
.56
J
Wake form
. factor_
.48
0
6O
_9_ '40 ..... _/2,2
cJ
0
//
0
r-(
I
_ .!6
.O8
I. 35
.o5
1.30
•05
/// .i0
/-
i. 25
,d
/ /
.lO
// /
f
Momentum-
/
/ thickness
i.20 parameter3
//
k
1.15
/i"/ /
!'/d'
o I.i0
J
7'
r
1.05
!I/ Air outlet
!/ angle,
deg
o
Gx, ....
60
1.00
.95
.90
1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6
Form factor, Hx
1.4
Full-thickness
parameter_ 5x
1.3 ,2 ....
.4
1.2
i.i
1.4
! t
_x
"-------- .2
_2.0
l • _
.... I-..... .. 0
I ! .2
'1.4
i.." .. .6
I
I i f
i
!.C ,. [
0 20 40 60 80 i00
Air outlet angle, Bx, deg
o"
0
¢q 0
,-I _-
Yl O
Z
O
o_
_-_
0
_D
' ! (J
0
_J
v
O
u
II/
e_
cO
!
c_
S
\
{D
_J
0 O
_3 ,-'1 O
,.-I .-4
= (.=_../:__)
_ _IACA TN 3662
I
_J
I
I Q;
_0
.p
4_ o
m _
m 0
im
0 io
°
o
.e4
.,-4 _
I
_0 •
_o o ,..-t
_Ls _t_
T
-, ,-.-t
, _ _
_?-_ ,r-t
0
I ID
%1
I
I
0
46 NACA TN 3662
2.4
l I l l i I
Isolated airfoil
m.
- o Joukowsky
[] Joukowsky
airfoil, _ = 0 °
airfoil, m = 6° 1 Ref. 12
2.2
i-_O a Piercy
Piercy airfoil,
airfoil, _
_ =
= 6°oo } Ref. 13--"
I I I
Cascade airfoil
1.6
1.4 --_
i.2 _ _.___
1.0
0 •2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
Chord lengths downstream, s/c
.@l
,,,,W