Embedded System Processor 1

CONTENTS 2

 System
 Embedded System
 Processor
 Components of embedded system
 Hardware
 Features
 Languages for programming
 Classification
 Embedded system constraints
 Applications
System 3

 A system is a way of working, organizing or doing

one or many tasks according to a fixed plan,
program or set of rules.

 A system is also an arrangement in which all its

units assemble and work together according to the
plan or program.
SYSTEM EXAMPLES 4
WATCH
It is a time display SYSTEM
Parts: Hardware, Needles, Battery, Dial,
Chassis and Strap

Rules
1.All needles move clockwise only
2.A thin needle rotates every second
3.A long needle rotates every minute
4.A short needle rotates every hour
5.All needles return to the original position after 12 hours
 5
WASHING MACHINE
It is an automatic clothes washing SYSTEM
Parts: Status display panel, Switches & Dials, Motor, Power supply &
control unit, Inner water level sensor and solenoid valve.

Rules
1.Wash by spinning
2.Rinse
3.Drying
4.Wash over by blinking
5.Each step display the process stage
6.In case interruption, execute only the remaining
EMBEDDED SYSTEM 6
Definition: An Embedded System is one that has computer
hardware with software embedded in it as one of its
important components. Its software embeds in
ROM (Read Only
Memory). It does not
need secondary memories
as in a computer

SOFTWARE PROGRAM
#include <16f876a.h>
#use delay (clock=20000000)
#byte PORTB=6
main()
HARDWARE {
set_tris_b(0);
portb=255; //decimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0x55; //hexadecimal
delay_ms(1000);
portb=0b10101010; //binary
delay_ms(500);
}
Processor 7
 A Processor is the heart of the Embedded System.
 An embedded processor is a microprocessor that is used in
an embedded system.
 For an embedded system designer knowledge of
microprocessor and microcontroller is a must.

Two Essential Units: Operations

Control Unit (CU), Fetch
Execution Unit (EU) Execute
 8
Microprocessor Microcontroller
CPU is stand alone, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer CPU, RAM,ROM, I/O & timer all are on
are separate. single chip.
Designer can decide amount of RAM,ROM, Fixed amount of on-chip RAM,ROM, & I/O
& I/O ports. ports.

High processing power Low processing power

High power consumption Low power consumption

Typically 32/64 bit 8/16 bit

General purpose Single purpose(control oriented)

Less reliable Highly reliable

Eg.- 8086,8085 8051
Layout model
Few Examples of Embedded
system
Embedded system for a car
Components of Embedded System13

 It has Hardware
Processor, Timers, Interrupt controller, I/O Devices, Memories, Ports,
etc.

 It has main Application Software

Which may perform concurrently the series of tasks or multiple tasks.

 It has Real Time Operating System (RTOS)

RTOS defines the way the system work. Which supervise the application
software. It sets the rules during the execution of the application
program. A small scale embedded system may not need an RTOS.
BLOCK DESCRIPTION OF THE
SYSTEM

CONTROL
SENSORS ACTUATOR
UNIT
Features of an embedded
system
 Single-functioned
 Executes a single program, repeatedly
 Tightly-constrained
 Low cost, low power, small, fast, etc.
 Life threatening
 24/7/365
 Reactive and real-time
 Continually reacts to changes in the system’s
environment
 Must compute certain results in real-time without delay
Future of Embedded
processors
 Embedded processor account for 100% worldwide
microprocessor production
 Microprocessor production
Embedded:Desktop=100:1
 Embedded processors in a house 40-50(approx)
 Embedded processors in a modern car 50-60
Languages for Programming 18
Embedded Systems

 Assembly language was the pioneer for

programming embedded systems till recently.
 Nowadays there are many more languages to
program these systems. Some of the languages are
C, C++, Ada, Forth, and Java together with its
new enhancement J2ME.
 The majority of software for embedded systems is
still done in C language.
 19

 Recent survey indicates that approximately 45%

of the embedded software is still being done in C
language.
 C++ is also increasing its presence in embedded
systems. As C++ is based on C language, thus
providing programmer the object oriented
methodologies to reap the benefits of such an
approach.
 20

 C is very close to assembly programming and it

allows very easy access to underlying hardware.
 A huge number of high quality compilers and
debugging tools are available for the C language.
 Though C++ is theoretically more efficient than
C, but some of its compilers have bugs due to the
huge size of the language.
 These compilers may cause a buggy execution.
 21
Classifications of Embedded System
Real-time Systems

 Embedded systems in which some specific work

has to be done in a specific time period are called
real-time systems.
 Real time embedded systems are classified into
two types such as soft and hard real time systems.
23
Stand Alone Embedded Systems 24
 Stand alone embedded systems do not require a host system
like a computer, it works by itself.
 It takes the input from the input ports either analog or digital
and processes, calculates and converts the data and gives the
resulting data through the connected device-Which either
controls, drives and displays the connected devices.
 Examples:- mp3 players, digital cameras, video game
consoles, microwave ovens and temperature measurement
systems.
Networked Embedded Systems 25
 These types of embedded systems are related to a network to
access the resources.
 The connected network can be LAN, WAN or the internet.
 Example:- home security system wherein all sensors are
connected and run on the protocol TCP/IP
 Mobile Embedded Systems 26

 Mobile embedded systems are used in portable embedded devices

like cell phones, mobiles, digital cameras, mp3 players and
personal digital assistants, etc.
 The basic limitation of these devices is the other resources and
limitation of memory.
Small Scale Embedded System 27

 Single 8 bit or 16bit Microcontroller.

 Little hardware and software complexity.
 They may even be battery operated.
 Usually “C” is used for developing these system.
 The need to limit power dissipation when system is running
continuously.
 Examples:- digital watches
Programming tools:
Editor, Assembler and Cross Assembler
Medium Scale Embedded System 28

 Single or few 16 or 32 bit microcontrollers or

Digital Signal Processors (DSP) or Reduced
Instructions Set Computers (RISC).
 Both hardware and software complexity.
 Examples:- Ipod’s
Programming tools:
C, C++, java, RTOS, Source code
Engineering Tool, Simulator, Debugger and
Integrated Development Environment (IDE).
Sophisticated Embedded 29
System
 It uses more than 32 bit microcontroller.
 Enormous hardware and software complexity
 Which may need scalable processor or configurable processor and
programming logic arrays.
 Constrained by the processing speed available in their hardware units.
 Examples:-washing machine

Programming Tools:
For these systems may not be readily available at a reasonable
cost or may not be available at all. A compiler or retargetable compiler
might have to br developed for this.
Embedded System Constraints

An embedded system is software designed to keep in

view three constraints:

 Available system memory

 Available processor speed

 The need to limit the power dissipation

When running the system continuously in cycles of wait
for events, run, stop and wakeup.
 Applications 31
•Household appliances:
Microwave ovens, Television, DVD
Players & Recorders
•Audio players

•Integrated systems in aircrafts and

missiles

•Cellular telephones

•Electric and Electronic Motor

controllers

•Engine controllers in automobiles

•Calculators

• Medical equipments

•Videogames

•Digital musical instruments, etc.

References 32

 http://mvn.edu.in/mvnlms/mod/book/view.php
?id=1394
 http://www.slideshare.net/ritula21/8051-
microcontroller-46719420?qid=5fa72032-
2f52-49c0-b59f-
e66a3cace46f&v=&b=&from_search=1
 http://www.engineersgarage.com/tutorials/diff
erence-between-microprocessor-and-
microcontroller
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